THE VERB

Affirmative Interrogative Negative

≅ PRESENT SIMPLE
S + V/V...s. (pers. a III sg.) Do/Does + S + V ? S + don’t/doesn’t + V.
We write a composition every week. Do you write compositions every week ? We don’t write comp. every day.
He usually writes good composition. Does he usually write good compositions ? He usually doesn’t write bad comp.
It is used to express Translation
λ actiuni obisnuite, repetate. Se foloseste cu:  prezent
 every day/week/year,etc.  once/twice a week/a month,etc  usually,always,never,often,seldom,etc.
≅ PRESENT CONTINUOUS
S + am/is/are + V...ing. Am/Is/Are + S + V...ing ? S + ain’t/isn’t/aren’t + V...ing.
We are studying English now. Is he studying English now ? I am not studying Biology now.
It is used to express Translation
λ actiuni in desfasurare in momentul vorbirii. Se foloseste cu:  now,at the moment,at present,etc.  prezent
≅ PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
S + have/has + Verb 3rd. Have/Has + S + Verb 3rd ? S + haven’t/hasn’t + Verb 3rd.
He has drunk his tea. Has he already seen the photographs ? He hasn’t been here since November.
They have just said “ Good-bye”. Have you seen him lately ? We haven’t talked to her this week.
It is used to express Translation
A.λ o actiune terminata al carei moment nu este precizat exact  perfectul compus
λ o actiune trecuta incheiata recent.Se foloseste cu:  just,lately,recently  already,yet  adverbe de frecventa
λ o actiune terminata intr-o perioada de timp care nu s-a incheiat. Se foloseste cu:  today,this
week/year,etc.
B.λ o actiune inceputa in trecut care continua in prezent. Se foloseste cu:  since,for  prezent
≅ PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
S + have/has + been + V...ing. Have/Has + S + been + V...ing ? S + haven’t/hasn’t + been + V...ing.
We have been looking a photo’s for 2 hrs. Have you been living here since 1978 ? They haven’t been reading all this time.
It is used to express Translation
λ o actiune inceputa in trecut care continua in prezent.  prezent
≅ PAST SIMPLE
S + V...ed/Verb 2nd Did + S + V ? S + didn’t + V
Yesterday,he reached school at 7.30 am. Did he reach school at 7.30 am yesterday ? He didn’t reach school at 7 yesterday.
He went to school when he was younger. Did he go to school when he was younger ? He didn’t go to school when he was y...
It is used to express Translation
A.λ o actiune savirsita si incheiata intr-un moment trecut. Se foloseste cu:  perfectul compus
 yesterday,last{week month,etc.}  ..... ago  in 1980,on Monday,etc.
B.λ actiune obisnuita, repetata in trecut. Se foloseste cu:  often,frequently,usually,etc.  imperfect
≅ PAST CONTINUOUS
S + was/were + V...ing Was/Were + S + V...ing ? S + wasn’t/weren’t + V...ing
He was teaching at 9 am yesterday. Was he teaching at 9 am yesterday ? He wasn’t teaching at 7 yesterday.
We were waiting for him when he arrived Were you waiting for him when he arrived We weren’t reading, when he arrived.
It is used to express Translation
λ o actiune in desfasurare intr-un moment trecut. (specificarea momentului trecut e obligatorie)  imperfect
Momentul trecut se exprima prin:  adverb (locutiune):  by 6 o’clock,Saturday,etc.
 subordonata temporara:  at this time, yesterday
≅ PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
S + had + Verb 3rd Had + S + Verb 3rd ? S + hadn’t + Verb 3rd
We had already left when you arrived. Had he left before they arrived ? He hadn’t left by 6 p.m. yesterday.
It is used to express Translation
λ o actiune din trecut anterioara unui moment in trecut sau a unei alte actiuni din trecut.  mai mult ca perfect
Momentul trecut se specifica prin:  adverbe (locutiuni):  by 6 o’clock,Saturday,etc.
 subordonate temporale:  at this time, yesterday
≅ PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Situation: Yesterday afternoon at 4 Mary started practicing the piano. At 5 o’clock when
her sister arrive from work she was still practicing.
S + had + been + V...ing Had + S + been + V...ing ? S + hadn’t + been + V...ing
She had been practicing for an hour when Had she been practicing for an hour ? She hadn’t been practicing for an hour.
her sister came from work.
It is used to express Translation
λ o actiune inceputa inaintea unui moment sau actiuni din trecut, continuind pina in acel moment sau  imperfect
pina la acea actiune. Se foloseste cu:  since, for
≅ FUTURE SIMPLE
S + shall/will + V Shall/Will + S + V ? S + shan’t/won’t + V
We shall go to the seaside next summer. Shall I find them home if I go now ? We shan’t be there when he arrives.
Our friends wil come with us if they can. Will he arrive next week ? She won’t come back tomorrow.
It is used to express Translation
λ o actiune care are loc intr-un moment viitor. Momentul viitor se exprima prin:  viitorul simplu
 adverbe:  tomorrow,next week/month/year,etc.  subordonate temporale
λ o actiune viitoare a carei act. e conditionata de alta actiune. Conditia se exprima prin subordonata
conditionala(if)
≅ FUTURE CONTINUOUS
S + shall/will + be + V...ing Shall/Will + S + be + V...ing ? S + shan’t/won’t + be + V...ing
They will be visiting the Village Museum. Will they be waiting for me when I arrive? They won’t be standing outside...
It is used to express Translation
λ actiune in desfasurare intr-un moment viitor. Se foloseste cu:  viitor
 adverbe(locutiuni):  this time,tomorow,at 5pm,on Monday
Situation:The 9th form pupils are standing outside the V. M.Peter who is always late hasn’t arrived yet.The form teacher is buying the tickets. In a few moments (aff).(neg) any
longer when Peter arrives.On his way to the museum Peter is wondering (int)

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH after a verb in Past Tense !

Imperative Affirmative: Tell me the poem ! He asked me to tell him the poem. Imperative
Negative: Don’t play now ! He asked me not to play.

Present Tense I don’t know what to say. He said he didn’t know what to say. Past Tense

Present Perfect I have learnt it. He said he had learnt it Past Perfect

Past Tense I learnt the poem yesterday. He said he had learnt the poem the day before. Past Perfect

Future Tense I shall learn the poem tomorrow. He said he would learn the poem the next day. Future in the Past
Should / Would +Verb

In Indirect Speech you must remember that after a verb in the Past Tense !
direct speech indirect speech direct speech indirect speech direct speech indirect speech
now then yesterday the day before today / tonight that day / night
this that two day ago two days before tomorrow the next day
these those last week the week before next week the next week
Direct Speech Questions Indirect Speech Questions
BE, HAVE, CAN, MAY, WILL (Yes / No Questions)
Is he ill ? I asked if/weather he was ill.
Has he any books to read ? I asked if/weather he had any books.
Can you go out ? I asked if/weather he could go out.
May I see you him ? I asked if/weather I might see him.
Will he get better soon ? I asked if/weather he would get better soon.
DO, DOES, DID..., (WH...Questions)
When do you want to see him ? I asked when he wanted to see him.
How does he know about it ? I asked how he knew about it.
When did he phoned you yesterday ? I asked when he had phoned you the day before.

CONDITIONAL PRESENT TENSE FUTURE TENSE

SENTENCE TYPE 1 Tense if X happens Y will follow
sequence IF CLAUSE (sub. conditionata) MAIN CLAUSE (prop. principala)
Example If the teacher agrees, we shall go to the T. Museum next Sunday.
State of facts Perhaps he will agree. Then we shall go to the Technical M.next
Sunday
Translation Daca profesorul va fi de acord, vom merge la M. T. duminica viitoare.

CONDITIONAL PAST TENSE PRESENT CONDITIONAL (Would + Verb)

SENTENCE TYPE 2 Tense if X happened Y would follow
sequence IF CLAUSE (subordonata cond.) MAIN CLAUSE (propozitia prin.)
Example 1 If the weather were, fine, they would go for a swim.
State of facts The weather is not fine. They would not go for a swim.
BE WERE Translation Daca vremea ar fi buna, s-ar duce sa inoate.
Example 2 If you did not get up late, you would not reach school late.
State of facts You get up late. You reach school late.
Translation Daca nu te-ai scula tirziu, nu ai ajunge tirziu la scoala.

CONDITIONAL PAST PERFECT TENSE PAST CONDITIONAL (Would + Have+3rd Verb)

SENTENCE TYPE 3 Tense if X happened Y would have followed
sequence IF CLAUSE (sub. conditionata) MAIN CLAUSE (prop. principala)
Example 1 If the weather had been, fine, they would have gone for a swim.
State of facts The weather was not fine. They did not go for a swim.
Translation Daca vremea ar fi fost buna, ne-am fi dus sa inotam.
Example 2 If you had not got up late, you would not have reached school late.
State of facts You got up late. You reached school late.
Translation Daca nu te-ai fi sculat tirziu, nu ai fi ajuns la scoala tirziu.

Future Simple is not used in adverbial clauses of time and conditions after this words:
if when till until
before after unless as soon as
Present Perfect is used instead.