Sp. Ch 22620-638
Chapter 22: An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871The France of Napoleon III
I.After 1850, a new generation of conservative leaders came to power in Europe. Foremostamong them was Napoleon III of France, who taught his contemporaries howauthoritarian governments could use liberal and nationalistic forces to bolster their own power.Louis Napoleon: Toward a Second EmpireI.For 3 years, he preserved in winning the support of the French people, and when the National Assembly rejected his wish to revise the constitution and be allowed to stand for reelection, he used troops to seize control of the government on December 1, 1851.A.After restoring universal male suffrage, Louis Napoleon asked the French people torestructure the government by electing him president for 10 years.B.A year later, he returned to the people and asked for the restoration of the empire.
C.
On December 2, 1852, Louis Napoleon assumed the title of Napoleon III. TheSecond Empire had begun.The Second Napoleonic War
I.
The government of Napoleon III was clearly authoritarian in a Bonapartist sense.
A.
As chief of state, Napoleon controlled the armed forces, police, and civil service.Only he could introduce legislation and declare war.B.The Legislative Corps gave an appearance of representative government since itsmembers were elected by universal male suffrage, but they could neither initiatelegislation nor affect the budget.Early Domestic Politics
I.
The 1
st
5 years of Napoleon’s reign were a success as he reaped the benefits of worldwideeconomic prosperity as well as some of his own economic policies.A.He believed in using the resources of government to stimulate the national economyand took many steps to encourage industrial growth.B.Government subsidies were used to foster the construction of railroads, harbors,roads, and canals.C.In his concern to reduce tensions and improve the social welfare of the nation, Napoleon provided hospitals and free medicine for the workers and advocated better housing for the working class.
II.
Napoleon III undertook a vast reconstruction of Paris.
A.
Under the direction of Baron Haussmann, the old streets were replaced by broad boulevards, spacious buildings, circular plazas, public squares, a sewage system, anew public water supply, and gaslights.B.The new Paris served a military as well as an aesthetic purpose: broad streets made itmore difficult for insurrectionists to throw up barricades and easier for troops tomove through the city to put down revolts.Liberalization of the Regime
I.
In the 1860s, as opposition to some of the emperor’s policies began to mount, NapoleonIII liberalized his regime.A.He reached out to the working class by legalizing trade unions and granting them theright to strike. He also began to liberalize the political process.B.The Legislative Corps had been closely controlled during the 1850s. In the 1860s,opposition candidates were allowed greater freedom to campaign, and the LegislativeCorps was permitted more say in affairs of state, including debate over the budget.C.Napoleon’s liberalization policies did not serve initially to strengthen the hand of thegovernment.
D.
Foreign policy failures led to growing criticism, and war w/Prussia in 1870 turnedout to be the death blow for Napoleon III’s regime.
Foreign Policy: The Mexican Adventure
I.
Napoleon III had considerably less success in much of his foreign policy, especially in hisimperialistic adventure in Mexico.A.Seeking to dominate Mexican markets for French goods, the emperor sent Frenchtroops to Mexico in 1861 to join British and Spanish forces in protecting their interests in the midst of the upheaval caused by a struggle b/w liberal andconservative Mexican factions.B.In 1864, Napoleon installed Archduke Maximilian of Austria as the new emperor of Mexico.
C.
When the French troops were needed in Europe, Maximilian became an emperor w/oan army. He surrendered to liberal Mexican forces in May 1867. His execution was a blow to the prestige of the French emperor.Foreign Policy: The Crimean War
I.
Napoleon III’s participation in the Crimean War (1854-6) was more rewarding/
A.
Napoleon was motivated by the desire to free France from the restrictions of the peace settlements of 1814-15 and to make France the chief arbiter of Europe.The Ottoman Empire
I.
In the 17
th
c, the Ottoman Empire had control of southeastern Europe but in 1699 lostHungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia to the Austrian Empire.
II.
By the beginning of the 19
th
c, the Ottoman Empire had entered a fresh period of decline.A.Nationalist revolts gained independence for Serbia in 1817 and Greece in 1830. TheRussians had obtained a protectorate over the Danubian provinces of Moldavia andWallachia in 1829.III.As Ottoman authority over the outlying territories in southeastern Europe waned,European governments began to take an active interest in the empire’s apparent demise.
A.
Russia’s proximity to the Ottoman Empire and the religious bonds b/w Greek Orthodox Christians naturally gave in special opportunities to enlarge its sphere of influence.B.Other European powers not only feared Russian ambitions but also had objectives of their own in the area.C.Austria craved more land in the Balkans, a desire that inevitably meant conflictw/Russia, and France and Britain were interested in commercial opportunities andnaval bases.War in the CrimeaI.War erupted b/w Russia and the Ottoman Empire in 1853 when the Russians demandedthe right to protect Christian shrines in Palestine, a privilege that had already beenextended to the French.A.When the Ottomans refused, the Russians invaded Moldavia and Wallachia.B.Failure to resolve the dispute by negotiations led the Ottoman Empire to declare war on Russia on October 4, 1853. The following year, on March 28, Great Britain andFrance declared war on Russia.II.Concern over the prospect of an upset in the balance of power was one reason that Britainand France got involved.A.The British in particular feared that an aggressive Russia would try to profit from theweakness of the Ottoman government by seizing Ottoman territory or theDardanelles. Such a move would make Russia the major power in eastern Europeand would enable the Russians to challenge British naval control of the eastern Med.
B.
Napoleon felt that the Russians had insulted France, 1
st
at the Congress of Viennaand now by their insistence on replacing the French as the protectors of Christiansliving in the Ottoman Empire.
C.
The Russians assumed that they could count on support from the Austrians, but itremained neutral.
III.
The Crimean war was poorly planned and poorly fought.A.Britain and France decided to attack Russia’s Crimean peninsula in the Black Sea.
B.In the Treaty of Paris, signed in March 1856, Russia was forced to give upBessarabia at the mouth of the Danube and accept the neutrality of the Black Sea.C.In addition, the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were placed under the protection of the 5 great powers.
IV.
The Crimean war proved costly to both sides.
A.
More people would have died if it were not for Florence Nightingale, who insistedon strict sanitary conditions and made nursing a respectable profession.
V.
The Crimean war broke up long-standing European power relationships and effectivelydestroyed the Concert of Europe.A.Austria and Russia were now enemies b/c of Austria’s unwillingness to supportRussia in the war.B.Russia withdrew from European affairs for the next 20 years.C.Great Britain, disillusioned by its role in the war, also pulled back from Continentalaffairs.D.Austria, paying the price for its neutrality, was now w/o friends among the great powers.E.Not until the 1870s were new combinations formed to replace those that haddisappeared, and in the meantime, the European international situation remainedfluid.
F.
Leaders who were willing to pursue the “politics of reality” found themselves in asituation rife w/opportunity. It was this new international situation that made possiblethe unification of Italy and Germany.
National Unification: Italy and Germany
I.The breakdown of the Concert of Europe opened the way for the Italians and theGermans to establish national states.A.Their successful unifications transformed the power structure of the Europeancontinent.The Unification of Italy
I.
In 1850, Austria was still the dominant power on the Italian peninsula. After the failure of the revolution on 1848-9, a growing number of advocates for Italian unification focusedon the northern Italian state if Piedmont as their best hope to achieve this goal, which wasruled by the house of Savoy.
A.
The little state seemed unlikely to supply the needed leadership, however, until thenew king, Victor Emmanuel II, named Count Camillo di Cavour as his primeminister.The Leadership of Cavour
I.
Cavour was a moderate who favored constitutional government.A.After becoming prime minister in 1852, he pursued a policy of economic expansion,encouraging the building of roads, canals, and railroads fostering business enterprise by expanding credit and stimulating investment in new industries.
B.
The growth of the Piedmontese economy and the subsequent increase in governmentrevenues enabled Cavour to pour money into a large army.
II.
Cavour had no illusions about Piedmont’s military strength and was well aware that hecould not challenge Austria directly. He would need the French.
A.
In 1858, Cavour came to an agreement w/Napoleon III.
B.
The emperor agreed to ally w/Piedmont in driving the Austrians out of Italy. Oncethe Austrians were driven out, Italy would be reorganized. Piedmont would beextended into the kingdom of Upper Italy.
C.
In compensation for its efforts, France would receive the Piedmontese provinces of Nice and Savoy.
D.
A kingdom of Central Italy would be created for Napoleon’s cousin, Prince Napoleon, who would be married to the daughter of King Victor Emmanuel.
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