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Abstract-
Frictionless high speed flywheels are aboon to the family of energy storage devices. These arebriefly introduced here indicating some of their primeapplication areas. Simulation of such systems has beencarried out and the results for the same are presented.It is strongly felt that these aspects should be a part of the curriculum for our modern batches.Keywords: Flywheel Energy Storage System; HTSbearing; magnetic levitation; energy loss
.I. I
NTRODUCTION
 A Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) storeselectrical energy as rotational kinetic energy. It consists of arotate able annular mass, a variable speed motor/generatorwith a power conversion system. Electrical energy isconverted to kinetic energy, stored in the flywheel, and incase of power demand it is converted back to electricalenergy. Modern FESS possesses the potential of high powerfor improving power quality. Modern FESS possesses thepotential of high power and high energy density storagesimultaneously for improving power quality and haspositive environmental energy issues. Flywheel electricitysystems can be applied to increase electric utility efficiencyand reliability.
 
Advanced flywheels are very effective andadvantageous energy storage systems. For exchanging theenergy a Permanent magnet D.C. machine (to work asmotor/generator) is coupled to it. The motor/generatordraws power provided by the grid to accelerate it up to therequired speed. The frictionless system keeps the rotor of the flywheel spinning for a long period.. During a powerdisturbance, the kinetic energy stored in the rotor istransformed to DC electric energy by the generator, and theenergy is delivered at a constant frequency and voltagethrough an inverter and a control system. Traditionalflywheel rotors are usually constructed of steel and arelimited to a spin rate of a few thousand revolutions perminute (RPM). Advanced flywheels constructed fromcarbon fiber materials and magnetic bearings can spin invacuum at speeds up to 40,000 to 60,000 RPM. The storedenergy is proportional to the moment of inertia and to thesquare of the rotational speed. High speed flywheels canstore much more energy than the conventional flywheels.The rotors
 
today are typically made of high-strength carboncomposites. One of the main limits to flywheels is thestrength of the material used for the rotor: the stronger therotor, the faster it can be spun, and the more energy it canstore.The flywheel provides power during a period between theloss of utility supplied power and either the return of utilitypower or the start of a back-up power system (i.e., dieselgenerator). Flywheels typically provide 1-100 seconds of ride-through time, and back-up generators are able to getonline within 5-20 seconds
.
 Fig. 1 gives an overview about the possibilities to storeelectrical energy. The growing mobility and energy demandrequire alternative energies sources, but, as well as a highefficiency in the use of produced energy. For the latterpurpose modern FESS compete with SuperconductingMagnetic Energy Storage Systems (SMES) and chemicalstorage systems like Super Capacitors (Super Caps). Thecomparison in Fig. 1 demonstrates that modern FESS withlow loss magnetic bearings can provide a high peak powere.g. for load leveling and, simultaneously have enoughspecific energy to bridge a power fail over a time, wherediesel generators canbe overtaken the load of a local grid.In addition, the electric power of night can be stored with aflywheel, at first in small and local units.Consuming storage electric power in the daytime equalizesthe power consumption of day and night, and developmentis furthered for the purpose of attaining equalization of thetime load of electric power equipment. For on-site generatedsolar or wind power that is available on demand, ordistributed power storage for load-leveling, modern FESScan be an efficient electrical utility in the future.
 
Modern Flywheel: Energy Storage applicationsand simulations.
Prof. Dr. S.G. Tarnekar ,P .R. Ghangrekar Mtech IPS, Deptt. Electrical Engg.G.H.R.C.E. Nagpur.Email :prachi_salodkar@yahoo.comcontact no: 9960125258
 
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II. E
NERGY STORAGE DEVICES
 
1.
 
Pumped Hydropower:
At a pumped hydro facility,water is pumped into a storage reservoir at high elevationduring times when electricity is inexpensive and in lowdemand. Stored water is then released and used to powerhydroelectric turbines when demand for power is high.Pumped storage hydropower is currently the most widelyimplemented storage technology in the U.S. and the world.In the United States, 38 plants provide 19 gigawatts of power. New developments in pumps and turbines allowingfor adjustable water flow rates have increased the flexibilityand efficiency of pumped storage hydroelectric power;however, some limitations, such as suitable geographicsitting and facility size/capacity, still exist.
2
.
Compressed Air Energy Storage:
CAES uses highefficiency compressors to force air into undergroundreservoirs, such as mined caverns. When the commercialdemand for power is high, the stored air is allowed toexpand to atmospheric pressure through turbines connectedto electric generators that provide power to the grid.Currently, there are 2 large-scale demonstration plants inoperation, one in Germany and one in Alabama. In additionto these large-scale facilities, CAES can also be adapted foruse in distributed, small-scale operations through the use of high-pressure tanks or pipes.
3
.
Batteries:
Batteries have the potential to span a broadrange of energy storage applications due in part to theirportability, ease of use and variable storage capacity. Inparticular, they can stabilize electrical systems by rapidlyproviding extra power and by smoothing out ripples involtage and frequency. Currently, numerous batteriesincluding lead-acid, flow, sodium-sulfur, and lithium-ion allhave commercial applications. However, many battery typeshave only limited market penetration, are expensive, orhave short lifetimes.
4
.
Flywheels:
Flywheels store energy in a spinning disk ona metal shaft. Increases in the speed of rotation, the mass of the disk and locating more of the mass closer to the rim of the disk will increase the amount of energy stored. Twogenerations of flywheels have produced increases in storagecapacity through increased disk mass (using steel) andincreased rotation speeds (using light weight compositematerials for the disk), but these have technical limitations.New prototypes utilize magnetic levitation to increasespeed
and 
mass while minimizing previous technical issues.This technology is best utilized for applications requiringshort discharge time such as stabilizing voltage andfrequency. A flywheel farm approach, where several devicesare networked together, could allow for adaptation to large-scale energy management. Flywheels necessary for widercommercial energy storage applications are primarilylimited by materials properties and cost.
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.
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage:
Thesedevices are composed of superconducting windings thatallow electric current to be stored indefinitely with littleresistive energy losses. When the stored energy is needed,these devices can be discharged almost instantaneously withhigh power output over short time periods.Increasing the size of the windings can increase the amountof stored energy. However larger coils present a challengebecause the associated increase in magnetic field becomesmore difficult to contain. Further, the windings only exhibitthe necessary superconducting property at low temperature;therefore, expensive coolants are needed to make the currentdevices operable.
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.
Electrochemical Capacitors:
Electrochemical capacitorsstore energy in the form of two oppositely chargedelectrodes separated by an ionic solution. They are suitablefor fast-response, short-duration applications, such asbackup power during brief outages. They are excellent forstabilizing voltage and frequency. By proper networking,these devices might be used for longer time-scaleapplications. Electrochemical capacitors have severaladvantages including a temperature-independent response,low maintenance and long projected lifetimes (up to 20years), but they suffer from relatively high cost.
.
 III.
ADVANCED FLYWHEEL
:
PRINCIPLE OF ENERGY STORAGE
 The flywheel battery is an electromechanical approach toenergy storage. To store electricity a motor is used toconvert the electricity from an external source in to therotational energy of flywheel using the motor as a generatorthan extracting energy retriever. The stored energy isgeneral a complete system of flywheel battery consist of four parts1)
 
flywheel that stores energy2)
 
Bearing that supports the flywheel3)
 
Motor/generator4)
 
Power electronic and control electronic.The amount of energy stored and released E is calculatedby means of equation
E = ½ J * w
2
 where J = moment of inertia in kg-m
2
 w = rotational speed in rad/sec.Even though the FESS can have many applications,dynamic voltage compensators, overload compensators andstartup of diesels, but in this paper the main focus is onFESS as an UPS.The MATLAB 7.1 is used to simulate FESS module.IV. UPS
 
WITH
 
FLYWHEEL
 
TECHNOLOGYUninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) Market Flying Highwith the Flywheel Technology. Lead acid batteries havebeen the primary energy storage medium for a long time inIndustrial applications. Battery-based UPS systems are themost dominant and widely used power quality equipment.The following facts highlight the rationale behind some endusers considering an alternative energy storage solution
.
Every battery is subject to a charge-discharge cycle. Thisconsiderably reduces the life of a battery. Higher thedischarge, greater is the reduction in its life. Batteries reachtheir demise soon with frequent discharges, and hence,battery-based UPS systems are considered as a limited cycleservice. The UPS battery warranties are determined byfactors such as:
•
 
Duration of discharge
•
 
Number of instances of discharge
•
 
Length of time it takes the batteries to get charged
 
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Flywheel Technology
: Flywheel is one such alternativeenergy-storage technology. The flywheel technology hasgrown to be a market by itself. Flywheels have started toreplace batteries in UPS systems. This is due to theircapabilities in providing seamless power in times of disruption. Researches on flywheel technology haverevealed that it can be used for total power quality solutionsdue to the long-term reliability it offers apart from it beingan alternative energy storage.
Flywheel and Battery
Flywheels can be used in parallel with batteries. Thisincreases the useful life of the batteries by providing energyto the UPS in times of short-term power disruptions.Installing a flywheel in parallel with a UPS serves as aredundant UPS energy source. This provides sufficientbackup time to run through power disturbances or whileswitching to stand-by generators.
Operation of a Flywheel in a UPS
A UPS converts AC power into DC power. In a flywheelUPS, the flywheel is connected to the DC side of theconverter. This is done to provide energy to the DC bus. Theoutput side converts this DC power into AC power to servethe premium power circuits. In case of any sort of a voltageinterruption, this flywheel supported DC bus assumes thegenerator function to provide the AC power required.
The Flywheel UPS
This is a parallel online UPS made of a high-speed flywheelrotating on an extremely low friction bearing mechanism ina near perfect vacuum. This rotation of the flywheel ismeasured in terms of rotations per minute (RPM). Thepower that comes of the grid keeps the flywheel in motion.The speed of rotation varies between systems. More energycan be stored if it moves at a faster pace. On sensing a sag inthe grid, the UPS makes use of the kinetic force of theflywheel to generate necessary AC power to carry criticalload
Cost Comparison for a Flywheel UPS and a Battery UPS
Operating cost for flywheels is less when deployed for shortduration applications. According to Active Power, Inc., theannual operating cost for a 900kVA flywheel UPS isestimated to be $29,000. This is in contrast to the yearlyoperating costs of battery UPS that amount to $51,000 if thebattery replacements are minimal. For UPS systems, whichhave full battery requirements, the operating costs areestimated at $105,000. This provides the cost advantage fora flywheel UPS over the traditional battery UPS for shorterbackup requirements. The results of mobile electric powerresearch development show that the commercial capacity of a flywheel ranges from 500 W/hr to 500 kW/hr. The powerdensities are approximately 200 W/hr. This power capacityis quite competitive with those of battery type UPS systems.IV. FESS SYSTEMSIn this paper we have done all the literature review and toour knowledge in the field of machine the basic options thatwe have for the machine carrying flywheel are1)
 
Induction machine (AC)2)
 
Synchronous machine3)
 
DC machine4)
 
Reluctance machine.DC machine are known for its simplicity and ease of control. PMDC (permanent magnet DC machine) is used forits high speed applications. The main advantage of DCmachine is being supplied by DC source which eliminatesthe problem of frequency variation of the rotor as in the ACmachine cases. They can also have relatively small sizes fortheir output DC machine can be operated as either motor orgenerator without a starting problem.The following simulation parameters of PMDC motor areas followsRa=2.7ohms,La=0.004H,Ka=0.0105V-S/rad.Ka=0.105N-m/A,Bm=0.0000093N-m-s/rad,J=0.0001Kg-m
2
.
Mainsystem: 
Thus by changing the above mentioned parameters thespeed can be changed. Thus with increase in flywheel speedenergy storage can be increased. We have simulated theflywheel to spin at a speed 7000rpm. In the energy equationinstead of changing inertia we preferred to change speed.The simulation shows the two flywheels with differentratings can spin at different speed.
 
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