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Culture Documents
Química
ECOSYSTEM
Heat
energy
Glucosa + Oxígeno
∆G = -686kcal/mole
C6H12O6 + 6O2
∆G = -686kcal/mole
| |
H-C-OH + NAD+ C=O + NADH + H+
| |
red. ox. ox. red.
H H
HO OH
• La célula transfiere
los electrones al
oxígeno en varias
etapas.
• Se necesita ∆G
>7.3kcal/mole en
cualquier etapa para
sintetizar ATP.
• Produccion de energía.
• Reacciones oxidación/reducción.
• Respiración Celular
– Glucólisis
– Ciclo del Ácido Cítrico.
– Cadena de transporte de electrones y
Fosforilación Oxidativa.
Glycolsis
Glucose Pyruvate
Mitochondrion
ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Glycolsis Citric
acid
Glucose Pyruvate cycle
Mitochondrion
ATP ATP
Substrate-level Substrate-level
phosphorylation phosphorylation
Oxidative
Glycolsis Citric phosphorylation:
acid electron transport
Glucose Pyruvate cycle and
chemiosmosis
Mitochondrion
Substrate-level Oxidative
Substrate-level
phosphorylation phosphorylation
phosphorylation
Glycolysis Oxidative
2 Citric phosphorylation:
2 Acetyl acid electron transport
Glucose Pyruvate CoA cycle and
chemiosmosis
About
Maximum per glucose: 36 or 38 ATP
• Nivel Sustrato.
– La enzima transfiere fosfato a partir de una
mólecula órganica al ADP, produciendo ATP.
• Fosforilación Oxidativa.
– La energía de los electrones “jala” a la
móleculas órganicas utilizadas para sintetizar
ATP.
2 NAD+ + 4 e- + 4 H + 2 NADH + 2 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
Net
Glucose 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 ATP
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H + 2 NADH + 2 H+
HO OH
H OH
ATP ATP ATP
Glucose
ATP
1
Hexokinase
ADP
CH2O P
H H O H
OH H
HO OH
H OH
Glucose-6-phosphate
HO OH
H OH
ATP ATP ATP
Glucose
ATP 1
Hexokinase
ADP
CH2O P
HH O H
OH H
HO
H OH
Glucose-6-phosphate
2
Phosphoglucoisomerase
CH2O P
O CH2OH
H HO
H HO
HO H
Fructose-6-phosphate
3
ATP
Phosphofructokinase
ADP
P O CH2 O CH2 O P
H HO
H OH
HO H
Fructose-
1, 6-bisphosphate
4
Aldolase
5
H
P O CH2 Isomerase
C O
C O
CHOH
CH2OH
CH2 O P
Dihydroxyacetone Glyceraldehyde-
phosphate 3-phosphate
2 ATP
2 O–
C O
CHOH
CH2 O P
3-Phosphoglycerate
8
Phosphoglyceromutase
2 O–
C O
H C O P
CH2OH
2-Phosphoglycerate
2 O–
C
CHOH
CH2 O P
3-Phosphoglycerate
8
Phosphoglyceromutase
2 O–
C O
H C O P
CH2OH
2-Phosphoglycerate
9
2H O Enolase
2
2 O–
C O
C O P
CH2
Phosphoenolpyruvate
2 ADP 10
Pyruvate kinase
2 ATP
2 O–
C O
C O
CH3
Pyruvate
• Glucosa 2 Piruvato
– Ocurre en el Citosol.
– No requiere oxígeno.
• Energía
– 2 ATP invierten
– 4 ATP generan, + 2 NADH
– Ganancia neta de 2 ATP + 2 NADH
CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION
NAD+ NADH + H+
O–
S CoA
2
C O
C O
C O
CH3
1 3
CH3 Acetyle CoA
Pyruvate CO2 Coenzyme A
Transport protein
CO2
NAD+
CoA
NADH
+ H+ Acetyle CoA
CoA
CoA
Citric
acid 2 CO2
cycle
FADH2 3 NAD+
FAD 3 NADH
+ 3 H+
ADP + P i
ATP
S CoA
C O
CH3
Acetyl CoA
CoA SH
O C COO–
CH2 1 COO– H2O
COO– CH2 COO–
Oxaloacetate HO C COO– CH2
CH2 2
HC COO–
COO– HO CH
Citrate COO–
Isocitrate
S CoA
C O
CH3
Acetyl CoA
CoA SH
C COO–
CH2 1 1 COO– H2O
COO– CH2 COO–
Oxaloacetate HO C COO– CH2
CH2 2
HC COO–
COO– HO CH
Citrate COO–
Isocitrate
Citric CO2
3
acid NAD+
cycle
NADH
COO–
+ H+
CoA SH CH2
CH2 α-Ketoglutarate
4 C O
COO– COO–
CH2
CH2 CO2
NAD+
C O
S CoA NADH
SUCCINYL + H+
CoA
S CoA
C O
CH3
Acetyl CoA
CoA SH
O C COO–
CH2 COO– H2O
1
COO– CH2 COO–
Oxaloacetate HO C COO– CH2
CH2 2 HC COO–
COO– HO CH
Citrate COO–
Isocitrate
Citric CO2
3
acid NAD+
cycle
COO–
COO– NADH
CH
Fumarate + H+
CoA SH CH2
HC
CH2 α-Ketoglutarate
COO–
6 4 C O
CH2 5 CH2
FADH2
CH2 CH2 CO2
FAD NAD+
COO– C O
Succinate Pi S CoA NADH
GTP GDP Succinyl + H+
CoA
ADP
ATP
S CoA
C O
CH3
Acetyl CoA
CoA SH
NADH O C COO–
+ H+ CH2 1 COO– H2O
COO– CH2 COO–
NAD+
8 Oxaloacetate HO C COO– CH2
CH2
2
COO– HC COO–
COO– HO CH
HO CH
Malate Citrate COO–
CH2
Isocitrate
COO–
Citric CO2
3
7 acid
NAD+
H2O cycle
COO–
COO– NADH
CH
Fumarate + H+
CoA SH CH2
HC
CH2 α-Ketoglutarate
COO–
C O
6 4
COO– CoA SH COO– COO–
CH2 5 CH2
FADH2
CH2 CH2 CO2
FAD NAD+
COO– C O
Succinate Pi S CoA NADH
GTP GDP Succinyl + H+
CoA
ADP
ATP
Por Por
Piruvato: Glucosa:
3 CO2 6 CO2
4 NADH + H+ 8 NADH + H+
1 FADH2 2 FADH2
1 ATP 2 ATP
Citirc
Glycolysis acid
Oxidative
cycle phosphorylation
NADH
50
• Los electrones son FADH2
electrones, flavoproteína.
10
0 2 H + + 1⁄2 O2
H2O
1-10µm in length
H+
H+
Cyt c
Protein complex
Intermembrane of electron
space carners
Q IV
I III
ATP
Inner II synthase
mitochondrial FADH2 H2O
membrane FAD+ 2 H+ + 1/2 O2
NADH+
NAD+ ADP + P i ATP
(Carrying electrons
from food) H+
Mitochondrial Chemiosmosis
Electron transport chain
matrix Electron transport and pumping of protons (H+), ATP synthesis powered by the flow
which create an H+ gradient across the membrane Of H+ back across the membrane
Oxidative phosphorylation
• Producción de energía.
• Reacciones Oxidación/Reducción.
• Respiración Celular
– Glucólisis
– Ciclo Ácido Cítrico
– Cadena de Transporte de Electrones y
Fosforilación Oxidativa.
• Tres posibles:
– Ciclo del Ácido Cítrico - respiración aerobica
– Fermentación Alcohólica - anaeróbica
– Fermentación Ácido Láctico - anaeróbica
Fermentación
regenera NAD+.
Piruvato se convierte
en alcohol y regenera
NAD+.
Copyright©
Copyright © 2005
2005 Pearson
PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing
Education, as Benjamin
Inc., publishing Cummings Cummings
as Benjamin
Fermentación Ácido Láctico
Similar a la fermentación
alcóholica
Glycolysis
Glucose
Glyceraldehyde-3- P
NH3 Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
Oxidative
phosphorylation