Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PRIORITY 6
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
GLOBAL CHANGE & ECOSYSTEMS
INTEGRATED PROJECT
Sustainable Bridges SB-5.2-S3 2007-11-30 2 (23)
This Report is a Part of the Research Project “Sustainable Bridges” which aims to help European railways to use
their bridges more efficiently by allowing higher axle loads on freight vehicles and by increasing the maximum
permissible speed of passenger trains. This should be possible without causing unnecessary disruption to the
carriage of goods and passengers, and without compromising the safety and economy of the working railway.
The Project has developed improved methods for computing the safe carrying capacity of bridges and better
engineering solutions that can be used in upgrading bridges that are found to be in need of attention. Other re-
sults will help to increase the remaining life of existing bridges by recommending strengthening, monitoring and
repair systems.
A consortium, consisting of 32 partners drawn from railway bridge owners, consultants, contractors, research
institutes and universities, has carried out the Project, which has a gross budget of more than 10 million Euros.
The European Commission’s 6th Framework Programme has provided substantial funding, with the balancing
funding coming from the Project partners. Skanska Sverige AB has provided the overall co-ordination of the Pro-
ject, whilst Luleå Technical University has undertaken the scientific leadership.
The authors of this report have used their best endeavours to ensure that the information presented here is of the
highest quality. However, no liability can be accepted by the authors for any loss caused by its use.
Summary
General
This guideline is part of the WP 5 guideline-work. The purpose of the present guideline is to
provide guidance on requirements to a corrosion monitoring system for reinforced concrete
railway bridges. State of the art within corrosion monitoring systems is still on the theoretical
level. No guidance is readily available based on practical application and interpretation of
actual data. The work carried out in the Sustainable Bridges project has gather the experi-
ence from practical application from the project partners and a guideline has been devel-
oped.
WP 5 aims to provide the project with tools for applying monitoring systems for assessing the
current condition, among other a corrosion monitoring system. Such a monitoring system is
able to quantify the risk of reinforcement corrosion due to carbonation or chloride ingress.
The task of the present guideline helps in achieving the objectives of the project by producing
a guide which gives recommendations and present practical experiences on how to apply a
corrosion monitoring system for the identification of an optimal maintenance plan for rein-
forced concrete bridges. By optimal means that it is made possible for the bridge owner to
choose a preventive maintenance strategy since a corrosion monitoring system would indi-
cate when corrosion can be expected to appear on the reinforcement. A maintenance action
like e.g. a cathodic protection system can then be installed in due time. Further it is expected
that the guideline will help popularize the application of corrosion monitoring systems and
thereby adding new possibilities for railway bridge owners maintenance management.
This guideline includes:
- Description of corrosion monitoring system principles, sensors, design considerations,
measurements and equipment.
- Evaluation of measurements
- Use of the corrosion monitoring system e.g. for updating of service life models
Two different types of corrosion monitoring systems for reinforced concrete structures are
described:
- Post mounted sensors.
- Corrosion sensors based on cut off existing reinforcement.
Other means of corrosion monitoring systems are available, among other LPR-probes (Lin-
ear Polarisation Resistance). These probes have proven useful in e.g. the Copenhagen
Metro, where an automated data acquisition system has been installed. The influence of
transients induced by the trains was investigated and no influence was found. The results
have not yet been published.
Finally the guideline includes two examples illustrating corrosion monitoring systems in prac-
tice.
The examples are for reinforced concrete structures suffering from degradation due to car-
bonation and chloride ingress respectively. These structures are not railway bridges, but the
principles may be adapted to railway bridges as well. In the European project SMART struc-
tures the post mounted corrosion sensors have been used with success on a highway bridge
crossing the railway. No influence from transients were found but the up to 150 meter cables
picked up AC noise and the signals had to be filtered Ref. [1]
Sustainable Bridges SB-5.2-S3 2007-11-30 4 (23)
Acknowledgments
This guideline has been drafted on the basis of Contract No. TIP3-CT-2003-001653 between
the European Community represented by the Commission of the European Communities and
the Skanska Teknic AB contractor acting as Coordinator of the Consortium. The authors ac-
knowledge the Commission of the European Communities and COWI A/S for its financial
support.
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Table of Contents
1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................7
1.1 Background ................................................................................................................7
1.2 Purpose ......................................................................................................................7
2 Corrosion Monitoring System ..............................................................................................8
2.1 Principles of a corrosion monitoring system ...............................................................8
2.2 Corrosion monitoring system guideline ......................................................................9
3 Corrosion monitoring system .............................................................................................10
3.1 Sensors ....................................................................................................................10
3.1.1 Post mounted sensors "CorroRisk probe" ....................................................10
3.1.2 Cut off reinforcement....................................................................................11
3.2 Design ......................................................................................................................12
3.3 Measurements..........................................................................................................13
3.4 Equipment ................................................................................................................13
3.5 Half-cell potentials ....................................................................................................14
3.5.1 Evaluation of the corrosion sensor half-cell potentials and reinforcement half-
cell potentials............................................................................................................14
3.5.2 Evaluation of the noble counter electrode half-cell potential ........................15
3.6 Corrosion rates.........................................................................................................15
3.7 Macro cell currents ...................................................................................................15
3.8 AC resistance ...........................................................................................................16
4 Use of the corrosion monitoring system ............................................................................17
5 Examples ...........................................................................................................................19
5.1 Post mounted sensors..............................................................................................19
5.2 Cut reinforcement sensors .......................................................................................21
6 References ........................................................................................................................23
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1 Introduction
1.1 Background
Traditionally, an evaluation of the corrosion risk for reinforced concrete structure has been
based on visual inspection supported by measurements e.g. half-cell potential measure-
ments.
Deterioration of concrete structures takes place below the concrete surface, and due to this
the Owner may well be unaware of the potential problems building up inside his structure.
Deterioration mechanisms in concrete structures including corrosion mechanisms are well
described in the literature e.g. Ref. [12], [13] and [14].
Visual inspection will only show when corrosion is developing, not when there is a risk that it
will initiate. Similarly half-cell potential measurement only predicts the corrosion risk in the
propagation phase when the degradation has been introduced to the reinforcing bar. A
bridge owner may well be unaware of the need for investments in maintenance building up
inside his structure. The longer deterioration is allowed to develop without being discovered
the higher becomes the operation and maintenance costs of structural rehabilitation.
As an alternative to conventional visual inspection, a corrosion monitoring system will provide
the Owner with detailed information about the current deteriorated state in his structure. The
corrosion monitoring technique will ensure detection of the critical initial stages of deteriora-
tion and unacceptable rates of deterioration can be detected at an early stage, allowing the
owner to make cost-optimal maintenance decisions.
1.2 Purpose
This guideline addresses itself to technicians who work with design, monitoring and supervi-
sion of the structural safety, maintenance and serviceability of railway bridges.
The purpose of this report is to give guidelines for implementing a corrosion monitoring sys-
tem on a railway bridge.
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Reinforcement
corrosion
Concrete surface Signal 1 Signal 4 Time
S1
S2
S3
S4
Reinforcement
Depassivation depth
Figure 1 Principle for detecting the ingress of the "corrosion front" into the cover to the rein-
forcement.
In this manner the corrosion monitoring system ensure detection of critical initial stages of
deterioration and unacceptable rates of deterioration is detected at an early stage.
The corrosion monitoring system is a tool for assessing the current condition of the embed-
ded reinforcement, and quantifying the risk of reinforcement corrosion due to carbonation or
ingress of aggressive substances.
Finally the guideline gives two examples illustrating the use of a corrosion monitoring system.
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3.1 Sensors
This guideline includes two types of corrosion sensors, but others are commercial available
among other an expansion ring system, Ref. [2].
Two different sensor principles are used:
- Post mounted steel corrosion sensors, Ref [3]
- Cut off reinforcement, Ref.[4]
reinforcement
connection
counter electrode
reference electrode control box
steel electrode
cut –
diamant drill reinforcement
rod
counter electrode
data
logger
reinforcement
rod
Figure 3 Typical setup where the existing reinforcement is used as a corrosion sensor.
The reinforcement can e.g. be cut by diamond core drilling and after establishment of electri-
cal connections the holes shall be sealed with a membrane (to avoid any change in chemis-
try in the environment around the reinforcement pieces) and succedingly filled with repair
mortar. Cutting of reinforcement should always be in agreement with a structural engineer.
3.2 Design
The design of the corrosion monitoring system includes:
- Sensor type
- Number of sensors
- Location of sensors
- Location of control box
- Cable routing
- Execution of measurements
- Measurement program
- Execution of measurements
The choice of sensor type depends on the purpose of the corrosion monitoring. E.g. if the
purpose is to get an early warning as part of a preventive maintenance strategy the post
mounted sensors must be used, as initiation of reinforcement corrosion in general are unac-
ceptable depending of the strategy. If the purpose of the corrosion monitoring system is to
get knowledge of the corrosion rate of the reinforcement as basis for estimating the optimum
time for repair the cut reinforcement sensor principle is suitable. The total number of corro-
sion monitoring locations depends of the individual bridge structure, and whether both the
superstructure and substructure are reinforced concrete. Each corrosion monitoring system
has to be tailor made. The following issues shall be taken into consideration:
Environmental parameters:
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- Humidity
- Availability of chloride (marine environment and de-icing salts)
- Carbon dioxide
- Access to Oxygen (submerged, tidal/splash, atmosphere)
- Temperature (climate region)
Construction parameters:
- Structural element types
- Joints
- Concrete quality
- Reinforcement geometry including cover
- Access ability
Condition:
- Degradation mechanism (chloride initiated reinforcement corrosion, carbonation, other
mechanism such as ASR or frost)
- Available data from condition surveys (half-cell potentials, cover, corrosion rate,
resistance, carbonation depth, chloride profile, delamination, petrographic analysis,
resistance, etc.)
- Earlier repairs
- Assessment of the load carrying capacity
In general representative areas as well as special critical zones of the structure shall be
monitored. To obtain adequate accuracy in determining the corrosion risk it is recommended
to triple the number of sensors in each location. Due to the complexity of design, it is advis-
able to use an experienced reinforcement corrosion engineer/specialist.
3.3 Measurements
In general there is several types of measurement possible with a 3 electrode setup inde-
pendent of the sensor type, among other:
- corrosion rate of the corrosion sensors by the galvanostatic polarisation method (GPM)
- half cell potentials of corrosion sensors, counter electrode and reinforcement vs. the
reference electrode
- AC-resistance between all electrodes
For corrosion sensors with a large surface area the measurements further include:
- macro-cell current between corrosion sensors and counter electrode or between
corrosion sensors and reinforcement
The non-stationary macro-cell current shall be recorded in optional intervals from 0-20 sec.
The stationary corrosion current shall be recorded every 5 sec. up to 1 minute, and subse-
quently every minute until the current has stabilised (increase below 5 %). The measure-
ments shall be carried out using a zero-resistance ammeter (ZRA).
All these measurements are normally supplied with a temperature measurement.
3.4 Equipment
The equipment is either manually handled or the measurements are conducted automatically
by a data logger. The latter is outside the scope of this guideline and dealt with in D5.1
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According to ASTM C 876-91 the following guidelines can be used for evaluation of half-cell
potential measurements on concrete structures:
These values are valid when measured against a cupper/cupper sulphate electrode (CSE)
These values are only true for dry/semi-dry constructions where oxygen diffusion is not lim-
ited by water filled pore structures or very dense concrete and where the concrete is not car-
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bonated. At wet or very dense concrete structures the access of oxygen is limited and this
will affect the half-cell potential to more negative values, but the lack of oxygen will on the
other hand stop the risk of corrosion although the potential is low.
In carbonated concrete the pH value can be so low that corrosion risk will be high at poten-
tials above -200 mv vs. CSE. In addition to this it is important to take into consideration that
the half-cell potential measured by the reference electrode on the concrete surface or at a
distance from the reinforcement/corrosion sensor may be very different from that measured
adjacent to the reinforcement.
In wet and dense concrete lacking of oxygen access the noble "cathode" drops to a lower
potential than the steel corrosion sensors and the macro-cell current will flow in the opposite
direction giving no information on the sensors corrosion state.
3.8 AC resistance
In systems where current is due to both electron and ion flow only AC-resistance techniques
can be used. The resistance values between reference electrode and corrosion sensors give
information on the reliability of the half cell potential readings. Resistances above 50-100 K
Ohm indicates a very dry environment for corrosion monitoring setup and unreliable poten-
tials, but it also indicates that the concrete is very dry and that the corrosion risk is therefore
very low. If the resistances between the counter electrode and the steel corrosion sensors
are low and the resistance between the reference electrode and the steel corrosion sensors
is high indicates reference electrode problems e.g. bad contact to the concrete. The different
resistance measurements give useful information of electric connections and humidity
changes in the structure.
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Mean value of
updated service life
Mean value of
service life
Time
Figure 4 Density function for corrosion initiation time with or without information's from
a corrosion monitoring system.
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It is recommended that the service life models are based on a probabilistic model as just
described, where the results from the corrosion monitoring system can be included on a ra-
tional basis via bayesian updating taking into account the inherited uncertainty.
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5 Examples
East side
reinforcement
connection
3m
humidity probes in
1.1 m
same level in depth
30, 60 and 90 mm 0.9 m
0.7 m
ERE20 with counter
electrode 0.5 m
Figure 6 Sensors for determination of the corrosion risk at different levels and depths.
The corrosion sensors are placed in predrilled holes in close contact to the concrete and
sealed to avoid any chloride diffusion along the electrical wires. The symmetric setup allows
reference and counter electrode to be placed with the same distance to the corrosion sensor
making resistance measurement comparable. All electrical connections were lead into the
hollow pillar shaft easy accessible from the inside of the bridge.
After 1 year of exposure the sensors from this bridge pillar already give interesting informa-
tion of the corrosion rate in different levels and depths. It is obvious from the data in figure 6
that access to oxygen is a very important factor in the splash zone area where the highest
corrosion rates are found at level 90cm.
Icorr., µA/cm2
6,00
5,00
4,00
20mm
3,00 35mm
50mm
2,00
1,00
0,00
0 50 100 150
Level, cm
Figure 7 Corrosion rates at different levels above seawater and depths in concrete cover.
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It is planned to make automated data sampling to give information on the corrosion rate be-
haviour over the year and to determine the chloride levels at sensor depths to estimate the
chloride threshold value and hereby improve the life time models.
reference
and counter
electrode
cut off
reinforcem
ent
Figure 8 Concrete surface after cut of reinforcement and installation of reference electrode
and counter electrode.
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18.0 18
16.0 16
14.0 14
12.0 12
µA/cm2
10.0 10
8.0 8
6.0 6
4.0 4
2.0 2
Reference Area
Inhibitor in repair mortar
0.0 0
Inhibitor treated surface
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Realkalisation Area
Time, days Temperature
Figure 9 Average corrosion rates and temperature over time for the 4 test areas
The tests at carbonated reinforced concrete face wall are planned to continue for a 5 year
period and the results have not yet been evaluated but the goal is to document the effect of
the different repair methods.
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6 References
1 Smart Structures: Embeddable sensors for use IABMAS 2002, Barce-
in the integrated monitoring systems of con- lona, Spain
crete structures", O. Klinghoffer, P. Goltermann
and R. Bässler,