Understanding

TCP/IP Internet
Layer
 Internet Protocol Characteristics

 Operates at network layer of OSI

 Connectionless protocol
 Packets treated independently
 Hierarchical addressing
 Best-effort delivery
 No data-recovery features

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. ICND1 v1.0—1-2

 Why IP Addresses?

 They uniquely identify each device on an IP network.

 Every host (computer, networking device, peripheral) must have
a unique address.
 Host ID:
– Identifies the individual host
– Is assigned by organizations to individual devices

Network.Host
© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. ICND1 v1.0—1-3
 IP PDU Header

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 IP Address Format: Dotted Decimal
Notation

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 IPv4 address

• Provide an addressing scheme to identify networks

and individual hosts
• 32 bits total
• Has two parts: Network and Host
• Ex: 192.168.10.1

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. ICND1 v1.0—1-6

 IPv4 address
192. 168. 21. 17
11000000 10101000 00010101 00010001

octet octet octet octet

network part host part

Prefix /24 Subnet mask:

255. 255. 255. 0
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

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 3 types of address

• Every network has:

• Network address – the first one
• Broadcast address – the last one
• Host addresses – everything in between

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 Classful addressing

A 10. 17. 53. 60

network part host part

B 172. 16. 38. 201

network part host part

C 192. 168. 21. 17

network part host part

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. ICND1 v1.0—1-9

 Classful addressing

• Easy to work out but very wasteful.

• Routers and hosts still assume class subnet masks by
default
• Class A /8 255.0.0.0
• Class B /16 255.255.0.0
• Class C /24 255.255.255.0

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. ICND1 v1.0—1-10

 Classless addressing

• Any suitable prefix can be used

• We (and devices) need to know what the prefix is.
• More flexible, less wasteful.

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. ICND1 v1.0—1-11

 Binary and decimal

• Convert to 8-bit binary

• 248
• 187
• 89
• Convert to decimal
• 00110100
• 01010101
• 11001111

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 Classless addressing /16

• 172.16.0.0/16 mask 255.255.0.0

• Broadcast address 172.16.255.255

172. 16. 0. 0
10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

• Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.255.254

• 65534 host addresses

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 Classless addressing /24

• 172.16.0.0/24 mask 255.255.255.0

• Broadcast address 172.16.0.255

172. 16. 0. 0
10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

• Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.254

• 254 host addresses

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 Classless addressing /22

• 172.16.0.0/22 mask 255.255.252.0

• Broadcast address 172.16.3.255

172. 16. 0. 0
10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

• Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.3.254

• 1022 host addresses

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 Classless addressing /26

• 172.16.0.0/22 mask 255.255.255.192

• Broadcast address 172.16.0.63

172. 16. 0. 0
10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

• Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.62

• 62 host addresses

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 Classless addressing /28

• 172.16.0.0/28 mask 255.255.255.240

• Broadcast address 172.16.0.15

172. 16. 0. 0
10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

• Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.14

• 14 host addresses

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 Calculating addresses

• A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/24

• What is the subnet mask?
• What is the network address?
• What is the broadcast address?
• What is the range of host addresses in the network?

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. ICND1 v1.0—1-18

 192.168.1.70/24 – fill in the table
Last octet binary Last octet Full
decimal

Host
Subnet mask

Network

Broadcast

First host

Last host

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 192.168.1.70/24
Last octet binary Last octet Full
decimal

Host 01000110 70 192.168.1.70

Subnet mask 00000000 0 255.255.255.0

Network 00000000 0 192.168.1.0

Broadcast 11111111 255 192.168.1.255

First host 00000001 1 192.168.1.1

Last host 11111110 254 192.168.1.254

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. ICND1 v1.0—1-20

 Calculating addresses

• A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/26

• What is the subnet mask?
• What is the network address?
• What is the broadcast address?
• What is the range of host addresses in the network?

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. ICND1 v1.0—1-21

 192.168.1.70/26 fill in the table

Last octet binary Last octet Full

decimal

Host
Subnet mask

Network

Broadcast

First host

Last host

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. ICND1 v1.0—1-22

 192.168.1.70/26
Last octet binary Last octet Full
decimal

Host 01000110 70 192.168.1.70

Subnet mask 11000000 192 255.255.255.192

Network 01000000 64 192.168.1.64

Broadcast 01111111 127 192.168.1.127

First host 01000001 65 192.168.1.65

Last host 01111110 126 192.168.1.126

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. ICND1 v1.0—1-23

 Calculating addresses

• A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/28

• What is the subnet mask?
• What is the network address?
• What is the broadcast address?
• What is the range of host addresses in the network?

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. ICND1 v1.0—1-24

 192.168.1.70/28 fill in the table

Last octet binary Last octet Full

decimal

Host
Subnet mask

Network

Broadcast

First host

Last host

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. ICND1 v1.0—1-25

 192.168.1.70/28
Last octet binary Last octet Full
decimal

Host 01000110 70 192.168.1.70

Subnet mask 11110000 240 255.255.255.240

Network 01000000 64 192.168.1.64

Broadcast 01001111 79 192.168.1.79

First host 01000001 65 192.168.1.65

Last host 01001110 78 192.168.1.78

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 Private IP addresses

• Unrestricted use on private networks. Not routed

across the Internet.
• 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8)
• 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/20)
• 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/24)

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 Public IP addresses

• Routed over the Internet

• Master holder is IANA
• Assigned to regional registries and then to ISPs
• ISPs allocate them to organisations and individual
users
• Use is strictly controlled as duplicate addresses are
not allowed

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. ICND1 v1.0—1-28

 Special addresses

• 0.0.0.0 “all addresses” in default route. Hosts cannot

be given addresses starting 0.
• 127.0.0.1 is loopback. Hosts cannot be given
addresses starting 127.
• 240.0.0.0 and higher – reserved for experimental
purposes.
• 169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255 local only
• 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255 for teaching

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 Ping and traceroute

• Ping sends an ICMP message. If all is well, the

destination replies. If not, a router may reply to say the
destination is unreachable, or the ping may time out.
• Traceroute sends a series of messages so that each
router along the path replies. You get a list of
addresses of all the routers.

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. ICND1 v1.0—1-30

 IPv6

• Development started in 1990s because of concerns

about IPv4 addresses running out
• A whole new protocol suite – not just layer 3
• Uses 128-bit hierarchical addressing, written using
hexadecimal
• Simpler header
• Integrated security – authentication, privacy
• Quality of service mechanisms

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 Network Connection

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 ipconfig

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-- End of presentation --

Internetworking 34