WIRELESS

TRANSMISSION
OF
ELECTRICITY
 INTRODUCTION
• Wireless energy transfer or wireless power transmission is the process that
takes place in any system where electrical energy is transmitted from a
power source to an electrical load without interconnecting wires. Wireless
transmission is useful in cases where instantaneous or continuous energy
transfer is needed but interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or
impossible.
• Wireless energy transfer is different from wireless transmission of information,
such as radio, where the signal-to-noise ratio or the percentage of power
received becomes critical only if it is too low to recover the signal successfully.
With wireless energy transfer efficiency is the more important parameter.
• The most common form of wireless power transmission is carried out using
induction, followed by electrodynamic induction. Other present-day technologies
for wireless power include those based upon microwaves and lasers.
METHODS OF TRANMISSION
• ELCTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
• ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
• ELECTROMAGNETIC CONDUCTION
• EVANESCENT WAVE COUPLING
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
• The electrical transformer is probably the simplest example of wireless
energy transfer. The primary and secondary circuits of a transformer are
electrically isolated from each other. The transfer of energy takes place by
electromagnetic coupling through a process known as induction. (An added
benefit is the capability to step the primary voltage either up or down.) The
induction cooker is an example of how this principle can be used. In the
induction cooker, electrical energy is wirelessly transferred into the
cookware, where it is converted ohmically into heat for cooking. Electric
toothbrush chargers work in a similar way. The main drawback to induction,
however, is the short range. The receiver must be in relatively close
proximity to the transmitter (or “induction unit") in order to inductively couple
with it.
 ELECTOMAGNETIC RADIATION
• Electromagnetic radiation in the form of either radio waves or light can also be used to transfer
energy wirelessly. While systems based upon this method are used mostly for information transfer, a
high degree of efficiency in power transmission is also achievable under certain circumstances.
• Efficient power transmission via radio waves can be achieved by using shorter wavelengths of
electromagnetic radiation, typically in the microwave range. A rectenna may be used to convert the
microwave energy back into electricity. Conversion efficiencies exceeding 95% have been achieved
in this manner. Power beaming using microwaves has been proposed for the transmission of energy
from orbiting solar power satellites to earth and the beaming of power to spacecraft leaving orbit has
been considered. In the case of light, power can be transmitted by converting electricity into a laser
beam that is then fired at a solar cell receiver. This is generally known as "power beaming." Its
drawbacks are as follows:
1. Conversion to light, such as a laser, is usually very inefficient (although quantum cascade lasers
improve this)
2. Conversion back into electricity is also typically very inefficient, with the absolute best modern solar
cells achieving 40% efficiency.
3. Atmospheric absorption causes losses.
4. As with microwave beaming, this method requires a direct line of sight with the target.
 EVANESCENT WAVE COUPLING
• Researchers at MIT believe they have rediscovered a way to wirelessly transfer power using non-radiative electromagnetic
energy resonant tunneling. By sending electromagnetic waves around in a highly angular waveguide, evanescent waves are
produced which carry no energy. Evanescent wave coupling is a process by which electromagnetic waves are transmitted
from one medium to another by means of the evanescent (or decaying) electromagnetic field(s). This is usually
accomplished by placing two or more waveguides close together so that the evanescent field does not decay much in the
vicinity of the other waveguide. Assuming the receiving waveguide can support mode(s) of the appropriate frequency, the
evanescent field gives rise to propagating wave mode(s), thereby connecting (or coupling) the wave from one waveguide to
the next.

• If a proper resonant waveguide is brought near the transmitter, the evanescent waves can allow the energy to tunnel
(specifically evanescent wave coupling, the electromagnetic equivalent of tunneling) to the power drawing waveguide, where
they can be rectified into DC power. Since the electromagnetic waves would tunnel, they would not propagate through the air
to be absorbed or dissipated, and would not disrupt electronic devices or cause physical injury like microwave or radio wave
transmission might. Researchers anticipate up to 5 meters of range for the initial device, and are currently working on a
functional prototype. ("'Evanescent coupling' could power gadgets wirelessly", NewScientist.com)

• Evanescent coupling is always associated with matter, i.e. with the induced currents and charges within a partially reflecting
surface. This coupling is directly analogous to the nearfield, non-radiative coupling between the primary and secondary coils
of a transformer, or between the two plates of a capacitor. Mathematically, the process is the same as that of quantum
tunneling, except with electromagnetic waves instead of quantum-mechanical wavefunctions. Evanescent wave coupling is
used to excite dielectric microsphere resonators among other things. A new application could be wireless energy transfer,
useful, for instance, for charging electronic gadgets without wires
 ELECTROMAGNETIC CONDUCTION
• From experiments performed between 1888 and 1907 Nikola Tesla concluded that the
earth is an excellent electrical conductor, and an electric current can be made to
propagate undiminished for distances of thousands of miles. It was also found that the
earth’s natural electrical charge can be made to oscillate, "by impressing upon it [very low
frequency] current waves of certain lengths, definitely related to its diameter.
• The currents are proportionate to the potentials which are developed under otherwise
equal conditions. If you have an antenna of a certain capacity charged to 100,000 volts,
you will get a certain current; charged to 200,000 volts, twice the current. When I spoke of
these enormous potentials [on the order of 12 million volts], I was describing an industrial
plant on a large scale because that [industrial power transmission] was the most
important application of these principles, but I have also pointed out in my patents that
the same principles can be applied to telegraphy and other purposes. That is simply a
question of how much power you want to transmit.
 HOW WIRELESS ELECTRICITY COULD WORK :

• # Power from mains to antenna, which is made of copper

• # Antenna resonates at a frequency of about 10MHz, producing electromagnetic waves
• # Tails’ of energy from antenna ‘tunnel’ up to 2m (6.5ft)
• # Electricity picked up by laptop’s antenna, which must also be resonating at 10MHz. Energy
used to re-charge device
• # Energy not transferred to laptop re-absorbed by source antenna. People/other objects not
affected as not resonating at 10MHz.
 WIRELESS ENERGY TRANSFER APPLICATIONS
The transmission of information
• Several 20th century technology that use wireless power (and are in widespread use) included AM, FM,
and TV broadcasting. Telecommunications and wireless internet was an application that began in the last
decade of the 20th century. Wireless transmission of electricity aids navigation by the Global Positioning
System.

The transmission of power

• Devices using this principle to charge portable consumer electronics such as cell phones are commercially
available.(SplashPower; Battery powered devices can be charged by placing them on an induction mat.)
The Powercast system, unveiled in 2007, is applicable for a number of devices with low power
requirements. This could include LEDs, computer peripherals, wireless sensors, and medical implants. A
company called eCoupled unveiled their own take on inductive coupling, which will soon be used on
"Herman Miller" desks to recharge devices wirelesly. Example include the transcutaneous energy transfer
(TET) systems in artificial hearts like [[AbioCor] and induction stove tops (and microwave ovens).

• A method for, "the transmission of electrical energy without wires" that depends upon electrical conduction
through the earth was announced in 1904. In the distant future this system could allow for the elimination
of many existing high-tension power transmission lines and facilitate the interconnection of electrical
generation plants on a global scale
ADVANTAGES OVER LINE TRANSMISSION
• Low maintainance.
• Less consumption of area.
• Easy to transmit,where construction of grids are not
possible.
• More efficient.
• Losses are minimum .
BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Source of inspiration…………
• Cheney, Margaret "Tesla: Man Out of Time". Simon and Schuster
• Tesla, Nikola, "The Transmission of Electric Energy Without Wires".
Electrical World and Engineer.
• Google …
 PRESENTED BY
JAGANNATH SAMAL
MUKESH
PRADHAN
THANK YOU!