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Chapter 5. Elements of Research Design

THE RESEARCH DESIGN

Having identified the variables in a program situation and developed the theoretical frame
work, the next step is to design the research in such a way the requisite data can be gathered and
analyzed to arrived at a solution.

Details of Study Measurement

Purpose of the Type of Extent of researcher Study Setting Measurement

P study investigation interference and measure 1. Feel for
Exploration Establishing: Minimal: studying Contrived Operational
r data
causal events as they definition
o Description Noncontrived
relationships, normally occur Items
b PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: EXPLORATORY, DESCRIPTIVE, HYPOTHESIS
Hypotesis correlations, (measure)
l Manipulation
TESTING
testing group
( ANALYTICAL AND PREDICTIVE ), CASE STUDY ANALYSIS Scalling
e and/or control
differences, Categorizing
m and/or simulation 2.
Studies may ranks, Coding
etc. exploratory in nature or descriptive, or may be conducted
be either to test Goodness
s hypotheses. The nature of the study – whether it is explonary, descriptive, or hyphotesis testing – of data
t depends of the stage to which knowledge about the research topic has advanced.
a Unit of analysis Sampling Time Horizon Data collection
t TYPES OF INVESTIGATION
design : CAUSAL VERSUS CORRELATIONAL method
e
Individuals Probability/ One-shot (cross- Observation
m
Dyads A manager should determine
nonprobability a causal or
sectional) a correlational study is needed to find an answer 3.
Interview
e Hypothes
toGroups
the issue at hand. The former is done when it is necessary to establish a definitive cause-and- ses
Questionnaire
n Sample Longitudinal
Organizations Physical
t effect relationship. size testing
Machines measurement
EXTENT OF RESEARCHER INTERFERNCE WITH THE STUDY
 The extent of interference by the researcher with the the normal flow of work in the
workplace has a direct bearing on whether the study undertaken is causal or correlational.

STUDY SETTING : CONTRIVED AND NONCONTRIVED

Seperti yang kita ketahui, penelitian organisasional dapat dilakukan pada lingkungan
natural dimana proses berjalan normal ( contrived settings ) or in artificial, contrived setting.
Correlational studies are invariably conducted in noncontrived settings, whereas most rigorous
causal studies are done in contrived lab settings.

UNIT OF ANALYSIS: INDIVIDUALS, DYADS, GROUPS, ORGANIZATIONS,

CULTURES

The unit of analysis refers to the level of aggregation of the data collected during the
subsequent data analysis stage. If, for instance, the problem statement focused on how to raise
the motivational levels of employees in general, then we are interested in individual employees
in the organization and have to find out what we can do to raise their motivation.

TIME HORIZON : CROSS – SECTIONAL VERSUS LONGITUDINAL STUDIES

Cross sectional studies : a study can be undertaken in which data are gathered just once, perhaps
over a period of days or weeks or months, in order to answer, a research question. Such studies
are called one-shot or cross-sectional studies.

Longitudinal studies : in some cases, however, the researcher might want to study people or
phenomena at more than one point in time in order to answer the research question.

REVIEW OF ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN

This concludes the discussions on the basic design issues regarding the purpose of the
study, type of investigation, extent of researcher interference, study setting, unit of analysis, and
the time horizon.