WORK STUDY

BY: SHOBHIT KUMAR

 Frame Work Of Work study

Work Study

Method Study
Work Measurement

Motion Study Time Study

Higher Productivity
 ACCORDING TO ILO

• Work study is the technique of method study

and work measurement employed to ensure the
best possible use of human and material
resources in carrying out a specified activity.
 WORK STUDY
• Work Study is the study of the work.
• By the help of work study the work can be divided &
made simpler.
• Management tool to achieve higher productivity.
• Concerned with human manual work & establishment
of standard of performance.
• The aim is to improve the production process by the
effective utilization of all the resources.
• It analyses both the method and duration of the work
involved in a process
 COMPONENTS OF WORK STUDY

Procedure of Method Study

 Select the task to be studied.
 Collection, recording, presentation of
facts.
 Analyze the facts.
 Develop new methods.
 Install the new method
 Maintain methods.
 OBJECTIVES OF THE WORK STUDY

• Measurement of work.
• Analyzing the weakness in process.
• Economical way of doing work.
• Efficient use of human effort & existing plant.
• Ensure proper performance of employee.
• To recommend & implement the desired improvements in work methods.
• To standardize the methods, material & equipment used in production
process.
• Initiate and maintain incentive bonus scheme.
 IMPORTANCE OF WORK STUDY

• Increase in productivity.
• Systematic study.
• It establishes standard of work and
performance.
• Save cost of production.
• Effective utilization of all resources.
• Results in enhanced safety.
Method Study
Method Of Method Study
SELECT

RECORD

EXAMINE

DEVELOP

EVALUATE

DEFINE

INSTALL

MAINTAIN
 METHOD STUDY
• According to British Standards Institution ( BS 3138):
 Method study is the systematic recording and critical
examination of existing and proposed ways of doing work, as a
means of developing and applying easier and more effective
methods and reducing costs.
• Method study is examination of work performance and
rearrangement of work to give better result in less
efforts and time.
• Method study is the process of subjecting work to
systematic, critical scrutiny in order to make it more
effective and more effective.
 AREAS OF METHOD STUDY
• Determining the correct sequence
• Improved layout
• Utilization of man & machine.
• To select the material of right specification.
• Right selection of tools
• Reduce defectiveness.
• Economy in human efforts
• Better physical environment
 Charts for Method Study
Process Charts
 It represents diagrammatically the sequence / order of
various operations evolved in a production process from
start to finish.
 In process charts symbols are used and these symbols
represents the sequence or movements of the activities.
 These charts are of great value in analyzing production
process and the various methods to perform the operations.
 Symbols used in drawing process
charts
For operation.

 An operations occurs when an object is intentionally changed in one

or more of its characteristics.
 This indicate the main steps in a process, method or procedure.
 Examples of operations are:
Turning, Drilling, Welding, Lifting, Loading, Instructions from supervisor.
 Symbols used in drawing process
charts
For inspection

 An inspection occurs when an object is examined and

compare with the standard for the quality and
quantity.
 Examples of inspection are:
Checking the dimension, Count of Quantity of incoming material, Visual observations
for finish.
 Symbols used in drawing process
charts
For Transportation

 A transport indicates the movement of workers,

material or equipment from one place to another.
 Examples of Transportation are:
Movement of material from one work station to another
Workers traveling to bring tools.
 Symbols used in drawing process
charts
For Delay

 A delay occurs when the immediate performance of

the next planned thing does not take place.
 Examples of Delay are:
Work waiting for the consecutive operations
Workers waiting for the tool cribs
Operators waiting for the instructions from supervisor.
 Symbols used in drawing process
charts
For Storage

 Storage occurs when the object is kept in an

authorized custody and is protected against un
authorized removal.
 Examples of Storage are:
Material kept in store to be distributed to various work stations.
 Symbols used in drawing process
charts

For Operations and Inspection to carried

simultaneously.
 Two hand Process Charts

 When work is confined to a single place, such as assembly

work where two hands are used to do a work, Two hand
process Chat is used to record the facts.
 This chart include the information about the delay,
transportation and storage activities in the production process.
 These charts generally represent the movement of an operators
hand during the production process system.
 This chart can help in studying the function of both hands in
doing some task and explore the possibility of improvement if
any.
 Two hand Process Charts
S.No. Symbol Description Present Proposed Saving
method method
L.H. R.H. L.H. R.H. L.H. R.H.

1 Operation

Transport
2
Delay
3
Storage
4
Inspect
 Symbols
S.No Description

1 Storage Event
2 Operation
3 Delay
4 Transport
5 Operation
6 Storage
7 Inspection
8 Operation
Summary 1 3 1 2 1
 Simultaneous Motion Cycle Chart or SIMO Chart

 These charts can be used to provide the details of the motion and time of short
cycle operations.
 In SIMO chart step by step analysis of the whole production process, the short
movements are recorded on a time scale e.g. Movements of arm and finger of both
hands during some particular operations.
 This chart is more exhaustive and detailed than process charts or two handed charts.
 This chart is used to record short cycle operations, which a fraction of seconds.
 After taking the motion picture, the roll of the film is recorded in the laboratory
frame by frame, by using “ THERBLIGS”
 This chart is named after “GILBERTH”.
 GILBERTH identified 17 elementary movements or groups of movement into
which he divide all types of human activity.
 He has given symbols, letters codes for these therbligs.
 The SIMO chart is recording technique for micro-motion study.
 A SIMO chart is a chart based on the film analysis, used to record
 SIMO CHART

LEFT HAND RIGHT HAND

Frame Number Therblig Time Description
Description Time Therblig (1000/min)
 SIMO Chart Symbols
S.No. Code Name Description Color
Locate & Article Black
1 SH SEARCH
Mental reaction at end of Search Gray
2 F FIND
Taking Hold Red
3 G GRASP
Placing in a definite location Blue
4 P POSITION
Causing a device to perform Purple
5 U USE function
Examine and test Burnt Ochre
6 I INSPECT
Pause to overcome fatigue Orange
7 R REST
Prolonged Group Gold Ochre
8 H HOLD
Selection from a member Light Gray
9 ST SELECT
 Man Machine Chart
 Man and machine chart is used to evaluate and analyse the degree of
performance in various operations, activity charts are of great importance.
 These charts provide valuable information about the equipment utilization
an present the voluminous and haphazardly placed data into a concise and
understandable form.
 The busy and the idle periods both for man and machine can be easily
located with the help of these charts.
 The information about busy and idle periods of man and machine can be
used for rescheduling so as to make more efficient use of resources.
Symbols used in Man –Machine Charts
:-Blank rectangle or space is used to show that one of the
two i.e. man or machine is idle.

:-Dark colored rectangular space shows position / period

of independent activity for man / machine is busy.

:-Stripped space shows when both man and machine are

working together i.e. combined activity.
Work Measurement
 Work Measurement
• Attempt to measure the work.
• The application designed to establish the time
for a qualified workers to carry out a specified
job at a defined level of performance is known
as work Measurement.
• It is a time study, which attempts to determine
the amount of time required to perform a task
by an operator following a prescribed standard
rates.
 Steps in Work Measurement
 Selection
 Obtain all necessary information. ( Workers, Material, Machines, Layout, Quality, etc.)
 Divide the jobs into elements.
 Time the elements. (Stopwatch is used, for timing of skill, alertness, attention)
 The number cycles to be timed. (Variations, degree of accuracy, level of confidence)
 Rating the operator. ( Speed, effort, knowledge, pace of working)
 Objective rating. ( Emphasis on Speed, body movement, eye hand coordination, handling)
 Allowances.
Relaxation allowance: Fatigue and personal.
Contingency Allowance: Reading, Drawing, Cleaning Machinery
Tool And Machinery: Time for adjusting and sharpening tools, setting up equipment
Reject Allowance: Proportion of defective items must necessarily be produced.
Interference Allowance: Stoppage of two or more machine
Delay Allowance: Time Allowance of 5% can be provided
 Techniques of Work measurement
1.Time Study
 Time study is used to identify the time standards for a particular job
performed by a competent worker under standard condition.
 Time is recorded by the stop watch.
 In time study by direct observation time is recorded for several cycles of the
task and then judge and record the pace.
 Stopwatch time study: Development of a time standard based on
observations of one worker taken over a number of cycles

Steps In Time Study

 Job Identification and Division
 Observation
 Pace rating the worker
 Allowances
 Computing the normal time
 Techniques of Work measurement
2. By studying the Past production Records

 The past records of the production department can provide

valuable information about the time taken to perform some
task.
 Past records are analyzed carefully to get the desired
information.
 The reliability and validity of information from these records is
based on the assumption that the nature of activities preformed
in the production has not changed during the period.
 Techniques of Work measurement
3. Predetermined Motion Time Study
 It is used where the task is performed manually which is
composed of basics motion such as reach, grasp, move, turn,
stretch, apply pressure, release and so on.
 Predetermined motion study is a technique of setting work
standards that uses the recorded standard time data for each of
these basics motions associated with performing a task and
summing them up to determine the time required to perform
the whole task.
Normal time = observed performance time per
unit x Performance rating
 Techniques of Work measurement
4. Work sampling
 A technique in which a large number of observations are made
over a period of time of one or group of machines, processes
or workers.
 Each observations records what is happening at that instant
and the percentage of observations recorded for a particular
activity, or delay, is a measure of the percentage of time
during which that activities delay occurs.
 It is a technique of analyzing work by taking several
observations, usually, at random to see the relative frequency
with which various elemental activities take place.
 Primary Application Of Work
Sampling
1.Ratio delay to determine the activity-time percentage for personnel or
equipment. For example, management may be interested in the amount of
time a machine is running or idle.

2. Performance measurement to develop a performance index for workers.

When the amount of work time is related to the quantity of output, a
measure of performance is developed. This is useful for periodic
performance evaluation

3. Time standards to obtain the standard time for a task. When work sampling
is used for this purpose, however, the observer must be experienced
because he or she must attach a performance rating to the observations.
 Advantages of work Sampling
 One observer may conduct several work-sampling studies simultaneously.

 2. The observer need not be a trained analyst unless the purpose of the study is to
determine a time standard.

 3. No timing devices are required.

 4. Work of a long cycle time may be studied with fewer observer hours.

 5. The duration of the study is longer, which minimizes effects of short-period

variations.

 6. The study may be temporarily delayed at any time with little effect.

 7. Because work sampling needs only instantaneous observations, the operator has less
chance to influence the findings by changing his or her work method.