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Note: cybernetics is a general term but I could also call this area of
research in organised systems, information theory or communication
theory or systems theory - the beginnings of an understanding of
complex systems.
Factory:
Automata:
Feedback operates between the eye and muscles to make sense of the
difference between objects (make meaning in other words) - a visual-
muscular feedback system. This is relatively simple in the operation of
a flatworm and thus easy to see the parallel between living organisms
and artificial mechanisms. In the human organism (or more specifically
in Wiener's example with human vision, 2000: 133-143), these operations
are decidedly complex with interlinked subordinate feedbacks that work
together in complex ways (like a computing machine to Wiener) - such
that the organised whole is more than the sum of its parts ('gestalt').
The point of course is to better understand the human organism to built
better artificial mechanisms, and in turn in the spirit of feedback,
through this process to better understand the human organism (Wiener is
thus hopeful about the potential for sensorial prothesis). He adds a
warning to those who may draw 'specific conclusions from the
considerations of this book do so at their own risk' (2000: 144; he is
concerned with the correlation of cybernetics and psychopathology). The
visual cortex (or indeed brain) and the computer have much in common
but are not one and the same or reducible to one another. However,
their behaviours are similar and reveal much about eachother in their
chain of operations, perhaps especially in understanding errors and
malfunctions (for instance, in distinguishing functional and organic
disorders).
At the end of this chapter, there is a note that extends the interest
in games theory whether it is possible to construct a chess-playing
machine (2000: 164 - note: Coding can be compared to chess in terms of
strategy). The link to the work of the historian might be further draw
here in alluding to Benjamin's 'Thesis on the Philosophy of History'.
(link to Benjamin allegory here)
Chess is a particularly good example as in the human imagination, it
appears to embody the ultimate intellectual challenge as well as the
classic battle of opposites - think of at the time of the Cold War and
the (ideological) contests between Fisher and Kasparov (USA ad Russia
respectively) where political divisions are played out and sublimated
into the game itself. Kasparov in fact, at the time world champion,
played a computer and lost preferring to believe that it was not
possible for the machine to win without human trickery (in Woods, 2002:
102).