A Guide To Biblical Study

CLASSIIC
REPRIINT
SIERIIES
GUIDE TO
BIBLICAL
STUDY
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ISBN 9781440057151
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Trt ..th may €emt but cannot be: Beauty br g, but 'tis not she; Truth 0 beauty buried be_ To til is 11 let t hose repair Ttu: tare ither true 0 r fair; For these dea birds sigh a prayer,

I

I
GUIDE TO BIBLICAL STU Y
www.for~ottenbooks.org

I
A GUIDE TO BIBLICAL STUDY
BY
A. S. PEAKE
r£Ll.O\" OF MUTOH
TVLA.
COLLaGE OXfORD
\VITH A.
AX INTRODUCTION M. }-'AIRBAIRN D.D.

pRINClrAL OP IIIAN5FIRLD
OXI'01QO COt.LEGE
nv
SECOND EDITION
LONDON
HODDER
27
AND STOUGHTON
RO\V
PATERNOSTER
llUTLER
THE SI!.L\\'OOD
TANNEH,
RINTING \VOnKS.
D LO~DON.
FROME, A

I
DEDICATED
TO
~IY FATHER
WIT
GR1\TEFUL
AFFECTION
INTRODUCTION
NTRIBUTE
with pleasure
an Introduc-
t ry Note to this volume.

It is too brief thoug
Its limitations
for its subject,
without
brevity
it could not have ful ..
filled i s purpose. ave attempted single subject, Study. and Then
It discusses or
nothing
fully,
an independent exegetical
discussion problem to Biblical to some and is
critical not an
would have been to write a work on a Biblical introduction all reference questions, it omits
radical and many interesting full of provisional judgments,

\'11
for it deals with
a mul itude of questions
on which only pro ..
Vlll
IBLICAL
STUDY
visional
judgt ents
are
possiblc,-
and
it
is
crowded with d tails, which are yet not the carefully reasoned an organic nd tested details, all worked into
w ole, such. as must
have
found
a place in a dissertation
on the Bible written
by a scholar fa scholars.
leteness
The book has, there. and even iriconcl usiveas an in many

OW11
ness of a work which may be described exposition of
any minds expressed

han of the
books, rather and conclusion. that when its
author's
mind to say
But it is no paradox end is contemplated
its
very
defects become virtues. tive, erudite,
If it had been exhausand final, it to be-
c itical, constructive,
would not hav an introductio
been what it purposes

to Biblical place men study; who, ble to accomplish
nor would the work while
it have been
desires to do specialists,
it
not
are yet
interested
students
methods
of the study
Bible or are a
to begin the special to modern
of it, in relatio
criticism,
of sacred
its p inciples,
and its determinations.

INTRODUCTION
IX
And it atte
student
pts to do this in order that the

and intelligently work
may personally
out his own conclusions.
The book thus does

of Biblical
not address i self to scholars, to men acquainted with the his ory and achievements criticism;
b t to the many-happily,
and critical
a grow-
ing multitud ,-who to begin, the careful Bible as it
either have begun, or wish study of the

of the
as become in the hands

t eologian.
scholar and
It is evid nt that a book of this kind has

a very distin t function done in com ection during the of its own.
The work Scriptures

generation the It
with the sacred
1 fetirne of the present
has
been
r rnarkable
alike
as regards
achieved.
method since the sivcly analyse
purs ed and the results co lection
is not too much to say that for the first time

of our sacred books was to
formed, a se ions, and on the whole progressucces ful, attempt the has been made rocess of its {ormation, to pursue
b
a search into what tnay be termed the evidences
x
within the Bible their conternpora age, and has s to how the books of the to history, and what special for all time. The Bible came to be how they stand related
message each sev ral part brought to its own p eserved analysis of the do umcnts has been carried far, has often appeare and has proceedc gratuitous and even violent, on grounds and according
to evidences that to those who did not follow patiently in the pa h of the explorer must have seemed now arbit ary and now profane. break up of old process, and now ere has the work The of the so liable as in the deas is never an agreeable so ungrateful, and misjudgment
pioneer been so to mlsapprehensioi
field of sacred cri icism, mistakes ultimately

of
The mistakes of the but it is by the that the truth is
critics have been i numerable; the

iscoverer
served.
There
is no process that ex .. of
has so little that is reasonable and conclusive in it as the proe ploration

S5
that would discredit the discordances

by mag ifying
XI
the explorers.
Were this met od had recourse een pursued by ave had satisfacor or
to in other things as it has tiona! beliefs, we should never
many of the more officious ap logists for traditory results in any single sci nee, abstract line of investigation antiquarian. whether geographical
concrete, natural or historical, or in any single There is, theref re, rea) promise to in tiate the serious
of good in the attempt way of understanding
reader or the ingenuous begin er into the best
what s holars who have
been as reverent in their sear h after truth as the great majority of those wh have been most forward in the field of Biblica provinces concerning all sacred literatures reverence gathered licitously attempts name the which Bible. scholarship and st marvellous of ncient love and The book that into the v lume we so feresearch, have come to think i their respective
to do this seems to have undertaken
a much-needed piece of work. The book, of course, is expository, not positive

I
" xu
BIBLICAL
STUD
or constructive;
it has no dog
atic character,
does not seek to frame
any th ory of inspira-
tion or revelation,
doctrines cism or the
of the mode in which these

affected b modern critiof mode n scholarship; in a genera
have been methods
but only to exhibit outcome
way what knowledge.
the
has been of the extra
rdinary critical Its
activity in the field of Biblical

purpose is in a measure
popular, but its end is
to lead from more general detailed knowledge and intelligible

apparent. when certain matters our knowledge authenticity
imp cssions to the The time has come resent state of

in, authorship, sacred
that
conduc s to reasoned
conclusions.
ought to b made entirely

is the
First, what
touching
the
and contents of
of final enquiry. conclusions,
Books.
of
The present state of knowledge does not mean the stage

tentative but
rather
On some poi ts=-indeed. on
many-fixed
conclusions
conclusions
have
cen reachcdn other points

that enquiry may ill strate and con-
firm, but can hardly change.
INTRODUCTION
xiu
I conclusion has been reached, nor is likely

to be. As regards ination m any others
011,
the process
of
deter
that It is
still goes
and we may hope made finally sure.
\ hat is still dark
may yet be illumined,

consequence
uncertain
matter of immense
that the
stude t should see what has been proved, what

canna either himse f. be proved, and what to see proved he may yet hope does well or to find the proof of
In this work the specialist the assistance
when he invites
of the student and when they
and t e studen t does no less well when he seeks
the a sistance
of the scholar;
both o-operate to the common end of ascertaining t e truth concerning the most sacred things
in his Dry and in literature.
Sec ndly.
have ible.
The method
by which
results intellig-
een obtained
can now be made
The more analysis discloses the process of

recess be determined, the worth of its
forma ion the more can the value of the formative result appraised, and the need for a reforrna© 2010 Forgotten Books
XIV
tive process misunderstanding
evident. wl ich hag
Much existed
of the in this
field has been due t pursued, the and so
ignorance rocess and
of the method both of the value
ill bility
to appreciate
validity
of the Knowledge
its results. Thirdly.

between truth Divine through of the literary the organic method will also help to sh literature connection
tv
an
history, and greatly help
the student
to sec nto the process by which

f Hilled its purpose
has come, reli ion been developed, and Providence
in and
the life of m n.
Fourthly. dueled according to he methods he younger for those who teach
study conof scholarship mind in school
or church is becomin The conclusions
every day more manifest.
of s cred scholarship have long

P rt and parcel of the com ..
0
ceased to be the excl sive possession of scholars; they have become

man consciousness possible form throug the age, distilled
jn
every
the press1 in conversation,

INTRODUCTION and in those subtle modes of comm of our that
xv
n thought ime. tl e earthly re should
and speech that are distinctive I t is necessary. be adapted the treasure church therefore.
vessel which holds the heavenly to the treasure to the vessel.
treas
it holds r ther than words, in the sc

001
it
will not do for the teacher to proceed
or the
on assumptions to follow metho and to maintai of thought or abando
\ hich have
5
ceased to be granted, no longer recognised, that have
that are
positions ther ed. than The
in provinces been discredited
religious terms methods
new teacher must speak to the new it has come to understand
ind in the
it has learned to follow. this book, but ence, with
To all such I would commend
would ask them to use it with intelli independence following to study and how
of j udgmen t, with the desire, by
the lines it indicates, to fi d out how

the Bible, how to get at it
to communicate the
meaning,
once
me ning
it has been got at.
The writer has h d in view

XVI
BIBLICAL
STUDY
the serious
learner who is looking out for a

than he yet possesses, and to
0
fuller equipment
such a learner, though
ly to such, this book and helpful.
will prove both stimulatin
A. :rvI. FAIREAIRN.
PREFACE
THIS book i intended
to make a ystematic and that to its purpose should which be attenti an mployed, n should although for those who wish study of the Bible, the the methods problems As a and be
is to indicate
directed.
it is not designed
in character;
for scholars, it is untechnical it contemplates
long course of st dy, it will, I hope, meet the needs of bcginne s. In so brief a omitted, important not always I have tried to made ark, many things ivc prominence
5,
had to be
and notl ing could be fully discussed. to the most probably of points proportion matte though I have due
the best selection or observed f them.
to be mentioned, in the treatment
XVIIl
PREFACE
1 have been
utility. by consi erations
In my account of the literature,

guided Books have not cal importance,
of practical
een included for their historiut for their relevance to the iblical science. not accessible pleasure I have also to the English to thank my Gray,
present state of omitted all book

reader.
It
gives
me great
friend and form r colleague he has so kind y contributed
Mr. G. on
n.
of Mansfield Col ege, for the excellent chapter Language he and Biblical St dy, and for the appendix has added to it.
of discussing
1 have also had the advantage

t ie
wi h him most of the questions

chapters dealing with the
referred
to in
Old Testament.
I have lastly to Dr. Fairbairn,
0
acknowledge
my deep debt
and thank
him for the kindly
interest
made
he has displayed
several v luable
in the book.
a few out
He
of
suggestions, to
which I was able to accept.
I very much regret
that
it was im racticable
f01
carry
his
suggestion
that a ibliographical appendix should the chapter on books.

be substituted
I wish
PREFACE
to thank him e pecially for the
0
XIX
Introduction,
by which he h s greatly It is only one
enriched the work.
the many tokens of kindness
that I have rec ived from him.

ARTHUR
S. PEAKE.
www.for!f0ttenbooks.org
Con ents
pAC!:
INTRODUCTION
Vll
PREFACE.
XVII
..
CHAP
INTRODUCTORV •
ER I
• •
DIVISIO~
OF
THE
SUB]
AND •
ORDER
OF •
10
STUDY
CHAP
LANGUAGE AND
ER III
•
20
BIBLICAL StUDY
XXl1
..
CONTENTS
CHAPTER IV • •
PACK
BOOKS
:8
CHAPTER
OLD TESTAMENT INTRODUCTION.
CHAPTER
OLD TESTA~IENT EXEGES1S
AND
VI
HISTORY.
• tr3
CHAPTER
OLD TESTAMENT THEOLOGY.
VII
1Z4
CHAPTER
NEW TESTAMENT
VI I I •
INTRODUCTION.
• 154
CHAPTER
IX
•
I
NEW
TESTAMENT
HISTORY
179
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
NEW TESTAMENT THEOLOGY
XXlll PAGB
X
•
194
BIBLJOGRAPH1CAL
ApPE1'iDIX
255
ADDENDA
261

I

I
Chapter I
INTRODUCTOR
NOTHING
intellectual emphasis return
is more temper
chara teristic of of ur age than

5
the its
on the need, in all
ur studies, of a we trace the
to the sources.
Only
river from the spring ing the land streams to know it. through The
where it first rises to our

15 course, markj
view, and follow it through all which
runs
and
the
by which it is fed, can we be truly said

study of religion can claim by
no exemption the Father which
from this law.

of spirits into the
If we find its ecn wrought texture of the
origin elude us because it has race, yet in study of the man it has sought expressio to understand
forms through we shall come
what in its inm st essence it is.

BIBLICAL
of Christianity. numberless comparatively is complex with those It exist
STUDY
and has existed
10
And what is true of relig on in general, is t~uc in forms, for in two men is it pre-
cisely the same;
and eve
if we reduce these to
ental types, yet each
le degree. Foreign to by be how
few funda
in a rcrnarka that
elements of unsuspected understand

making. inextricably
ncestry have blended

it
are nati 'e, and if we arc
the
product,
can only be
should
knowledge of the factors

How wide sue will be realized
hat have gone to its

knowledge
only by hose who know uman life are knit include
all parts of
tothe
gether.
But
if we restri ct ourselves
eligion, of the of duty Bible ur own of the Even
to that
Bible, for this irnto
which is purely religious, we must study of Comparative and of the History

purpose portant. know manner. we can the study of Do trine.
is most
But it is not the most the theologies It is our do so, and
vital thing
day in this
them
by comparing
them more
with their sources, to reg nerate them so far as ma e
truly
Christian.
And from this point of view Biblical

INTRODUCTORY study religion. form, and ought
is of
is It
upremc resents
moment. Christianity
forms
For the New

in its purest
Testament
ot merely the chief source of our

us with a standard
the efore supplies udged. The
by which all the historical

to be
01 Christianity
of reto say revivals of their are to
regeneration
ligion can be best attained

sources, in pr of of which more than have sprung Testament. theology Biblical be woo. stud th t the greatest
by a return to the it is needless

religious that
rom a deeper nd this means
study of the New

students of
shou d devote
, as
1
themselves earnestly to
department
the
science in whi h the most fruitful results
Eve
those who read the Bible simply find that much would spirit. it in a historical
for devotional
uses would
be gained by studying
The \Vord co res home to ourselves most when we realize hov aptly it came to those who first heard it. A 1d this we can
f historical calthiest
do only if we
As our
steadily recon truct their life and its conditions

by an effort imagination.
theology
Scripture
is is
when its contact
with
of
losest, so we find refreshment

spirit in that rive city of God.
whose streams
make glad the
It should
nothing
be
said very
emphatically,
that This
by
can com cnsate for a lack of familiarity

but t is frequently overlooked
with the actual c ntents of the Bible itself

is a truism, those who diligen ly read the literature patient attention
0
that has
grown up around the Bible, but neglect to give

the text of the Bible itself
In the first insta lee, indeed, it is best to work at the text with ut assistance have worked grasp of the sense of its
make a thing so scious that there before. ulties,
from those who
In this way a better
is got, and there
is a deeper
may We
A commentator
lear that we are scarcely conis any difficulty
at all.
are in danger in
easy acquiescence interpretation. and the book in the light tation, when
uch cases of slipping
into too
and perhaps
missing the true
f course the converse is true, m st be carefully studied again

of t e best criticism un uspectcd and interprewill be he will
difficulties and
revealed.
need
Much
f the student's own work may

r amplification,
correction
INTR find many points tha
DUCTORY he has overlooked. possession
5 But
much will remain,
all the more
truly his because it is he fruit of his own labour;

and he may even ad ance the knowledge of the
subject through this i dependent

book the first thing
0
work. study of a. A fairly

full
In carrying out t is independent and get a general impression.
do is to read it through
analysis of its conte ts should then be made, in which the general s nse of each section should be given. treatment. Difficult uestions of interpretation prevent any more precise may follow. but all diffibe given and
clear;
\1,'i11 often emerge an
The dct iled exegesis
Much will often be quite
culties should be ca efully marked, and, if possible, a provisional head may prove to down on paper. i terpretation written down; for wl at seems quite clear in the e very hazy when it is put should be TI e interpretation
tested by its suitabil ty to the context, and by the general probabili y that the idea is likely to have been expressed The student by the writer of the book. should then set himself to recon-
struct the h istorica l situa tion presupposed in the

6 book, to
writing
IBLICAL
STUDY
er the purpose of the author in
it, his theological
views, and so forth. It is just the the most
One caution i specially needed. careful invest gation.
points that se m obvious that demand
Most of our old theo-
logical ideas , ere new some time, and we should be scrupulous terms are eve with such
on our refusal to read them into a

of them. The familiar
book that kno vs nothing
more of a snare. as holiness,
When we meet righteousness,
w rds
I
atonement. lav and so forth, we naturally think we know all a out them, and neglect to examine
them. Now he danger that is perhaps the
less in the yet it is a
New than in the Old Testament; large assumption have now in

they ur current
meaning the words
theological language is centuries of controversy
precisely the s me as the sense they bore before passed hrough and use.
unchanged,
Th y may have passed through it all wi h nothing lost and nothing gained, to assume in par~ The
lifted
but it is, at any rate, unscientific that they hav. ticular must
gospel
t
In the Old Testament e student

old
be on his guard. terms

for us and
has ta (en
INTROpUCTORY
them to higher uses, and filled them with a new
cant nt,
us t an
And thus they mean much more to

they meant to the Old Testament
To understand
them we must examine
what they meant to

them where they stand,
dives ourselves of all the associations they have for

abou to this
5 5,
and by carefully
them where
noting
what
is said
they occur. and comparing conclusion
the use in one place with that in anot~er, come
me tentative
about them.
is necessary,
In
york the concordance which
only it
between
,
must be either a Hebrew or a concordance
or Greek concordance,
discriminates
the repr
ifferent Hebrew or Greek words which are

cntcd indiscriminately by the same English
word and exhibits used to translate word The ordinary
the various English words the same Hebrew concordance or Greek is worse than
usele s for this purpose, from its failure to attend
to th s precaution.
class fy all the
It is well also to collect and

theological
statements
in the
book and construct, as far as possible, a sketch of t e author's

be c mpared
theological views.
with that of those
This should
expressed
by
BIBLICAL
STUDY
him) and points
the writers who have precede any advance that is made. progressive created
any
of agreement or difference not d, and especially feeling for the character of revel tion will thus be. Wh n the plan indito another the
and developed.
cated has been followed out, with reference to book, before proceedin on it. her. passage book should be studied over a ain with the help of the best authorities they give to parallel sulted. parallels The As to these one The references should be conbrought thing may be mentioned reference
Bibl s have
into disrepute;
but there arc several
writers who could be named whose references are almost invariably worth t rning up for the light they throw upon a passa e. It is perhaps necessary to scientific. The Bible is to b dd that the only studied just like study with which \ve have to do is critical and any other book. We can c me to it with no by an
prepossessions, but simply wi h an open mind. \Ve cannot let ourselves be i timidated appeal to tradition or author ty, confident that
we stand in a far more favo fable position for

I
9 knowing the truth than t osc who have handed on to us the guesses of this study and made greatest documents classical primarily ment. attention, revelation n uncritical past. \Ve It is can bow only to the ar ument it once more of facts.
which has re torerl the Bible to us intelligible. And the to its are Testaof the Him, scl larship can render
service that
the Church is to interpre expressIon. those contain But the since
for it the fundamental hcse documents New history
in which its faith has received d in the
Old T starnent it cont ins the
also demands and sets us at
which led to Christ,
the right point of view
r understanding to found.
and the religion He cam
DIVIS10N
the con ents of the Bible the work might convenie tly be arranged under the headings of Introdu tion, Exegesis, History,
and Theology. merely
OF THE S BJECT OF S UDY
AND ORDER
N studying
This is not an exhaustive, but a convenient d vision, and it is not

to kee
always possible
in the account subject. history the
them apart, especially

0
given
Introduction of the several
the literature of the eals with the literary

ooks, and their collecwith is social books. political religion History and This
tion into a Canon. interpretation in this the head
Ex gesis is concerned of de
0
case confined of Biblical
history, the history of th
falling under
T eology.
branch
DIVISION
OF THE SUBJECT beside the history of the of the particular
II
subject embraces, the religion, the trin s, it

15
of
theology
individual docit the that
wri ers and the history Archaeology more
is so important to treat This
mig, t seem to demand a place of its own, but

convenient it under His ory and Theology. of is so, because material in each
mu h of the most important esp cially in the case
hese subjects is derived from Archreology, of Biblical
Theology.
of Israel arc
Th s all the religious institutions tha they should be discussed
rna ters of Archzcology ; yet it is imperative
in connection
wit
Theology, since in them the religious confound expression. cannot the conin of the subject
sci usness of the Israelites

Th se various divisions
be
ept altogether
apart, since the conclusions problems in another. For example, the higher in the Psalms,
one will often determine clu ions as to particular lnt oduction in vie, sett ing questions he disputed is sometimes question
of importance whether
of Exegesis.
of the future life is taught
the exegesis of the passages is, to some extent,

BIBLICAL
STUDY
dependent
on the dates to which the Psalms Similarl of the general he Hebrew
in question are assigned.
view as to the development is important, questions

questions
religion, derived from Old Testarnei t Theology,. not simply for this and similar
but also
of Exegesis, The
for difficult the the
of Introduction-such
as the dates of
the Psalms. be studied
moral of this is that and a so that
different departments
of Biblical S ience should s provisional
simultaneously,
results of each should be regarded in the others. In accordance is important they refer; are contemporary
Of,
till they have been tested by the re ults reached with the scientific method with the to be more
it
to begin with thos
books that
even s to which prec se, that are lVe of writers of the state rary
generally admitted
religion
to be contern orary. in contemp
find far marc vivid pictures and society than in the historical
books, wh re the latter In the histories the ut the conwww.forgottenbooks.org

I
deal with past periods. are not so sharply
movement of actual life is gone, ne r and distant separated.
DIVISION tempor ry writers
OF TllE paint
SUBJECT
13
society
for us as it
lived b fore their eyes, their figures are sketched from t e life, and as we read them we breathe
their at them. tory a We lea that H He ha

of the
osphere and think their thoughts We grapple
after
with their problems and feel
their p 'essure upon us, we rejoice in their vic-
they wrest from them their solution.

11
how men thought
of God, and of their of the relations
duty to Him and to one another, sustained
to them, of the way in which He had led His
come to stand to them as He did, and

ath by which us, with our
people.
rock
feet planted
on the
of scie tific certainty, we can look before and
behind, and feel that we have gained a point of vant ge from which we may trace the march
of evet ts in the past and future.
The
study
ractical hets.
inference from this is that the should begin with

own times,
f the Old Testament
They deal with their
besides among our earliest authorities ancient needles

chronological
history of the Hebrews.
It is in
to say that they should be studied
order, so far as that may be de© 2010 Forgotten Books
termined.
Amos w 11 come first, then he study
Hosea,
and in both cases

as exhaustive paid to the q uestio
given should
be
as pos iblc, and especial attention of the course of religiousthat

St
development comes next. standpoint xxvii.,
ch writings
arc
imply.
Isaiah from the
Here, only those prophecies fall

wl ich written This own time. will ex-
for consideration
of Isaiah)
elude chaps. xiii., xi . 1-23; xxi, xxxi v., xx: v., xk--lxvi.
doubt is felt by several critics passages. prophecies which cannot be sati factorily
1-10; xxiv.-
Considerable
other the
as to some met. Should
This rais s a difficulty as to method about

w ich this uncertainty
is felt
be passed by for t e present, or provisionally
treated
as Isaiah's? that
For the former course it to take

are
may be urged n.c. documents
into account
really
as
evidence for the rei gion of the eighth century

wh eh post-exilic
is to vitiate from t e outset our reconstruction

of the religious histo y of Israel. our conception greatly of h s theological On the other hand it may be said, that if they really are his,
ideas will be
If it is
irnpoverishe
by such neglect.
DIVISION borne I saiah's in mind that
OF THE
SU JECT
15
the acceptan
e of them as
is only provisional, for a later be settled of much may of
perh ps it will be The res of question Hebrew of aciv, and
safest to use them as his, and lea e the detailed examination could only treatment literature. last chapters v. are his. prophets. stage. after the a
cry thorough
Similarly with Micah, while the two

perhaps be ) ft out haps.
0
count. it is not certain It is hard
whether to say hov
The same difficulty should be pursued be given of the eighth ccntur
curs in other far the study at this stage. with
of the prophets the prophets arguments of Ezekiel.
Good reasons might
for stopping'
, and passing are also
to the historical
books.
But
for including
all dox n to the time
In either case the B oks of Judges,
Samuel,
of course,
and Kings should com

the earlier and and later special document, incorporate r
I
next
1cments
Here, must
be distinguished,
a tent ion given or documents
to those contemporary
almost contemporary,
mensc historical
in the Books,
such as the Song of Deborah, v hich is of irn-
importance,
the
Court
16
13IBLI AL STUDY of David

The student
2
History
Sam. ix.-xx.;
Kings So
study.
i., ii.).
will then be in a position

criticism
to proceed to the st dy of the Hexateuch. far as the literary

liminary
goes
the
might have been t ken first, without the prework at th prophets and the historical
But the chi f aim of the study of the
books.
into
Old Testament is no to analyse the Hexateuch

its component parts, but to understand the course which w s taken in the education of Israel to prepare for the corning of Christ;
and for the right ornprehension of this the
course indicated
for the analysis
is best. at
It is also unsatiscriticism,
of
factory to stop short with the literary the dates

merit
nee raises the question
of the r spective
documents.
And
from
as wide a know!ed e of the religious developof the Israeli es as can be gained study of th
\horough tion.
prophets and the histories that remain may then be

zra, and Nehemiah might
will prove most imp rtant in settling this quesThe prophets Chronicles, though taken.
come next,
the autobiographical
por-
tions of the two lat er ought perhaps to have

DIVISION been taken
OF TIlE SUB} CT
1
17
with the earlier hist rical books. of onsiderable So, too,
The dates of many of the books tha still remain are very uncertain, and matters controversy. The a fairly definite historical Book of Lame tations has situatio.
Daniel, which is not a prophetic, b t an apocalyptic book, is fixed down to a date within very narrow limits. But the dates
f Proverbs,
Job, Ruth, the Song of Songs, Eccl siastes, and Esther are very uncertain. be Jeft till last. probably Testament, The Ps 1ms should present is of all Old Since f the
0 scure
The problem the
the most difficult and and will tax
which we find in the literature all the knowledge that can be brought
esources of
much of the Old Testament litera ure belongs to the post-exilic period, such know edge of this period as may be conveniently be added to that of the earlier be more precisely determined. portant of the Apocryphal read, as, quite apart g ined should istory, that may be
the dates of various pieces of lit rature Book should
T c more im-
from their in rinsic merit, for he study of

I
they are of great importance
© 2010 Forgotten Boo s
DIBLICAL
STUDY
the
Old Testament, and
and perhaps Ball's
even
are in the
for the New. Version, Variorum the student this work.
The publication of Mr.
of the Rev sed edition

a
Bible, together
with the
Spea er's pI ccd for
Commentary"
on the Apocrypha, in a very favourable
has
position
In the New Testament

is the Pauline
the point of depar ure Strictly, great perhaps, not

w ose
Epistles. four
more
than
the
Epistles,
genuineness
was admitted
by Baur, shoul
be
"lssumed as authentic.
But there seems no v lid
reason why the other three epistles, now ge erally recognised by critics as genuine, should not be included-I Philemon. recognised in
2
Thessalonians, Thessalonians
in
2
Philippians,
0
and ten
A genuine Pauline nucleus is Timothy.

to start
and Colossians, That this losiis nnt prob ble,

from wh asis left in dis ute.
with fragments
but
tion will be finally accepted

at first it is best
genera11y admitted) and find in it the sure for investigation

of the things
J ames
I
and Hebrews might be taken next, The attention
hen
Peter.
might next be tu 'ned

DIVISION to the .Synoptic be a fruitful impression Jesus already
OF THE Gospels,
S B]ECT and
0
19
the ation,
Synoptic It will the of
Problem will first fall for cxami source derived of profit from th of the personality
compare
nd teaching
study of the
Epistles with that we gain fro the study of the first three Gospels. At a later stage the comparison
rived
should extend to t e material defrom the Fourth Gasp 1. After the Apostles and Epistles
should
Synoptic Gospels the Acts of th the remaining

and
2
Peter
may b taken. Jude be studied side by side.

to take he Apocalypse
It may be convenient
here rather
than at an earlier s age, since it is ith the Gospel
well to keep it in connection
and Epistles of John) which sho ld, in any case,
come last of all.
Chapter I II
LANG AGE
B
AND
BIBLICAL
STUDY
THE
G. BUCHANAN
GRAV, M.A.
ori inal languages
of the
I3ible are
three Hebrew, Aramaic (J er. X. I I ; Dan. ii. 4-vii 28; Ezra iv. 8-vi. 18), and Greek.
Biblical study, a knowledge of
these langu ges is of primary importance. Possessed 0 this, the student may beCOlTIC
master of his subject; without it he must remain
to a large ex ent dependent on others. The great importance of this linguistic study may be und rstood by considering how large a part it play d in the Reformation. By publishing the Ne v Testament in Greek, and thus
re-introduci became one g the study
of the original text

for centuries, Erasmus
which had b en neglected
f the main factors in that move© 2010 Forgotten Books
LANGUAGE
AND
BIBLICAL
STUDY
2I
mcnt.
As the publication of the Bible in the made the Scriptures once a ain of ext to of the to be ost to be of ht
51
vulgar tongue
the possession of the whole Church, quicke ing the spirits of those who had been deprive
them, so the publication
of the original and teachers had understanding instruction
enabled Book based.
religious on which
thinkers their
obtain a more adequate
Of the three languages, important, ignored. Hebrew

himself
Greek is the hand the Hebrew value
and its value is little likely On the other is almost certain to be at first and by the
underestimated,
stu cnt In the re ogthe f am in cnt en
is only gradually been
appreciated. gaining between at due
interests of both it is well to realize, what has

on1y of late years
nition, the inter-relation languages; method for this of studying
the Biblical once elemen by
indicates
Biblical (as distinct The New Testa but
classical) Greek, and an important the value of Hebrew. was, indeed, written in Greek,
familiar with, and accustomed
to use, if not
I
22
BIBLICAL
STUDY related Aramaic
H brew, la guage. Pl to and la
yet
the
closely
N at only this, but the Greek which Xcnophon and
th se men knew and wrote, was not that of
the other
of the LXX Hebrew
strictly trans ..
cl ssical writers, but that

la ion frequently and retained
rs of the Old Testament.
N O\V this transidioms, and had hitherto the

was per-
co pelled many a Greek word to carry meansuggestions which be onged only to the Hebrew
of which
G cek word chosen by the translator eq ivalcnt. Ii
ha. s the nearest possible and yet often a remote Hence some of the constructions are unintelligible in the Greek, and only explicable by And the history of numerous of the New Testament
t of classical
w rds, especially the more important theological

te ms, must be traced
in the Hebrew, and by All this has been
it many of the most significant New Testament f ures must be explained. fu ly illustrated hi "Essays by the late Professor Hatch in and sug-
in Biblical Greek/' which will long
rc ain one of the most illuminating
ge tive discussions of the Biblical languages and

LANGUAG ( AND BIBLICAL their New Tcstamc Hebrew classical illuminated Hebrew, and Greek; b
t must
STUDY
23
Thus
the language
as
of the through through
be approached
Aramaic
and Greek the
well
as
study of it will be
from
translations Philo) and
the
com-
espec ally the LXX
and the writings originally
of Jews (in p rticular

posed in Greek The peculiar place
0
Hebrew
Aramaic in New
c1ear. The
Testament
stu y generally irnpor ance of these

0 0
is thus
languages in dealof the original were originally But it is) Old
ing with the i portant
problem which
Semitic basis
the sayings spoken
the Gospels, and in interpreting Jesus,
in Ara laic, must be obvious. that Hebrew
of course, for an adequate Testament Like revival Rcuchlin, Greek, Christian I ebrew
study of the
is mainly
revived Reformation. place
requisite.
among The on the But the
also was first
scho ars at the
was
and
the
due to John effect
ad an important in this
interpretation
f the Old Testament,
greatest
much
revol tion
later,
department
falls
It
and is scarcely yet complete.

was
due
to
th
comparative
1 interpretations
study
of the
Semitic language, fied the tradition
which has profoundly modiborrowed by from the Jews .. but in part only, the result of com-
the earlier Chris ian scholars The result is in part between for the R.V. is interpretations the A.V. and R.V.; aturally
seen in the differences
promise, and fre uently retains the traditional of yards, sometimes solely, someions. The student may thus times as altern at yes (in text or margin) to the correct interpreta realize both the original and the pose. Beyond a eed for his own study of the deal equipment uaintance for that pur~ with Hebrew and
Aramaic, some fa iliarity with the principles of comparative Another Semitic grammar is most desirable. great cause of difference between earlier methods of interprestudy and more In this respect represents Only, therefore,
quite modern an critical the
tation is due to .he exacter

use of t e versions.
R.V.
altoge .hcr of
inadequately knowledge
the advance student
cholarship.
by an accurate
hope to
inguistic
can the
eal satisfactorily with the in© 2010 Forgotten Books
LANGUAGE numerable between existing a modern represents different earlier quently prctation of another a tradition than the book. to about pointed published
AND
BIBLICAL the
STUDY
25 lies an
passages an extremely Hebrew text. printed three ages.
where
al crnative a d often
artificial
impossible exegesis,
or a reconstr
I-Ie must re of the copy
ction of the
ember that Bible with Cousen his interble texts of P ovided
5
H brew
easily distinguish As
it stands,
century departs
vowel and other than when the
points, it represen fourth a scholar
a text not
from the traditional vocalization, which cannot
Jew sh in favour urther xisted back down
he is merely abandoning be traced after the co
several centuries
position of
The I Iebrew text as it the fourth century Hebrew
A.D. , ill therefore
be found (approximately)
unpainted
not in
he ordinary
Bibles, but in the more rarely editions. At a yet earlier an more arnhe so-called was still briefer without
period the text
biguous, for it was written vowel letters (the consonants used The to represent relative the antiquity,
waw (,), he (jl), jod ('), vo vel sounds). cons quently

I
related
and
the
© 2010 Forgotten Boo s
BIBLICAL
STUDY
0
relative authority, be constantly

the R.V. obedience follows
of these three texts in mind)

almost and with
ght to that ioning
borne
als
unques
the latest and least authorita ivc of I f the earliest and most authoritative
first
the three.
appear at
sight exceedingly
Only so can the
arnbi
uous,
this is only the greater reason for the .st dy of the original,
estimated. ambiguity
relative
prob-
abilities of various possible renderings regain confidence
be ightly
And, again, only so will the s udcnt as he finds the frcque
cy of
and the range of possibility les than from the na ure of ecest
at first sight seems inevitable the case.
Enough has perhaps been said in this

sadly very inadequate studying dictionary meaning is requisite than and sketch to show
the Bible in the original much more

a mere consultation f the off-hand That
acceptance of th
is useless. true words Fo
first
what difn105
it offers.
is true of all is particularly languages-that ferent
of the B iblical
corresponding are never
it
languages
exact
and
equivalents.
To take a single instance,

LANG says of
AGE AND BIBLICAL yah that he utters The etween Hebrew reading
STUDY
27
J eh
his voice out of what The in the gives writer, and
Jerusalem. difference original the their bald innu whereas an
here suggests, the Bible English of the suggestions
the English does not, the roll of thunder. in English is that
a d direct
statement
th ough the writer's erablc secondary
own words, with
associations thought an sprang. a passage he wrote study of th they belon is just this i.
we reach in large part the world of feeling out of which his statement to think and feel when he interprets s the writer thought and felt when by And this he will only attain
B t the object of the Biblical student
usage of the words and (especially of the roots to which
in the Semitic languages)
in other passages.
Chapter I
FOR
BOOKS
the sake of convenience, I desert the natural order and speak first of the litera-
ture of Exegesis before I pas to that of Introduction. The reason is, that in many cases the best introduction to a book is to be found in one of the commentaries on it. ccordingly I shall The now refer to the subject of c mmentaries. mon-sense principles.
choice of these is largely d tcrmined by comAnd i my advice seems to smack too strongly of pl titudc, my defence must be that these consider tions of commonsense are frequently, so far s my observation goes, allowed too little wei ht, It is clearly important to secure the best as far as possible. on The time has gone by for commentaries
BOOKS the whole Bible by a single hand. have served a useful purpose in for a young Commentary to spend student at this time
29
Such works he past; but
to buy A am Clarke's of d y is for him For one
his money very foolisl Iy.
thing, Adam Clarke lived before the dawn of

the critical movement, though visited by gleams of critical another, it is plain that no one a tolerable commentary The great commentaries few books at most; exceptions. of to-da years' to he was not uni sight. For write are, in most labour on a his there are the province like the
on the whole Bible.
cases, the result of many though
I t does not fall withi
of this book to speak with those works not with
of a co mentary are whic scful are to
that of Matthew Henry, for I am dealing only which those student, primarily bought. arc still meant
for the preacher. Some of the patristic useful, especially, and Augustine,
U less a comornmentaries
pSt
mentary is modern, it should not, as a rule, be perh but those of
Chrysostom
yen these it
is not worth while to buy.
The same applies

I
BIBLICAL
STUDY works
to
Calvin,
vhose alue,
exegetical But
have
permanent original Lati
Bengel's
"Gnomon"
used, in the
should be b ught, and constantly

I
if that
can be read, but
if not..
in an Eng1is
translation.
In his own special and likely to
excellences remam so. work exten Testament,

first rank. more elabor
engel is unrivalled,
\Ve have over
in him a writer the whole of the
whose New
is
nd which yet must remain in the convenient English

te edition and cheap edition
New
Testament."
is published but that
by Messrs. be
in a their
T, & T. Clark. quite

found series, the be work that
1\either
of these is Bengel will probably they

have
pure
nd simple,
satisf ctory. nd
COl
As to commentaries disadvantages. that
it m y be said
ditions and e n t be man.
advantages
They
not is It a does
meet
should
two
of must
a commentary
it .should But there
modern,
01
that
be the point
not
overlooked.
or two volumes are good tha Probably

n series could
of a series
the whole series should be bought.
be named
in which
nOOKS
the volumes were not of ver This is natural, inferior In making certain Godet. as an edito as well as highly unequal
31
merit. writers.
has to call in Iten safe to be It is pretty buy any comor are of highthere
0
competent
a selection, it is
guided by the name of the wri er. that it would be right mentaries by Davidson class work.
or Che ne, Westcott and,
Their names are a g arantee On the other should
writers whose names
ct as warnings ot to be in too and for their

men
to those who may think of bu ing their books. With new writers it is well great appraised
by competent
a hurry, since their wo k is sure to be
critic,
verdict it is best to wait. may be given. There is a co It is tru
rnisconcep-
tion that the latest commenta y on a book is likely to be the best. work already the best
municable
that the author the best eld.
has had the advantage
of r ading ther
done in that
commentaries quality imparted and
. IS
But about
an
mcornin for
the personality found only ld be vain
of the writer, which is to his work,
33
BIBLICAL STUDY writer to attempt to transfer to his. ere compil0
another ation
And a commentary the outcome
which is a with
can never compete
e which
is
of years of patient
itself.
nvestigation
and labour at the text
Commentaries notice first. the

If
on the whole Bible caU for Old Tcstamen shoul display portion of be avoided.
The
Speaker's Commentary"
Some of the writers

rules of the Hebrew petent to deal with
.a remarkable
ignorance of some of the element ry facts and language, w ich casts a

t ey are
curious light on their claim that subjects knowledge.
corndeep
reg iring
In critical matters th y were not The cas is different portion Some of commenta ies on New in it, especially Evans
on the level of their subject even at the time their work was published. with the New Testament the very best English Testament Westcott on
I
books are contained
on the Gospel of john, and is its size and The publishers
Corinthians.
The chief thing against the ts excessive mothers the
Pulpit Commentary puny exegesis.
load of homiletics, which almost
vould confer
I
BOOKS
33 It is to to
a great
oon on students
if they would reprint want
the Intr duction
and Notes separately,
cxaspcra ing to one who does not
be both red with Homilies and Homiletics if he wi hes to possess Cheyne's or Rcyn Ids' positor's Dible become
mentary,
H
feel that he must buy these ponderous volumes

II
Jeremiah," Excer-
Gospel of john." has volumes
The"
J'
that have already
famous.
Some of these should
tainly be bought.
As it is not strictly a comwhere it would not
it n1ay be bought in some cases to

while to buy it otherwise. for Schools.
supplem nt a commentary,
There is the
a tcndc cy in some quarters

Cambrid just. work d e Bible
to disparage
But this is not
veral ,of the volumes contain the best
c as yet by English scholars on the I t is true that in some -cases ot rise above mediocrity. ges the smaller For Joshua Bible
1S
respecti they do
Cambridge
Unfor unately, mentary
the rule that
the best com .. of
should be bought on each individual
book is modified by the actual condition

34
thing. there repro is no
BIBLICAL
STUDY
On many books of the Old Testament respectable likely soon commentary. to be rolled This away. Driver's Gould's " H.. mans " o ch is
Messr . T. & T. Clark of hi h-class

U
U
are bringing
out a series,
commentaries Moore's
of which
II
Deu eronorny," Mar already
Judges,"
," and Sanday
and Headlam's That that
have
appeared.
this will alto-
gcthe
valua
escape the inequalities

1e additions
dog a series
have some master-
is not to be expected, pieces and several the fi st place deal. Engli buyin. Old
but we shall
to our
exegetical with
commentaries
that will take which they on not are no worth of the exfact that there really
on the books Testament
But it is a lamentable books that I exclude h commentaries
are
It may be useful to indicate volumes while Testament
in detail
" Pulp t Commentary" cept that third of the
and the "Speaker." be worth New
it might
Speaker,"
to get the portion
volume
II
of the
chiefly for the commentaries which could

on R mans
and Corinthians.
On Genesis
we have Delitzsch,
BOOKS
be supple cntcd
3S
there
by Dads in Bible Class Hand-
books.
the nothing great than Judges Black. mentary Critical the fessor Hebrew Kings Bible,
Deuteronomy books of the
is Driver.
there except
On
is a
other
Pentateuch
to mention
at present,
Kalisch;
but while
is volume
on Leviticus
contains
deal of valuable matter, it is, perhaps, a book fo the discriminating specialist rather
the eneral student. there On works in the For The Joshua and comthe e are the little of Sutherland International we have of Pro-
01 Judges
0
is the brilliant
H
Dr. Moore
C rnmcntary." Kir patrick.
Samuel
useful but uncritical
commentary Hebrew
U
student
will
the
For
do better
to buy Driver's Lumby,

found
Notes
on
T xt of the Books Pr fessor will be
of Samuel."
in the Cambridge useful. In the same

Commentary on
series we I ave an
admirable series
Ezra and haps the

Davidson's only rcgre
ehemiah gem "Job." that
by Professor
is A finer
Ryle.
Per-
of this
Dr. A. B.
of exeis that
specimen expressed
gesis we a e scarcely need
likely to receive, and the
be
36 limitations work b b chosen. added last

t
BIBLICAL
STUDY
of
of the series did not permit on a larger scale. If
being
the
dent buys only one commentary, But Ewald if he wishes edition of to pursue
this should his studies published
and Delitzsch should book. On the Psalms,

that
that most important
Dclitzsch,
I Ioddcr and Stoughton, Professor not too
is perhaps
Commentary A in commentary,
the best.
shou1d but that is useful,
Cheyne's
be
ce tainly m ch b
neglected.
conservative Kirkpatrick we have
Professor
the
Cambridge
Bible.
br dge
On Proverbs
Bible, which, or
there is Delitzsch,
Plumptre whether is one in the we of which agree the
For
Cam .. with most
its conclusions To al worth
not,
fa cinating volumes of exegesis

Plumptre reading. contains a we should
we pos-
add Delitzsch.
T e works of Tyler and C. H. H. Wright

0
are
on
Delitzsch's commentary For
volume on
E clesiastes
the
5 ng of Songs, which is one

sa isfactory of his works. ge erally, Ewald's great
of the least
the prophets
in five
Commentary,
BOOKS
37
volumes) might be procured, tho gh a beginner can hardly On the be advised to use it very much. Orelli should be Minor Prophets
bought, for although phets on whom Turning

\VC
it is not all that could have no special com-
be desired, there are several of t c Minor Promentary. to individu I books, there on Isai h that should
arc two Commentaries be procured.
Onc is Dclitzsc , which is the Editioi published by
best and fullest on the whole.
taken to get the Fourth T. & T. Clark. is a masterpiece considerably It however mentary,
itself.
But that of Pr fessor Cheyne of exegesis, interpretation

an
and ranks with I has advanced of the

rdinary
the greatest works on I saiah. the

presupposes
book.
com-
and so cannot critical

should
be used entirely by ublication the gr atly changed,
I t is true, that since its views have

be rewritten A t the sa it is much to be wished
author's
and mentary
that the Corne ti mc it is views
cri tica 1 stand poi n t.
not at all
forward
clear
that
the
nev er
put
in his Introduction
to Isaiah
I
will be
BIBLICAL ultima ely accepted. some t me yet. in the the chief ambridge For Bevan
STUDY corn-
so that the present to be superseded
is not likely
for
On Jeremiah
there is Streane
Bible, or OrcIH. Daniel,
On Ezekiel,
by its
David on, in the Cambridge be st. is perhaps
Bible, is by far best, though
the commentary
alue is to the Semitic student, and it For Hosea and Micah it will Bible. and just the In glad to be able on to add the which Bible. valuable has
be bes to get Cheyne, in the Cambridge I am Comm ntary N ahum, Cambridge Habakkuk,
Zephai iah by Dr. Davidson,

appear d in the same
cries Archdeacon Pcrownc has written adiah, J onah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Dr. C. H. 1-1. Wright has also a large on Zechariah, while Dr. Dads has
writ tel Dible
on the Post-Exilian lass Handbooks.

10
Prophets
in the to be need of and
It will be seen that others the we still subject
in rna ly cases there is no commentary menti ned, and that somet ing Englis
1
worthier
of
scholarship.
BOOKS The
39
ment. Testa
case rs different with the New TestaBengel's Gnomon has been already
II 11
rnenti ned. ent,'
Meyer's ','Commentary in twenty
on the New
best as a whole.
volumes, is the
comm ntary on the New Testament comm
Meyer did not himself write the whole of his ntary. Lunemann
wrote
on
Thessaon the The if posIt
Ionian
and Hebrews, Huther on the Pastoral The last is not translated.
and C tholic Epistles, and Diisterdieck Apoc lypse. whole of the work should be procured is valuable for three qualities in
sible. nd not simply Meyer's portion of it. These are the ample information the v rious interpretations
particular pasof of is
given as to
of individual
sages, with the reasons that have led to their
accep ance or rejection, the rigid accuracy

the s holarship,
and the general
soundness rules
the e egesis. that
The faults arc perhaps of grammatical grammatical
these,
he application called
somet mes too rigid-"
terrorism," element Meyer is

Philippi
in th
it, and that there is scarcely

with the mystical
suffici nt sympathy
New Testament
writers.
nut
RIBL CAL STUDY more indispensable
than any other commentary. to suppose that the possescommentaries as those content
of
and it is a mistake sion even

makes of our
best English commentaries

most
it supcrflu of such many
In fact, the very ex. unfortunate rest effect in with
cellence causing work.
Lightfoot has had them, to the great Alford rna
stu ents to
etriment of their exegetical be dispensed

with without
serious loss, though it is possible now to secure his work at so rea on able a price that it may be worth while t wil get it. The
II
Expositor's
Greek Testament," just announced and Stoughton, filled.

and Gould
by I-Iodder
take the place it formerly On Matthew and on Mark,

F\"1r
On individ al books the following cornmay the
mentaries
Mark in
be mentioned. Morison;
ritical
we ha c
I(
Commentary."
Luke there is God t. ference jf only on

of the
For John, Westcott

For little
and
Godet, both if pas iblc, but \Vcstcott

is chosen.
by prethe Acts
work
Apostles,
of the firs
erhaps
the
of
T. E. Page
mentary
would be best;
but
for a com-
rank we have still to wait,

BOOKS
41
and hope that here, as elsewhere, the "I nternational defect. Critical Commentary
IJ
wil
supply
the
Romans is so important th t more comThere Gifford in the

II
mentaries than usual should be stu ied. are, besides which is valuable for the thought as well as the exegesis; is deepest
0
Spe ker," Godct, the Epistle,
Sanday a d Headlam, ele ental force a
which, if in imperfect sympathy wi h that which in Paulinism-that which demands for its adequate Luther or a Bunyan-is in the elucidation
U
in erprctation
yet of gr at value, and
especially for its use of current Explanatory

is good
J cv
ish theology reproduces adds much

also
of Paul's doctri es ; Liddon's Analysis," which in the main, bu Beet, whic on Meyer for its
Meyer's exegesis that almost entirely gives special Vaughan, Sunday On

II
besides; attention
rests
xegesis, but for its dise procured.
to the th ology ; and goo
which is specially and Hcadlam
cussion of words.
I
Of these, at lea t Godet, and should E besides in the Elli-
Corinthians, On
2
Speaker," there arc Goclct, Edwa Corinthians, there is
-us, and
I
cott.
Vaite in the
42
DIDLICAL
STUDY
on Galatians, Colossians, the Pastoral
eakcr." E
esians,
\Ve
have Ellicott
Philippians, and
Philemon,
Epistles. on GalaA
ssalonians, tia is, Philippians, po thumous
Li htfoot has complete Commentaries volume
Colossians, and Philemon.
has also been published lectures, and Commentary fourteen On
wi h notes on parts of Romans and Corinthians,
derived
from his Cambridge the first
a
on
small portion of his projected E hesians, covering on Ephesians 0)

51
verses. Thcssa-
TI ere is a not very satisfactory
Commentary
by Macpherson, the great commentary
10 ians there is Findlay in the Cambridge Bible. Hebrews

is that
of
\V stcott,
But the student will not neglect the little vol ume by Dr.
all but very valuable work of Dr. Davidson.

II
T ere is also an excellent M ulton in Ellicott's
Commentary for Schools." but the little work by on Peter
the Epistle of James we have the elaborate of Mayor; it.
co mentary
be used with
Plurnptrc in the Cambridge Bible will, of course, His Commentary an Jude in the same series should also be procu oed. For the Epistles of John, Westcott's
nOOKS Commentary
should Bible" hardly
43
is much the best.
On Rev lation, Bleek

on this b okby could
perhaps, Simcox should be used, though

be read, and the works
Dr, 11illigan.
name may
The volumes of the" Exp sitor's

with confidence. Ezekiel,
I
that might be best worth getting
But the
Minor
allow-
ing
be mentioned: Isaiah, of John, Colossians, that
Genesis, the Corinthians, Hebrews, might have
Chr niclcs, Pr phets,
Psalms, Ephesians, There tioned;
the Gospel
Ga atians,
Rev lation. bee men'0
are others
but the series lies tess strictly
our
province than commentaries
proper.
side of two Literat should iblical
But Exegesis
study. duction. I pass For be
Ie
is only
on to the the Old as
one
literature
of Intro-
Testament
indispensable.
books
ne re
IS
may
named
Driver's
editions Testament With
Introduction
1}
to
the
of
the Old Testament

the valuable
(fifth edition, with

appendix e proIC
cured). the other
is Robertson
Smith'
Old
in the Jewish Church."

U
Care should
taken
I
be taken to get the second edition of the latter.

Driver's Introduction
JJ
should. b
44
BIBLICAL chapters sup lement accou It of So
STUDY of Cheyne's
II
the last of Old valuable useful critics. clopredia
Founders a while and on
These form
to the Introduction,
the book ge erally gives a most interesting
the
great
Old valuable
Testament
work
II
c of the most
the Old Test ment is to be found in the

Bri annica." n Smith: Among Angel, may be spc ially mentioned
Ency-
the articles that
are the following,

Ark of
By Roberts
Covenant,
the and
H bIe, Canticles,
Chronicles,
David, Hosea, Moloch, Philis-
Decalogue,
Literature, Jerusalem, Leviticus, Nahum, tines, Sacrifice, Zephaniah. Priest,
aggai,
~pistle
Hebrew
to the Kings,
Language
Hebrews, Micah, Passover,
J el, Judges,
Lamentations,
alachi,
Ni cvch,
Messiah,
Obadiah,
Prophet, By Cheyne:
Psalms,
Ruth, Sabbath, Tobit, Vow,

CherEsther,
Sa
ada, Temple, Daniel,
Tithes,
Amos, Canaan, Deluge, Jonah. Job, Moses, Proverbs.
ubim, Hittites,
Cosm gony,
Isa ah, Jeremiah, pocrypha, Israel, eptuagint, Moab,
By A. B.
By Nimrod,
Davidson: Pentateuch,
Zechariah.
By Sutherwww.forgottenbooks.org
BOOKS land Paul, Epistle Black: Peter, Esd as, Ezekiel, Ezra and
4S Nehe: Phlio, Many
miah, Galatians.
By Hatch : Pastoral
Epistles,
Sa rificc.
By
Schurer
to the R mans, Thessalonians.
of the articles "Encyclopa!dia/'
in the new edition of Chambers'
vritten by the best authorities,

of attention. by Davidson
arc well worthy

articles Cheyne. at present are largely on Bible
Such are
and Psalms
the by
For Di tionarics antiq ated,
of the Bible we have the first volume Even this is very in standand they accessible.
Smith, the two last volumes of which while rewritten.
has been recently unequal point, arc the
in trcatm -nt and inconsistent
yet with
best
11 its imperfections, kind
are neither Fortunately
few n r slight, several of its articles
thii gs of their two

w ich
ew dictionaries
arc in course
of preparation, is to be edited published Sutherland A. & C. will be edited
will be on a level with
the present state of knowledge. y Rev. b I
One of these Hastings, and the other

and by Mr
J ames
by Me srs. T. & T. Clark, Professor would Cheyne
n lack.
Blacld, and published
Messrs,
be better to buy one

BIBLICAL
STUDY
of these rather than Smi h. published publishers,

but
The various Helps and Cambridge and other matter, of
by
the
ford
much
Presses, by Eyre & Sp ttiswoode, often contai are

very
useful
they
nne ual
and far too unCompanion"
critical to be of much service in matters

Introduction.
The" the best. and

some
C mbridge he little
of
is perhaps by Wright
features,
Introductions useful
If
contain
he sections
n special
and
in
Book
by Book" of
are very val able. departments

on
I pass now to works Introduction. The

C
great
work
the
Hexateuch necessary
is Kuenen's bu
Hexateuch."
This is
to all who wish to make a special it will be too detailed ajority, who will find is also the the Briggs'
a work
study of the subject; and elaborate Driver

U
for the
sufficient. while strongly
T ere
Higher Criticism of t e Hexateuch," enforcing ucb and of the Hexat
which,
literary critical Wellof
analysis
view of the dates of the documents, is opposed to the historical

hausen.
views of Kucnen and Prolego
The
c(
ena to the History

BOOKS Israel
»
47
IS,
of the valuable and
latter
scholar
of co a Gen sis of
of
primary contains the Genesis," Exodus,"
importance books. his
for this subject, material "Triple the Bacon's documents
for the criti ism of

H
historical
of the
Tradition
present
as a alysed
by literary though
criticism,
it
and
the same
of the Hex
ay be
more
said of Addis's elementary of Genesis." goes very presented historical

H
Documents useful into by the
at present but fully both books.
this is incomplete.
book is Wade's History the critical
(( nook
Kittel's"
of the H brews)} p oblems ad the
Hexateuch
For Samuel we have C eyne's
Aids to the Devout
Study of Criticism, ) which

of the studies, under the salter, which head
is of value also for the criticism and for a series of fine Psalm might siastes for these the have been mentioned of Exposition. and Solomon," books.
For Job, Proverbs, admirable and also containing exegesis arc
and Eccle-
we have Cheyne's criticism,
wo k
II
Job
a wealth of dealt
atcrial ith by
theol gy of isdom
I
"V. T.
They
Davison in his little work, "The

AL STUDY
Literature eludes author of Israel,"

ideas,
of the
Id Testament,"
which in-
ng of Songs.
dealing in the
wit
The same nion volume, "The Praises

with the Psalms, in their treatment
their ork
II
These of the For the Bampton Psalter." and it
books are stronges weakest on Psalms the great Lectures

While would last. it contains The of print, in crowded
criticism.
is Cheyne's of the
Origin
information
and criticism)
much t at is hotly disputed, last the tl ree lectures On

"The deal the
be well for the student salter.
to leave it till with the

Prophets and infor-
theology Kucnen out of

Prophecy
has an el borate ent tIed

Israel"
work, unfortunately Prophets

with
It is packed
mation, but writte of view.

Of sped
from a Rationalistic
pain t
I value is Robertson Smith's
"The
Prophets
edited
of Israel."
eglcct, y Prof f recent
ealt
It is a book that
The second edition
Cheyne, gives who a has
no student
should
has been added an
introd ction
which
very It
useful conspectus
critical
views on
the four Prophets
with in the work.

BOOKS is most unfortunate that the author
49
w s un-
able to fulfil his intention and add another

The phets first of three
to rewrite
the work
volume on the later Pro hets.

small. volumes on the Pro-
by Prof. Findlay
has recently
Bible
JJ
app ared.
from Diver's F rrar's ntroSimon ; he rites
11
Three
the
II
volumes
"i\Ien of
may also be mentioned

the series: and "Jeremiah,"
Isaiah,"
Cheyne's
"IVlinor Prophets."
In the department duction, the best of New Testament at present work is th t of in styl But he
Weiss, in spite of some eccentricities. is remarkably displays clear and interesting sense. has wide knowledge of the subject; and he seems critics remind Egoist, was
he often able too d in ues."
sound common
too much as an advocate, to put himself His accounts strongly "holding ready his travels of foreign through a review
at his opponent's Meredith's Europe
point of view. on
W 0 In
of George
engag grates
of his Maker's
His criticism
is thus of a rather rough ... and-
type, and just the kind to be p pular

When
we turn fro
I
with the plain man.
him
50
to a critic
BIBLICAL like
STUDY we find makes
Prof. Sanday, of qualities
that
him
happy
balance
which
so ide 1 a critic.
There is perfect fairness and

to let the matter to en ter
impar Iality, a determination
be set led by the evidence, a readiness into is opponent's at th ir full worth, a delicacy combi ed with a sobriety make "Aut
Gaspe of fin I appeal in criticism. of
views and estimate of judgment almost
them that a court
perception
him, in some respects, orship

JJ
His works on the of the Fourth

Cen-
and
the
cc
Authenticity
and
Gospels in the Second
tury"
are unhappily
out of print. and likely to
so, but his recent papers in the Expositor

U
Synoptic
Problem Lectures
and the" supply
J ohan-
ncan
uestion " should be read by all students,
while his Bampton
us with a The brief

Ramsay's
bird's eye view of the whole field.

will
cc
Intro uctions of Dr. Dods and Mr. M'Clyrnont c found

in very the
useful.
Prof.
Chu ch
Roman
Empire,"
and
his
., St
aul the Traveller and the Roman Citizen,"

importance.
arc a so of great produ ed a series
Dr, Gloag has
of works on Introduction
BOOKS
which cover the whole of the New Testament.

Godet is
engaged
on
an
Introduction
of
which at present If he is spared most valuable
only the firs to complete
volume, dealing been published.
with the Pauline Epistles, ha

addition.
it, it will be a
study t's "J ntroduction and Rev. Arthur Gospels."
For the special
of the Gospels there is Westco to the Study of the Gospels." Wright's

II
Composition
of t e Four
A sounder
tionary
view of the Syn ptic Bible,"
Problem is
U
to be found in Sanday's of the with this subject articles

The should Estlin article also in "Book
art de in the
that b Book,"
Die-
the s ction
deals
and his
in the Expositor
j,
Gospel " work
al eady mentioned. In he "Britannica

s a well the aluable as Prof " Synoptic chapters
II
be
consulted,
Carpenter's
Gospels." on this
negative
\Veiss has some
in his "Life standpoint

is
of
DCC
A morc pied
by
Orello
Cone in his "Gospel Christianity."

Synoptic will be found
Criticism and ]-1 istorical study of the

n
For the detailed

most valuable
I
Problem, Rushbroo
e's "Synopticon
By the ingen-
52
10US
IBLICAL use at of colours a glance
STUDY and what type, words this

111
work the to
" is
shows parallel one.
narra ives arc common to which Tische dorf's t

0
to all, or to
Evangelica
two only, an
two, or peculiar.
"Synopsis
also very us ful, and in some respects convenient without any and Rushbro Gospels."
of the
more though Abbott
usc than
Rushbrooke, devices,
its mechanical
ke have printed an English work

c, Synopsis is perhaps
containing the common matter of the" Synoptic T ere is also Wright's

which may Gaspe s in Greek,"
the most ge erally
useful.
Of the literature be menGodct, evithe Intro-
on the Four h Gospel, there ductions Westcott,
case is exceptional,
In
an
the
commentaries
of
Reynolds. with
an
The external
dence is dca t Ezra Abbot.

form along by \ ith
in a famous essay by in a convenient by Peabody latter

and
This is reprinted article Lightfoot. he author's The
another reprinted
is also
in
"Biblical
Essays," a besides, an evidence,

posthumous
elaborate
\ ark which contains,
dis ussion of the external
BOOKS with the lectures Pauline on problems An connected important
53
with article
Epistles.
was published Schurcr Sanday

of the tioned. John useful the
in the C01Ztc1nporary 1891).
Review by
to by
works
(September, (October, latter

There scholar
1891), and replied

The other by Luthardt,
Fourth the have been already
menII
is a work of the to
St.
Author
Gospel."
1\.
Introduction
Pauline
Epistles Intro-
is furnished duction
u
by Prof Findlay.
Romans For
011
I-fort's"
to the
and
the Ephesians" Milligan's

IJ
is important.
Discussions not
the the and
Revelation,
Apocalypse
Bleek work
is useful, also to relevant
if
convincing,
should
be read. the present Briggs the little

is
nut
state
an the
English
critical of the begin
of criticism
is much questions New with
needed. at some
discusses
length in his" Messiah

textual be book, the criticism best to it would
of the Apostles."
For
Testament Warfield's Hammond's
along used.
highest
with
value,
which but
might also be
of
Hart's"
Introduction very but, except
difficult.
Scrivener's is also very valuable,
54
BIBLICAL
S UDY fully into
[or those who wish to go somewhat the subject, Canon there it will be u are the
WOr 5
For the of Reuss, CharLightfoot's

II
teris, Westcott,
II
and S. D vidson.
as Vestcott's
Essays on Supernatural
eligion " cover part

Canon."
of the same ground
The discussions
and Harnack's be read. work present which
II
in Wei s's
History be
0
"Introduction
"
f 'Doctrine"
should the
There is still r om for an English shall a level with he formation condition of the ubject, and discuss of the which the canoni-
the reasons which led to Canon, and the criteria b city was determined. Passing
on to the Hist ry, there are, unforrecommend. H story of Israel." well as the Old. The It Its
tunateIy, not many books great work is Ewald's" is a monumental Testament defects period as
work, a id covers the New ariness, dogmatism,
are obvious-arbit
the tendency to build on c njecture, too implicit a faith in his own power little willingness to learn
0
of divination, too om others. lie has

development.
I
also far too little sense
Yet
BOOKS
both solid an must be said brilliant that which makes has
55
it a work it very
wi t h all its de ects there is an array of q uali ties of the first i portance.
considerably struction by ince Ewald, history
Ie
At the same time moved
criticism
and that the recon'"
of th
has been largely affected

History of the in of
this.
St riley's
of the
history an the
Jewish in the
Church" article nica." form gornena," separate
rests chiefly on Ewald.

t sketch
Wellhauscn Britan .. enlarged "Prole

A
gave a brillia
II
Israel]" This
in the "EncycIop~dia published edition nglish
was
in the' and
again with
Recently , and ted this
modifications
H
as a of Israel
work under the title made History,
History
and Judah." ably cxpande the lated. long-expe Kittel'
has been considerto take the place of will but it is not transHebrews"
"History of the
be found most useful, although sents the most probable that which th standpoint Wellhausen. tions is more Old
it scarcely repreThe of
view on some points, or than that
author would now hold.

conservative
{c
Schrader's
Cuneiform
I nscripmost
and th
Testament"
is the
BIBLICAL important "History) work on that Prophecy
TUDY subject. Mcf.urdy's
and the Monuments " is the uncertainty detracts of of positio somewhat
also an excellent as to his critical from its value. documents the Past."
work, tough Many

0
the most important

II
have been pr nted in For geograph Miller'
Records
the best general book (( The Least of All iblical narratives Testament History by
is G. A. Smith's ({The IIi torical Geography the Holy Land." Lands" is excellent
for Its careful elucidation
of the meaning of some an examination Passing on to the Nev we have for the Gospel
Lives of Christ.
of the ac ual site. History, the various by
Keirn's i the ablest from the a ad devotion to Christ. that beset
Rationalistic
point of vie v, and is marked
a fine spirit of reverence
Weiss's is perhaps side, though his work.
the abl st from the orthodox is pecially valuable for Fair airn's " Studies in the useful information
H
it has the 1 mitations Edershcim
Jewish archzeology, Life of Christ stimulus.

H
will be fo nd fun of insight and is to be Life

0
Much
found in Farrar's
Christ," as well as in
BOOKS
his cornpa ion works on "Paul"
Days of
Lord
H
57
and the {(Early

Life of our For the
hristianity."
iseful for the
Andrews'" chronology.
is
apostolic tolic Age
ge Weizsacker's
work,
II
The Apos-
f the Christian Church," will be found I t is true that the views it most valu ble. expresses s to the historical character of the
Acts of th a more for the Apostles seem to need correction remarkable the Faith and in
p sitive sense, but it is a most brilliant

g nius fro Early The Howson, with which it constructs
II
and masterly work, and is especially history
the Epistles.
Church Lives and
11
Slater's
is very Paul of
Life of th interesting beare, and say
fresh and by Conymuch
Lewin, arc be
contain also
useful mat cr.

prcvi usly
The two works by Prof Rammentioned must valuable Schiirer's The AlTIOng the innamed
for the his ory of this period.

dispensabl
« Jewish
books
P opIc in the Time is p blishcd separately,
of Christ."
index
and must not be based largely
neglected.
on Scherer.
Morison's"
For
The Jews under Roman
Rule" is ar excellent
compendium
one side of the New Testa© 2010 Forgotten Books
58 ment
EIBLICAL
STUDY Judaistic
history
Hort's
C(
Christianity"
er's " From
will be found suggestive.
Fairweat will be
the Exile to the Advent"

venient history
und a conperiod.
of that important
It only remains, so far as the liter ture of our

subject is concerned,
department scholarship no English to speak of b oks in the of Biblical Theology.
ere, again,
hat English have
the
it must be confessed with shame

is sadly lacking.
book which aims
With the excep·

at c vering theol gy.
tion of Prof.
Bennett's little wor ,we
whole field of Old Testament Dr. Davidson's

win be rolled away
\Vhen
is published, a gre t reproach

from our nati e theology.
Two German works have been tran Iated, those of Oehler and Schultz. Oehler ade great contributions to this study, and his ook is still
useful. and It is now, however, largely
lit of date,
vitiated
underlies logy
H
it.
by the defective cri icism that Schultz's « Old Testa cnt Thea ..
of a thorough I
but not
is the work
equipped
extreme might
I
scholar, criticism, Works
resting on a sound
of a more
and is the best book on its subject.
special charactc
be
BOOKS
S9
divided
into three they
classes, though overlap
with
this the
caution-that
to some
e. tent.
First, we have those books which deal wit history of the religion of Israel. into account.
A second made this
The ge eral
histories of Israel will here have to be t ken Apart from these we have first
U
Kuenen's great work,
The Religion of Is ael."

would have be n a
edition of this impossible. Lectures.

Our
great boon, but the death by his the masterly Lectures, summary
of the author regret he has give is
has
In
is less ned of uch
Hibbert
Another
of very recent in
Hibbert gation. in the
by Mr. Montefiore,
fuller, and takes account
It is also interesting later chapters

on the
for the discu sian Life under the
Law, in which he challenges the common \ iews of Christian scholars upon it, a point on , hich Mr. Schechter's
be consulted.
n
Studies in Judaism"
brilliant and
rna Book
also
need
The
well-bal
sketch
should
in
Bruce's
H
"Apologetics,"
I J., arly
not be overlooked.
Robertson's"
Religion of Israel
occupies a different
sand ..
point, and suffers from its defective meth d in

I
60
BIBLICAL
STUDY
postponing ctsm ; yet which mus mining ligion. literature religious we have and In
\V
the literary it contains
to the historical important
criti-
arguments
be allowed their weight in deterof the pre-prophetic place, 've have
the estimate the
rethe or
second
rich deals with special doctrines are few.
in titutions.
te
This is a department On Messianic prophecy of Riehm, 13riggs, and in in
works
Delitzsch, \ ith the article in the" Britannica," two a tides by Dr. A. B. Davidson older literature, the Exposit r, first series, vol. viii. fiee we ha e, besides the which Spe cer's chapter Hcbrrcorum ficial Wor Cave's
H
On SacriLegibus Sacri11
in his "De
Ritualibus " is the most important, Of these Kurtz's ip of the Olel Testament useful
H
and may
Sc iptural
Doctrine of Sacrifice
II
be mention d as containing Prolcgom -na."
material.
More impo tant is the chapter in \Vellhausen's

j{
But by far the most valuable ever made to the subOld Testablow
and origina
contribution
ject is that made by our greatest
ment schol r, whose loss is the severest

BOOKS that could possibly research.

II
61 been struck to at Old Nothing
have
Testament Smith's
I refer of the
than th to prepar
Robertson
Religion
Sc ites."
is to be more regretted caused by his inability volumes how for the press. we have much
loss to science the remaining this. A long
vVe
missed b should some irnal
with the" Religion taken his article and as furnishing conclusions,

I'
of the Semites"
Sacrifice"
be
in t e "Britannica"; of his Worship
the basis fo
on "A
his article
and Animal
the Old
Tribes
among
with
the Arabs and in
Testament,"
in the Jo ruai of Pltilo-
logy, vol, ix., together

especially
his
I of
Kinship
and works)
Marriage in Early Arabia." the the

the which
these the of
who
"Religion
early
Semites," holiness
are In-
very jects
among
valuable as
light is thrown conceptio

Readers Semites.
on such sub-
terested tutions, Bough,"
in the
comparative
s udy of instius important

H
has already give
results, should at any rate read F azer's his little
Golden
work on Tot misrn, and his
article
on
Taboo
in the "Br tannica."

I
Mr.
Andrew
and his useful. tioned
H
th, Ritual
Custom an
M'Lennan's here. work
and Religion," irnpor-
Myth," will also be found

is of high of
tance, but is perhap

On t e which
too specialist to be menDoctrine a Future
Life we have Salrno

Immortality,"
d's" Christian Doctrine of

lso treats
the New- Testait only articles or I may mention viii.,

" Possible
ment Doctrine, chapters

Cheyne'S
H
but beyond books.

0
in various Origin
the Psalter," Lecture

of his, entitled
part
2,
also an articl
Zoroastrian
1892;
Inftuenc
on the Religion of Israel,')

Psalms,
in the Expository Ti zes, June, July, and August,

Kirkpatrick's
Introduction, pp.
pp.
lxxv.
seq.;
Davids n's In the

t
Job,
103-4, and
appendix.
ird place, we may take the f the Old Testament.

For
books which deal \ ith the theology of one or more of the writers the prophets
is Robertson
we have Kirkpatrick's" Smith'
Doctrine
of the Prophets."
far more important work "The Prophets of Israel,"
already
Dr. A. B. Davidson has some valuable artic1 s in the Expositor-Hosea in series i., vol. ix. a study on I I Isaiah in
mentioned.
BOOKS
series H.) vols, vi., vii., viii.; on Deborah)

and Joel, in series iii., vols.
V., Vi.I
cc
Am
Als
0
vii.
two valuable Ezekiel."
chapters 'The
in his
Commentary
posthumous
articles
of Pro.
Elrnslie in the fourth
series of the Exposit r
may also be mentioned.

is just work. material Hampton of Israel." now
The E%}ost"tOf'Y Tim s

to th s in "Prais hs s
giving special attention by Prof. Cheyne
For the theology of the Psalter valuab e is given Lectures, and this may be suppl -
mentcd by chapters
in Dr. Davison's
Vve have no English book on New Testarnei t Theology Prof. published. as a whole, with the exception useful little work recentl \Ve have translations Perhaps f Adeney's
of forei n the gener
works. - First, there is Weiss's ((Biblical Theola of the New Testament." opinion that this is best is right, but, personal1 , I may confess I have never. been enthusiast c about it.
It is not simply the unhappy
bi s but, if ad
I
of which Dr. Bruce complains so justly; extremely able critic, there
I may use such words about the work of is a wooden
n
prosaic quality At the generally same soun
BLICAL
STUDY
n it that makes it most unsatisof Christ and Paul. of facts, his indisand the exhaustive-. time his collection
factory as an i terprctation exegesis,
ness of his wo k, make
the book almost
pensable, even
spirit of the the process. on one or two
hough we feel that much of the

ew Testament has been' lost in seems
The work of Beyschlag

oints, especially There old
I
to
me to be on th
whole the best, when his views the Christology, is a vol urne by work, English who has of Christian The
have been allov ed for.
Schmid,
Theology translation frequently in special
rather in th was
now.
A valuable
now out of prin
is Reuss' " History
Apostolic Age." edited
by Dr. Dale,
cant overted
the views of the author works For of this discipline.
m his notes. the Teaching work of Wendt, ((Kingdom of
e have some important of Jesus
depa tmcnts
we have the important
hat goes by that name.

in the Synoptic Element
Bruce's
of Gospels. of the In the
ad" deals with the Teaching
Christ as it is r corded
Twelve," "The
His other work , such as " The Training

lVIiraculous
OOKS
Gospels," Christ," here. treated The and may also Doctrin Christia Parabolic e conveniently of the Apostles
I(
Teaching
of
mentioned has been
by Neander in his
Planting and TrainFor Paulinism, and
ing of the work, which portant
Church." brilliant
we have Pfleiderer'
stimulating
may be checked
In
by Stevens) " The "Apostolic
Pauline Theology."
sketch
There is a short but irnWeizsacker's
Age."
Sabatier's
"Apostle
Paul" should also

and originality, not be negstudents St. Paul's and many
be read, however w
its conclusions.
may dissent from some of

freshness
Everett's"
lected,
Gospel
Paul"
should
though
I ca not believe
will accept his speci 1 views. Conception especially the Pauline of Chri stianity"
Bruce's"
is excellent,
for the , ay in which
it .has caught
spirit,
nd the glow with which it He
has
interpreted
it.
has
also
a valuable
series of articles on the Theology
of the Epistle
to the Hebrews in the third and fourth series

of the Expos ito r. Along with this may be taken the somewhat the "Theology too
01
riginal work of Rendall the Hebrew
on
Christians."
66
BIBLICAL
STUDY
There is also a series of articles by Smith on Christ and the Angels, in th series of the Expositor, vols. i., ii., iii. Theology of John there is Stevens'
which is the best.
II
obcrtson second
For the
The
J 0"
hanninc Theology,"
h
Haupt's
First Epistle of John"
may also be m ntioned.
It need not be said that works on Systematic

useful material mention "Christ the discussion for Biblical
commenta ies and often contain I may in his Theology.
Theology
of the New T stament
Christologics
given
by Dr. Fairbair
Theology."
in Modern
Chapter V
I
text,
OLD TESTAI\tENT
INTRODUC
w
N Old Testament date, authorship,

books,
Introduction literary their would some subject in be
arc deal-
ing with the questions inrlividual Canon. scientific student though reads "Notes and
that arise as to the analy is of the collecti the T order of or
The
first
treatment to start with
Lower Criticism.
And it would be vell for a knowle ge of it, knowledge and
an elementary nuhrs "Canon with parts
wi 1 in most
If t c student of t
cases be all that Testament," the relevant Testament them helpful
is attainable.
'Text
the
Old
the introduction Text in Robertson
Driver's ucl." and ,

lC
on the Hebrew
of Sa
Sm th's
Old
in the ] ewish Church," h in giving him general

will find principles

68 and application
exegetical
B1BLICAL
STUDY
destroying of
study;
some them
and
of his
here
illusio s.
The
will come in
the critic I notes
in his commentaries evidence places without that corrupt

may
will be very usef I. The

text thus
lS 1
our Hebrew be
several
SUI
There are passages that cannot violence as they stand. variants which point is to textual he prea different
pOS
some cases, we have two versions piece, with corruption. But most important
sence in translations
of the Old Test ment of ess, but
variants which not only presuppose Hebrew text from that which we a better one. that wherever
of the Septuagint,
This is especially so in the case though it is far f om true The resumpthere is such a differ nee the right.
Septuagint
is probably
tion is, as a rule, in favour of the Heb ew text.
111 using the versions certain cautions have to

be borne in mind. do not always Variants in the versions in the original
0
imply variants
Hebrew.
They may be due to the careless .. parawww.forgottenbooks.org

I
ness of the scribe, or to a tendency


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Copyright © 2010 Forgotten Books AG

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GUIDE TO BIBLICAL STU Y

© 2010 Forgotten Books

© 2010 Forgotten Books

AX INTRODUCTION M. }-'AIRBAIRN D.D.

© 2010 Forgotten Books

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© 2010 Forgotten Books

t ry Note to this volume.

it could not have ful ..

filled i s purpose. ave attempted single subject, Study. and Then

discussion problem to Biblical to some and is

radical and many interesting full of provisional judgments,

for it deals with

a mul itude of questions

on which only pro ..

© 2010 Forgotten Books

on the Bible written

The book has, there. and even iriconcl usiveas an in many

ness of a work which may be described exposition of

any minds expressed

books, rather and conclusion. that when its

But it is no paradox end is contemplated

defects become virtues. tive, erudite,

If it had been exhausand final, it to be-

would not hav an introductio

been what it purposes

nor would the work while

to begin the special to modern

and its determinations.

pts to do this in order that the

out his own conclusions.

The book thus does

ing multitud ,-who to begin, the careful Bible as it

either have begun, or wish study of the

as become in the hands

It is evid nt that a book of this kind has

The work Scriptures

with the sacred

1 fetirne of the present

method since the sivcly analyse

purs ed and the results co lection

is not too much to say that for the first time

a search into what tnay be termed the evidences

pioneer been so to mlsapprehensioi

field of sacred cri icism, mistakes ultimately

The mistakes of the but it is by the that the truth is

critics have been i numerable; the

has so little that is reasonable and conclusive in it as the proe ploration

that would discredit the discordances

to in other things as it has tiona! beliefs, we should never

of good in the attempt way of understanding

reader or the ingenuous begin er into the best

what s holars who have

to do this seems to have undertaken