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Knowledge, networks and nations
Global scientific collaboration in the 21st century
 
Cover photo: Strain in graphene opens up apseudomagnetic gap. Generated by the CondensedMatter Physics Group at the University ofManchester, this image is a representation of thework at Manchester lead by Professor Andre GeimFRS, a Royal Society Research Professor, andProfessor Konstantin Novoselov, a Royal SocietyUniversity Research Fellow. Professors Geim andNovoselov were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physicsin 2010 for their groundbreaking experimentsregarding graphene, a form of carbon, which is thethinnest and strongest material ever isolated. Bothmen have been cited since their award as ‘globalscientists’; both were born and studied in Russia,spent time in the Netherlands, and are now basedhere in the UK, attracting funding and accoladesfrom UK, European, and international sources.© Paco Guinea 2010.
Knowledge, Networks andNations: Global scientificcollaboration in the 21st century
RS Policy document 03/11Issued: March 2011 DES2096ISBN: 978-0-85403-890-9© The Royal Society, 2011Requests to reproduce all or part of thisdocument should be submitted to:The Royal Society6–9 Carlton House TerraceLondon SW1Y 5AGT +44 (0)20 7451 2500F +44 (0)20 7930 2170E science.policy@royalsociety.orgW royalsociety.org
 
Knowledge, networks and nations: Global scientific collaboration in the 21st century
3
Executive summary ....................................5Recommendations ......................................8The Advisory Group ..................................10Conduct of the study .................................11Introduction: going global ........................14Part 1: Scientific landscape in 2011 .........15
1.1Trendsanddevelopmentsinglobalscience...16
1.1.1Emergingscientificnations.........................191.1.2Assessingresearchqualityandimpact.....241.1.3Globalscientists...........................................261.1.4Braingain,drainandcirculation.................261.1.5Disciplinaryshifts?........................................281.1.6Readingtheresearch...................................291.1.7Openingaccess............................................30
1.2Applyingscience................................................31
1.2.1BusinessR&D...............................................31
Is business R&D recession proof? 
...............32
Location of business R&D
............................321.2.2Patentgrowth...............................................33
1.3Driversofresearch.............................................34
1.3.1Securingprosperityandstayingcompetitive......................................351.3.2Addressingglobalchallenges.....................361.3.3Nationalscienceinaglobalage.................36
1.4Centresforscience............................................37
1.4.1Centresofresearchandinfrastructure......39
1.5Anewworldorder?...........................................411.6Theworldbeyond2011.....................................42
Part 2: International collaboration............45
2.1Patternsofcollaboration....................................46
2.1.1Collaborationinanationalcontext.............472.1.2Whoiscollaboratingwithwhom?.............49
2.2Regionalcollaboration.......................................54
2.2.1South–Southcollaboration:agrowingtrend............................................54
2.3Whycollaborate?...............................................57
2.3.1Seekingexcellence......................................572.3.2Thebenefitsofjointauthorship..................592.3.3Capacitybuildingthroughcollaboration....612.3.4Thegeopoliticalpotentialofscientificcollaboration.................................62
2.4Underlyingnetworks.........................................62
2.4.1Tappingintotheglobalnetworksofscience......................................................63
2.5Enablingcollaborationtopromoteexcellentscience................................................64
2.5.1Technology....................................................642.5.2Fundingmechanisms..................................67
2.6Harnessingcollaboration...................................70
 Contents
DesignsofvasesandteapotsthatwouldbefoundinahouseofamerchantinCanton,from
Designsof Chinese buildings,
byWilliamChambers,1757.FromtheRoyalSocietylibraryandarchive.
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