OD;bpH &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )

xkwfa0rI rSwfwrf;
rsufESmzHk;cGifhjyKcsuftrSwf - 462^95 (*)
pmrlcGifhjyKcsuf trSwf - 365^95 (3)
apmifa& - 500
wefzdk; - 75 usyf
xkwfa0onfhtBudrf - yxrtBudrf

OD;bpH xkwfa0onfhv - 1995-ck? Edk0ifbmv/

&u©r@dKifaqmif;yg;rsm; - yHkESdyfol -
a':cifa<u (04780)? &wemrÍÆL yHkESdyfwdkuf?

trSwf(1) 207? a0Z,EÅmvrf;? 16^2 &yfuGuf?

oCFef;uRef;/

- xkwfa0ol -
OD;&Jjrifh (01049)? wufvrf;pmay? 967? ya'om&yfuGuf?
apmfbGm;BuD;ukef;? tif;pdef? &efukefNrdKU/

- jzefYcsdol -
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
55 (at)? uRef;a&T0gvrf;? bk&ifhaemifyGJ½Hkwef;?
r&rf;ukef;NrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKU/
zkef; - 79807

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
yl;aygif;NyD; ]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;}udk zGJUpnf;Muaomtcg
OD;bpHrSm acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfcJhonf/
'kwd,urÇmppftwGif; 1941-ckESpfwGif NAdwdoQqefYusifa&; ajratmuf
awmfvSefa&;udk aqmif&GufcJhonf/ *syefacwf a'gufwmbarmftpdk;&vufxufwGif
ppfawGc½dkif acgif;aqmiftjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf/ zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;twGuf
vQdKU0Sufa&muf&Sdvmaom odef;azjrifh(wufbkef;BuD;-odef;az)? ocifwifjr? udkwifa&T
wdkYESifh vQdKU0SufpGmawGUqHkNyD; ulnDcJhonf/ *syefawmfvSefa&;NyD;aomtcg EdkifiHa&;
e,fy,frx S u G Nf y;D tpd;k &0efxrf;tjzpf tvkyo f rm;ñTeMf um;a&; OD;pD;XmewGiv f yk uf ikd f
cJhonf/ xdkpOf 0dZÆmtxufwef;udk 0ifa&mufajzqdkcJh&m 1951-ckESpfwGif bGJU&cJhonf/
yxrESpf Oya'wef;udkvnf; NyD;qHk;atmifoif,lcJhonf/
OD;bpH ("npH) tw¦KyÜwdÅtusOf; 1952-ckEpS w f iG f &mxl;0eftzGUJ rSwqifh tvkyo f rm;t&m&St d jzpf a&G;cs,cf eft Y yf
jcif;cH&onf/ 1952-ckESpfwGif ppfawGNrdKU tvkyform;t&m&Sdtjzpf ajymif;a&TUjcif;
ppf B ud K acwf &cd k i f E d k i f i H a &;acgif ; aqmif &cd k i f & mZ0if E S i f h p mayok a woD cH&onf/ 1958-wGif &efuek Nf rKd U tvkyo f rm;qufo, G af &;½H;k odYk 'kw,
d tkycf sKyaf &;rSL;
(vGwv f yfa&;armfueG ;f 0if yxrtqif?h Edik if *hH P k &f nf 'kw, d tqif)h jzpfol OD;bpHonf tjzpfjzifh ajymif;a&TUcJhonf/ ¤if;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifaepOf tvkyftudkif&SmazG&ef
ppfawGNrdKUrS uG,fvGefol puf&Sifw&m;olBuD; OD;omZHOD;ESifh a':rykwdkY\ 'kwd,om; &efukefodkYa&muf&Sdvmaom &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkYtm; apwemtjynfhjzifh xda&mufpGm
jzpfonf/ 1916-ck? Mo*kwfv(15)&ufaeY zGm;jrifonf/ (10)wef;udk ppfawGNrdKU ulnDcJhonf/ xdkaemuf tqifhqifh &mxl;wdk;NyD; &cdkifjynfe,ftvkyform;OD;pD;XmerSL;
tpd k ; &txuf w ef ; ausmif ; rS 1933-34-ck E S p f w G i f a tmif N yD ; ? 1937-ck E S p f w G i f tjzpf ppfawGNrdKUodkY ajymif;a&TUcJhonf/ 1975-wGif touf(60)jynfhí tNidrf;pm;
0dZÆmyxrESpfudk &efukefwuúodkvfrS atmifjrifonf/ ,lcJhonf/
&efukefNrdKUü ynmoifMum;aepOf wuúodkvfyJcl;ausmif;aqmifü twlae OD;bpHonf pmay0goemtavsmuf txufwef;ausmif;om;b0uyif pmay
udkatmifqef;ESifhrsm;pGm&if;ESD;cJhonf/ wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾üvnf;aumif;? vdkufpm;jcif;? &cdkif&mZ0if? uAsmvuFmrsm;udk pkaqmif;okawoejyKjcif;? aqmif;yg;
jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*¾üvnf;aumif; acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfcJhonf/ rsm; a&;om;azmfxw k jf cif;rsm;udk jyKco
hJ nf/ wuúov kd af usmif;om; b0ü td;k a0r*¾Zif;
1936-ck ausmif;om;oydwfwGif oydwfaumifpD0ifwpfOD;tjzpfyg0ifcJhNyD;? 1300jynfh t*Fvyd pf mu@\ t,f'w D m? ppfawGNrKd Uxkwf &cdik jf ynfowif;pm;ESihf wjcm; pmapmif
ta&;awmfyHk(1939)ckwGif ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;\ acgif;aqmifrsm;teuf wpfOD; rsm;\ aqmif;yg;&Sif? vGwfvyfa&;acwfü &efukef wuúodkvf &cdkifausmif;ol?
tygt0if jzpfonf/ wuúodkvfausmif;om;acgif;aqmifjzpfaepOf &cdkifjynfe,f ausmif;om;rsm;xkwfa0aom &cdkifwefaqmif r*¾Zif;\ yifwdkifaqmif;yg;&SifESifh
t&yf&yfwGif ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;udk pwifzGJUpnf;ay;cJhonf/ wpfNydKifwnf;wGif twdik yf ifcpH mwnf;ponfjzifh pmaywm0efrsm;udk xrf;cJo h nf/ pma&;aomtcg "npH
&cdkifvli,frsm;Edk;Mum;a&; tpnf;t½Hk;jzpfajrmufatmifvnf; vHIUaqmfay;cJhonf/ uavmiftrnftjyif ppfawGarmif trnfcGJjzifhvnf; a&;cJhonf/ jrefrm-t*Fvdyf
vli,frsm;\ Ed;k Mum;a&;tpnf;t½H;k ESihf vlBu;D rsm;\ &cdik w f ikd ;f &if;om;tpnf;t½H;k wdYk ESpfbmomvHk; uRrf;usifpGma&;Edkifonf/

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
OD;bpHonf pmaywm0eftjyif &cdkif*DwESifh wl&d,mazmfxkwfa&;? a[majym
toHvTifha&;wm0efudkvnf; okawoD OD;pudúE´? &cdkifjrefrmy@dwfOD;OD;omxGef;
(uG,fvGef)? OD;atmifodef; (uG,fvGef)wdkYESifh vufwGJNyD; jrefrmhtoH (&cdkiftpDtpOf)rS
xkwfvTifhxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ xdkYjyif &efukefNrdKUü &cdkif&mZ0ifESifh pmayavhvm
azmfxkwfa&;toif;ü twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfaqmif&GufNyD; OD;pudúE´\ &cdkifaus;vuf rmwdum
uAsmrsm;udk yHEk ydS x f w k af 0ay;cJo h nf/ q&mBu;D OD;atmifomOD;a&;om; xkwaf 0cJah om
]]&cdkif,Ofaus;rI a0omvDacwfpmapmif}}onf OD;bpH\ apwemxufoefpGm taMumif ; t&m pmrsuf E S m
ulnDrIaMumifh atmifjrifpGm xGufay:EdkifcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ ¤if; pmapmifü ]]&cdkif*DwESifh pDpOfxkwfa0ol\trSm &cdkif vSjrifh 1
aw;oHu@}}onf OD;bpH\ vuf&mjzpfonf/
1/ OD;bpH odkYr[kwf taygif;toif;aumif;wpfOD; toQifpudúE´ 3
nD j zpf o l txuf w ef ; ynm OD ; pD ; XmeñT e f M um;a&;rS L ;csKyf OD ; pH o matmif
(uG,fvGef)u &cdkifa&S;a[mif;tarGtESpfrsm;udk okawoejyK azmfxkwfaomtcg 2/ a0omvDrS qif;oufvmonfh Ak'¨ylZed,aw;oH "npH 12
OD;bpHonf rdrd\wpfoufwm okawoejyK pkaqmif;csufrsm;udk vTJtyfulnDcJhonf/ 3/ a0omvDacwf &cdkifhaw;*Dw "npH 14
OD;bpHum; &cdkifjynf? &cdkifvlxktwGuf vnf;aumif;? jynfaxmifpk jrefrm (1966-ck? &cdkif,Ofaus;rI a0omvDacwf trSwf-1)
Ed k i f i H a wmf t wG u f v nf ; aumif ; wm0ef a usyG e f p G m tusd K ;aqmif c J h o l Ed k i f i H a &; 4/ &cdkifjynfrS &wemrsm; "npH 21
acgif;aqmif okawoDpma&;q&mwpfOD; jzpfayonf/ (1959-ck? rwfvxkwf ½Ir0r*¾Zif;)
OD;bpHonf 1992-ck Mo*kwfv (9)&ufwGif &efukefNrdKU prf;acsmif;aetdrfü
5/ &cdkif&mZ0if (48)apmif "npH 28
uG,v f eG of nf/ OD;bpHu, G v
f eG af omtcg ZeD;a':vSarESihf om;OD;jrwfp?H OD;atmifpw H Ykd
(&cdkifr*¾Zif;? trSwf-12)
usef&pfcJhonf/
6/ &cdkifpmay "npH 32
(&cdkifhwefaqmif? twGJ-1? trSwf-1)
7/ &cdkif*DwESifh aw;oH (a[majymcsuf pmwrff;) "npH 39
8/ rdwfqufpum; "npH 61
9/ rdk;yef;a0 "npH 63
(1952-53ckxkwf? "n0wDr*¾Zif;)
10/ Asnf;(33)vHk; &cddkifavSawmfoH "npH 70
(&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;? twGJ-1? trSwf-1)

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH -1- &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
11/ &cdkifjynfrS &Tef;vdkuf&wkrsm; "npH 74
(&cdkifhwefaqmifr*¾Zif;? 1957-58)
12/ oBuFefv &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkY\ vSDNydKifyGJobif "npH 81
(&cdkifñGefYzl;? 1968)
13/ q&mxGef;\ &cdkifomjcif;qef;rsm; "npH 88
(&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;? 1959^60)
14/ a&S;acwf &cdkifjynf pD;yGm;a&;&m OD;bpH 96
15/ upäye'D "npH 111
(&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;? 1960-61)
16/ armif;qGJpcef; OD;bpH 122 pDpOfxkwfa0ol\ trSmpm
(&cdkifr*¾Zif;? trSwf-10)
17/ &cdkifjynf(e,f) awmfvSefa&; "npH 126 uRefawmfonf toQifpuúdE´\ &cdkif,Ofaus;rI trSwf(2)udk pwifxkwfa0NyD;
(trsdK;om; owif;pm 16-Budrfajrmuf? aomtcg q&mBuD; OD;OD;omxGef;a&;om;cJhaom aqmif;yg;rsm;udk pkpnf;um
1960-rwfv? 27) xkwfa0vdkaomqE´ &SdvmcJhygonf/ ¤if;qE´udk uRefawmf\ q&m OD;Aodef;tm;
ajymjyaomtcg tvGeo f ifah wmfaMumif; ajymygonf/ xdjYk yif wjcm;aom &[ef;ynm
18/ EG,fcsdKzdk;acgif ½dk;rawmif "npH 130
(1958-59 ck &cdkifhwefaqmifr*¾Zif;? &Sd? vlynm&SdwdkY\ pmay aqmif;yg;rsm;udkvnf; xkwfa0oifhaMumif; tusKd;taMumif;
twGJ-1? trSwf-7) rsm;jzifh &Sif;jyygonf/ q&m\ ajymjycsufrsm;udk uRefawmf tvGefpdwf0ifpm;aom
aMumifh q&mhtaejzifh pkpnf;ay;ygu BudK;pm;í xkwfa0ygrnf[k uwdjyKcJhygonf/
19/ NrdKUa[mif;acwf pD;yGm;a&;&m OD;bpH 135
q&monf q&mBuD;OD;OD;omxGef;? OD;bpH? OD;atmifomOD;? OD;pHomatmif?
(&cdkifhwefaqmifr*¾Zif;? twGJ-1? trSwf1)
OD;ausmf&if? OD;armifpHazmf? OD;jrxGef;atmif? OD;pHausmfxGef;wdkY\ pmayrsm;udk tcuf
20/ &cdkifwl&d,mESifh &cdkiftoH "npH 140 tcJrsm;Mum;rS &SmazGpkaqmif;ay;cJhygonf/ ,if;odkY pkaqmif;&mü q&mawmf toQif
(1961^62? ESpfvnfr*¾Zif;? pudúE´\ BudK;pm;ulnDrIaMumifh xifoavmuf cufcJrIr&Sd[k q&muajymygonf/
&cdkifwefaqmif trSwf-10 ) q&mBuD; OD;OD;omxGef;\ aqmif;yg;rsm;udk &cdkifhwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;[k
21/ ausmif;om;vli,fb0 atmifqef; OD;bpH 148 trnfay;um xkwfa0cJhygonf/ xdktcg pmzwfy&dwfowfrsm;xHrS tm;ay;rIrsm;pGm
22/ &cdkifrsdK;cspfrsm; awmfvSefcJhpOfu "npH 155 &&Sdonfhtjyif tBuHay;pm? a0zefpmrsm;vnf; te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS a&muf&Sdvmyg
onf/ xdktBuHay;pmrsm;rSm q&mBuD; OD;OD;omxGef;\ pmayrsm;tjyif q&mBuD;

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH -2- -3- &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
OD;pHomatmif? OD;ausmf&if? OD;atmifomOD; tp&Sdaom ynm&SdwdkY\ pmayrsm;udk
BudK;pm;xkwfa0ay;yg[k yg&Sdygonf/ ¤if;pmrsm;onf uRefawmfwdkY\qE´oabmxm;
rsm;ESifh xyfwljzpfí 0rf;omtm;& jzpfcJh&ygonf/
uRefawmfonf pmtkyfrsm;udk xkwfa0&mwGif pma&;olxHrSvnf;aumif;? pma&;
ol\ZeD;? om;orD;rsm;xHrSvnf;aumif; cGifhjyKcsuf&NyD;rS xkwfa0jcif; jzpfygonf/
xdaYk Mumifh q&mBu;D OD;OD;omxGe;f ? OD;jrxGe;f atmif? OD;bpH? OD;ausm&f if? OD;atmifomOD;?
OD;armifpHazmf? OD;pHausmfxGef;wdkY\ pmtkyfrsm;udk xkwfa0&ef oufqdkifolwdkYxHrS cGifhjyK
csufrsm; awmif;cHcJhygonf/
q&mBuD; OD;atmifomOD;\ pmtkyfrsm;udk om;jzpfol q&mOD;armifarmifodef;rS
OD;bpH (odkYr[kwf)
oludk,fwdkif xkwfa0&ef pDpOfxm;aMumif; ajymjyojzifh 0rf;omtm;& jzpfcJh&ygonf/
q&mBu;D OD;pHomatmif\om;jzpfol q&ma'gufwmapmxGe;f atmifuvnf; q&mBu;D
taygi;f toif;aumif;wpfO;D
taejzifh aqmif;yg;rsm;udk tvGwfoabm a&;om;jcif; r&Sdyg/ wcsKdUaom aqmif;yg;
(1)
rsm;onf yHEk ydS x
f wk af 0Ny;D aom pmtkyrf sm;wGif yg&SNd y;D jzpfonf/ odaYk omfvnf; pkaqmif;
OD;bpH ("npH)ESifh igonfe,fajrcsif;rpyfaomfvnf; vlrsdK;csif;? EdkifiHom;csif;
MunfhygOD;rnf[k ajymygonf/
awmh jzpfMuonf/ odkYaomf oluNrdKUBuD;zGm;? &mxl;*kPfodefBuD;om;jzpfí igESifhb0
uRefawmfhtaejzifh &cdkifqdkif&m pmtkyf pmayrsm;udkBudK;pm;í xkwfa0jcif;om
csif;awmh uGmayvdrfhrnf/ iguqdkvQif uRef;om;? v,form;rsdK;EG,fjzpfum; trSef
jzpfygonf/ q&mBuD; OD;bpHudk uRefawmf rawGUzl;? rjrifzl;vdkufyg/ &cdkifwefaqmif
wnf;/
r*¾Zif;ESifh &cdkifr*¾Zif;wGif q&m\aqmif;yg;rsm;udk ESpfoufpGm zwfcJh&NyD; q&mBuD;
OD;bpHonf &cdkifrsdK;cspfwpfOD; jzpfonf/ ArmhawmfvSefa&; &JabmfwpfOD;wnf;/
tm; tajymESifh trsKd;cspfolr[kwf? tvkyfjzifh oufaojycJholtjzpf av;pm;olwpfOD;
e,fcsUJ udk awmfveS wf ukd cf u
kd v
f mol wum;/ wuúov kd af usmif;om;b0uyif trsKd ;om;
jzpfygonf/ pkaqmif;rdorQ q&mhaqmif;yg;rsm;udk &u©r@dKif[k trnfay;xm;
a&;? EdkifiHa&;wdkYü yg0ifcJh&mum; vli,facgif;aqmifb0ausmif; om;or*¾0iftjzpfrS
ygonf/ &cdkifwdkY\ tajccHaqmif;yg;rsm;[k uRefawmfqdkvdkjcif; jzpfygonf/
EdkifiHtusdK;udk aqmif&GufcJhav\/
,cktcg q&mBuD;\ aqmif;yg;rsm;udk uRefawmfudk,fwdkif pkpnf;xkwfa0cGifh&
&efukefwuúodkvfwGif ynmoifMum;aepOfumv 1936-ckESpfu &efukef
aomaMumifh qkawmif;jynfhol wpfOD;tvm; 0rf;omMunfEl;&ygonf/ pmzwfy&dwf
wuúodkvfausmif;om;oydwfjzpfay:vmaomtcg ausmif;om;or*¾0ifwpfOD;tae
owfrsm;vnf; þpmtkyfudk ESpfoufMuvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhrdygonf/
jzifh oydwfwdkufyGJwGif yg0ifqifETJcJhav\/ &cdkifa'owGifvnf; &cdkifjynfvHk;qdkif&m
vli,frsm;Edk;Mum;a&; tpnf;t½Hk;udk 1936-ckESpf? rwfv(29)&ufaeYu wnfaxmif
(&cdkif vSjrifh)
cJhMu&mü trIaqmiftjzpf yg0ifcJhonf/ rEÅav;wGifusif;yaom ausmif;om; or*¾
9 - 11 - 95
nDvmcHoYkd ppfawGrS ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,t
f jzpf wufa&mufc&hJ mwGif OD;bpHyg0if
cJhav\/

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH -4- -5- &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
¤if;onf udkatmifausmf usqHk;cHcJh&aom 1939-ckESpf ausmif;om;oydwf rsdK;cspfvli,frsm;tm; ndKxGef;wdkYu tdEd´,odkY wpfokwfNyD;wpfokwfac:oGm;
vufeufusio hf ;kH cJph Ofuvnf; yg0ifcahJ v\/ xdpk Ofu twGi;f 0ef½;kH udk 0dik ;f &m OD;bpHrmS Muavonf/ ¤if;wdkYudk ppfynmoifay;NyD; avxD;jzifhcsydkYay;um &cdkifrsdK;cspfwdkYESifh
'Pf&m&&Scd zhJ ;l av\/ ausmif;om;b0uyif Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESihf vufwv JG yk af qmif yl;aygif;avonf/ xdkYaMumifh 1944-ck 'DZifbmvukefavmufuyif ausmufawmf
cJ&h olvnf; jzpfacs\/ xdaYk Mumifh wuúov kd o
f ydwBf u;D udk OD;aqmifaom oydwaf umifpD NrdKUe,f? Zefe0g&DvwGif ajrmufOD;NrdKUe,fwdkYü *syefwyfudk wdkufcdkufEdkifvmcJhavonf/
wGif tzGJU0iftjzpfyg0ifcJh&jcif;jzpfonfu xif&Sm;\/ xdpk Of pufomG ;&Gmpcef;wGi&f adS eaom OD;bpHwyfEiS yhf ;l aygif;Ny;D vQif xdpk cef;&Sd *syefrsm;
jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*¾trIaqmiftjzpf aqmif&GufvmcJhonf/ udk okwfoifEdkifcJhavonf/
oydwaf umifprD w S m0efay;csut f & OD;bpHonf ppfawGoo Ykd mG ;í ausmif;om;or*¾ukd r[mrdwfwyfuvnf; 1945-ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv(5)&ufaeYü ppfawGNrdKUudk
zGJUpnf;ay;cJhMu&acs\/ atmifqef;ESifh &if;ESD;oljzpfaomaMumifhvnf; &efukef odr;f ydu
k cf ahJ vonf/ jrefrmjynfukd t*Fvyd jf yefvnf tkycf sKyNf y;D aemuf 1948-ckEpS w f iG f
wuúodkvf yJcl;aqmifwGif&SdaecJhaom atmifqef;uac:,l aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm; jyKavh vGwv f yfa&;ay;tyfcahJ vonf/ xdak omtcg awmfveS af &;orm;wdo Yk nf tem;,lMu?
&Sdwwf\/ OD;bpHtm; 1939-ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv (12)&ufaeYu EdkifiHa&;udpöESifh &mxl;,lMu? trIxrf;t&mxrf; aqmif&u G Mf ujzifh wdik ;f jynf0efukd qufccH MhJ uonfom
aqG;aEG;&efzdwfac:aom atmifqef;\ay;pmrSm txifu& oufaocH&Sdaeao;\/ wnf;/ zqyvtpdk;& tkyfcsKyfpOfu OD;bpHrSmvnf; tdrfaxmifa&;bufudk ajymif;í
OD;bpHonf &cdik w f ikd ;f &if;om;tpnf;½H;k wGif acgif;aqmifwpfO;D jzpfco hJ nft h wdik ;f vkyfudkifcJh&av\/ xdkaMumifh tvkyform;&SmazGa&;½Hk;wGif refae*smtjzpf wm0ef
e,fcsJUwdkufzsufa&;wGif jynfrESifhyl;aygif;vsuf aqmif&GufvmcJhav\/ xdkYaMumifh xrf;aqmifcJhav\/ tvkyfvufrJh&cdkifrsm;rSm OD;bpHudk tm;xm;cJh&avonf/ olu
rif;jym;nDvmcH? aygufawmnDvmcH? ausmufawmfnDvmcHrsm;udk xdktpnf;t½Hk;u vnf; wwfpGrf;orQ ulnDay;cJh&? ESpfodrfhcJh&onfomwnf;/
OD;pD;usif;yEdkifcJhjcif;jzpf\/ jynfru ocifjr? ygvDreftrwf OD;b0if;? a':jrpdefwdkY (2)
wufa&mufcJhMuavonf/ zqyv vufxufrS tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxuf? awmfvSefa&;tpdk;& wufp
xd k a emuf nD v mcH w G i f tzrf ; cH M u&ojzif h owd k ; vS w d k Y E S i f h t aygif ; ygrsm; xd igESifhpmay? ,Ofaus;rI vkyfazmftjzpf vufwGJrdcJhMuonf/ 1963-ckESpfrSpí
wpfa,mufNyD;wpfa,muf tzrf;cHMu&ojzifh tdEd´,axmifodkY tydkYcHMu&\/ usef&pf qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&vufxuf wpfavQmufum; vufwGJjyKwfoGm;Mu&jyefavonf/
aom OD;bpHwo Ykd nfaemifwiG f 1942-ckEpS ?f {Nyv D csv D maomrif;jym;a&muf bDtikd af t wpfcgawmh pma&;í &cdkifhtoH a[majymcsufwpfckudk awmif;cHzl;avonf/
wyfwiG yf g0ifum vSKy&f mS ;cJMh uavonf/ xdaYk emuf &cdik af jymufusm; wyfwiG yf g0ifvsuf a&mufawmh ra&mufcsi/f igvnf; OD;yZÑ,q f &mawmfysv H eG í
f &cdik o
f <Ykd uvmNy;D aemuf
*syefawmfvSefa&;udk vQdKU0SufvkyfcJhMuav\/ r[mrdwfwyfrsm; 0ifa&mufvmpOfu wzefrjyefjzpfawmhNyD/ xdkaemuf 1965ckESpf wpfBudrf rdcifESifh &efukef a&mufcJh&pOfu
vnf; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcJhavonf/ ¤if;udk cPawGUqHEk w I qf ufczhJ ;l \/ xdpk Ofu ¤if;rSm igESiu hf mv MumpGm qHv k mcJ&h aom
&cdkifawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;tjzpfyg0ifcJhum &efukefodkYtBudrfBudrf 20(bD) &Srf;vrf;? prf;acsmif;wGif r[kwfawmhacs/ &Srf;vrf; rBuD;udk xGufí vrf;rudk
qufoG,foGm;a&mufcJh&avonf/ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;vkyfief;twGuf atmifqef; rsufESmrlaqmufxm;aom tdrfBuD;wGifa&muf&SdaeavNyDjzpf\/
wdkY ESifh aqG;aEG;cJhMuavao;onf/ tdEd́,odkY vQdKU0SufoGm;a&mufcJhMuaom OD;ndKxGef;? xdk 1963 ckrS 1979 umvwpfavQmuf &efukefwGif aqmif&GufavorQudkawmh
ocifwifa&TwdkY jyefa&mufvmMupOf xdkuocifxGef;pdef? ocifzdk;vSwdkY vdkufygvm twdtus rod&awmhNyD/ odkYaomf igESifh&cdkihftoH vkyfqufvkyfvuf&SdcJhMuí &cdkifh
cJhMuavonf/ OD;bpHESifh OD;ndKxGef;wdkYonf ajrmufOD;NrdKU armif;qGJpcef;wGif vQdKU0Suf toHudpöowif;yvif; tajctaeudk pHkprf;&if; penf;em&if;&SdvmcJhav\/ odkYaomf
aqG;aEG;cJhMuavonf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH -6-
wdkif;&if;om;toH tpDtpOfjzifh tpdk;&uwm0ef,l toHvTifhjzpfonf[lí od&aom
tcguyif pdwfat;csrf;om aevmcJhavonf/ tcg tm;avsmfpGm &efukefrS&cdkif
,Ofaus;rItzGJU? wdkif;&if;om;pmayESifh ,Ofaus;rI qyfaumfrwDwdkY\pmay? r*¾Zif;
xkwaf 0rI? a[majymrI? ,Ofaus;rI uyGu J si;f yjcif;wdu
Yk akd wGU&í 0rf;omjzpfc&hJ onfom
&Sdav\/
qd&k ,
S vf pfacwf 1974-ckEpS f usi;f ycJah om jynfov Yl w
T af wmfEiS hf jynfoaYl umifpD
tqifq h ifah &G;cs,wf ifajrm§ ufyw JG iG f &cdik jf ynfe,fu jynfoaYl umifp0D if(73)OD; ceft
cJhavonf/ xdkaumifpD0iftxJwGif OD;bpHvnf;yg&Sdjcif; cHvmcJh&avonf/ xdkpOf
OD;bpHrSm &cdkifjynfe,f tvkyform;OD;pD;rSL;tjzpf ppfawGwGif acwåtrIxrf;vsuf
&Sdaeavonf/ ¤if;&SdaepOf r&nf&G,fbJ wpfaeYwGif armifawmNrdKUe,frS ppfawG
tvm vrf;rBuD;wGif yufyif;qHkrdMuonf/ 1963 rS 1965 wGif &efukefwGif wpfBudrf?
,ckwpfBurd yf gqdv k Qif ESpBf urd q f MkH ujcif;rSm aemufq;kH awGUqHjk cif; trSwv f u©Pmqdu
qdkavmufay\/
xdkodkY qHkMupOfu cPawGUcsifonf[kqdkí <ucJh&ef zdwfavonf/ ¤if;\ zcif
(puf&Sif omZHOD;aetdrf)aecJhzl;&m tdrfodkYnaewGifa&mufcJhavonf/ tenf;i,f
pum;EIwfqufajymMuNyD; tqHk;wGifOD;pHomatmif(¤if;nD)\ rdwåLyGm;aom yk&ydkufrl
ygVdbmompmapmifudk vufaqmifay;avonf/ xdktcguyif ,aeYxd qHkjcif;?
taMumif;pyfqufo, G cf jhJ cif; vH;k 0r&Sad wmhacsNy/D ud, k b hf 0ESihf ud,
k ?f ud, k uhf pd Eö iS u
hf ,kd f
tazmfopf vufwGJopfjyK&if; avQmufaevmcJhMuavawmhonfomjzpf\/
odkYaomf 1995-ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dvu ppfawGa&mufpOf OD;bpHpmrlrsm;udk xkwfa0
&ef pkpnf;aeMuonf/ pmrlrsm;&Sdu vdkcsifonf/ trSmvnf; a&;ay;apcsifonf[k
qdkvmojzifh a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfudk tawG;e,fcsJUvmcJh&awmh\/
(3)
OD;bpHESifhig vufwGJvmcJhonfrSm pmay? ,Ofaus;rIudpöaMumifh jzpfcJh\/
1953-ckESpfavmuf &efukefa&mufíom pmaypdwf0ifpm;vm&onf/ trsdK;om;pdwf?
bmom? omoempdwf&Sdvmonf/ cgcsOfaumifb0om&Sdao;&mum; cg;uroefao;
yg/ oHCmtcsif;csif;? vlESifhaygif;oif;qufoG,f&if;rS BuD;yGm;a&;pmayrsm;? &cdkifh
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
-7- &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
wefaqmif? "n0wD? t½kPfOD;r*¾Zif;a[mif;wdkYudk aumuf,lMunfh½Ivmrdonf/
rmefatmifyD,? ppfawGaemifvwf? a&T&(awmifukwf)? armifvSausmf (armif0PÖ)
paom pma&;q&mrsm;? pHausmfxGef;? ppfawGapmaemif? OD;ausmfcdkif? udkatmifpdefom
paom wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;ESihf qHMk u? oduRr;f Mu&mrS r*¾Zif;? *sme,favmuodYk
pdwfa&mufvmonf/
taMumif;wpfckuqdkvQif &efukefa&muf &cdkifaomwkZeoHCmwdkYu &cdkif
Y yf ,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk azmfxkwfvdkcsifMuonf/ xdkaMumifh vIyf&Sm;rIjyK&efEId;aqmfpm
wpfapmifESifh vkyfief;pDrHcsufwpfck a&;qGJcJhMuonf/ xdkpOf igvnf;ygí xdktpDtpOf
udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef enf;vrf;&SmcJhMuavonf/ tpnf;ta0;ac:jcif;xuf
vlyk*d¾vfcsif;tvdkuf awGUqHkwdkufwGef;jcif;uyif tBuHvnf;&? qE´udkvnf; wifjy&m
a&mufrnf[k oabm&Muonf/ odkYESifh ygarmu©a[mif; OD;ausmf&if (xdkpOf uxdu)?
k OD;bpHwdkYESifh awGUqHkrIpwifcJh&onf/
awGUqHpk Ofu OD;ausm&f ifu vkyv f Ukd &rnfvm;[k qdak o;onf/ igwdu Yk q&mwdyYk if
OD;aqmifMurS jzpfEdkifrnf[k jyefajymcJhMuonf/ xdktcg udk,fawmfwdkYvnf; pnf;½Hk;?
wynfhawmfwdkYvnf; pkpnf;MunfhMuwmaygh[k wifjyavonf/ wuúodkvfrSm tpOf
tvmvkyfaqmifcJhMuaom &cdkifq&m? q&mrrsm;? tNidrf;pm; &cdkifvlBuD;rsm;? tpdk;&
0efxrf;rsm;ESifhyif vufwGJaqmif&GufoGm;Mu&rnf[k tBuHjzpfcJhMu&avonf/
EdkifiHa&;orm; twdkuftcHygwD0ifrsm;udk a&Smifxm;cJhMuavonf/ tpdk;&ESifhwGJí
vkyfMu&rnfjzpfí vkyfief;taESmifht,Sufrjzpfap&ef oabmaMumifhwnf;/
&cdkifaomwkZeoHCmrsm;uvnf; 15-11-58 aeY tpnf;ta0;t& tpdk;&xH
wdkif;&if;om;,Ofaus;rIazmfxkwfay;Edkif&ef wdkif;&if;om;tvdkuf ,Ofaus;rIXmepdwf
zGifhvSpfxm;ay;oifhaMumif; awmif;qdkcJhMuavonf/ xdkpOf ,Ofaus;rI Xmepdwf
wpfckom&Sdí Edkifyef;vSut&m&Sdtjzpfaqmif&Gufaeavonf/ xdkaMumifh tpdk;&u
a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmeESifh awGUqHkcGifhay;cJhonf/ xdkXmeuvnf; wpfcg wdkif;&if;
om; vlrsdK;pkt&m&Sd OD;rif;EdkifESifhvTJay;vdkufonf/ oHCmvIyf&Sm;rIwGif uREkfyfESifh
xGef;0if;vnf; udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf yg0ifcJh&avonf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH -8-
rMumcif &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;bufu &cdkifa&S;a[mif; &mZ0ifESifhpmay toif;
wpfck &efukefwGif arG;zGm;EdkifvmcJhav\/ 1958-59-ckESpfavmufu xdktoif;
zGJUpnf;cJhrnf[k xif\/ xdkpOf rdrdrSmc&D;vGefaeonf/ 19-12-59 aeY ajrmufOD;odkY
avhvm&ef a&muf&Sdaeonf/ þtoif;rwdkifrD q&mOD;atmifomOD;u &mZ0ifpmay
toif ; wpf c k u d k 1956-ck E S p f u aqmf M ocJ h y gao;onf / xd k Y j yif 1315-ck E S p f
Zefe0g&DvwGif &cdkifvli,frsm;pkaygif;í &cdkif,Ofaus;rI jyefvnfpkaqmif; azmfxkwf
a&;(&-,-y-p)toif;udk wnfaxmifcJhMuavonf/ av;0wDpmapmif xkwfa0&ef
vnf; BudK;pm;cJhMuavonf/ odkYaomf xdktoif;tzGJUwdkYrSm ratmifjrifcJhMuacs/
oBuFefvGefí uREkfyfjyefa&mufvmpOf &mZ0ifESifhpmaytoif;onf &efukefNrdKU
pawmh u d w f (,ck - od r f j zLvrf ; )vrf ; r*F v m&mrausmif ; wd k u f ü 24-9-60aeY
tpnf;ta0; usif;ycJhavonf/ zdwfpmwGif wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL; OD;pHabmfu
vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onf/ xdkaeYu ig\&cdkifrif;vufxuf tpdkYtpktoif;tzGJU
pmwrf;udkyg zwfMum;cGifh &&SdcJhavonf/ xdktcgrSpí toif;\em,u jzpfvm
cJh&avonf/
toif;xJ a&mufaomcgwGif OD;bpHwdkYESifh yk*d¾Kvfcsif; &if;ESD;vmonf/ toif;
vkyfief;twGuf ig\&cdkifobm0aw;uAsmrsm; (1961)udk wnf;jzwfíxkwfa0cJh
Muonf/ tpnf;ta0;wGif rdrduwifcsifojzifh &cdkifhtoHvTifh&ef awmif;qdkcJhMu&m
&&SdcJhMuonf/ odkYaomf cGifhjyKpmESifh ra&S;raESmif;rSmyif tdrfapmifhtpdk;& vufxuf
&cd k i f a &;&m0ef B uD ; rsm;ay:vmonf / w&m;a&;? jyef M um;a&;0ef B uD ; rsm;vnf ;
&vmonf/ twGif;a&;twGif;0ef OD;oef;az(*G)u &cdkiftoHvTifh&ef pDpOfcJhavojzifh
toif;u&&Sdxm;aom tcsdefESifh yl;aygif;í toHvTifhtzGJUwpfck jyKcJhMuonf/ igu
em,u? OD;bpHu tpDtpOfrSL;? OD;atmifodef;vnf; tultnDyg0ifcJhavonf/
&cdkiftoHvTifh aqmif&GufrIu@wGif trsm;qHk; vufwGJvmcJh&\/ awmfvSefa&;
tpdk;&wufonfxd MumcJhonf/ ESpfOD;om;yifvQif tvkyfwljyKvsuf a[majymcsuf
pmwrf;? Zmwfvrf;yrm? &moDyGJawmfrsm;? aw;*Dw? uAsmpHkpGm tpDtpOfvkyfvmcJhMu
onf/ acwfopfumvay:0dik ;f u vkyt f m;&SMd uonf/ vufEydS f puf½u kd ?f pmrlMurf;a&;?
ES;D aESmaqG;aEG;&if;jzifh ¤if;\vrf;rawmf tvkyo f rm;½H;k cef;ESihf ¤if;aetdro f Ykd 0ifxu
G f
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
-9- &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
tyfaMumif; xyfcJh&onf/ xdkpOf¤if;rSm tvkyform;½Hk;refae*smtjzpf wm0ef
xrf;aqmifaewkef;vnf; jzpfonf/
&if;ESD;vmjcif;ESifhtwl ,HkMunfjcif;vnf; jzpfvmcJhMuonf/ xdkaMumifh ¤if;\
a&;om;&mrsm;udk zwfcGifhjyKvmonf/ iguvnf; ¤if;udkwifjyESD;aESmjyKNrJ &SdcJhonfom
wnf;/ tcsdefrSm rdrdu 1955-ckESpfrSom pmay0goem jyif;jyvmao;onf/ rm&,k
ESifh aA'g&Sif;wrf;udk q&mawmfOD;auo&u a&;ul;apcJhonf/ 1957-ckESpfwGifrSom
&cdkiftvif;owif;pmwGif ipnftuudk pwifazmfjyEdkifcJhonf/ xdkaemufrS jynfolU
*sme,f? &cdkifZmenf? &cdkifhwefaqmifwdkYwGif yg0ifvmcJh&avonf/
OD;bpHuavmifrSmum; 1951-ckESpfxkwf &cdkifhwefaqmifr*¾Zif;? "n0wD
r*¾Zif;wdkYü awGU&Sdae&NyDjzpf\/ aumvdyfausmif;om;b0 (1935-36)uyif pma&;
cJholjzpfrnfqdku rdrdxuf uavmifouf tESpfESpfq,fausmfEdkifNyD; jzpf&m\/ xdkodkY
qdku OD;bpHESifhrdrdrSm om;tzeD;eD;uGmvSrf;ay&mum; ol\pmay toufwrf;u
tawmfBuD;aeNyD[k odrSwfEdkifavmufay\/
olUudk igub,fodkY ulnDcJh&avzl;oenf;/ tpmqmavmifa&m*gtwGuf
"mwfbl;xJü qefxnfhpdrfxm;ívdkonfhtcg qefjyKwfjzpfapEdkifaomenf;vrf;?
tpmtdrfa&m*gESifh aqmif&efa&Smif&ef tpm;tpmwdkYudk tBuHjyKzl;onfrsm;&Sdacs\/
þxuf txl;taxG tultnDay;cJh&onf[líum; rxifrSwfrd/ oluom uREfkyf
tm; em,uajrm§ ufco hJ nf/ okawoDbUJG udk ay;qufco hJ nf/ &cdik af w; uAsmpmtkyEf iS hf
yGJxkwfay;cJhonf/ tusdK;rsm;&Sdayzl;\/
rnfodkYqdkap OD;bpHonf EdkifiHa&;ü yg0ifcJhonf jzpfvifhupm; trsdK;om;pmay?
,Ofaus;rIbufodkY ul;ajymif;vmcJhjcif;udkawmh csD;usL;rd\/ tcsdKUutjrifBuD;onf[l
aom txifBu;D jzifh trsKd ;om;a&;udk usO;f ajrmif;oa,mif vkycf MhJ uonf/ pmayorm;
avmuwGif tEktzGUJ wdu Yk kd a&;cJo
h nfuykd g awGU&ojzifh awmfveS af &;orm;wpfa,muf
jzpfcJhonfqdkcsufudk oHo,jzpfp&m xifa,mifrSm;p&m &Sdwwfaumif;&m\/ &Jabmf
rsm;vnf; ESvHk;om;ESifh[laom acwftawG;tac:t& cHpm;csufum; &SdcJhMuonfom
wnf;/ xdkaMumifh olutawGUtBuHK&SdolyDyD Murf;p&m&Sd&mwGif Murf;cJhaomfvnf;?
Ekp&m&Sd&mwGif ylp&m? aqG;p&m? vGrf;p&m? pdk;&drfp&m&Sd&mwGif EkEdkif? ylEdkifcJhonfudkum;
cHpm;awGU&Sd&rnfom jzpf\/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 10 -
(5)
vlwpfa,muf\b0udk pmayvuf&mjzifhvnf;qHk;jzwfí tm;vHk;&Edkifpaumif;
rnfum; r[kwfacs/ odkYaomf ol\pmayvuf&muvnf; ol\b0waphwapmif;udk
xif[yfEdkifcJhrnfomwnf;/ pmayavmuudk trIrxm;cJhMuaom EdkifiHa&;orm;?
awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;vnf; trsm;yif&MdS u\/ OD;bpHonf tvkyw f m0efwpfzufMum;
u vlrItzGJUtpnf;? pmaytoif;tyif;xJyg0ifum vkyfaqmifay;EdkifcJhonfudk igwdkY
u 0rf;omBudKqdkcJh&ayNyD/ ol\*spfum;udkyiftoHk;csí oligtp vkyfief;tazmf
qufoG,fa&;jyKcJhMuzl;\/ r*Fvokcwdkuf? wmarG? &efukefrS vufESdyfpufvnf;
0dkif;awmfom;jzpfcJhonfudk arhxm;írjzpfacs/
vkyfief;udkifief;ü wGefYwdkrI? aESmifhaES;rI? rjywfom;rI? awGa0rI&Sdvifhupm;
uREkfyfuyif tm;wif;cJhzl;onf/ xdk;ESufapcJhzl;onf/ wpfcgwpfcg pdwfvdkufrmefyg
a&Smif&Sm;rI jyKcJhzl;onfhtjzpfvnf; &SdcJhMuacs\/ odkYaomf oluighudk b,fpOfcgrS
pdwfremcJh? uREkfyftvma0;aevQif oluighudk pdwfemoGm;ovm;[k wpfar;wnf;ar;
pHkprf;qJjyKum yifhac:rSmMum;wwfavh &SdcJhonfyifjzpf\/ rdbu om;orD;udk tNrJ
cGifhvTwfEdkifovdk oluighudk MunfjzLpGm cGifhvTwfoem;avh&Sdonfrsm;rSm xif&Sm;ay\/
xdkaMumifh iguolYudk rdwfaqGaumif; wpfa,muf? aygif;azmfEdkifavmufaom
a&mif;&if;wpfa,muf[lí vufcHvmcJhjzif; jyKvmcJhonf/ tusdK;cHtusdK;zufum;
&SdcJhMuonf[lí txl;r&Sdyg/
,ckO;D bpH\pmpkrsm;rSm rnfrQavmuf&cdS o hJ nf/ ol\a&;om;cJoh rQum; pHak phNy;D
ovm;um; rodEikd af cs/ ightaejzifq h v
kd Qif taea0;? taMumif;vnf; pyfqikd rf rI o
hJ jzifh
¤if;\uG,fvGefcJhonfhtjzpfudkyif rodrdvdkuf&/ owif;pmuvnf; jywfawmif;
jywfvyf&SdpOfESifh BuHKcJh&avoavmrod/ ema&;aMumfjimudkrS rsufpdwef;rSef;rI r&SdcJh
acs/
þpmpkESifh pum;pyfNyD;rSyif igESifhtNyD;owfvufjzKwfoGm;cJhavNyD;aMumif;
od&awmh\/ odkYaomf olaoaomfvnf; ol\emrnfraoao;bJ usef&pfcJhonfrSm
pmayomjzpf\/ ol\aqmif&GufcJh&m ordkif;0iftjzpfom xifrSwf&Sdrnfjzpf\/
woD;wjcm; pmwpftkyftjzpf rBudK;yrf;cJhonfudkum; tm;ukefrdonf/ ol\
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 11 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
awmfvSefa&;umvudkum; ol\vuf&mu oufaocHvdrfhrnfrSm xif&Sm;\/ ,ck
pkrdorQ? awGU&SdorQwdkYudk OD;bpH\trsdK;om;pmayvuf&mrGefvufaqmiftjzpf wifjy
EdkifNyD;&mum; 0rf;om&rd\/ ighxHrSvnf;&SdorQpmpkrsm;udk ulnDyg0ifvdkuf&ojzifh
olYudk aemufqHk;awGUqHkEIwfqufjcif;[k trSwf&ap\/
uREkfyfESifh &cdkifhtoH ½dk;&mydkif;wGif toHvTifha[majymcsufwdkYudk &cdkiftoH
trnfjzifh xkwfa0Mu&ef pum;pyf&SdcJhMuzl;\/ a[majymcJhorQ &cdkifhtoHrSwfwrf;
rSm ¤if;uOD;aqmifcJh&\/ olomtod? olYxHrSm tpDpOfpmtkyfzdkifwGJ&Sdaeonfjzpf\/
xdktoHvTifhcsufudkvnf; ,ck odrf;qnf;&SdaeOD;rnfvm; rodacs/ ppfawGwGif olESifh
awGUpOfumvu ighrSm&SdorQ OD;pHomatmifudk tyfvdkufNyD[k ajymzl;\/ OD;bpHrS
OD;pHomatmif? OD;pHomatmifxrH S rnfox Yl aH jymif;cJah v&moenf;/ tarGqufcEH ikd o
f l
rSm ajc&mvdkufEdkifol om;orD;aumif;rsm;om jzpfacs&m\/
½dk;&mydkif;wGif vufwGJvkyfaqmifaepOf umvay:0dkif;om;wdkY txifjrifao;
wwfonfudk ajzazsmufEdkif&eftwGuf &cdkif½dk;&maw;*Dwrsm;udk ESpfOD;om;aygif;í
pmwrf;wpfcktjzpf a&;om;wifjyMu&ef tBuHjzpf&Sdxm;cJhMuonf/ xdktcgrSpí
tcsuftvufrsm;udk &rdorQazG&SmtyfESHcJhav\/ xdkudk rdrdESifhwGJNyD; &cdkiftoHvnf;
ajymif;vJNyD;aemufwGif olonfpmwrf;tjzpfr[kwfaomfvnf; a[m ajymcsufpmpk
oabmjzifh 22-1-66 aeY a&;om;a[majymcJhonf/ *DwESifhaw;oH[k trnfay;xm;
cJhonf/
igpkpnf;ay;cJhonfhtwdkif; tazmfrygaomfvnf; oluwm0ef,laqmif&Guf
cJo
h nfuakd wmh aus;Zl;wifyg\/ ol\pmaypkwiG f uREyfk Ef iS phf yforQqí kd vufwcJG o
hJ rQ
pmay? ,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m? &cdkifhtoH a[majymrIqdkif&m toif;ESifh vkyfief;qdkif&mwdkY
om &SdcJhzl;onfudk olomtodqHk;jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ igESifholum; tazmftaygif;?
a&mif;&if;aumif;? taMumif;qHpk nf;? rdwo f [nf;? vufwcJG MhJ uonft h jzpfukd a&muf&m
Xme? jzpf&mb0rSm owd&Edkifygap/ b0wpfauGUrSm jyefvnfqHkpnf; vufwGJ
Edkifaumif; ygap[k qE´jyKtyfygownf;/
toQifpudúE´ ? (armifawmNrdKU)
24-1-95
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 12 - - 13 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
(2) a'oemÓPfeDa&mifvQH ajcmufwef*kP?
rysufrSef pHkjynfh0au jrwf"r®av jrwf"r®?
um,0pD raemcsD tÍövDo?
uRefylaZmf *kPfawmfjrwfudk OD;ñTwfcav OD;ñTwfc/
("r®H r,H ylaZrd)3

a0omvDrS qif;oufvmonfh Ak'¨ylZed, aw;oH (3) bk&m;om;rGef oHCmrGef &Spfweft&d,?

e0*kPf pHkjynfh0au jrwfoHCav jrwfoHC?
um,0pD raemcsD tÍövDo?
Ak ' ¨ H o &PH ? *pä m rd
uRefylaZmf *kPfawmfjrwfudk OD;ñTwfcav OD;ñTwfc/
"r®H o&PH? *pämrd
(oHCH r,H ylaZrd)3
oHCH o&PH? *pämrd
wnf;[laom Ak'¨aw;oHonf a0omvDwGif vTrf;rdk;cJhonf[k od&onf/ þ (4) Ak'¨ "r®m jrwfoHCm oHk;jzm*kP?
aw;oHudk pnfjcif;azmfí pnfjzifhwD;&onf/ a&S;acwfu yk*d¾Kvfrsm;onf bk&m;rsm;ü vufq,fjzm yPÖmobd 0E´mrdav 0E´mrd?
qDr;D ylaZmfonfyh v JG rf;obifrsm;? tcif;tusi;f rsm;udk jyKvyk af vh&cdS MhJ uonf/ ylZmcGuf &Sdcdk;aumfa&mf uRefylaZmf ta[mf0w?
rsm;udk aMu;? ajrrsm;jzifh yHktrsdK;rsdK;oGef;um jyKvkyfcJhMuonfudk a&S;a[mif; okcrSef edAÁmefeef;udk jref;&pDav jref;&pD?
ypönf;rsm;ESifh ausmuf½kyfBuD;rsm;u oufaocHvsuf&Sdayonf/ xdkaMumifh Ak'¨ylZed, Ak'¨H r,H ylaZrd/ "r®H r,H ylaZrd/ oHCH r,H ylaZrd/
aw;oHrsm;? tursm;? ,drf;rsm;ay:xGef;vmcJhavonf/ (5) rmwmyDwm jrwfq&m csrf;omokc?
1966-ck? jynfaxmifpkaeYwGif &cdkif,Ofaus;rI xkwfazmfa&;tzGJUrS wifquf pHkjynfh0&ef qkyefobd ermrdav ermrd?
ujycJhonf[k qdkEdkifygonf/ toHk;jyKcJhonfht"du wl&d,mrSm &cdkifpnfESifh &cdkif yknmbm*H tbdkYrGef tuRefjyK&?
yavG(>y)D wdYk jzpfMuonf/ Ak'y¨ Zl ed, ,dr;f \oDcsi;f udak vhvmEdik &f ef azmfjyvdu
k yf gonf/ jrwfukodkvf xdk'geudk trQ0Dav trQ0D/
0dkif;rSqdk / / (tdk----rkedb*0g)3 (oaAÁomeH ''grd)3
tm;vHk; / / Ak'¨Ho&PH *pämrd? "r®Ho&PH *pämrd? oHCHo&PH *pämrd/ ("npH )
(1) t*Ð&oH bGJUxl;cH ig;rmefatmif&?
udk;yg;*kPf pHkjynfh0au? jrwfAk'¨av jrwfAk'¨? rS w f c suf / / (txufy g aqmif; yg;udk &cdki f,Ofa us;rI? a0omvDa cwf
trSwf 1? 1966 ck xkwfpmtkyfwGif azmfjyzl;ygonf/)
um,0pD raemcsD tÍövDo?
uRefylaZmf *kPfawmfjrwfudk OD;ñGwfcav OD;ñTwfc/
(pmwnf ; )
(Ak'¨H r,H ylaZrd)3

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH
a0omvDacwfu &cdkifaw;*Dw
,Ofaus;rI txGwftxdyfudka&mufcJhonfh a0omvDü aw;*Dwtaejzifh rnfrQ
xGef;um;cJhonfudk cefYrSef;&ef cufcJrnf r[kwfygay/ aESmif;acwfrsm;üawGU&onfh
&cdkifaw;*DwwdkYonf a0omvDrS qif;oufvmcJhonfhtwGuf þvufvSrf;rDaom
aw;*Dwrsm;udk avhvmvdu k vf Qiyf if a0omvDuckd efrY eS ;f Edik af yvdrrhf nf/ ¤if;jyif u0d*E¨
usrf;? wl&d,musrf;wdkYESifh &mZ0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;üawGU&onfh yÍö*Fwl&d,m wD;rIwf
uckefjcif;rsm;ESifh yGJvrf;obifcif;usif;rIrsm;onfvnf; a0omvD\aw;*Dwudk
ay:vGifapygvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf okawoevkyf&efum; rsm;pGmvdkaeayao;onf/
aESmif;acwfü oDqdkMuonfh bGJU? &TJU? {csif;? omcsif;? Zrf;? pum;,ifh? Asm?
uyÜsm? yifhul? oHcsyfBuD;? ipnf? 'Hk;? ompGav? [efpGavtp&Sdaom &cdkifaw;oHwdkY
onf vnf;aumif;? 'Hk;tu? ipnftu? yifhultu? e*g;tu? Adkif;awmif;tu?
wdk;e&m;tu? a&S;ol½kyfBuD;rsm;tu? qHawmufydk;tu? &Sdef'dkif;tu? Ak'¨ylZed,
tu tp&Sdaom tursm;onfvnf;aumif;? ]]omaMun§if;n§if;? at;oDcsif;ESifh
nHhEkomcsif;? apmif;ESifhn§if;vQif? oHcsif;aESmjim;? ywåvm;ESifh? rjcm;wlx? wa,m
ponf? ac:xemr? oko&d ESi?hf yÍörnfom? wl&, d mu? c&mwefaumuf? ES>J yD ajrmufí?
tapmuf&Snfjim;? yef;wvsm;ESifh? yef;wsm;ywf0ef;? ywfqdkif;xrf;jzifh? BudK;wef;
- 14 - - 15 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
avQmufvm;? uNcrD sm;ESi?hf wD;jim;½du k rf nf? pnfig;rnfwnf}h }[k &mZ0ifvuFmüyg&So d nfh
&cdkifwl&d,mrsdK;pHkwdkYonfvnf;aumif; a0omvDaw;*Dwudk ay:vGifaprnf jzpfyg
onf/
a0omvD\ u0d*E¨usrf;ü azmfjytyfaom ysdKU? uAsm? vuFm? &wkponfh
pyfqdkenf;wdkYrSm---
(1) toHuGJvdkufenf;? (2) tpiifqdkenf;? (3) jyef*[wfpyfqdkenf;? (4) tp
jzKwfenf;? (5) udk,fwGif;jynfhpyfqdkenf;? (6) pyÜg,fcsD? pyÜg,fcsqdkenf;? (7) jrif;Zuf
cGqekd nf;? (8) uefv Y efaY xGvmqdek nf;? (9) aZmfwcdik v f ;kH csqekd nf;? (10) rdóuqdek nf;?
(11) "r®wmbGJUqdkenf;? (12) oabmxrf;qdkenf;? (13) oa0rygqdkenf;? (14)
cdkifñGefYcufjzmqdkenf;? (15) wjyefn§dqdkenf;? (16)tmom0wD0wf qHcsqdkenf;rsm;
jzpfMuonf/ þuJhodkYaom pyfqdkenf;rS ay:xGef;vmonfh &cdkifaw;oHwdkYudk aphpHkpGm
okawoe vkyf&ayOD;rnf/
&cdkifa'orS a&S;tusqHk;aom &Tef;vdkuf&wk? bGJU? omcsif;? pnfjcif;wdkY\
pyfyHkpyfenf;ESifh oDqdkyHk oDqdkenf;wdkYrSm wpfrlxl;jcm;vsuf&Sdaeayonf/ rkwfoHk
av½dkufoH? a&vIdif;oHpaom toHwdkYonfobm0tavsmuf &cdkifaw;oHrsm;udk
jzpfay:vmcJhavonf[lí od&onf/ ,if;aw;oHrsm;udkvnf; avhvm&efrsm;pGm
vdkayonf/
a0omvDacwfu waumif;oif;wGJjynfodkY c&D;xGufcJhaom a0omvD plvp`E´m;
rif;tm; ud, k jhf ynfu,
kd ahf 'oudk jyefv, G pf rd ahf omiSm wl&, d mtpHw k ;D rIwNf y;D pE´&m;bGUJ udk
oDqdkMuonf[k &mZ0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;ü awGU&onf/ pE´&m;bGJUrSm bkef;awmfbGJUjzpf\/
pE´&m;rif;rsm;ESifh a0omvDudk trTrf;wifxm;aom tzGJUtEGJUjzpfonf/ a0omvDESifh
pE´&m;rif;rsm; taMumif;udk a&;om;ajymqdkvQif þpE´&m;bGJUudkcsefcJhí rjzpfay/
xdkYaMumifh avhvmEdkif&ef tenf;i,f aumufEkwfíwifjyvdkufygonf/
(1) xGef;vif;Muufoa&?
vlYjynfausmfaomif;?
rif;aumif;&mZm?
a0omvDrSm? rif;jzpfvma&/ /

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 16 - - 17 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
(2) pMumtrGef? vSHysHvnf;&? pnfwdl&d,mudk rsm;aomtm;jzifh ydawmufom;ESifhvkyfonf/ wpfzufwGif
bkef;awmfoHav? a0omvDrSm? EGm;om;a&? wpfzufwGif qdwfom;a&udk Muuf&ayonf/ qdwfom;a&Muufonfh
pE´&m;av/ / bufukd ]apmif}bufvaYkd c:Ny;D EGm;om;a& Muufonfb h ufukd ]NAed ;f } bufvYkd ac:onf/
(3) bkef;tm;wufwdk;? tcsdKUae&mrsm;wGif ]NAdef;}bufvdkYrac:bJ }>*rf;}vdkY ac:onf/ apmifbufudk tjcif;
tmPmrdk;au? azmfonfhbuf[kac:NyD; NAdef;bufudk toHvdkufaombufvdkY ac:onf/ pnfwD;onfh
eef;½dk;pdkifvm? tcg &cdkiftoH ]apmif-NAdef;}qdkaom toHrsdK;xGufvmavonf/ wpfpHkwpfck aumif;rI
ausmufavSum;rSm? udk;qufay:a&/ /
ukov kd jf yKonft
h cg ,if;aumif;rIEiS yhf wfoufonfh wD;vH;k wD;uGurf sKd ;rsm;udk wD;&onf/
bGJUqdkoH? wl&d,mrsdK;pHk wD;rIwfoHwdkYjzifh vTrf;aecJhaom a0omvDacwfumvudk
apmifbufudk vufESifhtjcif;azmfNyD;vQif NAdef;bufudk qifpG,fac:onfh wkwfESifh
þodkYvQif tpGef;tpawGUae&NyD r[kwfygavm/
wD;&onf/ r*Fvm&Sdaom trIudpöwdkYrSm wD;rnfqdkvQif pnfwdkY\xHk;pHtwdkif; t0wf
wl&d,mrsdK;pHk? tqdkrsdK;pHk? tzGJUtEGJUrsdK;pHkjzifh a0omvDaw;*Dwonf wpfacwf
0wfay;&onf/ þodkY 0wfpm;qif,ifrIwGif trsdK;tpm;tm;jzifh ESpfrsdK; oHk;rsdK;&Sdonf/
qef;cJhaomfvnf;? xdkacwfudk jyefvnfawGU&SdEdkif&ef tawmfyifokawoevkyf&OD;
pnf0wfcg;yHkBudK;? &ifodkif;? obifwGJtp&Sdonfh t0wftpm;rsm;udk 0wfqif&onf/
rnfjzpfonf/ ,ck þpmtkyfü a&S;tusqHk;jzpfNyD; a0omvDwGif toHk;rsm;cJhaom
&mZ0ifrSwfwrf;wdkYü &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkYonf atmufygpnfrsm;udk toHk;jyK cJhMu
&cdkifwl&d,mtaejzifh &cdkifpnfESifh>yDac:onfh a>y-yavGtaMumif;udk tenf;i,f
onf[k awGU&onf/
wifjyoGm;vdkygonf/ odkYaomf þwl&d,mESpfrsdK;udkom a0omvDü trsm;toHk;jyKcJh
1/ ajrmufpnf (A[dkpnf)
onf[k qdkvdkjcif; r[kwfygay/
2/ oHvGifpnf
&cdkifpnf 3/ rk½dk;pnf (pnfajAm)
4/ pnfykwf
]]udk;pdwfudk;vH? udk;yif;uef? usifoefwufNyD;? pnfudkwD;}} [k qdkavh&SdcJhMuonf/ 5/ pnfBuD; (&Gef;pnf)
plvp`Er´ if; a0omvDrS yifv,f&yfjcm;odYk avSawmfrsm;ESihf c&D;xGuaf omtcg ud;k pdwf 6/ 'Hkrif;
ud;k vH&adS om avSavmif;Bu;D rsm;ay:ü usio f efac: vloefrsm;wufNy;D avSmcf wf&mwGif 7/ pnfyef;awmif;
&cdkifpnfudk wD;avonf/ avSawmfoH-[efpGavudkvnf; wufcwfom; vloefwdkY 8/ pnf0rf;
oDqdkMuonf[k od&onf/ &cdkifpnfudk p`E´m;rif;rsm;vufxufrsm;pGm toHk;jyKcJhMu 9/ ywfom (ywfr)
onf[k od&onf/ pnfawmf&eG ;f cJo h nfah wmifukd pnfBu;D awmif[k ,aeYwikd f ac:a0: 10/ wpfzufpnf
vsuf &SdMuonf/ 11/ yef;wsm; (yef;wsif;)
&mZ0ifrSwfwrf;wdkYü 'Gg&m0wDNrdKUu 'obmwDu nDaemifwdkY yifv,furf;em; 12/ ywfpnf (usifpnf)
a&upm;&modkY arsmygvmaom uuú#ykpGefvufrudk A[dkpnfMuufvkyfí ajr§mufpnf 13/ pnfacs
jyKxm;cJo h nf[k qdo
k nf/ xdt k cgrSpí pnfw&l , d may:vmonfh oabmyif jzpfonf/
t"dymÜ ,frmS pnfw&l , d mudk 'Gg&m0wD-a0omvDwüYkd pwiftoH;k jyKcohJ nf[k qdv k o
kd nf/

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 18 - - 19 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )

pnfjcif; &cdkifyavG(>yD)wl&d,m
pnfjcif;udk atmufygtwdkif; azmfíwD;&onf/ ok o d & ac: tacgif ; &S d a om wl & d , m (8)rsd K ;ud k &cd k i f r [m&mZ0if B uD ; ü
atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;onf/
yPmrpnfoH
1/ 'lavmif;
pnf j cif ; twD ; 2/ c&maumuf
1/ tbd(ÓPfa&mif)3 NAdef;---(apmif)4 3/ c&m>rm?
xdefvif;ajymif (NAdef;)2 4/ vufwH&Snf
2/ tacgif (&mav)3 NAdef;apmif(apmif)3 5/ ESJ;
pdk;csdef? rm&Zdef (NAdef;)2 6/ >yD qdkaom yvGD
3/ tpdaEÅ,s---wkr& NAdef;apmif (NAdef;apmif)2 7/ c½koif;
NAdef;apmif (NAdef;)2 8/ zufvdyfqdkaom NcDacgif;/
4/ avmu---(&mav)2 NAdef;apmif (apmif)3 tp&Sdojzifh jzpfonf/ ]abm} [laom rIwf&onfh wl&d,mtaMumif;udkvnf;
jrwfbk&m; (NAdef;)2 apmif &mZ0ifrSwfwrf;wdkYü awGU&onf/
uuú XmpnfbGJU ,cktcg toHk;jyKvsuf &Sdaeao;aom &cdkif½dk;&m>yDrsm;udk okawoDwpfOD; u
atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;onf/
1/ ((uuúXm)2 (pnfBuD;)2/)3 (wD;)3
(( NAdef NAdef NAdef ) (NAdef;apmif)2 )3 1/ awmif>yD
apmif apmif apmif tvsm;wpfawmifcefY&Sdí za,mif;tqdkYESifh yavG&Snfudk awmif>yD[k ac:onf/
2/ pnfBuD; uuúXm --- wD;vdkufyg/
(NAdefapmif NAdef NAdef NAdef apmif apmif) 2/ >yDacgif;
apmif apmif apmif za,mif;tqdYk rygbJ EIwcf rf;ESihf avcsed í
f rIw&f aom yavGukd >yaD cgif;[k ac:onf/

3/ pnfBuD;wD;vdkufcg ----- vGefyif vGefom,m? 3/ >yDjym;

NAdef;apmif NAdef; apmif apmif apmif NAdef; NAdef;(apmif)2 opfom;tqdEYk iS hf ukvm;yavGuo
hJ Ykd rIw&f mrS jym;aeaom yavGukd >yjD ym;[k ac:onf/
apmif
tp&Sdojzifh wD;&onf/

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 20 - - 21 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
4/ oHn§if;>yD
oHn§if;>yD (ac:) pn§if;>yD (ac:) toD;>yDrSm aiGjym;? vQmESifh rIwf&mrS
tqpftydwfjzpfí ab;rS rIwf&aom yavGjzpfonf/ (wcsdKUrSm tayguf (5)ayguf
azmufonf/)

5/ xGm>yD
t&SnfqHk; wpfxGm yavGwdkrsdK;jzpfí tayguf (3)ayguf &Sdonf/ ponfrsm;
udk tcsdeftcgumv? ae&m? yGJvrf;obif? tcif;tusif;? tjzpftysuf? taMumif;
t&mrsm;udk vdkufí wD;&ouJhodkY yavGudkvnf; olYae&mESifhvdkufatmif rIwf& onf/
pnfjcif;azmfouJhodkY yavGudkvnf; tjcif;azmfí rIwf&onf/

"np
"npH
&cdkifjynfrS &wemrsm;
(txufyg a0omvDu &cdkifaw;*Dw aqmif;yg;udk &cdkif,Ofaus;rI ("npH - a&;onf )
a0om vDacwf? trSwf 1? 1966xkwf pmtkyfwGif azmfjyzl;ygonf)
&cdkif&mZ0ifpmayudk tenf;i,f*½krlcJhMuaom okawoDwdkYonf &cdkifjynfrS
(pmwnf ; ) ay:xGe;f cJah om pmqdyk nm&Srd sm;jzpfonf/ ok0PÖa'0D? "r®aZ,strwfBu;D ? u0dausm?f
0drv? r[mynmausm?f b'lrif;ndK? Ouúmys?H ynm0Ho? opfwuf ivuf½;kH ? pdew f ifpm;
a&ToJ? r,m; rdyef;&H? OD;'dk;a0? uif;&Gm bkef;BuD;vlxGuf? q&mxGef;? OD;armifbHkwdkYudk
Mum;zl;Muayvdrfhrnf/ þpmqdkwdkYum; xif&Sm;vS\/ odkYaomf rxif&Sm; wdrfaum
aeaompmqdkrsm;vnf; tajrmuftjrm;yif&SdOD;rnfrSm aocsmvSayonf/
&cdkifpmqdkawmfrsm;\ vuf&mrsm;udk c&pfouú&mZf 310 rS 750 twGif;u
a0omvDNrKd Uawmfut kd ajcjyKí xGe;f um;cJMh uaom pE´&m;rif;rsm;vufxufrpS íawGU&Sd
vm&ayonf/ &cdkifjynfü a&SU"n0wDacwfupí ooFu&mZfygVd tp&Sdaom
a&S;a[mif;tdEd´,jynf rZÑdra'oü xGef;um;cJhaom pmayta&;tom;rsm;udk awGU&Sd
cJh&\/ a0omvDNrdKUawmfüvnf; xdkbmom&yfrsm;udk oHk;pGJcJhMuao;\/ odkYaomf &cdkif
pmayudk a0omvDacwftv,favmufwGif awGUvmMu&onf[k &cdkif&mZ0ifrsm;u
qdkxm;avonf/ &cdkifpmayonf tdEd´,pmay&yfrsm;rS ay:aygufvmcJhonf[k ,lq
Muavonf/

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 22 - - 23 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
av;NrdKUjrpfwpfavQmuf xGef;um;cJhaom avmif;Muuf? y&def? yÍömtp&Sdaom aysmfyg;uyfar? vHkysdKar?
NrdKUawmfrsm;rSpí jrefrmpmayta&;tom;bufodkY ajymif;vJvmcJhonfudk awGU& t&G,fcsif;csif;? &GJUomcsif;ESifh?
jyef\/ NrdKUa[mif;acwf*ü &cdkifpmayudk b'lrif;ndK? r[mynmausmf? OuúmysH? vrif;pE´m? avmif;&dyfomwGif?
opfwufivuf½;kH wdo Yk nf wpfrsKd ;wpfzq kH ef;opfcahJ pjyefonf/ NrKd Ua[mif;acwf ukeq f ;kH aysmf&mwpfaMumif;? ar½dkUrmav?
í vGwv f yfa&;usq;kH cJo h nfah eYrpS í ,aeYwikd f pmayum;emvefrxlbJ &Scd &hJ avonf/ tazmfaygif;ESifh? qefarmif;eif;a&?
avmif;MuufNrdKUawmfrSm tkyfpdk;cJhaom &cdkifrif;xD;vufxuf? ta&SUbufjynfudk ompGav? om,m{av? ompGav/ /
atmifjrifcí hJ oufrif;om;oH;k OD;tm; jyKpx k m;cJ\ h / xdrk if;om;wdtYk m; &cdik pf mqdak wmf
qefaxmif;Mu&if; &cdkifvHkarysdKwpfpkoDqdkMuaom (ompGavuAsm)uav;yif
ynm&Sd &cdkifoljrwfxHtyfESHxm;cJh\/ xdkrif;om;wdkYtm; qHk;roGefoif ynmoifcJh&m
jzpf\/ (qefarmif;eif;a&)qdkaompum;rSm &cddkifjynf&yf&Gmrsm;ü aetdrfrsm;wGif
wGif avmuom&ysdKUudk jyKpkcJhavonf/ jrefrmpmaywGif taumif;qHk;aomysdKU?
armif;um[k tumrygtrd;k rd;k í taqmifuav;wpfck csxm;avonf/ þtaqmif
taumif;qHk;aom qHk;rpm? owfyHktrSefqHk;aom pmay? A[kokw pHkvifqHk;aom
ü qefaxmif;&ef armif;wpfckqifxm;\/ þarmif;udk ajcaxmufjzifh eif;ay;&onf/
A[kokwpmayvnf; jzpfaecJhavonf/
xdaYk Mumifh qefarmif;eif;a&[kqo kd nf/ eif;a&qdo k nfrmS eif;Muw,f[k t"dymÜ ,f&\/
xdkYjyif bapmjzLrif;vufxufwGif xGef;um;cJhaom pmqdktrwfBuD; b'lrif;ndK ompGavuAsmav;\ t"dyÜm,frSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf/
zGJUEGJUtyfonfh (&cdkifrif;orD; {csif;) ac: (armufawmf {csif;)rSm jrefrmpmaywGif
c0JyiG rhf sm;onf a&Ta&mifawmufyvmMuayNy?D þc0Jyef;rsm;udk cl;qGwí f tpDt&D
ta[mif;qHk;? a&S;tusqHk;aom {csif;jzpfaeonfudk awGU&jyefavonf/
oDuHk;NyD;vQif wefaqmifrkef;vwGif oHCmawmfrsm;oDwif;oHk;&m ausmif;awmfodkY
qufvufí &cdkifjynfüxl;jcm;pGm yGifhvef;cJhaom &cddkifobm0uAsmuav;rsm; uxdefuyf&efoGm;MuNyD; tuRefwdkYaysmfyGJqifMuygpdkYvm;/
jzpfMuonfh ompGav? [efpGavuAsmrsm;? omcsif;qef;rsm;? &GUJrsm;? bGJUrsm;? &Gef;vdkuf
,cktcg tuRew f v
Ykd rkH ysKd wpfpo
k nf rdrwd t
Ykd &G,w
f l tcsi;f csi;f ? &GUJ ? omcsi;f rsm;udk
uAsmuav;rsm;udk OD;pGmwifjyvdkufygonf/ þuAsm omcsif;? oDcsif;? bGJU? &GJUwdkYudk
oDqdkMuNyD;vQif vrif;\t&dyftm0goatmufwGif tazmfrsm;ESifh aysmfaysmfyg;yg;
&cdkifol &cdkifom;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\ a'otajctae? obm0xHk;wHwGmtavsmuf
qefarmif;eif;vsuf &SdMu\/ tvGefw&mrS omom,m,m&SdvSay\wum;/
aerl? pm;rl? vkyu f ikd rf ?l qufo, G rf ?l ,HMk unfrw l u
Ykd kd tajcjyKí oDqMkd ujcif;jzpfavonf/
ar½dkUrSmav awmif,mpGef;ü
qefarmif;eif;a& ompGav
ya'gufra,0if;0g? yef;rmvmav?
c0JyGifha,0if;0g? yGifhjyefvmau?
vTrf;umyGifhNyD? rdk;&moDudk?
oDumvnf;uHk;? wefaqmifrkef;rSm?
tnDac:vSrf;? ar½dkUrmav?
&Sifbkef;oHCm? ausmif;0d[mü?
awmif,mpGef;ü? pdrf;vef;jra&mif?
uxdefvnf;uyf? r,f½dkUrmav?
iSufcg;awmifodkY? ,mawmifpyg;?
* ajrmuf O D ; acwf u d k qd k v d k o nf / rsdK;ocGm;ESifh? pnfum;vSa&?

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 24 - - 25 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
arjrifawGrSm? pdwfacG0rf;om? tbkaoQidka&ycGufu
aemifESpfcgav? aumif;&mrsdK;pD? tbkaoQidka&? ycGufu
taxGaxGudk? aruodar? aMumifacsjrnfa&? ykwfaxmifhu?
[efpDav? [efpGav/ / MuufzBuD;wGef? tdrfaemufu?
þ [efpGavuAsmuav;um; awmifolv,form;wdkY\ b0udk jyoxm;aom tbmvma&? acsmif;0u?
uAsmuav;ygay? t"dyÜg,fudk atmufygtwdkif; wdkuf½dkufjyefvdkufygonf/
trifMunfha&? wef;ysif;u?
ydawmufyef;awG 0if;0if;0g0gESifh wpfyifvHk;qdkovdkvTrf;NcHKí a0a0qmqm
wef;ysif;udkvufwif? oNADyif?
yGifhvsuf&SdMuavNyD/ rdk;&moDudkvnf; arQmfac:rSef;q&SdMuavNyD/ arwdkYwpfawGrSm
oNADyifudkif;vdkif;? udkif;udkif;/ /
awmif,mpGef;rSaevsuf pdrf;vef;íiSufcg;awmifyrm jra&mifawmufyvsuf&Sdae
þuAsmav;um; &cdkifobm0uav;acsmh uAsmuav;aywnf;/ &cdkifvlxkydkif
aom rdrdwdkY\ ,mcif;rS pyg;yifrsm;ESifh rsdK;csxm;aom ocGm;yifrsm;udk a0a0qmqm
uAsmuav;yifjzpf\/ t&yfolt&yfom;wdkY\ "avh? aexdkifvkyfudkif pm;aomufa&;
ESifh pnfyifomvSpGm jrifMu&aomtcg pdwfb0ifMunfEl;rdygayonf/ aemifESpf&moD
wdkYudkvnf;jy\/ t"dyÜm,fudk wdkuf½dkufjyefqdkygtHh/
csdef a&mufaomtcgü aumufyifaumufrsdK;rsm; aumif;aumif;&awmhrnfudk arwdkY
od&Sd&ojzifh txl;tm;& ESpfoufrdygonf/ þ½IarQmfcif;um; [efvSpGm\wum;/ uav;idkonfrSm ykcufwGif;rSjzpfygonf/
aMumifuav;jrnfaeonfrSm 0rf;pmpyg; qefodkavSmifxm;onfh ykwftMum;rS
bkef;rif;iSufaoQ? jrnfvwfaw jzpfygonf/ MuufzBuD;wGefaeonfrSm tdrfaemufaz;rS jzpfygonf/
tkef;yifxufu? bkef;rif;iSufaoQ? tazonf acsmif;0rS vmygNyD/
jrnfvwfaw/ taronf wef;ysif;ac: aemufaz;aqmif a&tdk;pifxm;&mtcef;rS apmifharQmf
tyla&mifjcnf? aysmufvwfaw? aeygonf/ oajyyiftudik ;f onf avwdu k í
f edrw hf jkH rifw
h kH vIy&f mS ;vsuw
f ef;ysi;f aqmif
ar½dkUeDau? oNADyifatmuf? udk xdwHkuGmwHkESifh udkif;ñGwfaeygawmhonf/
&TDyifaygufaw? wl;uwfar? tbkaoQrSm ]]uav;}}udk ac:aejcif;jzpfonf/ (aoQ)[laom pum;onf
nDri,f? armifi,fwpfpk? wdkifyifjyKa&? ti,fudkac:jcif;jzpfonf/ tbm = taz? trif = tar? wef;ysif; = tdrfaemuf
xrif;csufcef;ESifhuyfí&Sd a&tdk;pifxm;onfh taqmifuav;/
ompGav? om,mtD;av? ompGav?
tk e f ; yif x d y f z sm;u tk e f ; rif i S u f u av;onf jrnf c J h a vNyD / aerif ; \tyl ra&mufvmau? ,if;cguyif
a&mifjcnfonfvnf; aysmufuG,fcJhavNyD/ arwdkYwpfawG rSDwif;aexdkif&mt&yf&Sd
wefaqmifra,rkef;v? a[rEÅrSm
oajyyifBuD;atmufwGif a&TyifawGaygufae&modkY oGm;a&mufwl;azmfMu&ef nDri,f
csrf;pwpfzef? pHkvDjyefau?
armifi,fwpfpk aqG;aEG;wdkifyifjyKMuonfrSm om,maypGwum;/
½dkufoGefjzL;jzL;? ra&mufvmau?

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 26 - - 27 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
,if;cguyif? armifouf&Sifudk? pH k v D = ajrmuf a v/
arvQifpdwfrSm? vGrf;pa,jyKvdkY? ed = aeY /
,ckukefcg? w0g0gau? nd = n?
eawåmfqef;bd? ndESifhedrSm? ,if ; tcguyif = xd k p Of t cguyif /
arxGD;r&Tif? pufbHkomau? arxG D ; = ti,f q H k ; /
tdyf&mwGif;rSm? wpdrfhpdrfhau? cspf p &m = cspf p &mtaumif ; qH k ; /
csrf;pdrfh0ifa&/ xG D ; qd k a om pum;vH k ; onf axG ; uk d q d k v d k j cif ; jzpf y gonf /
a&S;u&cdkifom;wdkYonf rdrda'o&yf&GmudkypfcGmí uRef;pOfudkywfNyD;vQif &cddkifom;wdkYonf aoG;udk oGD;[lí vnf;aumif;? tarG;udk trGD;[lí vnf;
ukefa&mif;ukef0,f oGm;avh&SdMu\/ þodkYwpfcg c&D;xGufvQif vaygif;tawmfyif aumif;? acG;udk cGD;[lívnf;aumif;? ay;udk yD;[lí vnf;aumif; qdkMuavonf/
Mumanmif;avh&MdS uonf/ þodMYk umanmif;cJo h jzifh rdr\
d ZeD;onfu vGr;f qGwf wrf;w
onfukd &cdik jf ynf (12)&moDuakd emifcx H m;í o½kyaf zmfxm;aom uAsmuav;jzpf\/ "npH
,aeYwdkif oDqdkaeMu&mrS ul;,lazmfjyvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ &cdkifobm0 (12)&moD (rl & if ; twd k i f ; jyef v nf qef ; opf j cif ; jzpf o nf / )
taMumif;udkvnf; wpfenf;azmfjyxm;&Sdaom (12)&moDbGJU wpfckyifjzpfonf/ ¤if;rS 1959-ck rwfvxkwf ½Ir0r*¾Zif;rS
tenf;i,faumufEkwfí avhvmEdkif&efwifjyvdkufjcif; jzpfonf/ t"dyÜm,fudk
atmufygtwdkif;jyefqdkí xnfhoGif;ay;vdkufygonf/
]]wefaqmifrkef;v tcsrf;&moDodkY wpfzef0ifcJhavNyD? ajrmufpl;pll;rS at;jr
MunfvifvpS mG aom pHak vjyif;wdo Yk nf qifuh mqifu h m ½du
k o
f eG ;f jzefjY zL;vsuf &Sad eayNy?D
rESpu
f þtcsed rf yS if c&D;xGucf mG oGm;aom armifawmfrmS ,aeYwikd f jyefvnfra&muf
vmao;yg/ toufocifaus;Zl;&Sifjzpfaom armifawmfudkwrf;wvGrf;qGwfcJhygNyD?
ewfawmfvqef;vmaomtcgüvnf; aeYa&mnyg r&TifEdkifbJ r,fwpfudk,fwnf;
tdyf&mxJwGif csrf;vGef;vSojzifh auG;vsufomae&ygawmhonf/
þuAsmrsm;ü ]]ra,}} ]]au}} ]]aw}} qdkaom pum;rsm;udk oHk;EIef;xnfhoGif;
xm;onfrsm;udk awGU&ayrnf/ &cdkifpum;rsm;jzpfNyD; ]]av}} xdkYaMumifh? xdkYjyif
tp&SdonfwdkYudk xnfhoGif;oHk;EIef;xm;ouJhodkYyif jzpfygonf/

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 28 -
&cdkif&mZ0if (48)apmif
tcsed rf mS oef;acgifausmf jzpfygonf/ ppfawGNrKd U0uFyguGi;f v,f&dS pde&f wDZmwfyJG
wGif ESpfyg;oGm;jzifh pcef;vm;vsuf&Sdayonf/ a&eHqDajrpdkuf "mwfrD;vHk;BuD;rsm;\
tvif;a&mifonf 0uFyguGif;v,fwGif xdefvif;vsuf&Sdaeonfudk ta0;rSjrif&ay
onf/ twkvrm&Zdef jynfvHk;csrf;ombk&m;teD;tem;rS bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;
&Sd&m a'owpf0dkufü qdwfNidrfjcif;onf usa&mufpjyKavNyD/ tuREkfyfa&mif;&if;jzpfol
udo k m'd;k onf tuRet f m;rnf;arSmifaeaom vrf;Mum;wpfcrk S ac:aqmifomG ;ygonf/
rMumrDyif tuRew f o
Ykd nf bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif; wpfausmif;tay:xyf wdu
wpfckudk 0ifrdygonf/ tuRefrodaom bkef;awmfBuD;wpfyg;onf BudKwifpDpOfxm;rI
aMumifh AD½dkxJrS pmaywpfxkyfudk,lí tuReftm;xkwfjyygonf/ AD½dkBuD;udk tuRef
vSrf;Munfhrdaomtcg aypmxkyfaygif;wpf&mxufrenf; AD½dkxJ&Sdaeayonf/
xdkaeY 1936-ck? atmufwdkbmv? oDwif;uRwfvjynfhaeYwGif &cdkif&mZ0if
(48)apmif&o dS nfqakd om vlBu;D rdbwdaYk jympum; rSeu f efygonfqo kd nfh todÓPfukd
tuRef&&SdcJhygonf/ xdkaeYrSpí &cdkif&mZ0ifrsm;udk okawoevkyfcJh&m a&S;bdk;ab;
pOfquf rSDwif;aexdkif&m tuRefwdkY&cdkifjynf\ ajymifajrmufaom tjzpftysuf
tvHk;pHkudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif;? xifxif&Sm;&Sm; tHhzG,fo&J od&SdvmcJhygonf/
tarSmifcGif;í tvif;aqmifcJhavNyDwum;/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 29 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
tuRefonf tjcm;&cdkifrsm;enf;wl OD;boef;? OD;bdk;usm;? rpöwm[maA;?
rpöwmaumuf? rSefeef;? OD;ukvm; tp&Sdaom jrefrm&mZ0ifrsm;udkom i,fpOf
awmifaus;upí aumvdyaf usmif;a&mufonftxd oifMum;avhvmcJ&h onft h wGuf
&cdkif&mZ0ifudk txiftjrifao;cJhrdygonf/ odkYaomf &cdkif&mZ0ifudk okawoe
vkyfvmjcif;cPü jrefrm&mZ0ifrsm;\ wpfzufowfa&;om;rIwdkYudk awGUjrifvm&ay
onf/
jref r m&mZ0if r S r S D j irf ; ía&;om;jyKpk a om t*F v d y f & mZ0if q &mwd k Y o nf
jynfaxmifpkom;rsm;\&mZ0ifudk þodkY wpfzufowfa&;om;jyKpkMujcif;udk tuRef
em;rvnfEdkifatmifyif &SdcJh&ygonf/
xdkYaMumifh tuRefwdkYonf 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;a&;udk BudK;pm;vmMuaomtcgü
&cdkif&mZ0iftaMumif;udkwifjyMu&mwGif wpfzufowfjyKrlrIrsm;udk jyifqifvm
Muvdrfhrnf[k txl;arQmfvifhrdyg\/ ,aeYwGif ordkif;aumfr&Sifwpfck zGJUpnf;í
jrefrm&mZ0ifudk topfpjyKpk&ef pDpOfvsuf&SdonfudkawGU&ygonf/ &cdkif&mZ0if
(48)apmifü a&;om;azmfjyxm;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;udkvnf; okawoejyKvkyfí
jynfaxmifpo k m;rsm;jzpfaom &cdik v f rl sKd ;pk\ atmifjrifcrhJ rI sm;? &cdik v
f rl sKd ;wd\
Yk wu,fh
tjzpftysufrsm;udk wduspGmazmfjyEdkifygap[lívnf; rsm;pGmawmifhwrdygonf/
&cdkif&mZ0if (48)apmif&SdaMumif;udk Mum;zl;ygaomfvnf; ,aeYtzdkY tuRefY
taeESihf (48)apmifv;kH udk &SmazGírawGU&SEd ikd af o;yg/ &cdik &f mZ0ifpmay tapmifapmif
k cf ef;
wdo Yk nf bd;k awmf ( - )ESihf t*Fvyd ef ,fcsUJ vufxufwrYkd pS í uG,af ysmufNy;D ajratmuf
odYk a&mufaecJ&h &SmavNy/D ,aeYwikd f tcsKd Ut<uif;tuserf sm;ESihf xdak cwf xdak cwfrsm;rS
yif w½dkwao odrf;xm;cJhNyD; bdk;pOfabmifquf wDuRwfponfjzifh tqufquf
xdef;odrf;vmcJhaom wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom &cdkif&mZ0iftapmifapmifwdkYrSm ,aeYwdkif
t½dk;t&GufzHk;ouJhodkY &Sdae&&Sm\/
xdkYaMumifh tuRefwdkYonf tarSmifcGif;í tvif;aqmiftHh? yef;wdkifyGifhygap?
'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;ygapqdkaom a<u;aMumfoHwdkY\ rkcfOD;odkYa&S;½Ijcif;jzifh a&S;a[mif;
&cdkif&mZ0if azmfxkwfa&;u@opfwpfqifh zGifhvSpfay;a&;udpötwGuf BudK;pm;&ef
tcsdefodkY usa&mufcJhavNyD/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 30 - - 31 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
,aeYtzdkY &cdkif&mZ0ifrSefudk wifjyjcif;rjyKEdkifcJhvQif tuRefwdkY\okawoe tuRefonf a&S;&cdkif&mZ0if (48)apmiftwGuf &SmyHkawmfBuD;udk cif;usif;
vkyfief;BuD;ü r[mtwm;tqD;BuD;rsm; jzpfvmEdkifzG,f&m&Sdygonf/ xdkYaMumifh &cdkif vsuf&Sdaeygonf/ wpfawm0if wpfawmxGufESifh awmcdka&Muaom aypmwdkYudk
trsdK;om;[lorQwdkYonf þtcsufudk txl;owdjyKzdkY vdktyfNyD[kxifjrifrdygonf/ &SmazG&onfrSm tvGefyif cufcJeufeJvSonfudk awGUMu&ygonf/ tuRef\ rdwfaqG
¤if;jyif &cdkif&mZ0ifrSefudk wifjyEdkifjcif;jzifh jynfaxmifpkom; tcsif;csif; wpfOD; udkom'dk;tm; þtcsdefü tvGefyifawmifhwvsufom &Sd&ygawmhonf/
taMumif; wpfOD;em;vnfvmum ydkrdk&if;ESD;rI&&SdMurnf[lívnf; ,HkMunfrdygonf/
a&S;a[mif; &cdik &f mZ0ifrsm;udk okawoevkyí f azmfxw k af &;vkyif ef;rSm vG,u f l "npH
aom vkyfief;r[kwfay/ azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; a&S;tqufqufu usef&SdcJhaom &cd k i f r *¾ Z if ; trS w f ( 12)
tcsKd Uaom a&S;a[mif;&mZ0ifpmayonf bd;k awmf(-)ESihf t*Fvyd ef ,fcsUJ wdYk zsuq f ;D jcif;
rsm;udk cH&onfomru urÇmppfESpfBudrfjzpfyGm;&mü txl;ojzifh 'kwd,urÇmppf
twGif;u av,mOfysHrsm;AHk;BuJ&mü r½IrvScH&cJhNyD; tawmfyifysufpD;oGm;&avonf/ rSwfcsuf/ / (1961-ck {NyDvxkwf &cdkifZmenf*sme,f twGJ(1)?
trSwf (2)rS jyefvnf qef;opfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
tuRefazmfjycJhaom bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rS aypm (100)onfvnf; AHk;'PfaMumifh
ysufpD;cJh&avonf/
,aeYawGU&Sdaom &mZ0ifrsm;teuf r[m0d[dum &mZ0ifvuFmBuD;? &mZ0if
a[mif; &mZ0ifawmfBuD;? 0drv&mZ0if? 'dk;a0; r[m&mZ0if? ivuf½Hk;&mZ0if?
rif;&mZmBuD; pmwrf;? usm;cGyf&mZ0if? aMumif;oHk;q,f &mZ0if? ausmuf½dk; &mZ0if
rsm;rSm a&S;usaom &mZ0ifrsm;jzpfNyD; OD;irJ &mZ0if? armifyHk&mZ0if? NrdKUa[mif;NrdKU
OD;omxGef;atmif &mZ0if? OD;y@dw\ "n0wD&mZ0if? "n0wD ta&;awmfyHk?
(oHwq JG &mawmf)? &rf;NANJ rKd Uawmifausmif;q&mawmfa&; &cdik &f mZ0ifopf? &aohawmif
q&mawmf\ "n0wDopf? q&mOD;atmifomOD;\ &cdkif&mZ0if? OD;bdk;vl\ &mZ0if?
q&mOD;omxGef;\&mZ0if[lí yHkESdyfxkwfa0NyD; xkwfa0&ef pDpOfjyKpkxm;aom
&mZ0ifrsm;udk awGU&ygonf/ a&S;&mZ0if (48)apmifudkum; aphpHkatmif tuRefYtae
ESifh rawGUBuHK&ao;yg/
a&Sa[mif;&mZ0ifokawoevkyfief;rsm;wGif EdkifiHjcm;om; rSwfwrf;rsm;?
a&S;a[mif;ypönf;rsm;? ausmufpmrsm;onf txl;ta&;BuD;aomtydkif;wGif yg0if
aeonfhtavsmuf aypmrsm;ESifhtwl okawoevkyfoGm;ygvQif wdusrSefuefaom
a&S;&cdkif&mZ0ifordkif;onf ay:vGifvmrnfrSm trSefyifjzpfygawmhonf/

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH
&cdik pf may
&cdkifpmay[líqdkvdkufvQif oD;jcm;aomtu©&mrsm;jzifh a&;om;zGJUEGJUtyfonfh
pmaywpfrsdK;ayavm[k tcsdKUar;cGef;xkwfMuayvdrfhrnf/ &cdkifpmayum; jrefrm
tu©&mrsm;jzifh a&;om;aompmayyifjzpfygonf/ odkYaomf &cdkifvlrsdK;wdkY\ oHk;pGJ&m
a0g[m&tcsdKUESifh toHaetoHxm; wcsdKUuGJvGJaerIaMumifh &cdkifpmqdkwdkY a&;om;
oDuHk;cJhaom tcsdKUaomoDcsif;? uAsmrsm;udk jrefrmwdkY vHk;aphywfaph t"dyÜm,f
aumuf,l&ef rvG,fulvSay/ tcsdKUaom &cdkifpmqdkawmfwdkYrSm jrefrmpmqdkawmfrsm;
ESifh cGJjcm;ír&Edkifavmufatmif zGJUEGJUEdkifcJhMuavonf/ b'lrif;ndKa&;om;oDuHk;aom
]]&cdik rf if;orD;{csi;f }}? OuúmyspH yfqakd om &wkuAsmrsm;? rdnKd ? apmjynfn
rsm;? "r®0dZ,tp&Sdaom omcsif;vuFmysdKUrsm;? &mZ0ifvuFmrsm;? ZmwfBuD; (10)bGJU
vuFmrsm;rSm tawmftxufwef;usaom pmayuAsmrsm;jzpfonfukd awGU&avonf/
r[mynmausmfavQmufxHk;? opfwuf ivuf½Hk; avQmufxHk;rsm;ESifh &cdkif&Z0ifBuD;
paom &cdik &f mZ0iftapmifapmifwu Ykd kd pum;ajy½d;k ½d;k ESihf qDavsmaf tmif a&;om;pD&if
xm;cJhonfrSmvnf; OD;ukvm; r[m&mZ0if? rSefeef;&mZ0ifwdkYuJhodkYyif txufwef;
uscJhonfudk awGUcJh&ayonf/ uAsmwdkYwGif &cdkifrif;orD;{csif;onf {csif;xJwGif
a&S;tusqHk;jzpfaeonfudkaxmuf½Ií tcsdKU&cdkifuAsmrsm;wDxGifzGJUEGJUcJh&mwGif jrefrm
uAsmrsm;xufyif a&S;usaeonfudkawGU&jyefonf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 32 - - 33 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
,cktcg &cdkifpmayrsm;rSm wdrfaumyaysmufvsuf&SdaecJh\/ ¤if;wdkYudk &SmazG
pkaqmif;azmfxkwfEdkifygu pmayrsm;wGiftusdK;rsm;zG,f&m &Sdayonf/ &cdkifpmay
vdkufpm;olwdkYonf rdrdwdkYpmay,Ofaus;rIudk jyefvnfazmfxkwfa&;ü rqkwfrwGefY&m/
jrefrmEdik if o H ak woetoif;Bu;D rSmvnf; pmayavmuzGUH NzKd ;a&;udk a&S;½Ií jynfaxmif
pk trsdK;om;pmaywpf&yfjzpfaom ]]&cdkifpmay}}azmfxkwfa&;wGif wpfzufwpfvrf;
tm;ay;ulnDEdkiforQ ulnDoifhayonf/ uREkfyfwdkY þ]]&cdkifpmay}} aqmif;yg;onf
&cdkifpmayazmfxkwfa&; vkyfief;udk taxmuftcHjzpfEdkifygap[k arQmfvifh&ayonf/
pmayuAsmwdkYonf jzpfysufaeaomtajctaeudk ay:vGifap\/ ywf0ef;usif
jzpfysufrIaMumifh pdwfwGif;oEÅmefü jzpfay:cHpm;rIwdkYudkvnf; azmfjyxm;\/ pmay
uAsmwdjYk zifh wpfpw kH pfO;D udv k nf;aumif;? trsm;udv k nf;aumif; ESpo f rd ahf p\/ aysm&f iT f
ap\/ oem;ap\/ xdcu kd af p\/ wuf<uap\/ owdw&m;&ap\/ pdwx f üJ trsKd ;rsKd ;
vIyf&Smap&efvnf;aumif;? Nidrfoufap&efvnf;aumif; zGJUEGJUMuonf/ pmayudk pum;
ajyjzifh ½d;k ½d;k vnf; a&;om;Muonf/ uAsmjzifv h nf;zGUJ EGUJ Muonf/ tajctaeudv k u
kd í f
þuJo h Ykd a&;om;zGUJ EGUJ Mujcif;jzpfayonf/ jrefrmpmaywGif uAsmtrsKd ;rsKd ; zGUJ EGUJ cJMh uovdk
&cdkifpmqdkawmfrsm;vnf; zGJUEGJUcJhMuonf/
a&S; &cdkifp mqdkwpfO D; a&;om;pyfqdkc Jha om ]]ydk; 0gbGJU}}udk zwf½ IvdkufvQif
(ajrmufOD;) NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUawmftaMumif;udk odMu&ayrnf/ pD;yGm;ukefoG,fa&; tajc
taeudkvnf;aumif;? vlrIqufqHa&; tajctaeudkvnf;aumif; bk&m; w&m;
omoema&;üudik ;f ½Iid ;f Ny;D ,Ofaus;odraf rGUjcif;ESihf 0wfpm;qif,ifyw kH uYkd kd od&&dS Edik Mf u
h Kd w\
Ykd vuf&m ayvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;ydk;0gbGJUudk zwf½I&aomtcg oD[dkVfuRef;rS yifv,ful; &GufoabFm
Bu;D rsm; NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd Uem;xda&muf&EdS ikd Mf uonfukd xif&mS ;pGmawGU&ayonf/ þtcsuf
tvufrsm;udk tm;vHk;xnfhoGif;azmfjy&ef &Snfvsm;rnfjzpfojzifh vluHkxHt&m&SdorD;
rydk;0g\ 0wfpm;qif,ifyHkudk atmufygtwdkif;aumufEkwfazmfjyvdkuf\/
t½kyfqif;0g? vSydk;0grSm? 0wfvwfyga&? abmif;eufauxrdef? oHk;ESpfvHk;yif
0wfrBuDau? atmufNcDwqifh? vSydk;0grSm? rSif;usdK;yGifhESifh? vSwifhqif,if? cg;wGif
Munfhvnf;? cg;BudK;'Gg'g&m? rsufig;jzmau? pHkpGmaooyf? vSydk;0grSm? 0wfvwfaw
av/ &ifrSmwGifav? &ifrSmMunfhavh? uif;ZGef;&Gufa,mif? vSydk;0grSm? yef;yGifha,mifvJ?
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 34 -
jcm&mqD;oyf? rar&ifrmS ? rrGwcf syv f ?Ykd wifah Mumif;oajc? vSy;kd 0grSm? 0wfvwfawav/
ud, k rf mS rma&? ud, k rf mS Munfah v? ud, k rf mS bmZl? a&Txyl ef;cuf? arbmZlrmS ? NcKd ;Z&ufEiS ?hf
vdkif,SufOa'gif;? ½kyfaygif;rsm;pGm? arbmZlrSm? omvdumESifh? pwkygvm? ewfom;&m
av;a,muf? uyfwHkNyD;au? BudrfvHk;ajymufESifh? axmufvdkYMunfh[ef? arbmzlrSm?
jcaoFh&HvdkY? ½kyfxkoP²mef? vSydk;0gudk? rdESifhbrSm? cspfíay;aomf? odef;aomif;wefudk?
wifhaMumif;w,foajc? vSydk;0grSm? 0wfvwfawav/ vufrSmrma&? vufrSm
Munfv h nf;? e0&wfrsu&f ?H vSy;kd 0grSm ode;f aomif;wefv?Ykd ESpaf csmif;udk &Tw?f oQpaf csmif;
vufrSm? tjynfhpGyfvdkY? wifhaMumif;awoajc? vSydk;0gu oQpfacsmif;vufrSm
0wfvwfawav/ em;rmrSma&? em;rSmMunfhvnf;? udk,f&dyfvJjrif? pdef&Sifa'vdyfvuf?
vSydk;0grSm? jrebufudk? wifhaMumifhoajc? ydk;0gem;rm? qifvwfawav/
tp&Sdojzifh zGJUEGJUxm;avonf/ þuJhodkY zGJUEGJUxm;onfudk wpfqifhul;,l&&Sd
xm;onfhtwdkif; xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;ygonf/ toH? tpyf? pmvHk;aygif;rsm;rSm
rl&if;ESifh tenf;i,fuGJvGJEdkifp&m &Sdayvdrfhrnf/
ZeD;tdrfolu vifa,musfm;ajrmufom;udk wrf;wrSmMum;aom uAsmwpfyk'frS
aumufEkwfcsufwpfckrSm--
tdrfBuD;wpfaqmif? &Gef;&Gef;ajymifonf? aqmif0ifwef;ysif;? 0Jvif;acgifqdkuf?
e*g;&pfqif0if? ajymhvufwifonf? armifvQiaf ysmyf g;? ovGeaf umif;onf? jyLwif;0u?
armifvGrf;Zmudk? arQmfESifhMunfhaomf? a&mufysm a&mufysm? wpmpmonf? vmysm
xGufxGuf? tdrfyg;eD;0ef;usif? rSif;usdK;yifu? iSufawmufusmonf? Mwif;bwfodkY?
Mum;wwfonfvnf;? w&ufaomfvnf;? vmygEdk;Edk; j*KwfwefcsdK;vdkY? Munfhcdk;rsufESm?
armifr,Sdwef;ysifrSmav? uEGJUunm? iSufu0gonf? jrnfvmrpJ? tdrfawmfOD;rSm?
wnD;nD;ESi?hf brf;cDbrf;cD? u0giSuu f ?kd &&pDv?Ykd zrf;vd&Yk au? u0giSuu f kd ZmjyKr,fav?
zrf ; vd k Y & au? EI w f o D ; zsm;rS m ? a&T c sr,f a v? tawmif zsm;rS m ? a&T c sr,f a v?
csdKifhESifhavSmifau? vufaqmifESr? armifawmfa&mufau? qufuyfarav/
rdrdMuifoli,fpOfu pmayqnf;yl;cJhyHkudk atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;ao;onf/
Bu;D cgq&m? i,fcg cifyeG ;f ? jrwfr[mav? ax&fausmaf usmif;rSm? r&D;a,&Sio f m;?
aqGcifyGef;udk? pmoifom;vdkY? earmutp? t&if;rSvQif? oifxxHkNyD;? oifykef;BuD;ESifh?
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 35 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
oHk;q,fhoHk;vHk;? oHk;oifykef;udk? wpfvHk;rusef? jrwfr[monf? ax&fausmfausmif;rSm?
aeYwdkif;jyefvdkY? Zmwfusrf;o'´g? vdr®mpGmonf? n0goifajrmuf? &Grf;umaumufvsuf?
na&mufqdkonf? yk*d¾Kvfax&fjrwf? 0gqdkausmif;rSm aeYwdkif;&Gufvsuf/
txufygwdkYrSm ]]omcsif;onf}}wdkY &GwfqdkoDusL;onfhtwdkif; a&;om;azmfjyjcif;
jzpfonf/ &cdkifjynfudk t*FvdyfwdkYodrf;ydkufí ppfawGNrdKUwnfaxmifcJhaomtcg
NrdKUolBuD;OD;atmifausmfZH? a';0ef;BuD;OD;atmifausmf&TDESifh rif;om;BuD; OD;a&Tbef;wdkY
OD;pD;um uwdrwnfaom t*FvdyfwdkYtm; awmfvSefcJhMuavonf/ ¤if;yk*d¾KvfwdkYudk
t*FvdyfwdkY zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifí umvuwåm;axmifodkY ydkYaqmifcJhavonf/ a';0ef;
OD;atmifausmf&TD? NrdKUolBuD; atmifausmfZHwdkYonf ¤if;wdkYtjzpftysufESifhywfoufí
&wkuAsmrsm;zGJUEGJUcJhMuonf/ ¤if;&wkuAsmwdkYum; txl;xif&Sm;cJhavonf/
OD;atmifausmfZHonf olwdkYom;r,m;rsm; olwdkYtm; tb,fyHkvGrf;qGwf wrf;w
Muonfudk atmufygtwdkif; zGJUEGJUxm;cJhonf/
vnf;avQmif;vl;tHk;arGU&m? r,fawmfwlr? armifoufrQwdkY? nHhvSanmifapmif;
omü? pufarGU&mxdkcP? *päye'D? ac:wGifnDonf? ajrmufqDa[0efwmu? oGef;us
vmonfh pkeaf vjyif;? pdrphf rd chf sr;f um? at;vSygonf? arGU&movGew f iG ;f u? r,fv;kH csi;f
pufraysmf? Muif&moufxm;? vifa,musfm;vnf;? eHyg;&SdvSmygodkY? xifrdum
pdwfa,mif,rf;? yef;yHkarGU&movGefom0,f? xumarTíprf;u? armifh&ifaiGU? rawGU
aomcg r,fwdkYrSmvnf;? xdkcgwcsJUcsJUESifh? wEGJUEGJUMuufoD;0Sef? ylyefaysmif;ys? armifhudk
wí? tvS&moufEw HS ?Ykd rd;k aomufjyefww
kH pfcg? Adrmeftrd ef m;? yef;pHum;onf? opfrsm;
yifxufrSmwnfh/
iSufa&T0g wwGufwGuf? a&mufysma&mufysm Mwif;nmonf? jyif;pGmedrdwfzwf
í? jrnfwHkvwfiSufa&T0g? rjym;toH? uloP²mefodkY? aESmif;pGefMum;avygu? u,f
aumif;om[kwfpEdk;[k? vGefESvHk;- 0rf;om&Tif? tvsifwqG? artvSwdkY? csD<ujyif
xufusifu? jyKyÜgvQif'ud©P? Owå&'Day? ypdäar[k? av;axG&yfa'oudk? ½IarQmf
MunfhMuaomtcg? arhr,fxdyfxm;vifbk&m;udk? awGUnm;rjrifygu? rsufpd&Smwrf;
a&&Gwf? vSxG#f0if;ajymif? ewfqif;a,mifwdkY? tdrfarQmifNrD;xl;jywfodkY/ / &Sifvl
rsm;wumwdkY? aysmfMu&moHk;Owk? 0guRwfoBuFef? obifpHonf? a&mifvQHrD;yGJrludk?
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 36 -
rMunfh0HhMuyg? a&S;OD;bGm;arQmf? om;&Jabmfvnf;? tbaeYwdkif;ac:vsuf? &Smwrf;
arQmfom;ykvJ? vuf0Jvusfm? &SpfrsufESmudk? ywfum0ef;Munfhu/ / budkvnf;
rjrif&Sm? [pfatmfvl;vJ? rd&ifxJ0,f? idka<u;wpmpmESifh? rdudkomwGwfwGwf? uRefY
udkrsm;Muif? arG;zcifudk? ckyifjyygvwf[k? wrf;a&&Gwfom;oJcsm? ryDwpfcGef;
yDwpfcGef;ESifh? buf&rf;ar;jref;vSmu? ajymp&mqdkrwwf? ajcjypfvwfiif? rdewf&SifwdkY?
&ifudkaxmif;xkowfí? oufqHk;jywfarmifhudk &SmarQmfuma,mif,rf;? w½kvGrf;vsuf/
vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif; (40)avmufu &cdkifpmqdkrsm; ay:aygufcJhavonf/ &rf;NAJ
uif;&Gmbke;f awmfBu;D ESihf ppfawGNrKd U OD;&pfawmifaus;vuf? wef;cd;k &GmrS q&mxGe;f wdrYk mS
txl;emrnfBuD;cJhonf/ xdkyk*d¾KvfESpfOD;pvHk;rSm omcsif;bGJUBuD;? omcsif;vwf?
omcsif;bGJUi,f? a[mpmBuD;? &wk? uAsm? ? vuFm? armfuGef;? tqef;? t½dk;? trsdK;rsdK;
tzHkzHk? ydk'fpHkoHcsyf? t&yf&yf jyZmwfoDcsif;uAsm? arwåmpmcifyif;wdkYudk a&;om;
oDuHk;cJhMuonf[k awGU&Sd&avonf/
uif;&Gmbkef;BuD;a&;om;zGJUEGJUcJhaom ppfawGrS &rf;NAJoGm;a&;vm; c&D;pOfbGJUrSm
txl;zwfí aumif;ayonf/ ¤if;rS aumufEkwfcsuf wpfckum;--
&Snfvsm;umv? uRef;&r®udk? ww½l½l? ESif;tltlESifh? rif;ulrkefn§if;? rkefuif;wGJ
vGJ? wydkwGJwGif? vGefyGJrrSD? &moDomarm? usD;MuufawmESifh? OMooHn§if;? tvGefysif;cJh-
-- [líyif jzpfygonf/
ppfawG ,dk;acsmif;uefapmuf&Gmae aqGpyfolwpfOD;xHa&;om;tyfaom arwåm
pmrSm atmufygtwdkif;yif jzpfonf/
ok'óe? pdwåuk|? ponfrsm;ajrmif? a&Tawmif aiGawmif eHYomawmifwdkYjzifh?
&Haqmifywfum? tcgcgaerxdk;? ESif;tcdk;a0a0? aqmif;aiG0oEÅ? oHk;umvwGif?
wpfaeYrQaet[def? tcsdefrSm tmoefvjynfh? xdyfwnfhwnfhwpfuGuf? aepufxGef;y?
taem'w¦a&t[l? rdrdtyl olYtavmif? ukefatmifat;apwwfaom? rsufjrwf
aZmw? Mo"dóarwåmjzifh? uif;&Gmynwf? &r®m&yfu? &Spfxyfaomyv’ifjrifhwGif?
&SpfqifhxD;jzLudk? vlvljzefYrdk;í? aersdK;ol&def? tordÇefwdkY? xdefxdefaomif;uRef;?
wefcdk;rTef;onf? pHjref;awmfrl&m? wdkif;&u©mraZÑ? axGaxGe0&wf? rsufjrwfvQHjrL;?
ajrmufOD;NrdKUa[mif;? oa&acsmif;ta&SUurf;? &yf&dyfcsrf;uHapmuf&Gmae? vuform;
bk&m; batxH/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 37 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
wefcdk;q&mxGef;\ vuFm? &wk? uAsm? omcsif;BuD;? omcsif;i,fwdkYrSmvnf;
txl;xif&Sm;cJhonf/ omcsif;onf trsm;tzdkYtawmftoHk;0ifayonf/ pmay
vdu k pf m;olrsm;twGurf mS vnf; tzd;k rjzwfEikd af vmufaom &wemrsm;jzpfaeayonf/
t*Fvefjynf &Sdwf(c)pyd,m vuFmq&mBuD;? jrefrmjynf OD;ykn? &cdkifjynfwGif
q&mxGef;[líyif tcsdKUuqdkMuayonf/
owåxmEkomcsif;qef;wGif rif;orD;yzmu armifawmfowåxmEkrif;om;udk
wrf;warQmfac:&mü atmufygtwdkif; zGJUEGJUxm;avonf/
]]eef;&a0rSm? aecgumv? ,HkpE´mav? xGufay:xGef;au? v0ef;yu? nOD;
uyif? toifhysifysm? armifvQifa&mufaMumif;? vGrf;pdwfvnf;ydk? eef;&dyfpdkau?
ndKEGJUaESmif;rSm? acsmif;vdkYwau? apmifhvdkYaeau? ESrysdKEk? yef;oZifcdkif? eef;yif
wdkifwGif? ,Ofrsuf½IrSm? nOD;ac:qdk? nOfhA[dkav? wAdk&fvGefajrmuf? eef;jranmifrSm?
armifra&mufvdkY? wpfa,mufysdKpif? pdwfr&Tifau? tdyfcsifonfjzpf? qm;iefa&wGif?
arha&Tvufudk? wpfcsufEIdufau---/
nOD;oef;acgif? yumajymifau? va&mifudkwrf;? yifeef;aqmifu? armifhudk
vGef;vdkY}}
yef;rsm;udk zGJUqdkaomtcg ]]awmifNrdKifcsmwGif? aemfZmpHum;? o&bDrmvm?
ta0,mau? pG,fawmfrsm;ESifh? cs&m;rdk;pD? cgawmfrSDau? em&D&ifuwf? a*:oZif[k?
ac:wGifrSwfau? tcsyfw&m? pvwåmESifh? &ifhrSmacgif&ef;? vjymodkrSm? cGmndKyef;udk?
tqef;rsdK;pHk? ½Irukefatmif? 0doBuHKewfrGef? pdrf;ndKajymifau? awmifig;vHk;ESifh?
eef;oHk;&wem? yef;uHk;awmfudk}}
azmfjycJhaom &cdkifpmqdkrsm;\tzGJUEGJUrsm;onf umva&GUavsmNyD; tqifhqifh
ul;,lxm;&SdcJh&m tpyft[yf? pmvHk;aygif;rSm rl&if;rsm;ESifh tenf;i,fuGJvGJp&mvrf;
&Sad eayonf/ azmfjycJah om aumufEw k cf surf sm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh &cdik o
f mcsi;f Bu;D ?
omcsif;vwf? omcsif;bGJUi,fwdkY jzpfaeojzifh &cdkifoHESifhzwf&GwfoDqdkMunfhu
t"dyÜm,fydkrdk ay:vGifvmayvdrfhrnf/ rnfodkYjzpfapumrl þ&cdkifpmayaqmif;yg;
uav;onf &cdkifpmayay:xGufa&;ü taxmuftyHhjzpfapownf;/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 38 - - 39 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
þuAsmoGm;udk jrefrmynm&Sd OD;ausmfxGef;u jrefrmpmñGefYaygif;usrf;? yxrwGJ?
pmrsufESm (11)ü oQdK;vdkuf&wk[k trnfwyfcJh\/
t*¾r[my@dw q&mBuD; OD;vif;url &uef[kajymzl;onf/ wpfzef refvnf
q&mawmfbk&m;u þtoGm;rsdK;udkyif &wk [ktrnfay;vsuf a&;om;xm;cJh
jyefonf/
&cdkifjynfwpf0ef;vHk;wGif ]]omcsif;}}[k ac:a0:oDqdkaeMuonf/

("npH )
&cd k i f h w ef a qmif twG J ( 1)? trS w f ( 1)

&cdkif*DwESifh aw;oH
jynfaxmifpktwGif; wdkif;&if;om;rsm;,Ofaus;rIteuf &cdkif,Ofaus;rIonf
vnf; wpfcktygt0ifjzpfayonf/ ,aeY&cdkiftrsdK;om;,Ofaus;rIwGif tusHK;0ifae
onfh &cdkif*DwESifhaw;oHrsm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG;cGifh&onfhtwGuf pDpOfaomyk*d¾Kvfrsm;
tm; txl;aus;Zl;wifygonf/ uRefawmfhtaejzifh &cdkiftrsdK;om;½dk;&m *DwESifhaw;oH
wdkYudk ESpfaygif;tawmfMum &SmazGavhvmcJhNyD; azmfxkwfEdkif&ef BudK;pm;cJholwpfOD;
taejzifhvnf; rsm;pGmESpfaxmif;tm;& &SdvSygonf/
uRefawmfwdkYBuD;jyif;vmonfhumvwGif &cdkif½dk;&maw;*DwwdkY aysmufuG,fvkvk
&Sad ecJo
h nfukd awGUvmcJ&h ygonf/ okawoejyKvyk rf I azmfxw
k rf ?I tm;ay;rI? xde;f odr;f
rI uif;rJhNyD; tjcm;aom*Dwaw;oHwdkYESifh a&m,SufvmrIrsm;aMumifh rlysufum ½dk;&m
oabm rl&if;t&om uif;rJhcJh&ygonf/ ,aeYrSm uRefawmfwdkY\ ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rIudk
azmfxkwfEdkif&ef þuJhodkY tcGifhta&;rsdK;&&SdvmMuNyDjzpfojzifh &cdkif*DwESifhaw;oH
tppftrSefwdkYudk t&om&Sd&SdESifh Mum;vmMu&awmhrnf[k ,HkMunfygonf/ þuJhodkY
tcGifhta&;&&Sdonfh tcsdeftcgwGif &cdkifokawoDwdkYESifh &cdkifvli,frsm;u txl;
BudK;pm; vHk;yrf;Muvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifygonf/

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 40 - - 41 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
,aeYuRefawmf wifjyaqG;aEG;&mü &cdkif*DwESifhaw;oHwdkYudk ½dk;&mrysuf tqdk? twD;? tu
ay:vGifatmifwifjyvdk&if; jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf ½dk;&mrl azmfxkwfa&;rSm rvG,ful
þuJhodkY wl&d,mrsdK;rsm;ay:aygufcJhNyD; &cdkifpmqdkrsm; zGJUqdkcJhaom uyÜsm? vuFm?
vSojzifh cRw,
f iG ;f csurf sm;? vdak eonft
h csurf sm;&Sad eOD;rnfukd uReaf wmf 0efcyH gonf/
omcsif;? bGJU? pum;,ifh? Asmjcif;? oHcsyfBuD;? 'Hkcsif;? [efpGav? ompGav aw;oHwdkYudk
odkYaomf ,aeYtzdkYrSm uRefawmfavhvm&&SdcJhorQudk twwfEdkifqHk;0rf;omtm;&
oufqdkif&m wl&d,mwdkYjzifh oHaeoHxm;? oHavsmhoHwif;? oHqGJoHiifwdkYudkvdkufí
wifjyaqG;aEG;oGm;rnfyif jzpfygonf/
wD;Muygonf/ &cdkif*DwESifhaw;oHrSm wpfOD;udkwpfOD; tusdK;jyKaeygonf/ ¤if;jyif
vufOD;rqGuyif tuvnf;&Sdygao;onf/ tuudkvdkufíqdk&ygonf/ tqdkudkvdkufí wD;&ygonf/
wl&,d mudk toH;k jyK&ygonf/ ,ck uReaf wmfwifjyaeonfrmS ½d;k &m&cdik *f w D ESihf aw;oH
&cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;rSm a&S;txufausmfumv vufOD;rqGuyif okckrtEkynm
rsm;om jzpfygonf/ þuJhodkY wifjy&mwGif tqdk? twD;? tuoHk;rsdK;pvHk;udka&mí
&yfrsm;ü uRr;f usivf rd m® Ny;D *DwtrsKd ;rsKd ;ESihf aw;oHtrsKd ;rsKd ;udk tajctae umva'o
azmfjyoGm;rnf jzpfygonf/
tavsmuf wD;rIwfoDqdk toHk;jyKcJhMuolrsm;jzpfaMumif; &mZ0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;ü awGU&Sd
&ygonf/ &cdkif&mZ0ifü 'obmwdunDaemifwdkY yifv,furf;em; a&upm;&modkY &Spfaomif;wl&d,mt½kyfrsm;
arQmygvmaom uuú#ykpeG v f ufrudk A[dpk nfMuufvyk í f ajrm§ ufpnfjyKvyk x
f m;cJo
h nf
a&S;tcgu b,fvdkwl&d,mawGtoHk;jyKcJhonfudk taxmuftxm;&SmazGonfh
[k tqdk&Sdonf/ pE´ol&d,rif; r[mjrwfrked&Sifyifudk oGef;vkyfpOfu yÍöifwl&d,m
tcg ,ckNrdKUa[mif;NrdKU (,cifajrmufOD;NrdKU) &efatmifaZ,sac: &Spfaomif; ykxdk;
wD;rIwfjcif;&SdcJhonf[k yg&Sdonf/ a0omvDpE´&m; rif;rsm;vufxuf pnfawmf&Gef;cJh
awmfBuD; 'kwd,txyf t*Fgaxmifh? &m[kaxmifhwdkYwGif xGif;xkxm;cJhaom &cddkif
aom awmifudk ,ckwdkif pnfBuD;awmif[k ac:vsuf&Sdygonf/
wl&d,mwD;rIwf uckefaeaom ausmuf½kyfrsm;udk ,aeYwdkifawGUEdkifygonf/ wa,m?
yÍöifwl&d,m wD;rIwfumjzifh apmif;aumuf? c&m>rm? c&maumuf? vufwH&Snf? cGufcGif;? ywfom? vif;uGif;
tp&Sdaom wl&d,mrsm;udk wD;rIwfuckefaeMu[efudk awGUjrif&ygonf/ twD;trIwf
&cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkYrSm wl&d,m aw;oHrsm;taejzifh ]]yÍöifwl&d,m wD;rIwfumjzifh}}
wl&d,mrsm;taejzifh a&S;OD;pGm tdEd´,ta&SUbufrS qif;vmcJhaomfvnf; &cdkif
[lí &cddkifpmqdkrsm; pyfqdkxm;cJhonhftwdkif; wl&d,mig;yg;udk toHk;jyKcJhMuygonf/
trsKd ;om;wdt
Yk aejzifh obm0tajctaetavsmuf wDxiG cf jhJ cif;jzpfygonf/ ,d;k ',m;
]]BuD;? BudK;? o&D? vD? vufckyf}}rsm;yif jzpfygonf/ ]BuD;}qdkonfrSm cGufcGif;? pnf;pkwf?
tuudk ajrmufOD;acwfü &&SdcJhonf/ oD&dok"r®m&mZmvufxuf bdodufyGJ wD;rIwf
armif;? oHpnfac: BuD;pnfrsdK;wdkYyif jzpfygonf/ BudK;qdkonfrSm BudK;udktoHk;jyK&aom
uckefMuyHkudk rsufjrifudk,fawGUjzpfaom ay:wl*Dbkef;awmfBuD;wpfOD;\ rSwfwrf;rS
apmif;? wa,m? rdausmif;? 'l;avmif; trsdK;tpm;yif jzpfygonf/ pnfrsdK; (25)yg;ESifh
aumufEIwfNyD; rpöwmarmf&pfaumfvpf(p)u atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;&Sdonf/
ywfoufonfh wpfzufyw d pf nf? ESpzf ufyw
d pf nf? tvH;k pHyk w
d pf nf? wcJeufaom pnfrsKd ;
The proceeding opened with a concert and a ballet. Classical songs were
yif jzpfonf/ ]]vD}}qdo k nfrmS ]]av}}yif jzpfygonf/ avudk toH;k jyK&aom wl&, d mrsKd ;
sung, and twenty-four dancers dressed in green and white, with high crowns like
yif jzpfygonf/ ,if;wl&d,mrsm;rSm c&maumuf? c&mrTm? vufwHwdk? vufwH&Snf?
Siamese dances, some carrying musical instruments, danced in two lines which
abm? n§if;? jcnfacgif;wdkYyifjzpfNyD; >yDtrsdK;tpm;rSm n§if;? >yD? ETJ>yD >yD&SnfwdkYyif
intermingled seperated, ebbing and flowing gracefully advance which is reminiscent
jzpfygonf/ vufckyfrSm vlvufjzifh vufckyfwD;jcif;? 0g;vufckyf? opfvufckyf?
both of the Burmese yein and the Balinese rdejang.
vufazsmufvufckyf? vufMum;vufckyf? ausmufvufckyfrsm;yif jzpfygonf/

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 42 -
a&S;tcgu obifudk csD;jr§ifhonfhtaejzifh pnfobiftrwfBuD;[líyif
&SdcJhygonf/ twD;orm; tuorm;rsm;udk oD;jcm;ae&mcsay;xm;onfudkvnf;
awGU&Sd&ygonf/
&cdkifpnf
&cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;taejzifh toHk;trsm;qHk;aom wl&d,mrSm pnfyifjzpfygonf/
pnfudk trsm;tm;jzifh ydawmufom;ESifhvkyfygonf/ wpfzufu EGm;o&D? wpfzufu
qdwfo&Dudk Muufygonf/ qdwfo&DMuufonfhbufudk apmifbufvdkY ac:ygonf/
EGm;o&DMuufonfhbufudk NAdef;bufvdkY ac:ygonf/ wpfcsdKUae&mrsm;wGif NAdef;bufvdkY
rac:bJ >*rf;bufvdkY ac:ygonf/ apmifbufudk tjcif;abmfa&bufvdkY ac:ygonf/
NAdef;bufudk toHvdkufw,fbufvdkY ac:ygonf/ pnfwD;onfhtcg ]]abxD;? abxD;}}
qdkaom toHrsm;rxGufbJ ]]apmifNAdef;}}qdkaom toHrsdK;xGufNyD; wpfpHkwpfck aumif;rI
ukodkvfjyKonfhtcg ,if;aumif;rIESifhoufqdkifonfh wD;vHk;wD;uGufrsdK;rsm;udk wD;&
ygonf/ apmifbufudk vufESifhtjcif;azmfNyD;vQif NAdef;bufudk qifpG,fac:onfh
wkwEf iS w
hf ;D &ygonf/ r*Fvm&Sad om trIupd rö mS wD;rnfqykd gvQif pnfw\ Ykd xH;k pHtwdik ;f
t0wf0wf&ygonf/ trsdK;tpm;tm;jzifh (2)rsdK;? (3)rsdK; &Sdygonf/ pnf0wfcg;yHkBudK;?
&ifodkif;bl;yGifhwGJtp&Sdonfh t0wftpm;rsm;udk 0wfqif&ygonf/ pnfwD;onfhtcg
yPmrtaejzifh Ak'y¨ Pmrudk wD;ygonf/ ]]Ak'o H¨ &PH*pämrd}}udk wD;Muygonf/ ¤if;jyif
]]tbdÓPfa&mif? xdefvif;ajymif}}udkvnf; wD;Muygonf/
Oyrm - todÓPfa&mif xdefvif;ajymif? tacgifpdk;&Sdef rm&Zdefqdkonfhtydk'fudk
wD;onfhtcg atmufygtwdkif; wD;&ygonf/
tbd (ÓPfa&mif)2 xdefvif;ajymif/
NAdef; (NAdef;)2 NAdef;apmifNAdef;apmif? NAdef;apmifapmif
þuJhodkY pnfwD;íqdkaomtoHrSm &cdkif½dk;&m aw;oHwpfrsdK;yifjzpfygonf/
pnfrsdK;rsm;
&mZ0ifrw
S w
f rf;wdüYk atmufygpnfrsm;udk &cdik t
f rsKd ;om;rsm;toH;k jyKcMhJ uonf[k
awGU&ygonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm ajr§mufpnf (A[dkpnf)? oHvGifpnf? rk½dk;pnf (pnfajAm)?
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 43 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
pnfykwf? pnfBuD; (&Gef;pnf)? 'Hkrif;? pnfyef;awmif; (pnfya'gif;)? pnf0rf;? ywfom
(ywfr)? wpfzufpnf? yef;wsm; (yef;usm;)? cwfpnf? pnfaoQ? pnftdkifh (tdk;pnf)
ponfwdkYyif jzpfygonf/
,aeYwdkifoHk;aeonfh pnfrsm;
,aeYwdkif &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;oHk;aeMuonfrsm;rSm yef;wsm;? rk½dk;? cwfpnf?
usifpnf? pdkifwpfrsdK;? AHk&Snfpnfrsm; jzpfMuonf/
tokbudpöwdkYü cwfwifpnfac: pnf&SnfrsdK;udkoHk;Muonf/ r*Fvmaqmif
orufwufonfhtcg yef;usif;ac: orufwufpnfudk wD;Muonf/ ewfuonfhtcg
yef;wsm;pnfudkwD;Muonf/ ywfwD;onf[lívnf; ac:qdkygonf/ &SifjyKr*FvmyGJrsm;
ü ajAmpnfac: ajAmudk wD;Muonf/ rk½dk;pnf[lívnf; ac:ygonf/ wydkYwGJv
&xm;yGw J iG f wpfzufyw d pf nfac: td;k pnfukd wD;Muonf/ bk&m;xD;wifyrJG sm;wGiv f nf;
tdk;pnfudk wD;Muygonf/ usifpnfudk &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkY\ xif&Sm;aom upm;ckefpm;
wpfckjzpfonfh usifudkifyGJ (eyef;owfyGJ)wdkYü wD;cwf&\/ þpnfwD;cwfvdkufvQif
usio f efrsm;onf pdw&f &J ifv h mNy;D aMumufpw
d af ysmufomG ;avh&o
dS nf/ þpnfuykd cH;k ESihf
pvG,fodkif;vsuf txufodkY rsufESm0udk apmif;iJhumxm;NyD; vTm;&if;ckef&if; pdwftm;
wuf<uvmap&ef wD;cwf&\/ ,aeYwdkif usifyGJrsm;üwD;cwfqJjzpfygonf/
]pdkif}ac:onfh pnfwpfrsdK;udk ausmufjzL? &rf;NAJ aus;vufrsm;ü wD;cwfMuonf/
xdkpnfrSm yg;vTmpGmtacgif;xGif;xm;NyD; om;a&Muufxm;ojzifh ayghyg;vSonf/
toHrmS vnf; xdex Yf ed BYf uKd ;rQ jrnf[nf;vSonf/ ¤if;a'owGif AH[ k ak c:onf/ oBueF yf ?JG
bk&m;yGJrsm;ü wD;cwfavh&SdMuonf/
ywfoH
azmfjyaomywfoHudk ,aeYwdkifMum;ae&ygao;onf/ ewfylaZmfonfhtcg?
ewfuonfhtcg wD;Muygonf/ qdkMuygonf/ þtoHudkvnf; &cdkifaw;oHwpfrsdK;
[k ac:qdkEdkifygonf/ ausmuf&SifewfBuD;ywfoHudk atmufwGifwifjyvdkufygonf/
]]tol ½ d k U wuf a wmif n d K awmif ? armif a oQ½d k U wuf a wmif n d K awmif /
awmifxyd cf smjrif?h tHah vmuf,if?h wufvw D ufv?D ausmufavSum;udk wG&d ar/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 44 - - 45 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
vSu
D m;vnf;a&muf wpfqifah xmuf? qD;uGr;f vnf;0g; wpfcsuef m;/ wufvu
kd f (NyKd i;f )om;jzifjh zpfap jyKEikd o
f nf/ wa&mcGuu f kd Muuf&mü orifa&? qdwaf &? *saD &wdu Yk kd
wufvu kd f e*g;&pfuykd wf&ar/ ywfawywfaw? ywfvwfaw/ ywfawtNy;D toH;k jyKonf/ bGUJ BuKd ;udrk l jcnftaumif;pm;udk oH;k vGe;f wifuspí f vuf½;kH t&if;tzsm;
awmifpG,fBuD;? eb,Ha&mufawmifrapmuf/ tarmufausmfcg awmifem; pGe;f udk anmif&u G [f ak c:í xdak tmufe;D eD;wGiv f uf½;kH udk bGUJ BuKd ;tvdu
k f azmufonf/
acgif;udk ausmfvwfaw/ xdtk aygufukd 'vufwyf&onf/ bGUJ BuKd ;pGe;f udk 'vufzsm;pGe;f wGi&f pfcsní f bGUJ BuKd ;udk
awmifpG,fawmifywfawmifb,uf? ausmufuvyfjyif ausmufewf&Sif? toHnn d§ ad§ y;&onf/ bGUJ BuKd ;\ vuf½;kH ESihf xdawGUrae&ef ckw;kH ac:vdyu f kd ckay;ojzifh
ausmuf&SifewfBuD; &SdawmfxD;udk wGd&ar---av---? wGd&---ar---/ uGmí &Sdaeonf/ 'vufzsm;wGif csnfxm;aombGJUBudK;rsm; wpfyl;wnf;&Sdap&ef
vuf½Hk;udkodkif;í jcnfBudK;jzifh xdef;ay;xm;&onf/ &cdkifwa&mwGif BudK;ESpfyif wyf&
&cdkifwa&m onf/ wa&mxd;k wHwiG f awmifavQmaf c:aom avQmw f pfrsKd ;udk BuKd ;tjzpfjzifw h yfqifMu
þodkY pnfoHywfoHrsm;udkwifjyNyD;aemuf qufvufNyD; &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm; onf/ wa&m\bGJUBudK;ESifh xdk;BudK;ESpf&yfvHk;udk acsmrGwfap&efrxdk;rD ysm;za,mif;jzL
,aeYwdkif toHk;jyKaeMuonfh &cddkifrlydkifwa&mtaMumif;udk wifjyvdkygonf/ aumif;aumif;jzifh yGwfwdkufay;&avonf/
wefcdk;q&mxGef;BuD;u wdkufomcsif;rSm þodkYa&;om;xm;ygonf/ wa&mudk vHk;csif;xdk;Edkifonf/ apmif;n§if;a>yrsm;ESifhvnf; wGJíxdk;Edkifonf/
]]r,m;auR;rI? om;auR;rIau? wpfckynm? udk,fpDygau? "r®wm &cdik t f rsKd ;om;rsm;ujyaom yifu h Zl mwfyoJG bifü wa&monf ta&;ygavonftjcm;
oabm? avmuwHxGm? uREkfyfrSmum;? Opöm&Smjim;? olrsm;[efav? tm;tef wl&d,mrsm;ESifh,SOfwGJí wD;rIwfMuonf/ a&S;tcgu rif;crf;rif;em;rsm;ü toHk;cs
xkwaf u? rvkyjf im;bJ? wa&mwpfv;kH ? trsm;oH;k atmif? tke;f oD;cGeH ?D aMumif&D aomfvnf; qif;&Jcsrf;omra&G; toHk;jyKEdkifaom wl&d,myif jzpfygonf/ wpfa,muf
udkMuuf? wa&mwHudk? [efatmifvkyfau? usD;½kyfiSufESifh}} csif; oDqdkumxdk;&mü wa&mudk ajrBuD;üwnfhwnfhrwfrwfaxmifxm;í ycHk;wGif
rSDum xdk;Muonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh ydk;0gbGJU? p`E´m;bGJU? xr&mbGJU? omjcif;? ,dkif;jcif;?
,cktcg tcsKd Uaoma'orsm;ü rmvcG(H tke;f oD;cG)H wa&mudk toH;k jyKaeMuqJyif
ykaoQacsmh ykcufvTJ? &Gef;vdkuf&wk? ompGav? vuFm? {jcif;? Zrf;jcif;udkvnf; oDqdkNyD;
jzpfygonf/ &cdkif½dk;&m rlydkifwa&m[k wcsdKUqdkMuygonf/ wa&monf &cdkifhtajccH xdk;Edkifavonf/
wa&myif jzpfonf[k ,lqygonf/ odkYaomf &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkYrSm xdkxufwdk;wufNyD;
tqifhtwef;jrifhaom wa&mwl&d,mudk toHk;jyKcJhMuygonf/ þae&mü &cdkifwa&m &cdkifrdausmif;wl&d,m
tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk tenf;i,fwifjyvdkygonf/ &cdik t
f rsKd ;om;wdo Yk nf rdausmif;wl&, d mudk ajrmufO;D acwfü toH;k jyKcMhJ u onfukd
wpfae&mü zvm;ac: wa&mcGuf? vuf½Hk;? bGJU? BudK;? vdyfac: ckwHk;? BudK; awGU&ygonf/ ydk;0gbGJUü rdausmif;wl&d,mtaMumif;udk zGJUxm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
bGJU&m'vuf? toHaygufac: ewforD;ayguf? wa&mtdk;? anmif&Gufponfh tpdwf ]]rif;om;vlysdK? q&mausmif;rSm? apmif;ESifhaysmfa&? rwD;csifau?
tydkif;rsm; &SdMuonf/ yxrwa&mcGufudk txltyg;? zvm;oP²mef n§dxGif;NyD;vQif aZmifyifrif;om;? ausmif;pnfwdkifrSm? &TDrdausmif;udk? wifvdkYxm;a&? q,fh&D;
om;a&Muuf&onf/ ¤if;aemuf vuf½Hk;opfacsmif;udkxdk;xnfhNyD; 'vufaygufazmuf &Hcg? pdwfudkazsmfau? wD;p&mav? ydk;jcnfESpfyif? BudK;wpfyifau? pG,f&Sif
vsuf 'vufwufwyfjcif;? BudK;wGJjcif;? BudK;\tck ckwHk;vdyfwyfjcif;ponfjzifh tpDpOf av;acsmif;? pdwfudkazsmfa&? &TDrD;ausmif;udk? wifhaMumif;wnfhoajc? tom
twdik ;f jyK&avonf/ wa&mcGuu f kd ydEo
Jé m;tESpjf zifh jyKvyk o
f nf/ odaYk omf aMu;zvm; wnfw h ifNy;D ? oH;k yifBuKd ;ud?k nDatmifnad§ &? xH;k udu
k iif? usm;udo
k if? rSeBf u;D udk
cGufudkvnf; toHk;jyKMuonf/ vuf½Hk;udk &Sm;om;jzifhjzpfap? uRef;om;? ysOf;uwdk; cwfv?Ykd vufoef;vufv,f? vuf<u,fvufr? apmif; q,fpw d rf mS ? a&SmufvYkd

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 46 - - 47 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
csa&? nmbufvufn§dK;? rdausmif;vdkif (vnf)rSm? pDvdkYxdk;a&}} &cdkifyvGDESifha>yrSm wl&d,mtrsdK;trnftm;jzifhwlaomfvnf; toGiftjyif uGJvGJ
jcif;rsdK;pHkazmfEdkifonfh wl&d,myifjzpfonf/ BudK;udktoHk;jyK&aom wl&d,myif ygonf/ yvGDrSm xGif;xkxm;aom tacgif;i,fNyD; a>yrSmtacgif;BuD;ygonf/ yvGD
jzpfvifhupm; cwfíwD;&onf/ ,ckacwf bif*sdK*Dwmrsm;uJhodkYyifjzpfonf/ trsKd ;rsKd ;&Scd yhJ gonf/ yvGtD wdk t&Snv
f nf; &Syd gonf/ taygufvnf; trsKd ;pH&k ydS gonf/
tcsdKUyvGDudk wwJh(wnfhwnfh)rIwf&NyD; tcsdKUudk apmif;uef; (wapmif;)rIwf&ygonf/
&cdkifapmif;wl&d,m xl;jcm;aom &cdkifyvGDtrsdK;rSm ]cifyvGD}yif jzpfygonf/ yg;pyfjzifhudkufírIwf&mwGif
&cdkifapmif;wl&d,mudk ajrmufOD;acwfü toHk;jyKMuonfudk awGU&ygonf/ yvGDtcif;zsm;ü wGif;(usif;)uav;azmufNyD; tcifac:onfh vQmwyfxm;&ygonf/
]rdk;yef;a0} omcsif;ü þodkY zGJUqdkxm;onfudk awGU&jyefygonf/ xdt
k cif jyKwx f u
G v
f w
G í
f rusatmif za,mif;jzifh zduyfxm;&ygonf/ rIwo f nft h cg
]]q&marmifx;DG ? vufaumufps;D rSm;? xGi;f vkyyf gonf? vS&mpdwBf uKd u?f xdktcifudk yg;pyfjzifhiHkí rIwf&ygonf/ taygufuav;rsm;udk ydwfzGifhay;&ygonf/
jym;eHESpfudk? xkvkyfonfum;? 0dÓPf0ifysm? t&SifwGm;odkY? ydk;om;wyif? tcifudkwyfívkyfxm;&onfhtwGuf cifyvGD[kac:ygonf/
jcnfvQiw f rsKd ;? taemufygonf? BuKd ;0gBuKd ;ESi?hf vSr;kd i,fMuif? &ifciG f wifau? &rf;NAJrSmqdkvQif Zrf;ac:obm0aw;oHrsm;qdkMuonfhtcgrSm ]pHn§if;yvGD?
nDusifonfy? [wåmvusfm? vufn§dK;rSmudk? pDumcwfNrJ? vuf0Judkodwf? yvGDpHausmf rIwfvdkYac:}[k yg&SdonfudkawGU&ygonf/
cvkwfac:&m? apmif;pDrSmvQif? <uumESdyfau}}
&cdkifwl&d,mrsdK;pHk
&cdkifyvGDwl&d,m &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;onf wl&d,mrsdK;pHkudk toHk;jyKcJhMuavonf/ &mZ0ifvuFmü
wl&d,mig;yg;rSm avjzifhrIwf&aom ]okod&}ac: tacgif;&Sda& wl&d,m (8)yg; atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;avonf/
&Sdonf[k &cdkif&mZ0ifBuD;wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm- ]]omaMun§if;n§if;? at;oDjcif;ESifh? nHhEkomjcif;? apmif;ESifhnif;vQif?
(1) 'lavmif; oHcsi;f aESmjim;? ywåvm;u? rjcm;wlx? wa,mponf? ac:xemr? oko&d ESi?hf
(2) c&maumuf yÍörnfom? wl&d,mu? c&mwefaumuf? ETJ>yDajrmufí? tapmuf&Snfjim;?
(3) c&m>rm yef;wvsm;ESifh? yef;usm;ywf0ef;? ywfqdkif;xrf;jzifh? BudK;wef;avQmufvm;?
(4) vufwH&Snf uNcDrsm;ESifh? xD;jim;½dkufrnf? cwfig;rnfwnf}}
(5) ESJ OuúmysH (12)&moD &Tef;vdkuf&wküvnf; ]ydefaygifc&m? pnf'kyÜgESifh}[lí
(6) >yDqdkaom yvGD vnf;aumif;? ]pnfysufoH0g? abmrIwfumonf? ywfomNrdKUvHk;NcHK} [lívnf;aumif;
(7) c½koif; zGJUqdkxm;onfudk awGU&Sd&ygonf/
(8) zufvdyfqdkaom NcDacgif;
þrIw&f aomwl&, d mrsm;onf yGvJ rf;obif? NrKd UwGi;f NrKd UjyifwrYkd o
S mru awmvuf &cdkifu0d*E¨ESifh aw;oHpHk
aus;&GmwdkYrSmvnf; awmifolv,form;? EGm;ausmif;om;? opfckwf? ig;&Sm? azmifpD;? ]ysdKU? uAsm? vuFm? &wk} ponfh pyfqdkenf;wdkYü-
[if;cl;om;wdkY\ taygif;tazmfyif jzpfygonf/ þuJhodkY avjzifhrIwf&aom wHydk;rsdK; (1)toHwGJvdkufenf;? (2) tpiifqdkenf;? (3) jyef*[wfqdkenf;? (4) tpjzwf
wGif zufvdyfyvGDyif *DwoHtjzpf yg0ifaeonfhtwGuf wefzdk;&Sdygonf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 48 - 49 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
enf;? (5) udk,fwGif;jynfhqdkenf;? (6) pyÜm,fcsD pyÜm,fcsqdkenf;? (7) jrif;ZufcGqdkenf;? tcsdefumvudkvdkufí aysmfyg;oDqdkwD;rIwfMuyHkudk OuúmysH(12)&moD&wkü
(8) uefYvefYaxGvmqdkenf;? (9) aZmfwcdkifvHk;usqdkenf;? (10) rdóuqdkenf;? (11) 0guRwfvtaMumif; zGJUEGJUxm;aomtydk'fwGif atmufygtwdkif; zwf½I&ygonf/
"r®wmbGJUqdkenf;? (12) oabmxrf;qdkenf;? (13) oa0ryg qdkenf;? (14) cdkifñGefY
]]0guRwfobif aysmfrIqifonf}}
cufjzmqdkenf;? (15) wjyefn§dqdkenf;? (16) tmom0wD 0pHäcsqdkenf;paom enf;wdkY
udkjy&m ]u0duP²ygornfaom &cdkifqef;usrf;}[lí a&;om;xm;onfudk uRefawmf ]]olawmfpdwfrSwf? v0guRwfonf? qef;vwfcg? vlU&GmyGJobif?
zwfzl;ygonf/ qDrD;wefaqmif? yef;axmifxD;BuD;ysifí? oifykef;wif? wef;jyufcwf? tXoD
ESifh yÍömoDudk? tnDapmifhoHk;rSwfí? 'ge0wfpGefYBuJvSL? rif;yGJobif? NrdKUjyif
u0duE¨usrf;onf &cdkifa0omvDacwfupí &cdkifjynfü ay:xGef;cJhonf[k
wcsdKUvlu? oDZm[laomuf>ref;>ref;? aumif;rIvufaqmif? xrif;axmifudk
cefrY eS ;f cJMh uygonf/ xdaYk Mumifv
h nf; tvGeaf &S;usaom &Ge;f vdu
k &f wkrsm;? uAsmvuFm
0ef;í? tHah zGrtI oHcsKd ? vufcyk af jzmufajzmuf? jcif;aumufoNH yKd iq f íkd ? tvdv k kd
rsm;udk awGUMu&ygonf/ &cdkifaw;oHrsm;udk &SmazGazmfxkwfvdkufonfhtcg &Gef;vdkuf
aomaom½k? 0guRwo f bif? aysmrf q I ifonf/ vl&iS t f pkpEk iS ?hf ,pf0rIatmhtef
&wk? omcsif;? {csif;? bGJU? [efpGav-avSawmfoH? oHcsyfBuD;? 'Hk;jcif;? yifhuljcif;?
um? wcsdKUudkvnf; wcsdKUqJonf? wcsdKU½dkUu? &efcdkuf&Smí? wcsdKU½dkUu jypfwif
ipG,fjcif;? Zrf;? pum;,ifh? pnfoH? ywfoH? Asmjcif;? ,dkif;jcif;rsm;ESifh aus;vufaw;oH
uke?f ydeaf ygifc&m? pnf'yk gÜ ESi?hf ywfomNrKd UvH;k NcKH rQ? uNcrD yl wåvm;? apmif;n§i;f
rsm; ay:xGufvmavonf/ uRefawmfESifh q&mOD;omxGef;wdkYonf 1958-ckESpf
>yo
d mwl&, d monf? vl&Y mG obifrsm;ESihf waomaomxrif;axmif? vdP k *f x
l #G f
pufwifbmvtwGif;upNyD; txufyg&cdkifaw;oHrsm;udk toHoGif;,lMuNyD; jrefrmh
xm;? bk&m;yg; a&mufatmifwnf;}}
toHrS toHviT chf MhJ uygonf/ &cdik t f oHrv
S nf;rjywf tcgcgvTix hf w
k af y;cJMh uygonf/
þodkYvQif 0guRwfyGJobifü wD;rIwfuckefNyD; aw;qdkMujcif;rsm;udk o½kyfazmf
&cdkifobm0aw;oHrsm; xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkY\ &moDyGJrsm;? tuobifrsm;? bmoma&;t&?
&cdkif*DwESifh&cdkifaw;oHrsm;onf &cdkifawmifolv,form;rsm;ESifh vkyfom; xHk;wrf;pOfvm½dk;&mt& usif;yaomyGJvrf;rsm;üvnf; wD;rIwfMu&mwGif &cdkif*DwESifh
jynfolwpf&yfvHk;\ rlydkifjzpfonf/ a&S;tcgu &cdkif*DwESifhaw;oHrsm;udk rif;crf; aw;oHrsm;udk Mum;&ayvdrfhrnf/
rif;em;rsm;ü toH;k jyKcMhJ uonf/ yk*K¾d vw
f pfO;D wpfa,muf odrYk [kwf yk*K¾d vt
f csKd Uwdt
Yk m;
&cdkif{jcif;
&nfpl;ízGJUqdkum wD;rIwfoDqdkcJhMuonf/ odkYaomfvnf; &cdkif*DwESifhaw;oHrsm;udk
rdrwd o Ykd bm0tajctaetavsmuf &cdik af wmifov l ,form;wdu
Yk vnf; toH;k jyKcMhJ u &cdkif*DwtaMumif;udk tawmftoifhwifjycJhNyD; jzpfygonf/ &cdkifaw;oHrsm;ESifh
avonf/ &cdik af w;*Dwonf &cdik t f rsKd ;om;wdik ;f \ a'o tajctaeESihf tcsed u f mv ywfoufívnf; tenf;tusO;f azmfjycJNh y;D jzpfygonf/ odaYk omf &cdik ½f ;kd &m aw;uAsm
tavsmuf zl;yGifhvef;qef;cJhygonf/ &cdkif&Gef;vdkuf &wk-{jcif;? bGJU? omjcif; ponfwdkY rsm;udkcGJjcm;í avhvmEdkif&ef tenf;i,fwifjyvdkygao;onf/ &cdkif½dk;&m oDcsif;
udk (CLASSICAL SONGS) ½dk;&moDcsif;rsm;[k ac:qdkEdkifNyD; 'Hk;jcif;? oHcsyfBuD;? taejzifh {jcif;udk atmufygtwdkif;azmfjyvdkygonf/ {jcif;qdkyHk qdkenf;rsm;rSmvnf;
,dik ;f omjcif;rsm;udk (FOLK SUNGS) aus;vufobm0aw;oHrsm;[k ac:qdrk nfqu kd {-{ vlvl qGJiifí om,maysmhaysmif;pGm oDqdk&ifhusL;&ygonf/
ac:qdkEdkifvdrhfrnf[k xifygonf/ ,cktcg xdkESpfrsdK;pvHk;udk aus;vufa'orsm;üom Oyrm jy&rnfqdkygvQif-
rsm;aomtm;jzifh wD;rIwfoDqdkavh&SdMuonfudk awGU&avonf/ ]]{;,if,if{;/ / {;vsufyHhysL;? ½dkufumusL;ydrfh? ay:OD;urÇm? tppGmu?
ig;MumyGifhvdkuf? a&mifNrdKufÓPfjzL? ig;ql&Sifenf;? yGifhrnfcsnf;wGif? rdwånf;ra&muf?

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 50 - - 51 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
av;yg;aemuf0,f? ig;axmufaxmifwm? omoemwGif; ig;pif;tjrwf? e0wwf&Dus? vGrf;qGwfwrf;wyHkudk "r®0dZ,omjcif;ü atmufygtwdkif; zGJUqkdxm;ygonf/
ig;&m&om;? upäye'D? þonfnmrGe?f ,Ofwefwpfzuf? yifv,f xGurf ?S ESpzf ufurf;Ny?D *Edkifqdkau? NrdKifndKatmufudk? wpfa,mufwnf;om? a&mufvDygau? a[rm
jzm;&Dr0DS ,f? &Sq
d jD yKAmÁ ? tmumrScD ikd ;f ? awmifNyKd i;f NyKd i;f ESi?hf qdik ;f qdik ;f r@dKi?f &udK© iñ
f eG zYf ;l ? ukefa&Smif;? EGD&moDrSm? *drH®ajymif;au? waygif;csD;usL;? &Gufa[mif;n§m<uD? &Gufopf
rGefMu,fjrL;odkY? ajrmufOD;&TDeef;? wnfvwfxGef;onf/ / EkvdkY? ñGefYzl;pDau? EGD&wkrSm? ysdKEkom,m? a[r0gwGif? 0Dqmcufvuf? pdrf;jrndKau?
þuRef;ZrÁL/ xl;wnfhav/ / xl;xnfharmufawmf? [kwfwnfaMomf? yifysdKxufrSm? oD;,SufyGifhcdkif? wBudKifBudKifESifh? *EdkifMuufoa&? abmfuGJol½dkU?
ausmfonfwpfql? ZrÁL'Dy? uRef;vHk;conf? rif;w&m;BuD;&ifoGD;? armufawmfxGD;/ / pdwfyluRrf;au? vGrf;pabGav/ /
{;,if,if{;/ / ___
bGUJ ]]awmifajrmuf0J,m? ½IMunfharQmfaomf? oD'gw½dk;? vDt[kHaMumifh? AvHkxdk;vdkY?
jrLcd;k rIid ;f rH?I vIid ;f Muufcek af u? ,ufjzLzG;D zG;D ? y&AGuq
f ?H *,ufoaH v? nHrpJb?J 0JMoC[H?
&cdik b
f UJG qdyk rkH mS {jcif;ESirhf wlyg? xmr&mbGUJ ? yd;k 0gbGUJ ? pE´&m;bGUJ [lí&S&d m rsm;aom
caemif;qHau? ajymif;jyefatmufxuf? w>yuf>yufESifh? uRufuRufvnf;nH? ork'f
tm;jzifh pE´&m;bGUJ udk oDqakd vh&MdS uygonf/ ]bGUJ }udk tcsKd U ]zGUJ }[k qdMk uygonf/ ]]bGUJ }}onf
us,fau? yifv,frudk? jrif&jyefaomf? ylyefn§dK;ajcmuf? touf0dÓPf? ysufpD;&efudk?
qdk&mü *Dwa&mESifhvdkufay;&onf/
tvGefaMumufvdkY? pD;avQmufrsuf&nf? toJndKav? NydKrwwfatmif? idkvwfawav/
pE´&m;bGJU vifa,musfm;c&D;xGufoGm;ojzifh &moDtvdkuf tdrfolZeD;u vGrf;qGwfwrf;
xGe;f vif;Muufoa&? vljY ynfausmaf omif;? rif;aumif;&mZm? a0omvDrmS rif;jzpf waom omjcif;rSmqdkvQif-
vma&/ pMumtrSef? vSHysHvnf;&? bkef;awmfoHau? a0omvDrSm pE´&m;av/ ]]qD;ESif;pGwfpdk? r,frSmidkau? jymodkvJyGJ? wydkYwGJrSm? rD;ra,obif? &xm;iif
bkef;tm;wufwdk;? tmPmrdk;au? eef;½dk;pdkifvm? ausmufvSDum;rSm? udk;q,f au? aysmf&Tifaomif;oJ? &Gma&SUjyifau? r,fvQifpdwfrSm? ylBuD;aqG;vdkY? ruGJruGm?
ay:a&/ / vlwumrSm? cspfazmfpHkruf? onfudkjrifau? r,fvQifpdwfrSm? pdwfBuD;ysufvdkY? touf
udkyif? r½SLcsifau? r,fvQif 0rf;enf;? rdk;&moDrSm? vDxufoJvdkY----}}
&cdkifomjcif; ___
&cd k i f o mjcif ; trsd K ;rsd K ;&S d y gonf / omjcif ; &S n f ? omjcif ; wd k ? wd k u f o mjcif ; ? wdkufomcsif;[lí wpfrsdK;&Sdygao;onf/ a,musfm;ESifhrdef;r tjyeftvSef
,dkif;omjcif;ponfjzifh &SdMuygonf/ omjcif;udk &cdkifawmifolv,form;rsm;\ twdkuftqdkif? tacstwif ajymqdkonfudk zGJUEGJUxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
aw;oH[k ac:qdkEdkifygonf/ omjcif;wwfwdkYonf omjcif;aw;oHjzifh t&yfol Oyrm---
t&yfom;? awmifolv,form;rsm;udk ajzazsmfMuygonf/ omjcif;qdkonfhtcg a,musf m ;qd k / / ]]"ea<u;aiG? &csifayí? jynfudkvSnfhywf? ndK;roHkau? *kPf
rsm;aomtm;jzifh &cdik w f a&mudk xd;k Muonf/ vH;k csi;f qdí k ud, k w
f ikd w
f a&mESihf vdu k jf cif; owif;ESifh? omjcif;wwf[k? &yftjzmjzm? t&Gm&GmrSm? ausmfyg
jzpfonf/ wHkvwf? wkNydKif olau? jyLrxGufav? wpfzufom;udk? pum;
omcsif;rsm;wGif jynfzGJU? NrdKUzGJUrsm;udk wpfrsdK;? obm0tzGJUrsm;udkwpfrsdK;? qdkaomf? Zmudkyifarmuf? twif;cHau? ighxHa&mufu? aysmuf&
tvGrf;tzGJUrsm;udkwpfenf;? toHudkqGJí oDqdk&ygonf/ obm0½Ijrifjcif;ESifh rnfom}}/

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH
rd e f ; rqd k / / ]]jynfhpHkvu©Pm? þonf&Gmü? wpfcgwpfacguf? zdwfrHac:au?
vmuma&mufu? 0rf;ajrmufaysm&f iT ?f yGrJ mS 0ifau? pdwv
f Qiv
f jJS rL;?
OMowGefa,mif? vGrf;oHusL;rnf? rSwfwHkayí? omaMucsdarm?
igqdkoHudk? w&HMum;u? MuufzudkvGef? MuufrwGefa,mif?
toHusyfusyf? pum;qifNcD? tifrnDau? ryDjywfbJ? zm;Muwf
jrnf[ef? 0g0if;oHudk? Mum;vdkufjyefau/
___
&Gef;vdkuf
&cdkiftrsdK;om;wkdYonf &Gef;vdkufaomaw;oHwpfrsdK;udk rsm;aomtm;jzifh &SifjyK?
r*Fvmaqmif? orufwufwdkYü 0dkif;zGJUíoDqdkMuonf/
&SifjyKyGJwGif oDqdk&eftwGufqdkvQif &SifrjyKrD wpfvoHk;oDwif;avmufuyif
pmqdkolu &Gef;vdkuf&wkrsm;udk oDuHk;xm;&onf/ armif&Sifavmif;\ t&Hvkvif
ysdKwdkYtm; ]&Gef;}vdkuf&rnfhae&mwdkYudk BudKwifíoifMum;xm;&onf/
Oyrm
Oyrm/ / ]ighom;xifay:? Zeausmfudk? r,fawmfxdkcg zGm;ownf}} ]&Gef;}}/
ighom;xifay:? ]armif&SifESr igeJY&} ]&Gef;}/
]£EÅodMum;? rdk;ewfom;onf trsm;xifMuavm} ]&Gef;}/
]oef;oef;pdpd pD;ESifhaví rsuf&nftaxGaxGESifh ]&Gef;}/
]BuHayorQ? onftcGifhrSm? roifhacswum;[k} ]&Gef;}/
]acgif;rSmxm;? bk&m;jzpfrnfhol ]&Gef;}/
]oHk;bHkavmu? a0ae,srSm u,frrnfhol ]&Gef;}/
___
r*Fvmaqmif orufwufwGifrl atmufygtwdkif; oDqdkavh &SdMuygonf/
]tdk;aoQwpfvHk;? cGufacszHk;? jyHK;oD;NzHK;oGif? oEÅmarvif? 0dkif;vdkYMunfh} ]&Gef;}/
___
a0omvDrS ok0PÖa'0DzGJUqdkaom ]odefuefrD}wGif csD&wkESifh OuúmysH (12)
&moD&wkwdkYonf &Gef;vdkuf&wkrsm; jzpfMuonf/ &Gef;vdkuf&wkrsm;onf a&S;tus
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 52 - - 53 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
qHk;ESifh zGJUqdkrI trsm;qHk;jzpfonf/
[efpGav- vSDavSmfoH
[efpGav? vSDavSmfoHonf tvGefa&S;usaom tzGJUrsdK;? tqdkrsdK; jzpfonf/
þvSDavSmfoHrSm ½dk;½dk;vSDavSmfoHrsdK;r[kwfbJ Asnf; (33)vHk;tpHkwGif wpfvHk;udk
taMumif;t&mwpfckpD zGJUxm;onf/ ,aeYwdkif vSDNydKifyGJwGif vSDavSmfom;rsm; ,drf;um
EGJUum wuf½dk;oHwacgufacgufjzifh oDqdkuckefMuonf/ tenf;i,fazmf jyvdkygonf/
]u} udrk u
l m;? uÍöeyAÁwm? iGaD wmifomu? [oFm0rf;bJ? ysu
H m0Jonf? rpJ&u
H m?
&Humaomfvnf;? [efpDav-[efpGav/ /
]c} udkrlum;? jrwfvSonf;cH? &odysHudk? tBuH,lrSm;? rif;om;jynfvQif? jypfrSm;
vQifum;? jynfawmf0ifum? 0ifumaomfvnf;? [efpDav-[efpGav/ /
]*} udkrlum;? C&m0go? udpörsm;ajrmif? vl½dkUabmif0,f? cGma,SmifcsDNyD;?
rif;BuD;uxif? om;vGwfvsifonf? txG#fwifum? wifumaomfvnf;?
[efpDav- [efpGav/ /
ipnfjcif;
ipnfjcif;udk ipnfuonft h cg ipnfwwfuqd&k onf/ vH;k csi;f u&onf/ ipnf
wwfwpfa,mufwnf;uyif ZmwfaumiftrsdK;rsdK;vkyfNyD; u&? qdk&? ajym&onf/
u&mwGif vufazsmufwD;í u&onf/ ipnfu&mrSm vdkaomypönf;ud&d,mrsm;rSm
qHkwpfvHk;? uefawmhyGJwpfck? qefwpfcGuf? ,ufoJhwpfck? y,dkifh (yvdkif;) wpfvHk;?
avSmfwufwpfacsmif; jzpfygonf/ ajrjyifrSm zsmcif;í u&onf/ tqiftjyifrSm
ipnfwwfaumif;rSm qifESmarmif;uJhodkY acgif;aygif;aygif;xm;&onf/ 'a,m
pGeaf wmif (vHck s)D udk qifEiS w
hf al tmif - r'H;k (tNr;D )xkwv
f yk af vmusw
d f (cawmif;usw
d )f
xm;&onf/ þ&cdkif½dk;&mtursdK;rSm ud&d,mvnf;enf;? tqiftjyifuvnf; ½dk;NyD;
p&dwfuvnf;oufomojzifh awmifolv,form; t&yfol t&yfom;wdkYtwGuf
oifhavsmfaom uyGJwpfrsdK;yif jzpfonf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 54 -
Zmwfvrf;rSm a&S;&mZ0if Zmwfvrf;wpfck jzpfonf/ bk&ifuekd EH ydS v f o
kd nfth wGuf
ujyaomuyGJ jzpfco
hJ nf/ bk&if\eHwjl zpfonfh ]ipnfBupH }kH udk vdu
k &f mS cef;rsm;ygonf/
taomt&Tef;rsm; xnfhoGif;xm;ojzifh y&dowfBudKufonf/
ipnfjcif;
udk;&mudk;q,f? udk;ck0,fwGif? iwGifpa&? na&wef;cG? jynfrrufuRef;? [efyef
aumif;pGm? uRef&nfaumif;onf? yg&Jb/
[kwfwnfhvif&Sm? vifEGJUaESmif;? vifaumif;qdkonf? aumif;vwfrnf? ipnf
,l,l? ESma&mifjzLudk? armifjzLusHK;í r&wum;? yg&Jb/
ipnf£ayguf? ig&aumufrSm? &Sdavonfvnf;? yg&Jb/
aus;uwkwfyif&if;? ipnfwGif;? eif;avarmifrif;? wpfa,mufcsif;? eifhrd
armifBuD;? eifh0&D;rSm? wl&Gif;iSm;cD? wl&Gif;r&? &efwif;&Sm? c&mpdk;rnf? tdkrdr?
eifhrdarmifBuD; eifh0&D;rSm? tdk;ysOfiSm;cD? tdk;ysOfr&? &efwif;&Sm? c&mpdk;rnf? tdkrdr?
ipnf,l,l? ESma&mifjzLudk? armifjzLusHK;vdkY r&wum;/
yifhuljcif;
yifhultuobifESifhtwl yifhuljcif;udk qdkMuonf/ tvGefa&S;usaomtu
obifjzpfí yifhuljcif;rSmvnf; tvGefa&S;usaom aw;omjcif;[kqdk&rnf jzpfyg
onf/ [efpaG v vSaD wmforH mS ]z-udrk u
l m;? z,ukrm® ? Bu;D pGmajymiftm;? yifuh ul sm;ud?k
vTm;vTm;pGwuf m? pGwu
f maomfvnf;? [efpaD v [efpaG v}vdYk pyfqx kd m;cJo
h nft h wdik ;f
yifu
h Zl mwfvrf;obifrmS b,ukrm® qdak om Zmwfvrf;yif jzpfygonf/ yifch t l aMumif;
udk wcrf;wem; wifjyonfhtwGuf yifhultu obif? yifhulcsif;vdkY ac:Muygonf/
yifhulZmwfudk vltrsm;? tcef;pHk? t0wfpHk? wl&d,mpHkwdkYESifh ujy&ygonf/
yifhuljcif;
a[---? Ak'¨pMum? ckepfodef;rSm? pMumrif;avmif;? &Sdolawmfvnf;? ajymum
ajyma&/
- 55 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
a[---a[---? qH k p auvuf , m? qef p auvuf 0 J ? &ayguf a ujzLjzL?
ausmufwpfvHk;rSm? &Sdudkcdk;a&? uGrf;NcHK&Sd a&pifjrifhrSm? armifbdkYw,m? jy'g;
omrSm nmu,m? r,fbdkYw,m- jy'g;omrSm b,fu,m [dr0EÅm? awm
oHk;axmif---/ NcDrSm&Snfa& &Spfawmifavmuf? vufrSm&Snfau ajcmuf
awmifavmuf? acgif;rSm&Snfa& oHk;awmifavmuf? cE¨mrSm&Snfa& &Spfawmif
avmuf? r'Hk;rSm&Snfa& ig;awmifavmuf? a'av;oHk;q,favmuf? yifhul
&mZmrSm eDvwfaw? axGawmifa'awmif ul;vDa&? yifhul&mZmrSm aZmifyif
eDava&/ /
Zrf;
]Zrf ; } qdkaompum;onf ]prf ; }}qdkaompum;rSvmonf[k qdkMuygonf/
wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf t&nftcsif;prf;aompum;? tysdK vlysdK tcspfprf;aom
pum;yif jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh &rf;NAJbufü ,aeYwdkif Zrf;pum; ajymaeMuonfudk
awGU&rnf jzpfygonf/ Zrf;pum;rSm ]pum;}[k qdkaomfvnf; toHae toHxm;ESifh
ajymqdk&ojzifh *DwoHygonfh aw;oHwpfrsdK; jzpfvmonf/
rd e f ; rysd K / / tarmif tarmif wdkifrSmarQmif? tarmifZmua&mif/
a,musf m ;ysd K / / o&ufyifndK? t&dyfcdk? vlysdKaygufp? wef;vGJu/
rd e f ; rysd K / / ausmufp&pfauwef;wif? &D&SifauoGwfoGwf? ysdKar&D ysifpOf
aujzwfvdkY? &DcyfauxGufvm? bl;yGifh&HMumwHyGifhudk wGJvdkYyg?
pGmarmifa&---/ vljrifau&Suaf wr[d? bl;yGiahf u&H? MumwHyiG u
hf kd
&Twfygbdav---/
a,musf m ;ysd K / / c,if0g;acs? c,if0g;zsm;? wqdkufaoQNzDvdkYxGif;? pHn§if;auyvD?
vufq,facsmif;eefY? ajcmufacsmif;csD? yvGDpHausmfar½dkUedef
tdrfawmifbufu? rIwfazsmfac:? emaysmfovm;? arhtoHau?
wyfwyfauoda&? ar½dkUtdrf rD;vHk;vif;vdkY? cspfawarmif r0if0Hh
bJ NcHem;aua,mifvdkY/

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 56 - - 57 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )

'Hk;csif;
rsm;aomtm;jzifh ax&fBuD;0gBuD; ysHvGefonfhtcgrSm 'Hk;uMuonf/ 'Hk;qdkaom
&cdkif½dk;&mturSm vltrsm;ESifh u&onf/ 'Hk;,drf;ESifh 'Hk;Murf;ESpfrsdK;&Sdonf/ taMumif;
t&m tjzpftysufwpfckckudk o½kyfazmfí ujyonf/ odkYr[kwf xl;jrwfonfh yk*d¾Kvf
wpfO;D OD;\ tw¬KywÜ Eåd iS yhf wfoufí ujyMuonf/ odrYk [kwf Zeuúuo hJ Ykd Zmwfawmfvm
0w¬Krsm;udk Zmwfcif;í ujyMuonf/ odrYk [kwf &Sr;f 'l;? uyÜv?D [du k v f ef'g; tp&So d nfh
vlrsKd ;rsm;\"avhukd o½kyaf zmfjyMuonf/ oDqakd om oDcsi;f rsm;udk 'H;k csi;f [kac:onf/
Zeuú 'Hk;jcif;
wdkif;rdwD¬vm? ydkifumpdk;a&? &TDbkef;awmfwdk;? wHcdk;jzm? t&dXmaygv? ZeuúESifh?
nDawmfaemif&if;? rif;ESpfjzm? ppfyGJqifum? eef;&mvkí? r&PmjyKonfh? aemifbk&if?
awmifnmpH? a'0Doad tmif? vSeH aD xmifíjyonfch g? ausmufprd ;f eDvm? urÁvmxkyEf iS ?hf
qif;&JoGifvkyf? [kwfrSefpGm? jynfprÜmudk? vm;&csufcsif;? udk,f0ef&ifhESifh? arpE´m?
jynfprÜmudk vm;&csufcsif;/
oCF&mZm q&mawmfbk&m; ysHvGefawmfrlonfhtcg atmufyg'Hk;jcif;udk pyfqdkMu
onf/
]]ZrÁL'Dyg? aMujimxGef;au? oajynmuRef;? wdkif;aqmifaqmif?
eDa&mif va&mif? xdefajymifvif;vdkY? xifay:owif;&cdkifajr? NrdKUvSppfawG?
e*&rSm? oHCmh&mZm? ausmif;0d[m? wynfhrsm;pGm? jym;jym;0yfvdkY? pmyDy&dwf?
ydkYcsrSef? oDvusifhrGef? "l&&yfudk? edpörjywf? jznfhvsufyif? *dkPf;csKyft&Sif?
bGJUemrrSm? OD;okE´&rnfac:wGif? 0wDav;cGif? xift&Sm;BuD;? OD;okE´&
q&mawmf? &cdkifjynfrSm ausmfaZmyg\}}
a&S;tcgu rm&,k'Hk;udk uí rm&,k'Hk;csif;udk qkdMuonf/ ,cktcg acwf
qefaom Zmwfvrf;rsm;udk cif;jyNyD; acwfqefaomaw;oHrsm;udk oDqdkMuonf/
oHcsyfBuD;
oHcsyfBuD;udk &cdkifawmifolv,form;wdkY\ oDcsif;yifjzpfonf/ NydKifvSDyGJ? &xm;
qGyJ ?JG oBueF yf w
JG üYkd oDqMkd uonf/ vltrsm;oDq&kd aom aus;vufaw;oHyif jzpfonf/
,aeYwdkif acwfpm;vsuf&Sdonfh oHcsyfBuD;onf pdwfudkwuf<uaponfh oDcsif;[k
qdkEdkifygonf/
NydKifavmif;oHcsyfBuD;
armif½dk; armif½dk;? av;av;- av;av;
udk;pdwfudk;vH? udk;yifuef? usifoefwd&m? wufysmpD;vdkY?
r[mavmif;BuD;xGufvdkYvm? ZrÁL'Dyg? vusfmuRef;rSm? xGef;a&eDv? yHkyrm?
owif;aMunm? emrnfBuD;vdkY? NydKifavmif;OD;pD;? q&matmif? olu&Sdaqmif?
vrf; ñTefjyvdkY? NydKifavmif;0rf;r? yif;uefrSm? &Sdaemufb,fnm? eD&mpdatmif?
vlpdwufpd? xdkifNyD;au? OD;pD;q&m? csa&wufESifh? rysufruGuf? nDnDnm?
&Dyef;zGmatmif? wufudkqGJvdkY? w[kefaw;ESifh? xGufvDcg? NydKifavmif;yGJrSm?
q&mxGef;u? &yfapmuf xvdkY? &SdudkarQmf olYvufpGJawmf? xdkwufrudk?
jrm'ifxufu? eaemif;udkif? r,drf; r,dkif? vSDrapmif;atmif? jzajzmifhwwef;?
udkifvdkYvm? Zmolwpfcg? NydKif0HhzdkYvJ? tyGJyGJETJvdkYvm? ½SHK;a&qdkpGm? ig½dkUrod?
EdkifzdkYbufu? aotcsm? tvH,lum jyefzdkY NydKifavmif;? armif½dk;---armif½dk;
(av;av;)2 armif½dk;av;---0g;/
Asmpum;,ifh
Asm&wk
AsmvdkYac:qdkonfhpum;rSm ]ysm,dysm,m? Asm,dAsm,m}qdkonfh pum;uJhodkY
vnf;aumif;? Asmrsm;onfqakd om pum;uJo h v
Ykd nf;aumif; vSnyhf wfysm,m cwfonfh
oabm&Sdonf/ trSefrSm ysm,mcwfonf? ylaqG;wrf;wonfhoabmyif jzpfygonf/
txl;ojzifh taemufjynfa&muf &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkYonf þodkY ylaqG;wrf;wonfh
tzGUJ tEGUJ wdu
Yk q
kd &kd mü ]Asm}qdo
k nf[k ac:a0:Muonf/ xdk aMumifh Asm&wk[q k o
kd nfrmS

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 58 - - 59 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
tvGrf;taqG;udk zGJUxm;aomtzGJUjzpfNyD; oDqdkvQif tvGrf;aw;wpfck jzpfvmonf/ pum;vHk;rsm;udk uav;acsmhonfhtcg xnfhqdkMuonf/ [l;a&a&[l;rSm awmoH?
(u) neDpD-eDcsrf;us---/ &Dtdk;cGufajymhpif? cg;xpfwif? r,fvQif&Dcyf<u/ awmifo?H avoHw\ Ykd obm0udk jyqdo
k nf/ aumufu&Daumuf-MuufweG o f ?H iSuw
f eG f
&SdaemufupD? cGD;rsm;zsif/ BuD;i,fedrfhjrifh? qifhu&ifhap-vSawmif;vSa&- oHwdkYudk jyqdkonf/ ompGav? [efpGavrSm om,mjcif;udk jyonf/
jrif&a&/ vdkufpDcsif-udk,frcsd/ vS½kyfoGifudk jrifcsifESvHk;[d\/ Oyrmtm;jzifh----
(c) r,feDpD-awmifcg;apmif;---/ armifeDpD--q,fjyefoQifyifausmif;--- ]awmifuvDvm-ajrmufvDvmau/ &ifrSm{;csrf;? cspfawoludk? edefYpOfvGrf;a&/
qifEmS armif;vrf;aMumif;qD;---o&ufyifBu;D ? &dyNf rKd iaf cgifx0d ;D í? us;D &TpD D [l;---[l;/
avQmufygcD---vSjymjzLudk rqef;ygpDcsif{; av--/ v,form; uRJausmif;oH
___
ruúvma,? ½dkif---½dkif? Budrf;om'kwfudk? eaemif;udkif? u,dkifuyg;? ESif;NrdKifNrdKif
pum;,ifh au? awmifusdKifMum;rSm-uRJausmif;vm;a&? tpfudkryg? nDryg? Budrfom;'kwfudk?
pum;,ifhrSm ,ifhíqdk&onfh Asm&wkuJhodkYyif jzpfygonf/ eaemif;udkif? ESif;NrdKifNrdKifau? awmifusdKifMum;rSm? uRJausmif;vm;a&/
(u) NcdK;NADysHau? ,ifa&G;NcHKrSm? em;a,mifr,fav? armif½dkUvmau? &TDZif;cgrSm? [l;--a&--a&-----[l;/
a&mufa,mifr,fav? yGDcsmwtmem? vufrSmudkif½dkU? &TDoD;,lar? bm;ZD; v,form; uRJacsmhaw;oH
wef;udk? 0ifa,mifr,fav/
uRJr&mvJ*kwfyD? yifv,fem;rSm uRJw&GDESifh? *kwfyD*kwfaygif;? v,fxGefaumif;udk?
(c) vufyHyifrSm? ZD;&ufaoQ&DpGwf? tawmifzsm;udk? NAHK;NAHK;cwfí? tyGifhudk>cD?
jrufaumif;yD;ar? a'wv,fudk? nufatmifv,fc--tdk uRJ½dkUav--uRJ½dkUav/
oD;wHcsDcs? vufyHcdkifrSm? rudk,av? rudk,/
avSorm; ta&mif;om;
,dkif;omcsif;ESifh aus;vufaw;oH
tp&mvJ&DiH? tzsm;&mvJ &Daumif;? ukefonfaysmfau? &TDnmacsmif;rSm?
,dkif;onf'ef;? ykcufudkqdkvdkY? ykcufvGJ&if;? 'ef;pD;&if;oDqdkaom obm0 omjcif;
qm;a&mif;vm;cg? [if;pm;yga&? 0,fygcvdu k ?f aumufnif;qefu?kd jzLatmifzw
G af u?
uav;rsm; jzpfonf/
zkwfpm;uwfay? cspfa&mufrudk? rSmvdkufawav---rSmvdkufaw/
zcif&ifoGD;? trdrGD;au? orD;vSa,? ykcufaoQrSm? tdyfygvifhav/ orD;
þuJhodkY aus;vufobm0aw;oH? uAsmrsm;tajrmufjrm;&Sdygonf/ obm0
orD;? cspforD;? orD;zcif? udkif;v,fjyifrSm? vifhpifudkpD;? pyg;wD;vdkY?
tavsmuf trsdK;rsdK;oDqdkMuonf/ ,aeY&SnfvGef;rnfpdk;ojzifh aemufxyf razmfjy
orD;&wem? vSzdkY&mudk? 0,fysmyD;a&? orD;vSa,? Zl;a0 a0/ Zl;---Zl;/
vdkawmhyg/ þrQESifh ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufygonf/
tcsdKUt&yfa'orsm;wGif uyÜsm ]t&GJU} ]cAsm}ponfjzifh trsdK;rsdK; ac:qdkMuonf/
___
,dkif;omjcif;rsm;enf;wl aus;vufaw;oHrsm; jzpfMuonf/ þaw;oHrsm;ü obm0
ed*Hk;csKyfrnfqdkvQif þ&cdkif*DwESifhaw;oHwdkYonf ,ckuRefawmfwdkY &SmazGawGU&
tavsmuf Zl;a0a0Zl;/ [l;a&a&[l;/ aumufu&Daumuf/ [l;--[l;/ ompGav?
oavmufudk tusOf;csKyfí wifjyjcif;omjzpfygonf/ ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rIazmfxkwf&mü
[efpGav[lí aw;oHcswGifxnfhqdkMuonfudk awGU&ygvdrfhrnf/ Zl;a0a0Zl;qdkaom
&cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkY\ obm0tajctaetavsmufxGef;um;cJhaom ½dk;&mrl&if;rsm;udk

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 60 - - 61 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
okawoejyKvyk Nf y;D azmfxw k &f efta&;Bu;D ygonf/ uReaf wmft h aejzifh &cdik af w;oHrsm;
udk azmfxkwf&mwGif ½dk;&mudktajccH&&Sdatmif OD;pGmBudK;pm;NyD; umvay:&cdkifaw;oH
rsm;udk zGJUqdkoGm;Mu&efjzpfygonf/ ,aeY uRefawmfwifjyaqG;aEG;aom &cdkif*DwESifh
aw;oHwdkYrSm tcsdeftenf;i,ftwGif; jyifqifrIenf;yg;jcif;wdkYaMumifh tpDtpOfrsm;
taejzifh cRwf,Gif;csufrsm;&Sdvdrfhrnfjzpfygonf/ odkYaomf vdk&if;oabmudk &&SdEdkifvdrfh
rnf[k ,HkMunfygonf/
þuJhodkY uRefawmftm; &cdkif*DwESifhaw;oHudk aqG;aEG;wifjyEdkif&ef pDpOfjyKvkyf
Muaom yk*K¾d vrf sm;? wdik ;f &if;om;,Ofaus;rI azmfxw k af &;qyfaumfrwD vlBu;D rsm;tm;
aus;Zl;txl;wifygonf/ þuJhodkY wdkif;&if;om;,Ofaus;rI azmfxkwfa&;udk tm;ay;
aeonfhtcsdefwGif &cdkifwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh &cdkiftrsdK;om;,Ofaus;rI
rsm; azmfxkwfEdkifa&;udk txl;wvnf BudK;pm;oifhygonf/
þodkY aqmif&GufBudK;yrf;jcif;jzifh rdrdwdkY\,Ofaus;rIudk ay:vGifvmapNyD; rdwq
f ufpum;
jynfaxmifpkom;tcsif;csif; wpfOD;taMumif;udkwpfOD; em;vnfvmMuNyD; ydkrdk&if;ESD;
vmMurnfrSm trSefyifjzpfygonf/ <ua&mufvmaom y&dowftaygif;tm;vnf; pmwnf;rdwfqufpum; / / q&m"npHonf ]rdk;yef;a0} aqmif;yg;udk
txl;aus;Zl;wifygaMumif;/ 1952-53 ckESpfxkwfa0cJhaom "n0wDr*¾Zif; twGJ(1)? trSwf(2)ü wifjycJhonf/
]&cdkif*DwESifhaw;oH}udk OD;bpHu a[majymí &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;pmayESifh odkYaomf rdk;yef;a0omjcif; (omcsif;)\ pmqdkawmf rnfoljzpfaMumif; azmfjyrxm;ay/
,Ofaus;rIqyfaumfrwD (wuúodkvfrsm; &efukef)u jzefYcsdygonf/ xdkYaMummifh pmzwfolwdkY tusdK;iSm &cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf-9 (1984)ckü armifAodef;
"npH a&;aom ]aygufawmNrKd Ue,f jym;uRe;f om &cdik pf mqdEk pS Of ;D } taMumif;rS aumufEw
I í
f
rdk;yef;a0omjcif;\pmqdkawmf q&matmifxGef;vStaMumif;udk atmufwGif tusOf;
rS w f c suf / / þa[majymcsuf pmwrf;twGuf toH;k jyKaom aus;vufta&GUjcif;
csKyf azmfjytyfygonf/
rsm;ESit hf ,ltqoabmw&m;rsm;udk &cdik &f mZ0ifEiS phf mayokawoD
toQipf udEú x ´ rH S tultnDjyKygonf/ &cdik tf oHviT chf surf sm;rSvnf; q&matmifxGef;vSonf aygufawmNrdKUe,f qm;jyif&Gmom;jzpfonf/ rdbrsdK;½dk;
axmufulrI &cJhygonf/ udk rod&acs/ omjcif;(omcsif;) pmqdkawmf wefcdk;q&mxGef;u ¤if;\ aumfumEk
omjcif;ü ]igwdkYrSmav? q&mw0? rdbozG,f? BuD;us,fÓPf&Sif}[lí awGU&ojzifh
21 - 1 - 66 q&matmifxGef;vSudk wefcdk;q&mxGef;\ rdbt&G,f[k rSwf,lEdkifygonf/
_____ q&mxGef;udk a*gpm 1230 (at'D-1869)ckwGif arG;zGm;cJh&m rdbt&G,fjzpfol
q&matmifxGef;vSonf q&mxGef;xuf touf(30)cefYBuD;vdrfhrnf[k tMurf;rQ
rSwf,lEdkifygonf/

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 62 - - 63 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
q&matmifxGef;vS a&;zGJUcJhaom (pHkprf;&orQ)pmrsm;rSm-
(1) aumfumEkomjcif;
(2) Ak'¨0ifomjcif;
(3) rdk;yef;a0omjcif;
(4) wdkufomjcif;wdkY jzpfonf/
q&matmifxGef;vSudk wefcdk;q&mxGef;u ]aumfumEkudk? a&S;OD;tp? yxrü?
[mo0ZÆef;? ÓPfwefaqmifav? ajymifajymif&Tef;au? atmifxGef;q&m? a&;pDyga&}
[k vnf;aumif;? ]atmifxGef;q&m pDcJhygonf/ wdkufomjcif;ü? oGm;pyfum&ef?
pDuHk;[efudk? tuRefMunfEl;? topfay:au? q&mxGef;vQif? csD;rTrf;jyKvsuf}[lí
vnf ; aumif ; *k P f o wif ; csD ; usL;xm;aMumif ; awG U &onf / pmqd k a wmf q&m
atmifxGef;vSum; NAdwdoQudkvdkeDacwfü &cdkifomjcif;pmayqDrD;udk jyefvnfxGef;n§d rdk;yef;a0
pwifay;cJhol &cdkifpmay acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfayonf/
("npH )

pmwnf ; &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkY\ pmay,Ofaus;rI? tEkynm&yfrsm;udk &SmaecJh&mü ]rdk;yef;a0}

trnf&Sdaom &cdkifomjcif; (omcsif;) wpfyk'fudk awGUcJhrdygonf/
]rd;k yef;a0}omjcif;udk zwfrad omtcg &cdikd tf rsKd ;om;wd\
Yk qufqaH &; tavhtx?
toH;k tEIe;f ? tajymtqdk a&m>yrf;vsuyf g&Sad eojzifh uREyfk w f \
Ykd pdwu
f kd tawmfyifxrd d
avonf/ þomjcif;udk zGJUEGJUoDuHk;aompmqdkum; &cdkifpmqdk tppfyifjzpfonf/
þpmqdkonf uREkfyf\ uav;b0udk ajy;íowd&apygonf/ uREkfyfwdkY vkvifvHkrwdkY
\ tcspfZmwfcif;MuyHkudk ay:vGifapygonf/ þpmqdkum; tcspfpmqdkyifqdku
rSm;rnf r[kwfay/ &cdkifhobm0wGif ay:xGef;cJhonfh &cdkifpmqdkyifwum;/
]]ZrÁLra,atmifajr? rSefuif;axmifau? ajymifajymif&Tef;vdkY?
atmif e ef ; wnf a u? atmif a jrod C F m ? jyó'f c smrS m ? tmPmpd e f z l ; ?
xGef;a&mifjrL;au? a&Tajrmuf OD;udk}} tpcsDvsuf[k Zmwfvrf;ysdK;cJhavonf/
ajrmufOD;trnf&Sdaom NrdKUa[mif;NrdKU\ ausmuf&pfau&yfuGufwGif qDukefonf
Bu;D OD;ausm[ f íl [d;k av;wausmf &Scd o
hJ nf/ OD;ausmw
f iG f ]orD;wifw h ,f? oH;k awmifxmG rS?
auomxGef;au? rdk;yef;a0}[k orD;wpfOD;xGef;um;cJh\/

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 64 -
rd;k yef;a0um; NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd Uumvom; vkvifw\ Ykd EIwzf sm;wGif w&G&G wçww&Scd hJ
\/ odkYaomf xdkvkvifysdKwdkYtxJwGif uHtaumif;qHk;olum; ausmif;'umOD;baxG;\
om;-xGef;atmifausmfyif jzpfavonf/ xGef;atmifausmfrSm avmurmefatmif
bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;ü ynm&ifEdkYaomufpdkYvsuf&Sdaom bkef;BuD;ausmif;om;uav;
yif jzpfawmhonf/ uav;t&G,u f olwEYkd pS Of ;D cspu
f Rr;f 0ifco hJ nf/ rd;k yef;a0uav;rSm
olUrdbrsm;ESihf bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;odYk rMumcPa&mufco hJ nf/ xdpk Ofuyif olwEYkd pS Of ;D
rsufpdcsif;qHkum tcspfyGm;cJhMuavonf/ þonfudk zGJUEGJUxm;&mü-
]]avmurmefatmif? bke;f acgifwoD;? txufqakd &? ausmif;awmfBu;D
rSm? pHoD;vlvGif? wwfajrmufpifau? &G,fvQifq,fhig;? 0wfpm;qifau?
jrifpdwfwwfa,mif? ewfa,musfm;odkY? ½kyfum;wifhw,f? rdk;yef;a0ESifh? t&G,f
wefMu? i,fcguyif? rdbESpyf g;? ausmif;odv Yk m;au? ygjim;onfw?kH ESpaf ,muf
pHkrSm? tm½Hk[dau? rsufpdusvdkY}}[lí jzpfayonf/
xdrk w S zef ausmif;awmfBu;D om;-xGe;f atmifausmo f nf rdrqd &mudx k ;D rd;k í t&yf
xJodkY rMumcPoGm;&\/ xdktcgwdkYü rdk;yef;a0rSm tdrfOD;rS cspfol xGef;atmifausmf
tm; arQmfpdkufvsuf&Sd\/ olwdkY rsufpdcsif;qHkMujyefonf/ xdkYaMumifh---
]]umvwm&Snf? ESrtdrfol? armifrlausmif;om;? jrwfq&mESifh &Hcg
vm;au? ydk;om;ajrmufjyif? rdk;ararmifrSm? aq;aMumifaumif;vdkY? cawmif;
qifau? udk,fwGiftusÐ? zvmvDESifh? qHcsDvnf;aumif;? cefqmygudk? ae&m
a&mufatmif? qHacgufaygif;vdkY? zJaumif;yk0g? vuf,muvQif? yufcHk;
wifau? ax&f&Sifa&SUu? tda`E´au? wnfMunf<uí? arvSa,armif? q&m
acgifudk? aea&mifrxdk;? [wfum[wfum? xD;qwåmudk? vHkpGmrdk;au? Mum½dk;
oP²mef? EGJUudk,f[efudk? vSpHnufau? apmifhMunfhacsaomf? arrsufcGufrSm?
xufzufusau? aomrebHk? ESpfa,mufpHkrSm? tm½Hkrqdwf? apwodwfvQif?
ppfajrjyifrmS ? xkusiw
f csu?f avjyif;xefau? wif;cGe&f u G of ?Ykd cspo
f ufErHS nf}}
þodkY zGJUEGJUxm;&Sdonf/
rdk;yef;a0udk rdESifhbrSm txl;apmifha&Smufxm;&Sdonf/ odkYaomf rdk;yef;a0uav;
rSm cspfol&Sd&m ausmif;awmfomodkY oGm;vdkvS\/ wpfcgü aA'ifq&m wpfOD;tm;
- 65 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
vSUJ ac:í bke;f Bu;D ausmif;odYk qGr;f ydo Yk mG ;Edik af tmif aA'ifa[map\/ rdbwdYk oabmwl
ojzifh ausmif;odkYvmcJh&onf/ ausmif;0if;0rS0ifvmaom rdk;yef;a0udk jrif&onfh
xGef;atmifausmfrSm uHaumif;onfh olqif;&J a&Ttdk;&ouJhodkY 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om&SdvS
onfudk atmufygtwdkif;oDuHk;xm;ayonf/
]]ausmif;wdkufcGifudk? 0ifonfhqGrf;tkyf/
ewfyef;wdrf,if? a&TeDtkyfudk/
oGef;vkyfpifppf? jzpfrnfrxif/
ajcmufjypfpifau? 0ifwHka&SUu/
,if;ESrudk? jrif&onfrSm/
Oyrmau? BuD;pGm;'ku©/
qif;&JolrSm? uHrlwdk;au? a&Ttdk;&odkY}}
þodt Yk m;&0rf;omESihf ESrrd;k artm; xGe;f atmifausmo f nf BuKd wifíuse;f rmyg\
vm;[k EIwfqufar;jref;vdkufavonf/ xdkpOftcg rdk;yef;a0rSm ½kwfw&uf jyefrajym
EdkifbJ &yfwefYoGm;\/ rdk;yef;a0aemufrS tazmfygvmonfh oli,fcsif;u jyefajym&ef
Burd ;f armif;vduk cf grS NyKH ;NyKH ;uav;vkyu f m £a`Ej´ zifh jyefqakd wmhonf/ tao;pdwzf UJG EGUJ
xm;yHkrSm-
]]aomupdk;&drf? twefNidrfau? arGUodrf½ly? ighESrrSm? b,a&m*g?
raxmif;wmau? rmyg,ufvm;? ar;vwfygau? z&PmyDwd? rdk;yef;jzLrSm?
vlrodau? [d,ufESifhom? &Sufwwfygau? wpfcg&efxl;? a,musfm;[lau?
vl,OfacsmESi?hf rajymbl;vd?Yk ausmif;OD;ajrjyif? wwfxw J iG 0f ,f? arvQiw
f ;kd wGe?Yf
wvSrf;NcDudk? rcsD0efYa,mif? wefYíaecg? aemufuyga&? arwåmBuD;jcif;?
oli,fcsif;rSm? vSjcif;BuHpHk? r,fcspfyHkrSm? BuHKonf*ked? wGd,ufESifhuH? usef;rm
[Hudk? jyefajymygvm;? wpfa,mufuum? ESrcsif;qm cspfarwåmESifh? rmqm
aumif;jcif;? owif;ar;vsuf? rarhysufrSm? rxGufwdwfwdwf? Muuftdyfaom
[ef? eifhypudk? igMunfhjyefrnf? wzefqdkc? cNyHKa&ysm? rdk;r,fvSvnf;?
rsufpcsDum? armifrsufESmudk? wnfhumMunfhrSm? rsufawmifvTudk? tomcsvdkY?
,aeYruGm? ausmif;om,mu? arwåmroH?k armifcmG oHu?kd tuReEf rS ? avn§i;f

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 66 -
cHau? Mum;yg&vd?Yk oyÜa&m*g? raxmif;wmau? rmrmacgufacguf? qGr;f yd&Yk ef
rSm? ausmif;xHa&muf[k}} þodkYyifwnf;/ awGUBuHKqHkpnf;Mu&onfh tvGef
cufcJ &Sm;yg;vSayaom þtcgaumif;udk xGef;atmifausmfESifh rdk;yef;a0wdkYrSm
tod k Y v Qif vuf v T w f E d k i f y gtH h e nf ; / rd k ; yef ; a0wd k Y ausmif ; awmf r S t qif ; ud k
xGef;atmifausmf apmifhqdkif;vsuf&Sdonf/ olwdkYESpfOD; awGUqHkMujyefonf/ pum;qdkMu
jyef o nf / cspf w if ; ES D ; aES m Mujyef o nf / rd k ; yef ; a0\ tcspf p rf ; aompum;ud k
xGef;atmifausmf jyefqdkavonf/
rdrd\a0'emrSm xl;qef;vSaMumif;? wpfaeYrS rarhEdkifaMumif;? tvl;tvdrfh
cHae&aom þa0'emudk aq;q&mvkyfí ukoygrnftaMumif;udk ajymMum;av
onf/ xdkaemuf xGef;atmifausmfum; rdk;yef;a0\ toHudkwooESifhyif &Sdonf/
]]xGef;atmifausmfav? tdkESrcspf? ausmif;rSmaeau? i,fp½dkufu?
armifoufrQu?kd usrnfrh supf ?d *kex d ufwikd ?f ADZemrSm? qHajca&GUrQ? rarhEikd af u?
udk,fwdkifpGefYcsif? vrf;vQifrom? q&mwp? rdbudkaMumuf? armifoJacgifrSm?
rD;avmuf awmufau? aoavmufa&m*g? rjzpfygbJ? Asmyga0ql? rdk;yef;jzL
aMumif ; ? tyl w yf a vmif ; ? vG r f ; 'Pf a xmif ; au? aoaumif ; aoar?
oufraovnf;? ½l;arrkcs? uRefYa&m*gudk? q&mjyKysm? ul;ygc[k? oHjrxkwf
ay:? xGe;f atmifausmrf mS ? *Hah *:pum;? cs,m;prÜ,?f eef;rajyau? rd;k aroDo?
y'Hk;aumifrSm? qHa&mifvSudk? rGwfxarmif&Sif? pvufwifau}}
cspfolESpfOD;wdkYrSm aemufwpfaeYawGUqHkMu&ef csdef;qdkMujyefonf/
]]ajrmufbuf'Dom? &efumwHwdkif;? cdkif;aomfewfxH? eE´0efrSm? yHkpHwla&Smif?
awmif&SnfajrmifrSm}}awGUqHk&ef &SdMuayonf/ xdkawmif&SnfajrmifodkY t0wfavQmf&ef
[k rm,mqifvsuf rdk;ara&muf&SdcJhawmhonf/ rdk;arawmif&SnfajrmufodkY cspfoludk
awGU&efvmcJhyHkudk atmufygtwdkif; zGJUEGJUxm;ygao;onf/
]]EGJUEGJUudk,ftD? b0g;NcDudk? pDumomcs? rsm;r<ubJ? *E¨rmvm? eHomawmifxuf?
udEé&Donf? ysHcsDwufodkY? cspfbufr,fyHk? &G,fwHkaemufa&SU? wa&GUa&GUau? csJUcsJUyg;yg;?
ajrmifuHaygifudk? a,mifvdkYvm;au}}
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 67 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
awmif&Snfajrmif\ ]o&ufcsdKau? &dyfndKatmufrSm}? ]e&PDau?? odCÐESifhwl?
armifh&ifcGifrSm? wifarrSefau? rdk;yef;jzL}ESifh xGef;atmifausmfwdkY awGUqHkMuygao;
onf/ xGef;atmifausmfu cspfolvufudk tomvSrf;í udkifwG,frdygonf/ xdktcg
rdk;yef;a0urdrdtm; wrifoufouft&SufcGJ&ef BuHonfvm;[k pGyfpGJar;rdonf/
aemufqHk;ü cspfolESpfOD;wdkYrSm rdrdwdkYudk,fpm;xm;&Sd&ef vufaqmifrsm; tjyeftvSef
ay;Muonf/ rd;k yef;a0\ vufaqmifrmS qHx;kH jzpf\/ xGe;f atmifausm\ f vufaqmif
rSmum; armif;cs"m;jzpfayonf/ ¤if;u zGJUEGJUxm;&mü---
]]vdyjf ymrvH?k ovGeb f rkH mS ? rpHak omtm;? tvGr;f ajzzd?Yk arhu, kd pf m;ud?k
armifa&mvdkcsif? rdk;arcifudk? vufwifonfy? vGrf;ajz&onf? ay;ygc[k?
,k,oHom? qdkaomcg0,f? auomeufqHk;? y'Hk;rwef? oHk;awmifvGefudk?
ajzjyefarcspf? wpfoufyefav? MuHrrSm;au? &,f&Tif&,f[ef? armifhvuf&m
udk? ay;yg;c[k? ESrrdk;yef;? &ifwGif;qlau? tylcsrf;a,mif? tvGrf;ajzcsif?
awmif;vufusifaomf? cg;wGifaqmifvsuf? pdefa&mifxGufau? jywfcsufqHk;
wdkif? trdkufqdkifau? ysdKifudkazmufjim;? xd&mukefonf? pdwf,laumif;a&?
armif;cs"m;udk? cspftm;BuD;awG? tHk;udkarQmifysm? armifhudkpm;au? xm;ygav
[k}} þodkYyif aphaphpyfpyf &SdvSonf/
awmif&SnfajrmifrS cGma&SmifMuawmhrnf/ cspfolESpfOD;rSm b,fyHkawGUqHkMu&awmh
tHhenf;/ xGef;atmifausmfu tBuHtdkufum rdrd"m;udk b,faomtcg b,fae&mü
vm,l&ygrnf[k ar;vdu k o
f nf/ aemufwpfaeYntcg tdraf emufaz; rdrt d yd cf ef;em;&Sd
o&ufyifudkvSrf;wufí jywif;0rS0ifcJhyg[k rSmMum;cJhavonf/ xdkYaMumifh pmqdku
þodkYqdk\/
]]armifBuD;oufa0? BuHpnfbdkYyif? prjrifau? aroQifpH&m? aemufcef;omrSm?
vlom0ifavSmuf? jywif;aygufyg;? 'aumufac:qdk? o&ufcsdKvQif? wyif[d,uf?
,if;uwufau? tcsufoifhpGm? "m;jr0gudk? ,lygcvJh}}/
þodYk csed ;f qdx
k m;onft h wdik ;f wpfnaomtcg xGe;f atmifausmo f nf ausmif;rS
wdwfwqdwf xGufvmcJhonf/ xGef;atmifausmfrSm rdrdq&mu xdk;ay;xm;aom
aq;owdåtpGrf;udk txl;,HkMunfolyif jzpfonf/ xGef;atmifausmfonf tcspf\
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 68 -
wdkufwGef;jcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? rdrdü&Sdaom tpGrf;owdåaMumifhvnf;aumif;?
arSmifrnf;aomntcg b,foludkrQraMumufbJ rdk;ar&Sd&modkY pdkufpdkufvmcJhonf/
rdk;arwdkY\ 0if;wHcg;udktomvTm;í o&ufyifatmufodkYvmcJhum tdrfcyef;udk tom
acgufvdkufavonf/ rdk;arum; rdrdcspfoludk rac:bJ raeEdkifawmhacs/ wpfudk,fvHk;
onf odrfhodrfhwkefoGm;&Sm\/ ¤if;tajcudk zGJUEGJUxm;&mü---
]]0if;xufomudk? a&mufygavjim;? prjrifau? jyifwHcg;udk? jzLxGm;
a,armif? aq;*kPfaqmifau? aZmifyif&mvrf;? wcsufvTm;au? ajczsm;
a,rQ? rxdcbJ? rdk;arSmifusaMumifh? aqmifonfhwcsdKU? tdyf raysmfa&?
ac:a,mifrSef;au? vGrf;ESifhvdkYav/ / vGrf;warQmfum? tm;avsmhoifhjim;?
'aumufwGifau? tyifem;u? &yfjim;a&SUqdkif? cg;yef;ysdKifudk? vl,sOfaumuf
wwf? vufESifhacgufau? apmufapmufvnf;x? vSrdk;olrSm? jyLayguf0u?
cPMunfv h Qi?f ud, k o
f uf&iS u
f ?kd jrifonfumv? 'Gw d o
Hå ud?k xnfxEkeaYf tmif?
udk;aomif;aqmifau? udk;axmifarG;xGif;? r<uif;wp? Muufodef;0SHysm?
xdyfqH<uau? pdwfurvHk? bHkonfwjcm;? cspftm;vnf;BuD;? rSmNyD;íom?
onfwcgud?k jyefygarmifzmG ;? rqdx k m;au? pum;EIwq f uf? wufygvwfvQi}f }
þodkYyif jzpfygonf/
xGef;atmifausmfonf rdk;yef;a0&Sd&modkY o&ufyifrSwpfqifh jywif;aygufudk
vSrf;í 0ifoGm;avonf/ cspfolESpfOD; tcspfyvl;MuonfhtaMumif;udk tao;pdwfí
zGJUEGJUxm;ayonf/ tpuav;udk þodkYazmfay;vdkufavonf/
]o&ufyifudk? ajcwifvufvSrf;? jywif;0udk? t&vSrf;ysm? tpGrf;ESifh
vl? rdk;yef;jzLESifh? twlxdka0? eHcsif;&SOfau? xdkifvSma&av/ / xdkiftwlau?
vufrIwifvsuf? u'dk;eHYBudKif? 'gvDydkifrSm? vdkifudkzufau? nHhoufEkxGm;?
0goZkaEé? arG;aygif;wnfonf? rdk;aryg;udk? ESmzsm;xdwHk? *E¨m½Hkudk}}
þodkYvQif tcspfprf;Mu yvl;MuonfhtaMumif;udk a&SUodkYrqufvdkawmhyg/
&Snfvsm;ayawmhrnf/ tcspfZmwfvrf;udk twdkcsHK;íom azmfjyvdkygawmhonf/
xdkodkYaeMu&m rdk;yef;a0tm; vltrsm;yif vma&mufaMumif;vrf;aphpyf Mu\/
aemufqHk;ajymzefrsm;í *kPfoa&&SdolwpfOD;tm; oabmwlcJhavonf/ odkYaomf
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 69 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
rdk;yef;a0um; oabmrrQay/ rdrdcspfol xGef;atmifausmfudkom arQmfrSef;vsuf&Sd
ayonf/
xGe f; atmifa usmfonf rdbudky lqmawmh\ / rdbrsm;uvnf; raeomí
oGm;a&mufaxmufvSrf;rdonf/ odkYaomf xGef;atmifausmfrSm tcgaumif;aomfvnf;
tvmaESmif;acsNyD/ odkYaomf olum;pdwfrysuf? oltpGrf;jy&ef pdwfydkif;jzwfcJhavonf/
xdkaeYum; rdk;yef;a0tm; r*FvmaqmifrnfhaeYjzpf\/ xGef;atmifausmfvnf;
wpfae&mrS tomapmifhqdkif;cJhonf/ tcsdefusa&mufvmaomtcg rdrdüygvmaom
"m;ud0k ifí
h rd;k yef;a0tm; vlAv kd bf t
kH Mum;rS cd;k ajy;avawmhonf/ xGe;f atmifausm\ f
zcifonf rdrdom;awmfarmif\owdåudk atmufygtwdkif; csD;usL;avawmhonf/
]]tmua,musfm;? boGD;rSefa&? a&Twefom;[k? ywåjrm;wef? pdefwef
jrwef? wjynfv;kH ud?k usKH ;vdw Yk efau? om;rGeaf cR;r? aeESiw
hf al &? b,fo&l [k}}
þodkYvQif ]orD;wifhw,f? oHk;awmifxGmrSm? auomxGef;au?
rdk;yef;a0}/ ]ausmif;wumorD;? vSqdk&mrSm? csmu0D;au? rdk;yef;a0}/
]yGifhopfMumwl? rdk;yef;jzL}/ ]em&PDau? odCÐESifhwl? armifh&ifcGifrSm? wifar
rSefau? rdk;yef;jzL}/ ]ighrSmwlr? rdaemf[[k? tvSrdk;jzL? aiGawmifol}[k xl;axG
qef;jym;vSonfh ]rdk;yef;a0} tcspfZmwfvrf;uav;tm; þwGifNyD;qHk;cJh
avownf;/
"npH
1952-53 ckxkwf "n0wDr*¾Zif;rS
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 70 -
Asnf; (33)vHk; &cdkifavSawmfoH
u - udkrlum;// uÍöeyyÜwm? aiGawmifomu? [oFm0rf;bJ? ysHus0Jonf?
rpJ&Hum? &Humaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
c - udkrlum;/ jrwfvSoD;cH? &aohysHudk? tBuH,lrSm;? rif;om;jynfoQif? jypfrSm;
vQifau? jynfawmf0ifum? 0ifumaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/
* - udkrlum;/ *E¨rmvm? yef;eHYomESifh? vif&Smr&? e*g;rvQif? aeYnrjywf?
vSnfhzsm;wwfonf? oljrwf&Tifum? &Tifumaomfvnf;? [efpdav?
[ef pGav/ /
C - udkrlum;/ C&m0go? udpörsm;ajrmif? vlwdkYabmif0,f? cGma&SmifcsDNyD;?
rif;BuD;wwyf? om;vGwfvyfonf? txG#fwifum? wifumaomfvnf;?
[efpdav? [efpGav/ /
i - udkrlum;/ iqrkqdk;? e,frsdK;vnfbd? rPdywåjrm;? ukefcgpm;onf? avS;
rQm;udkifum? udkifumaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
p - udkrlum;/ pE´ol&d,? rif;vSjynf&Sif? awmif;yefusifau? oQifyifudk,f
pm;? oGef;íxm;onf? zl;rsm;vG,fum? vG,fumaomfvnf;? [efpdav?
[efpGav/ /
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 71 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
q - udkrlum;/ q'´efqifrif;? avn§if;cH&m? rkqdk;vmí? jzwfumpG,fzsm;?
ay;urf;jim;onf? rif;tm;qufum? qufumaomfvnf;? [efpdav?
[efpGav/ /
Z - udkrlum;/ Zeuúrif;BuD;? oabFmpD;í? ysufpD;a&wGif? arsm&muyif?
urf;rSmwifonf? jynf&SifpHum? pHumaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/
ps - udkrlum;/ psmeftbdÓPf? rdk;Cf;odkYysHonf? xdefvQHajymif0if;? wefcdk;
jyif;onf? xGef;vif;"r®m? usifhBuH&Sm\? oka'¨mrif;rSm? q&maomfvnf;?
[efpdav? [efpGav/ /
n - udkrlum;/ an,s"Hw&m;? xdkig;yg;udk? ydkif;jcm;xifxif? odjrifuHkvHk?
NyD;jynfhpHkonf? AdkvfyHkvlrsm;? odjrifMum;atmif? a[mMum;Ak'¨g? Ak'¨gaomf
vnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
# - udkrlum;? #ulrif;BuD;? rD;ausmif;pD;í? c&D;vGef&Snf? oHvsifjynfudk?
0ifavncg? ncgaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
X - udkrlum;/ Xmyemudk? jrifhvSwef;aqmif? uRef;vHk;ajymifonf? rsm;ajrmif
&SpfoG,f? arGawmf"mwfudk? awmifxG#fwnfum? wnfumaomfvnf;?
[efpdav? [efpGav/ /
! - udkrlum;/ !@Kvrif;? BuD;tif;aMumufvS? !K|*grPD;? wdkufpnfwD;vsuf?
rif ; BuD ; usD j ynf ? ppf x d k ; avonf ? 0ef ; vnf ; atmif u m? atmif u m
aomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
¡ - udkrlum;/ ¡X&xm? e*g;omvQif? &DrSmrsdK;jrwf? vSnfhywfwukwf? ork'´&m?
rd*vsmudk? ewfrSmrif;jrwf? pD;NyD;vwfonf? oufjrwfMuif&m? Muif&m
aomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
P - udkrlum;/ PpOfyifu? wdrfñGefYjrvGef? y&pHy? uuúKvudk? jyefu
apmifhum? apmifhumaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
w - udkrlum;/ wm0wðom? xufrSmaeem;? rdewfom;udk? w&m;om,m?
jrwfpGmbk&m;? vmvwfjim;onf? ewfrsm;aomif;aomif;? tavmif;
uRwfum? uRwfumaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 72 -
x - udkrlum;/ xHyg;ruGm? r,folZmESifh? ruGmwlpHk? aysmfMuukefonf? tm½Hk
ay;vrf;? &Trf;&Trf;aomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
' - udkrlum;/ '@Kvrif;? BuD;tif;aMumufvS? 'kXumrPD;? wdkufpnfwD;
vsuf? rif;BuD;usD;jynf? xdk;0ifavonf? cef;v,fatmifum? atmifum
aomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
" - udkrlum;/ "uúrif;om;? pGrf;pGrf;tm;ESifh? ywåjrm;iHkum? ysHusvmonf?
qif;0g½kyfa&? vSewfausudk? jrifau0ef;um? 0ef;umaomfvnf;?
[efpd av? [efpGav/ /
e - udkrlum;/ e*g;&mZm? bk&m;vsmESifh? ewf&GmvlUjynf? ajymifhMunf0if; vsif;?
anmifyif&if;ü? oDwif;oHk;um? oHk;umaomfvnf;?
[efpdav? [efpGav/ /
y - udkrlum;/ yy0wD? a'0D&wem? awmifnmxG#fxm;? rdzk&m;udk? tm;&
BudK;um? BudK;umaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
z - udkrlum;/ z,ukr®m? BuD;pGmajymiftm;? yif;clusm;udk? vTm;vTm;cGyfum?
cGyfumaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
A - udkrlum;/ Amvvlrdkuf? rdef;rppfudk? ypfwwfwef;wif? ozef;yifwGif?
jrifvQifrif;BuD;? aqmif;a&TxD;ESifh? bdodufcHum? cHumaomfvnf;?
[efpdav? [efpGav/ /
b - udkrlum;/ b'´urÇm? ay:cgtp? Ak'¨anmifjzL? rdawå;[lonfh? ig;ql&Sifyif?
&Sifyifaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
r - udkrlum;/ ra[mfo"m? bkef;ynmESifh? ykpämewfvl? ar;Mu[lonf? vG,ful
ajzum? ajzumaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
, - udkrlum;/ ,u©pG,fjyL;? bDvl;ESifhjrif;? tefwkcsif;onf? &efudkrdum?
rdumaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
& - udrk u
l m;/ &xm;,mOfom? aepMumESi?hf awZmenf;wl? awmufap[lonf?
awmufapaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 73 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
v - udkrlum;/ vbufrif;zsm;? pGrf;pGrf;tm;ESifh &xm;pD;um? ppfxdk;vSmonf?
Adkvfygig;&m? ig;&maomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
0 - udkrlum;/ a0blvawmif? jrifhacgifa&Taqmif;? bDvl;aygif;ESifh? ab;
avmif;xG#fzsm;? rif;om;vkvif? usqHk;usifonf? &efcGifajzum? ajzum
aomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
o - udkrlum;/ oHwkukr®m? apmrif;vsmonf? q&mjrwfxH? usdK;EGHcpm;? aemif
awmftm;udk? w&m;q,fol? xD;jzLESif;au? ESif;auaomfvnf;? [efpdav?
[efpGav/ /
[ - udkrlum;/ [oFmiSufi,f? ppfjzpfarudk? ajcylavmifqm? rBuHomonf?
a&rSmarQmum? arQmumaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
V - udkrlum;/ Vvrif;om;? &xm;rpD;? rif;BuD;oljrwf? jA[®'wfudk? trwf
nDnm? jyifESif;vSmonf? t&,lum? ,lumaomfvnf;? [efpdav?
[efpGav/ /
t - udkrlum;/ trÇcsdKrTD;? o&ufoD;udk? usD;om;wGifNyD? oD;aqmifcsDonf?
a'0Dpm;um? pm;umaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
rSwfcsuf/ / txufyg Asnf;(33)vHk; avSavSmfoHudk pmvHk;aygif; cRwf,Gif;csuf
rsm;ESifh um&efcRwf,Gif;csufrsm;udk jyifqifrIrjyKbJ &&SdcJhonfh rl&if;
twdkif; azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tqifhqifhul;,lxm;&Sdojzifh
þuJhodkY cRwf,Gif;csufrsm; yg&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/
"npH
(txufyg Asnf; (33)vHk; avSavSmfoHudk ]&cdkif,Ofaus;rI? a0omvDacwf
trSwf 1? 1966-ckESpfxkwf} pmtkyfwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyzl;ygonf)
pmwnf ;
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 74 - - 75 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
oruf&iS u f aqmif;&onf/ xdak emufrS oruf&iS \ f taygif;tazmf vlysKd vl&, G rf sm;u
NcH&Hvdkufygvm&onf/ a&piftdk;ESpfvHk;? "m;wpfpif;? ,yfawmif wpfvufvnf; NcH&Hí
udkifaqmifygvm&onf/ ¤if;wdkYaemufrS oruf&Sif\ aowåm? tdyf&mvdyfrsm;udk
xrf;aqmifo,f,v l mMuavonf/ twdik t f azmufEiS hf oHcsyo
f abmrsKd ;yifjzpfonf/
þ&Gef;vdkufuAsmudk wpfOD;uwdkifNyD; tjcm;olrsm;u0dkif;í &Tef;vdkuf&avonf/
orufwufwGif oDqdkMuaom &Tef;vdkufuAsmrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf/
]tdk;aoQESpfvHk;? cGufaoQzHk;? NyHK;oD;NyHK;oGif? oEÅmarvif? 0dkif;vdkYMunfh---&Tef;}
þ&Tef;vdkufuAsm\t"dyÜm,frSm tdk;uav;ESpfvHk;udk cGufuav;ESifh zHk;vdkuf
avNyD/ NyHK;wHk;wHk;ESifh tljrL;aeaom owdkYorD;oEÅmar\ vifawmfarmifudk 0dkif;í
Munfh½IvdkufMuprf;yg[k wcsdKUuwdkifqdkvdkufaomtcg usefvlrsm;u Mobmay;NyD;
[kwfygayonf/ rSefygayonfqdkaomoabmjzifh &Tef;[kvdkufqdkMuavonf/
&cdkifjynfrS &Tef;vdkuf&wkrsm; &cdkifom;wdkY\ &Sifavmif;vSnfhaomtcgüvnf;aumif;? &xm;yGJüvnf;aumif;
("npH ) þodkYaom &Tef;vdkufoDcsif;rsm;udk oDqdkavh&SdMuygonf/ þ&Tef;vdkufuAsm oDcsif;
rsm;udk &cdkifom;wdkYonf vlpkvla0;jzifh jyKvkyfusif;yaom yGJvrf;obif qif,ifonfh
&cdik o
f m;wd\
Yk r*Fvmaqmif orufwufyv JG rf;obifü oruf&iS af c: owdUk om; tcg qdkavh&SdMuygonf/ tvm;wl ][efpdav? [efpGav}[k vdkuf&aom oDcsif;rsm;
jzpfool nf orD;&Siaf c: owdUk orD;tdro
f Ykd ta>ct&HEiS o hf mG ;a&mufNy;D xdo
k wdo
Yk rD;tdrf udkvnf; oDqdkavh&SdMuygonf/ odkYaomf jrefrmpmñGefYaygif;usrf;ü a0omvDjynfh&Sif
ü vufxyfr*FvmyGJudk usif;y&avonf/ owdkYom;u owdkYorD;xHodkY oGm;&m0,f pE´&m;rif;rsm;vufxuf xGef;ay:cJhaom a0omvDrif;orD;&wkudk oQdK;vdkuf&wk
vlBuD;oufBuD;rsm;u a&SUqHk;rSoGm;MuNyD; ¤if;wdkYaemufrS vlvwfydkif;u vdkuf&ygav &Sifavmif;vSnfhtoGm;rsdK;[k qdkxm;ygonf/ jrefrmjynf tcsdKUt&yfa'orsm;ü
onf/ xdkaemufrS ]yef;usif;} wD;orm;rsm;u wpfOD;aemufu wpfOD;qifhí vdkufMu &Sifavmif;vSnfhaomtcg &TJ;[kvdkuf&aom oDcsif;uav;rsm;udk oDqdkMuonf[k
&onf/ od&ygonf/ þtoGm;rsdK;twdkif; &cdkifjynfrS&wkrsm;udkawGU&&m ¤if;wdkYudk oQdK;vdkuf
]yef;usif;}onf pnfwpfrsdK;yifjzpfNyD; wNrdefYNrdefY wtdefYtdefY toHxGufay:atmif &wkrsm;[k trnfwyfay;vdkufonfudk awGU&ygonf/
yef;usif;onfrsm;u wD;&avonf/ a&SUqHk;rSvdkufolu wdkifíwD;vQif aemufrS &cdkifjynfü oQdK;vdkuf&wk[líum; rMum;zl;rday/ ]&Tef;}vdkuf&wk[líom
usefvlrsm;u vdkufwD;&avonf/ Mum;rdzl;ygonf/ ]odefuefrdefwGif}csD&wkrSm &wk½dk;½dk;r[kwf? oQdK;vdkuf&wk[k qdkxm;
xdkyef;usif;onfrsm;aemufrS ]rif;uRefr}ac: vif&Sdrdef;rrsm;u xbD&ifuefYESifh onf/ &cdik pf mqdyk nm&Sd tcsKd Uurl þ&wkonf ]&Te;f }vdu k &f wk jzpfonf[k qdak vonf/
vuf&Snf cg;&SnftusÐrsm;udk oyf&yfpGm0wfqifí wpfOD;aemufrSwpfOD; wef;pDí þ&wkwGif wpfyk'fqHk;vQif ]&Tef;} vdkuf&onf[k qdkMuygonf/ þodkYaom ]&Tef;}vdkuf
vdkufygMuum ¤if;wdkYaemufrS oruf&Sif\rdcifjzpfolu ]a&Smif}ac:aom rudk#f &wkrsm;udk &cdkifpmqdkrsm; trsm;tjym;yif zGJUEGJUcJhNyD; &cdkifpmayüxif&Sm; ausmfapm
o&zludk udkifaqmifí vdkufygvm&onf/ xdk ]a&Smif}udk r*Fvmaqmifaomtcg cJhaom uAsmrsm;udk þ ]&Tef;} vdkuf&wkoGm;rsm;jzifh zGJUEGJUxm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 76 -
a0omvDjynfh&Sif oD&dpE´&m;rif;BuD;vufxuf om;awmftdrfa&SUrif;onf
taemufol&wefjynfodkY ppfcsDatmifjrifí ol&wefrif;orD;ESpfOD;ESifh aysmfarGU
aevsuf oHk;ESpfrQ Mumanmif;cJhNyD;jzpf&mwGif arsmufom;awmfrif;orD; ok0PÖa'0Du
]&Tef;} vdkuf&wkoHk;yk'fudk qufovdkufavonf/ atmufygtwdkif; aumufEIwf azmfjy
vdkufayonf/
]odefuefrdefwGif? qJhepfcGifudk? vGrf;yifpnfjrifh? Mum&Snfwmtul;?
waygif;rif;vGif? &GufusifawmifvDjrL;u? jypfoG,fEl;pD;oG,fjzm? rwwf
omacs? þtaxGaxGudk? MunfhavorQomwnf;? yifwdkif;rSm n§m&Gufa<u?
avjyif;cwfvpf? yk&pfa0a0ESi?hf iSuaf &TarmifEpHS ?kH ETv
J nfcsi;f ,Su?f yef;ESpcf uf
udk ,lvsuf? EIwf0,fiHkí? pmcGHUwHk&TifESpfvdkY? wxl;axGvm? bmomvlvdk? rudk
EIwfESifhwdkYí? þodkY cspfzG,fqif---}
&wkrSm av;vHk;pyf&wk½dk;½dk; r[kwfonfudk awGU&ygonf/ &rf;NAJNrdKUawmif
ausmif;q&mawmfb&k m;u &uefjzpfonfqx kd m;jyefavonf/ &ueftoGm;ESihf qifwl
,dk;rSm;jzpfaomfvnf; &ueftzGJUtEGJUum; r[kwf[k &cdkifpmqdktcsdKUu qdkMuygonf/
þ&wkonf ]&Tef;}vdkuf&wk jzpfrnfqdkvQif þuJhodkY toGm;rsdK;ESifh zGJUEGJUxm;&Sdaom
&Tef;vdkuf&wkrsm;udkum; &cdkifjynfü xl;xl;jcm;jcm; awGUjrifEdkifygao;onf/
'k w d , y&d e f N rd K Uwnf aumvd , rif ; \om;awmf 'o&mZmrif ; vuf x uf
tbdodufcHawmfrlrnf[k rdefYawmfrlaomtcg tbdodufcHaom ud&d,mt*FgpHktyf
aom taMumif;udk a&S;ynm&SdtrsdK; trwfu0dausmf avQmufaomxHk;\toGm;rSm
&Tef;vdkuf&wkoGm;rsdK;yif jzpfonfudk awGU&ayonf/ atmufygtwdkif;aumufEkwfazmf
jyvdkufyg\/
]EG,fjrpfpOfvm? jrwf&mZmwdkY? pMuma&muf&mtaMumif;ay? y&ar
bke f; orÇm? r[mZmed ef ? omud ef {u&mZmwdkY? BuD; us,fp Gmrif; wHq dy f?
bdwfodwfawmfcH? wdkif;EdkifiHudk? pdk;pHuGyfn§yfESdyfí? vlwdkYxdyfa&SUpOfvm?
bdwfodwfoGef;½dk;? armfuGef;xdk;onf? rif;rsdK;jrwfunmESihf? vuf,m&pf
c½koif;? rif;wdkYoHk;&? jA[®Pvnf;? rlvodu©m? usrf;trSmudk? rSDpGmusifh½dk;?
ab;bdk;qif;ouf? bdufodwfqufrSef&m\/}
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 77 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
xdkYaemufwpfzef &cddkifjynfajrmufOD;acwf eef;wufawmfrlaom rif;zavmif;
vufxuf yJcl;ausmfxifaemf&xmu pum;awmifpm;udkoHapí orD;awmf jrwf&Sifpdk;
ES i f h yJ c l ; rif ; om; orD ; rif ; opö m ud k a y;ygrnf h t aMumif ; apqd k a &muf v m&m
rif;zavmif;u wdkifyifawmfrlí &cdkiftrwfBuD; r[mynmausmfu avQmufxm;&m
wGif ud;k um;xkwaf qmifaom &mZoHowDe'd gef;pmvuFm[k azmfjyxm;aom uAsmrSm
vnf; þuJhodkY &Tef;vdkuftoGm;yif jzpfayonf/ aumufEkwfcsufum; þodkYyif/
]ynmawmfajrtxk? pHkaphajrmufjrm;? rl;rwftm;vnf;? &nfoGm;
odatmifjyKavmh/ vlrItvGefcufvSpGm? jynfoludkom;? ,Gif;rrSm;atmif
xm;&onfh arwåmESifh? a&SUxufpOfvm? rwfwdkYxHk;wrf;? wwdkif;wjynf?
twnfwnfudk? vSnfhvnfoHapcef;ü? axmufvSrf;ajrmf½IjyKtyf&m? olu
apjyef? twefwefvnf;? wrefa&mufwdkYvmu? t*FgrlvvlUtae? rif;wdkY
"avh? odpHkaphrS? tawGUcHoifhayonf}
xdkYjyifw0 &cdkifajrmufOD; a&TNrdKUawmfü eef;wufawmfrlaom rif;&mZmBuD;
vufxuf pmqdkawmfOuúmysHonf tdrfa&SUOy&mZmrif;carmif;ESifhtwl [Hom0wD
yJcl;ü oHk;ESpfMumaexdkifcJhpOfu &cdkifjynftm; vGrf;qGwfwoNyDjzpfí rif;carmif;
&cdkifjynfodkY jyefvG,fpdrfhaomiSm q,fhESpf&moD&wkudk qufocJhavonf/ þ&wk
taMumif;ESifhywfoufí okawoepmapmifwGif uG,fvGefol ausmufpm0efa[mif;
OD;pHa&Tbku rSwfcsufa&;om;xm;onfudk zwfrdygonf/
OD;pHa&Tbku þq,fhESpf&moD&wkonf 'Gwåaygifrif;vufxufu pyfqdkcJhaom
avSavSmfoHq,fhESpfyk'fESifhwlonf[k qdkygonf/ þodkY &wkpyfenf;rSm &cdkifjynfü
a0omvDjynfh&Sif pE´&m;rif;rsm;vufxuf ouú&mZf(8)&mpkrS (10)&mpktwGif;u
a&S;OD;pGm "r®apwDtrwfBuD;u wDxGifpyfqdkzGJUEGJUcJhNyD; pyfyHkpyfenf;rsm;udk tdEd´,jynf
wGif; ]b*bwf*Dw} tp&Sdaom xifay:ausmfapmcJhonfhuAsmrsm;rS enf;,lcJhonf[k
qdkxm;avonf/
þ&wkrsm;udk &cdkiftoHaetoHxm;ESifh zwf½Iwwfygrl txl;omawmifhom,m
&SdvSonfqdk\/ &u©0PÖac: &cdkiftu©&mpmayonf a0omvDacwfwGif tdEd´,
bmomrS ul;ajymif;cJo h nf[k &cdik &f mZ0ifq&mrsm;u qdx k m;&m þodYk &wkzUJG EGUJ yHw
k u
Ykd kd
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 78 -
tdE, ´d uAsmzGUJ EGUJ yHw
k rYkd S twk,cl o hJ nfqckd surf mS rSm;zG,rf &Sad cs/ OD;pHa&Tbak &;om;onfh
rSwfcsufwGif "r®apwDtrwf[k yg&Sd\/ odkYaomf uREkfyfwdkY awGUzl;rSwfom;zl;cJhonfh
t&rSm a0omvDjynf pE´&m;rif;rsm;vufxufwGif "r®aZ,strwfBuD;[k ausmfapm
xif&Sm;cJhonfh pmqdkwpfOD;udk awGU&Sd&\/ pmayta&;tom;wdkYrSm xl;cRefcJhNyD; &cdkif
avSawmfoH Asn;f (33)vH;k ][efpaG v} uAsmudk zGUJ EGUJ oDu;kH xm;onfukd awGU&S&d ygonf/
þ"r®aZ,s trwfBuD;onfvnf; &wkrsm;udk zGJUEGJU[efwlygonf/ OuúmysH\ azmfjyyg
q,fhESpf&moD&wkrSm &Tef;vdkuf&wkoGm;yifjzpfí &Tef;vdkufq,fhESpf&moD&wk[lí
&cdkifpmqdkrsm;u ,lqMuygonf/ OuúmysHq,fhESpf&moD&wkrS aysmfzG,faumif;yHkwdkYudk
zGJUEGJUxm;aom wefcl;vtaMumif;udk azmfjyvdkufygonf/
]&Scd ;kd awmif;yef? zke;f xufoo H ?Ykd uReaf vQmufrnf? &wkvnf;? waygif;
uke?f twmtpGe;f ? wefc;l qef;aomf? tvGr;f r,fyckH ?hJ ckwpl rkH zl;om [Hom0wD?
wdkif;ajrolUcrf;0gu? eDjzLumyef;rsdK;pHk? qufpm&ufaxmuf? jcif;aumuf
vSrsdK;pHku? xuf&yfbHkvsH0gNyD? ypöHKusvSm? odkYcsdefcgudk? vGrf;awmfrrloD;avmh?
&yf0;D olU&yfajr? awm&*H0k ,f? abmfpu kH s;D iSuf jrnfu? pdwrf wnfvrG ;f avmify?l
armifvnf;olUcGif? wmobif0,f? r,f&SifarESifh ryl;bJ? rsm;&yfusL;a0;
ajracgif? &u©r@dKif &cdik jf ynf a&mufatmifwnf;? wefaqmifonf zsL;zsL;jrif?h
jrif;rdk&fxG#facgif? av;a,mufarmifonf? bkef;acgifodMum;rif;vnf;?
ckcsucf si;f ydUk qufvmS ? &u©reS zf ;l ? ajrmufO;D &TjD ynfomü? rsm;pGmonf? &Tv D aDS ygif;?
odCFe'D? eef;awmfqD0,f/ &TDvSDrif;qdyfacsmif;ü? waomif;aomif;aysmf
pOfwGif? wlpHkMunfh½Icsifonf? oBuFeftcgwnf;av;}
xdak emufwzef t*Fvyd w f Ykd &cdik jf ynfukd odr;f ydu k t f yk cf sKyí
f rw&m;zdEydS f csKycf s,f
jcif;jyKMu&mwGif rsKd ;cspBf u;D rsm;jzpfaom ppfawGNrKd Uae a';0efO;D atmifausm&f ?DT NrKd UolBu;D
OD;atmifZHESifh rif;om;BuD; OD;a&Tbef;wdkYuawmfvSefí udk,fhjynfudk,hfrsdK;udk jyefvnf
&&Sd&ef BuHqcJh&mwGif rormaom vluyfyg;opömazmufwdkY\ ukef;acsmpum;aMumifh
zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifum wpfEdkifiHNrdKU,Hjcm;odkY tydkYcHcJh&zl;avonf/ þrsdK;cspfwdkYu
wpfjynfpHXmerS rdrdwdkYjynf? rdrdwdkYNrdKU ausmif;uef bk&m;rsm;ESifh rdrdwdkY\ trsdK;om;?
aqGrsdK;om;csif;wdkYtm;cGJcGmí vGrf;qGwfwrf;wum &wkrsm; oDuHk;a&;om;ay;ydkYcJhMu
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 79 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
avonf/ ¤if;yk*d¾KvfwdkY zGJUEGJUcJhMuaom &wkrsm;rSmvnf; &Tef;vdkuf&wkoGm;rsm;yif
jzpfaeojzifh a'0ef;OD;atmifausmf&TD&wkrS aumufEkwfíazmfjyvdkufygonf/
]ewfjynf&yfyg;? cs<D uoGm;onf? oabmom? a&SUoHom uHa[mif;u?
awmif;qk,o l nf? tvSLroefcY í? ud, k Xhf mewdik ;f &yfajr? ausmif; uef bk&m;?
ZmwDrsm;udk? yg,fxm;aemufcdkif;ayí? oabFmvnf;oHk;yifwdkif? yif;wGef;
rqif? wufriifbJ? &GufvQifjzefYumcsnfESifh? tpnfpnfvDoifh&m? yifv,f
jrpfBuD; oabFmpD;í? vGifhNyD;,loGm;ygu? arG;rdom[Hrjym;? ESrBuD;vQif?
armifxyd wf ifu?kd uRev f Qirf zl;&bJ? vGeaf MuuGw
J rf;,rf;um? Mumy'Hu k ?kd aeyl
vSe;f yrmod?Yk arG;arawmfrif;acR;r? om;OD;rdcif? i,fuRr;f 0ifEiS ?hf om;&Siw f u
Ykd kd
wí? NcdK;iSufr[HtaES? wlpHkrJhbJ? azmfESifhuGJonf? 0rf;bJ[if;omjrnfodkY}
þodkYvQif a';0efBuD;onf rdrdtm; yifwGef;ac: cwfuGif;wGifoGif;í avSmfcwf
&aom wufrsm;vnf;rygbJ &GufvTifh&aom oHk;yifwdkifoabFmjzifh ppfawGurf;u
cGm&onfhtaMumif;rsm;ESifh rdrdESrBuD;? ZeD;onfESifhwuG om;i,f orD;i,frsm;udk
vGrf;qGwfyHktvHk;pHkwdkYudk zGJUEGJUoDuHk;tyfaom &Tef;vdkuf&wkaygif;rsm;pGmudk &cdkifjynfü
,aeYwdkif awGUEdkifygao;aMumif;ESifh okawoDwdkYtm; wifjyvdkuf&ygownf;/
"np
"npH
&cdkifjynfbufrS &Tef;vdkuf&wk (0g) &Tef;&wkESifh jrefrmbufrS oQdK;vdkuf&wkrSm
oabmcsif;twlwlyif jzpfonfudkawGU&ygonf/ &cdkifjynftcsdKUae&mrsm;wGif
¤if;&wkudk ]&TJ}[lívdkufojzifh ]&TJ} vdkuf&wk[kvnf; ac:Edkifaumif;rnf xifygonf/
þ&wkrsdK;udkyif a&S;&cdkifpmqdktcsdKUu ]&wk}[k ½dk;½dk;yifac:a0:Mujyefonf/ refvnf
q&mawmfuvnf; ]&wk}[lí ½dk;½dk;trnfrSnfhcJhavonf/ þ&wkrsdK;rSyif omcsif;?
&uefpaom tzGJUtEGJUrsm; aygufzGm;vmonf[k ,lqoifhavonf/ þ&wk pwif
ay:aygufaomtcsed yf ikd ;f rSmrl &cdik jf ynfryS í
kd tvsiu f sonf[k pmayrSww f rf;rsm;wGif
awGU&avonf/
]&Tef;}vdkufjcif;? ]oQdK;} vdkufjcif;? ]&GJ} vdkufjcif; ponfjzifh tvdkuf;uGJjym;ae
jcif;rSm t"dur[kwfacs/ rdrdwdkYem;wGif okwdom,mjzpfí t"dyÜm,ft,ltq
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 80 - - 81 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
aumif;ovdk vdkufoGm;jcif;jzpfonf[k xifjrifrdygonf/ &cdkifjynfbufü &Tef;[k
vdkufjcif;rSm ]usufoa&r*Fvm &Tef;&Tef;a0ygap}[k ,lqívdkufjcif;jzpf[ef wlyg
aMumif;/
(pmwnf ; )

rSwfcsuf/ / þaqmif ; yg;ud k 1957-58ck x k w f &cd d k i f w ef a qmif r *¾ Z if ; ü

azmf j yzl ; ygonf /

oBuFefv &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkY\ vSDNydKifyGJobif

&cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkYrSm oBuFefvü a&avmif;yGJudkvnf;aumif;? usifyGJac: eyef;
owfyGJudkvnf;aumif;? vSDNydKifyGJ odkYr[kwf avmif;NydKifyGJac: avSNydKifyGJudkvnf;aumif;
&moDyrJG sm;tjzpf usi;f yavh&MdS uonf/ þaqmif;yg;ü avSNyKd iyf o JG bif qif,ifusi;f y
yHkudk wifjyvdkygonf/

oBuFefv vlxkyGJ
avSNydKifyGJobifudk oBuFefvwGifusif;yaMumif; pmqdkOuúmysH &Tef;vdkuf&wkü-
&u©rSefzl;? ajrmufOD;&TDjynfomü/ /
rsm;pGmonf &TDvSDaygif;? od*Fe'D
eef;awmifqD0,f? &TDvSDrif;qdyfacsmif;ü/ /
waomif;aomif;aysmfpOfwGif? wlpHk½Icsifonf? oBuFeftcgwnf;av}/ /
[k zGJUEGJUxm;onfudk awGU&onfomru wefcdk;q&mxGef;BuD;uvnf;---
]vSDyGJobif? &DxJwGifü? aysmf&TifjrL;xl; rif;vGifusL;vsuf? wefcl;cgrSD? v&moD
0,f avmuDbmom? "r®wmjzifh? em0gcsif;,SO?f avmif;csif;NydKifvsuf? igEdkif

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 82 -
ol,KHS ;? wNyKH ;NyKH ;eefY zufEeI ;f vSaD vSm?f &Dtay:ü? &Tiu
f maysmrf ?dG vkyBf urH ad tmif?
vSDzGJUoHcsdK? qdkolwjzm? avSmfolw0? uoltaygif;? waomif;aomif;eefY?
armif;w[D;[D;? cwfwD;rnH? atmifvH0D0D NydKifvSDNydKifavmif;? &Dacsmif;rvyf?
y&dowfrsm; yGJMunfhom;½dkU} [lí zGJUEGJUxm;cJhonf/
avSNydKifyGJudk oBuFef odkYr[kwf oBuFefvGefí uqkefanmifa&roGef;rSDumv
twGif; usif;y&jcif;\taMumif;rSm vlxkyGJvrf;obiftaejzifh vlxktm;vyfcsdefudk
a&G;cs,f&jcif;jzpfonf/ vlxkqdkonfrSmvnf; awmifolv,form;rsm;omvQifjzpf
ojzifh v,form;wdkY wvif;yGJpyg;a&mif;NyD;csdef tm;vyfcsdefjzpfonf/
þavSNydKifyGJonf qif;&Jom;wdkY\ yGJvrf;obifwpf&yfjzpfNyD; trsm;pkaygif;í
tm;BudK;rmefwufvkyfaqmif&onfh usef;rma&;tm;upm;aysmf&TifyGJwpf&yfvnf;
jzpfayonf/ pkaygif;nDnmatmifaMumif;jzmqdkonfhaqmifyk'ftwdkif; nDñGwfa&;udk
a&S;½Iaom yGJvrf;obifwpf&yfvnf; jzpfayonf/
NydKifavmif;vsm
avSNydKifyGJudk usif;yEdkif&eftwGuf NydKifvSD? NydKifavmif;ac:onfh NydKifyGJ0ifrnfh
avSaumif;&&Sda&;rSm yxrta&;tBuD;qHk;jzpfovdk avSopfaumif;&a&;udk a&S;½Ií
opfyifckwfvSJ&ef wpf&yfvHk; wpf&GmvHk; ]&Gm[Hk}tm;ay;yg0ifavh&Sdonf/ oefoef
rmrm&S d a om a,musf m ;rsm;uOD ; aqmif N yD ; awmoH k ; axmif u k e f a tmif o G m ;um
opfaumif;&SmMuonf/ opf&SmrxGufrDuyif "avhtwdkif; aA'ifq&mESifh &Gmausmif;
q&mawmfwdkY\ Mo0g'udkcH,lNyD; &ufaumif;aeYoma&G;cs,fí opfckwfxGufMuonf/
vdkufyg&onfholrsm;txJwGif udk,ft*FgcsdKUwJhaom roefpGrf;olrsm; ryg0if&/
trsm;tm;jzifh q,fhajcmufvH&SdonfhNydKifavSrsm;udk NydKifyGJü toHk;csavh&SdMuojzifh
tqrweftoufBuD;onfh opfyifwdkYudk awGUatmif&SmMuonf/ opftaMumif;
aumif;pGmem;vnfonfh q&mrsm;ESifhwdkifyifNyD; temtqmrygaom opfudk ckwf,l&
onf/
opfyifckwfuwnf;u opfyifvJyHkudk edrdwfaumif;,lavh &SdMuygonf/ opfyif
onf opfikwfESifh teD;uyfqHk;vJusvQif avSavSmfíoGm;rnfh avSavmif;rjzpf[k
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 83 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
,lqMuonf/ opfikwfESifh a0;&modkY vJusonfh opfudkrSydkNyD; ESpfoufMuonf/ tcsdKU
&Gmrsm;rS NydKifavmif;rsm;qdkvQif awmifwpfvHk;ESpfvHk;udkyifausmfí vJonf[k tqdk&Sd
Muonf/ xdkYaMumifh NydKifavmif;&SmzdkY xGufuwnf;u--
]oH;k awmifausmv f Ykd vJvwfaw? xl;uJvaS &? xdek rd w
d af Mumif?h armif½Ukd
NydKifavmif;avSmfa&cg vsifjref&mrm? twkr[d? edv&xm;yHkrm? ,lZem
wmvGeaf jrmufatmif? wr[kwcf si;f a&mufEikd af &? trSeaf jymar? jrif;odaE¨m?
wdrñ f eG pYf m;eefY EIid ;f p&moH;k vlUq&mavmif;od'w
¨ uf av;awmfwifvYkd ypfviT hf
&m? rQm;wefyrm t[kefjyif;? *VKefrif;vJrwkEdkif NydKifbdkUvm vSDavSmfom;½dkU
0D;ua&Smif,Sm;yguyfvD/ bmrxDZmeDNydKifavmif;}/ [lí rdrdwdkY\ NydKifavmif;
onf opfckwfuwnf;u awmifoHk;vHk;ausmfívJonfh avmif;vsmudk jyKvkyfaom
avmif;jzpfojzifh aev&xm;uJhodkY vsifjrefvSonf[k rdrdwdkY NydKifavmif;*kPfyk'fudk
azmfxkwfNyD; wpfzufom; rcHcsifatmif oHcsyfBuD;xdk;Muonf/
NydKifavmif;yHkoP²mef
&cdkifwkdif;rSm a&vrf;c&D;omrsm;vSojzifh avSavmif;udktoHk;rsm;ovdk a&S;&cdkif
bk&ifrsm;vufxufu avStrsKd ;rsKd ; &Scd o hJ nf/ bm;rJ? ouú'gef? *Rw?f u& 0du?f a&awmf?
pyfwif? avSmfum;? vGef;uif? jyom'f? azmifvSD? &TDavmif;? &TD rD;ausmif;? &TDMuuf?
&TDusD;? &TDpmr&DwdkY jzpfMuonf/
,cktrsm;oHk;avmif;avSwdkYrSm bl;avmif;? pyfavmif;[lí ESpfrsdK;&Sdonf/
,if;wdkYudk toHk;csonfhtwdkif; NydKifvSD? pD;vSD? vSDBuD;[lí trsdK;rsdK;ac:a0:Muonf/
NydKifvSDrSm bl;avmif;rsdK; jzpfonf/ NydKifavSrSm (5? 6)vHrS (16)vHxd t&Snf&Sdygonf/
OD;yJh&Dpm;[lí tpdwftydkif;rsm; pepfwustcsdK;usatmifvkyf&onf/ avmif;udk
xGif;wl;NyD;aomtcg rD;yGwfwdkuf? qDacsmwdkuf? rdk[if;acgif;ESifhwdkuf tp&Sdonfh
jc,forIrsm; jyKvyk &f onf/ (16)vH&dS NyKd iv f rDS mS OD;ESiyhf u
hJ kd wpfvaH vmufpD t&Snx
f m;&
ygonf/
OD;uy½dk0if;? oNyDtdk;rjyif? e*g;½kyf? udEé&m½kyf? e,m;½kyf? [oFm½kyf? jcL;yef;
wdkYudk yef;xkNyD; wyfqifxm;onf/ aq;a&; rGrf;rHxm;onfrSm MunfhívSonf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 84 - - 85 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
yJhrSmqdkvQif ]jrm'ifcHk}ac: wufrcHkudk usD;? usm;? iSuf½kyf? Mumyef;½kyfwdkYjzifh rGrf;rH ZrÁL'Dyg? vusfmuRef;rSm
uyfxm;&onf/ wufrrSmqdv k Qif ]rQm;wef;&Sn}f [kac:aomwufrudk toH;k cs&onf/ xGef;a&eDvyHkyrm? owif;aMujimemrnfBuD;
avS0rf;rSmqdkvQif avSavSmfom;rsm;xdkif&ef ]'*kef} wyfNyD; ]yif;uef}wdkYudk (2)vH NydKifavmif;OD;pD; ]q&matmif}
avmufrSm (3)ckavmuf wyfqif&onf/ avSudk vluxrf;cs? xrf;wif&onf/ olu&Sdaqmif vrf;ñTefjyvdkY
trsdK;orD;rsm; ausmfrwuf&ef pnf;urf;owfrSwfxm;onf/ NydKifavmif;0rf;ryif;uefrSm?
avSavSmfom;rsm; &Sdaemufb,fnm? eD&mpdatmif
vlpdwufpdxdkifNyD;au? OD;pD;q&mcsa&wufeefY
q,fh&Spfa,mufpD;&onfh (6)vHavSrSmqdkvQif aemufqHk;uwufrudk wpfOD;?
wufrudkifa&SUu yJhaxmifESpfOD;? a&SUrSm OD;pD;OD;aygufac:onfh yef;qGJwpfOD;? rysufruGufnDnDnm? &Dyef;zGmatmifwufudkpGJvdkY
OD;pD;aemufu ]vdkifqpfawmifzsef}ac:onfh OD;axmifpD;ESpfOD;? usefq,fhESpfOD;rSm w[kefwnf;eefYxGufvDcg? NydKifavmif;yJhrSm
wyif;uef ESpfa,mufwpfwGJpD tavSmform; (6)qdkif; xdkif&onf/ (16)vH NydKifavSrSm ]q&mxGef;}u? &yfapmufxvdkY&SdudkarQmf? olUvufpGJawmf
qdvk Qif vlav;q,favmuf pD;&ygonf/ avSavSmo f m;wdrYk mS t0wfqifw?l acgif;aygif; xdkwufrudk? jrm'ifxufu eaemif;udkif?
pGeaf xmif? &ifpnf;? pvG,o f ikd ;f ? &ifoikd ;f trsKd ;rsKd ; 0wfqif&onf/ avSavSmo f rl sm;onf r,drf;r,dkif vSDrapmif;atmif? jzajzmifhwwef;udkifvdkYvm?
OD;pD;wufcsonfuMkd unfí h wufnaD tmif vdu k af vSm&f onf/ OD;pD;vkyo f u
l wufavSmf ZmolwcgNydKif0HhbdkYvJ} [lí ]usifoef} ac: vloefeyef;orm;rsm;ompD;aom
onfukd BuD;Muyf&ovdk yJhudkifoluvnf; avmif;wnfhwnfhoGm;atmif wm0ef,l& r[mavmif;BuD;rSm emrnfBuD;onfh q&matmifu avSOD;pD;í yJhudkifuemrnfausmf
onf/ OD;pD;vkyo f u
l tvGeaf wmfzv Ykd ykd gonf/ ud, k ahf vmif;toGm;udMk unfNh y;D wufcs& q&mxGef;jzpfonfhtaMumif;? vlaphwufaph avSmfvmonfh þr[mavmif;BuD;udk
ygonf/ NydKifavmif; wmutxGufrSm wufudka&jrKyfNyD; t&SnfqGJavSmfcwfum b,folwpfcg NydKif0Hhygrnfenf;[k ta&;qdkoHcsyfBuD;xdk;Mujcif; jzpfonf/
yef;0ifrSwufudk oGufoGufjrefjref avSmfcwf&ygonf/ wpfenf;qdkvQif NydKifavmif;
oGm;zdkY tiftm;rSm OD;pD;\vIyf&Sm;rItay:ü wnfygonf/ NydKifavmif;t&Sdef,lí avmif;NydKifyGJ usif;yyHk
wmxGufonfhtcg rwdrf;rapmif; &ef ta&;BuD;ygonf/ wmxGufrSm avmif;OD;pD; NydKifavmif;yGJudk &yf&Gmtcsif;csif; odkYr[kwf NrdKUe,fc½dkiftvdkuf usif;yavh&SdMu
vkyfolu apmif;vdkufrnfqdkvQif jyefíwnfhoGm;atmifvkyf&ojzifh tcsdefMumoGm; onf/ &moDyGJtjzpfomru bk&m;yGJ? rif;yGJpdk;yGJrsm;ESifhwGJzufívnf; usif;yavh&SdMu
wwfNyD; aemufrSm usef&pfcJhrnfudk pdk;&drf&ygonf/ NydKifavmif;avSmfí tawmfav; onf/ NydKifyGJ0ifrnfqdkvQif vSDrNydKifcif &yf&GmoQif? acsmif;oQifrsm;udk avmif;OD;cdkufNyD;
t&Sdef&onfhtcg? tawmfuav; tajy;jrefí rSefvmonfhtcg wufrudkifvkyfolu twD;trIwf tqdktuESifh yoaomtavhtx&SdMuonf/
wufrudk a&xJepf½Hkavmufom csxm;avh&Sdonf/ awmfonfh wufrudkifwdkYrSmqdkvQif vSDNydKifyGJudk acsmif;rsm;ü usif;yavh&SdMuNyD; jzm;a&urf;ezl;xd jynfhvQHaeonfh
wufrudk a&ay:rS azmfí,lvmMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh-- vqef;p? vqkwfpcgrsm;rSm usif;yMuonf/ vSDyGJudk jzm;wvwfavmufwufaom
]udk;pdyfudk;vH? udk;yif;uef? usifoefwd&m eHeuf (10)em&D? (11)em&DavmuftpjyKNyD; jzm;a&uscsdef (3)em&D? (4)em&DavmufwGif
wufysmpD;vdkY? r[mavmif;BuD;xGufvdkYvm tqHk;owfonf/ yGJudk (3)&ufxd usif;yMuonf/ Edkifoltm; aemufqHk;aeYrSm

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 86 - - 87 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
a&Tarmif;ESihf atmifqak tmifvu H kd cs;D jri§ o
hf nf/ &yf&mG vlBu;D rsm;udk 'dik v
f Bl u;D rsm;tjzpf ]acgif;aygif;wxD;? bBuD;av usef;uefom rmyg,ifhvm;? arwåm
a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufavh&SdMuonf/ tcsif;ryGm;atmif t&yf&yfu NydKifvmonfh [dvdkY rdef;pGm&m? pdwfqdk;rmefyg r[dygauh? EIwfcrf;Aufvef uefawmfBuD;ESifh?
avSavmif;OD;pD;rsm;pkaygif; aqG;aEG;NyD; pDpOf&ygonf/ qHk;jzwf&ygonf/ NydKifavmif;MunfhbdkY vmvwfaw? armif½dkUavSmfar tm;ri,fuJh? NydKifavmif;
avSNyKd iyf t
JG wGuf wmtxGut f puyif tqH;k yef;zl;wdik f tuGmta0;udk owfrw S f avSmv f Ykd vufarmif;rSm? wcsuzf spyf g? td-k rr½dUk ? rufuvmudk acgif;rSmaqmif;
xm;&ygonf/ NyKd io f nft
h cg ½d;k &m"avhtwdik ;f qdv k Qif wmputnDxu G Ef ikd &f ef oHw;kH urf;axmifhxufu t&D;av orufavmif;aoQ EdkifpDaMumif;udk? qkrGef
udk pifjrifhu BudK;ESifhqGJNyD; a&udkcsí tcsufay;&onf/ ,cktcg acwftavsmuf awmif;zdYk aumif;yga&? unmysKd aoQ td-k rr½dUk ? urf;axmif;xufu? vl;usr,f
aoewfyif azmufMuonf/ yef;zl;0ifrSmvnf; tEdkift½HI;udk pufjzwfyef;qGJenf;jzifh apwemeefY ajymcyg,uf}
qHk;jzwfavh&SdMuonf/ pufjzwfenf;rSm avSOD;u "m;udkpdkufxm;vsuf yef;zl;u vufvt H vdu k f ,SONf yKd iaf &;tpDtpOfrsm;udk vlBu;D rsm;u pDpOfay;Muonf/ tEdik f
wm;xm;onfhBudK;udk tvdktavsmufjzwfoGm;onfESifhwNydKifeuf yef;zl;rSm ñGwfus &onfhNydKifavmif;rsm;udk aemufqHk;aeYü a&Tarmif;? aiGarmif;rsm;ESifh atmifqk
vmygonf/ yef;qGJrSm 0g;vHk;udkazmufNyD; BudrfEG,fopfacsmif;wpfckck xdk;oGif;xm; atmifvHudk csD;jr§ifhygonf/
ygonf/ ,if;OD;pD;yef;qGJtp vSDorm;xdqGJ,l&ygonf/ þodkY yef;zl;udk pDpOfxm;NyD; aemufqHk;ü qk&onfhNydKifavmif;OD;pD;u a&Tarmif;udkqGJvdkY vSDawmfom;wdkYu
tEdkift½SHK; qHk;jzwfMuygonf/ atmifvHudkifNyD;vQif acsmif;½dk;wpfavQmuf pkefqefpdkif;NyD; uckefwD;rIwfoDqdkum
y&dowftm; EIwfqufMuavawmhonf/
NydKifavmif;oHcsyfBuD;
vlxyk vJG rf;obif? v,form;vkyo f m;wdYk yGv
J rf;obif pkaygif;vkyrf S atmifonfh
NydKifavmif;aeYrSm acsmif;urf;yg;wpfzufwpfcsufwGif &yf&Gmtvdkuf r@yfrsm; yGJvrf;obifjzpfonf/ &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkY\ avSNydKifyGJudk ½dk;&mrysuf tNrJwap usif;y
xdk;NyD; {nfhcHauR;arG;Muygonf/ urf;vHk;ñGwf y&dowfpnfum;vSonf/ rdrdwdkY &yf&Gm Edkifygap[k awmifhwarQmfvifhum ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufygownf;/
rSm&Sod rQ avSavmif;wdEYk iS hf acsmif;½d;k wpfavsmufrmS jynfu h syaf eatmif yGMJ unfyh &dowf
pnfum;vSonf/ tcsdKUrSmvnf; iSufaysmyifudkazmifvkyfí MunfhwwfMuonf/ "npH
avSNydKifyGJrprD udk,fh&Gmudk,fhavmif; *kPfyk'fudkazmfxkwfí oHcsyfBuD;rsm; xdk;Mu
rSwfcsuf/ / &cdkifñGefYzl; (1968 xkwf)ü ]tpHarmif} uavmiftrnfjzifh
ygonf/ td;k pnfAakH rmif;rsm;udw k ;D MuNy;D oHcsyBf u;D rsm;xd;k MuonfrmS tvGef emaysmzf , G f
azmf j yzl ; ygonf /
yif jzpfygonf/ oHcsyfBuD;rsm;udk ]NydKifavmif;oHcsyfBuD;rsm;}[k ac:wGifvmMuonf/
oHcsyfBuD;rsm; ay:aygufvmonfhtajccH a&aomufjrpfyif jzpfonf[kxifygonf/
NydKifavmif;rNydKifrD ]avSpdkif;}vnf; jyMuonf/ jrif;pdkif;onfh oabmyif/ aemuf
urf;½dk;wpfavQmuf oHcsyfBuD;rsm;xdk;um tomtnif vl;vmacgufjyef uckefwD;rIwf
oGm;MuonfrSmvnf; tvGefaysmfp&myif jzpfonf/ em;axmifívnf; pdwf<up&myif
jzpfonf/ oHcsyfBuD;rsm;udk avSorm;tcsif;csif;rdrdf*kPfyk'fudkazmfí xdk;Muonfudk
tenf;i,fazmfjyNyD; jzpfygonf/ oHcsyfBuD;rsm;udk NydKifavmif;orm; tcsif;csif;om
xd;k Muonfr[kw?f NyKd iaf vmif;yGMJ unfyh &dowfwu Ykd ykd g apmif;csw d u
f m qdak vh&MdS uonf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 88 -
q&mxGe;f \
&ud©Kifomjcif;qef;rsm;
"npH
pmqdkawmfaeYrsm;wGif jrefrmpmqdkawmfwdkY\ *kPfyk'fudk azmfxkwfavh&SdMuonf/
pmay,Ofaus;rIonf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfü us,fjyefYonfxuf us,fjyefY
vmatmif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH vlrsdK;pkwdkY\ pmayazmfxkwfa&;rsm;wGifvnf;
tm;ay;oifhMuayonf/ vlrsdK;pkwdkY\ ,Ofaus;rItEkynm&yfrsm;udk azmfxkwfay;jcif;
jzifh jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwfudk zGHUNzdK;apEdkifonf/
uREkfyfwdkY\ "n0wD? &r®m0wD? arC0wD? 'Gg&m0wDwnf;[laom 0wDav;&yf
jzpfonfh &u©yl&ac: &u©dKifjynfü wpfcsdefwkef;u pmaytEkynm&yfrsm;onf tvGef
wdk;wufyGifhvef;a0qmcJhayonf/ pmqdkawmf 0drv? r[mynmausmf? rif;apmrGef?
t'lrif;ndK? &cdkifoljrwf? OuúmysH? rdndK? e&ywd? odkufwwf ivuf½Hk;? 'dk;a0? oD&d
rv’mrdyef;&H tp&Sdaom &ud©KifpmqdkawmfBuD;rsm; wpfacwfajymif;cJhNyD;aemuf "n0wD
rS awmausmif;aysmf 0g;ausmif;q&mawmfEiS hf &r®m0wDuif;bke;f awmfBu;D wd\
Yk vuf&m
rsm;onf pyful;rwful;tcsdefavmufwGif wpfacwfqef;cJhayao;onf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 89 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
t*FvdyfwdkYpdk;ydkifonfh acwfwGifum; &ud©Kifpmay&yfrsm; jyefvnfvef;qef;
ay:vGifa&;twGuf wefcdk;q&mxGef;BuD;onfrsm;aomtm;jzifh omjcif;qef;rsm;udk
zGJUEGJUcJh\/ ¤if;omjcif;rsm;udk omjcif;wwfrsm;u oDqdkavh&SdMuonf/ þomjcif;ESifh
ywfoufí omjcif;q&mxGef;BuD;}[k emrnfausmfMum;cJhavonf/
,cktcg q&mxGef;\ omjcif;qef;rsm;udk ppfawGNrdKU aps;wef;pmtkyfqdkifrsm;ü
tvG,fwul&&SdEdkifayonf/ q&mxGef;\ omjcif;qef;rsm;onf trsm;y&dowf
vG,fvifhwul em;vnfEdkifpdrfhaomiSm oDuHk;zGJUEGJUxm;NyD;zwf½I&ol em;aomwqif
&olrsm;tzdkY txl;b0ifNidapavonf/ awmvufaus;&Gmrsm;ü ,aeYwdkif acwf
pm;wkef;yif &Sdygao;onf/ pmaytEkynmokawoDrsm;twGufrl txl;wefzdk;&SdvS
ayonf/
jrefrmjynfwGif omjcif;[líay:cJh\/ ouú&mZf (972)ckavmufu taemuf
bufvGefrif;w&m;BuD;vufxuf tif;0ürif;aZ,s&EÅrdwfonf Oaweomjcif;? y#m
pm&Domjcif;? pdÍörme0dumomjcif;oHk;yk'fudk qufoGif;cJhonf[k awGU&avonf/
omjcif;tzGJUtEGJUrSm a&S;tjzpftysuftaMumif;jcif;&mrsm;udk om,macsiHpGmzGJUqdk
aom tzGJUtEGJUjzpfojzifh omjcif;[lí OD;azarmifwifu jrefrmpmayordkif;wGif
a&;om;azmfjyxm;avonf/
&ud©Kifomjcif;rsm;udk ouú&mZf (800)ausmfavmufuyif &ud©Kifbk&ifrif;Am;
BuD;vufxuf pmqdkawmfynm&SdBuD; ]0drv}u pwifa&;om;onf[k ausmufpm0ef
a[mif; uG,fvGefol OD;pHa&Tbku a&;om;xm;cJhavonf/ tcsdKUtcsdKUaom &ud©Kif
okawoDrsm;url þ&ud©Kifomjcif;rsm;onf tvGefa&S;usaomacwfuyif ay:xGef;
cJo
h nf[k ,lqavonf/ owåxmEkEiS hf aumfumEkomjcif;rsm;udk pmqdak wmf ]0drv}u
a&;om;zGJUEGJUcJhonf[k OD;pHa&Tbku azmfjyxm;avonf/ owåxmEk? aumfumEk?
"r®0Zd ,? BuKd ;Mum? a&Trmvm tp&Sad om omjcif;rsm;rSm &udK© ipf maywGif txl;xif&mS ;
vsu&f cdS o hJ nf/ &udK© iof mjcif;rsm;pyfqykd ?kH pyfqekd nf;ESihf oDqykd w
kH rYkd mS jrefrmomjcif;rsm;
ESifh uGJvGJayonf/
q&mxGef;onf a&S;ua&;om;xm;&SdcJhaom þomjcif;rsm;udk wpfzefopfqef;
apcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ]topfqef;um? xGef;q&mvQif? uAsmoHanmif;?
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 90 - - 91 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
a&S;vuf&mav? ,Gi;f um,Guaf u? rysuaf umif;} [lívnf;aumif;? ]a&S;rla[mif;ud?k uyif omjcif;? vuFm? &wk? oHayguf? a[mpm? oHcsyf? uxdefEIwfxGufcef;? w&m;
jznfhavmif;rHí? wpfzeftopf? trSefjzpfatmif? pdppfum&ef? xGef;q&mav? awmif;trsdK;rsdK;? Zmwfobifonfrsm;twGuf oDcsif;trsdK;rsdK; zGJUEGJUay;avh&Sdonf/
tm0ZÆef;au? qef;onfhÓPfESifh xyfrHNyD;axG? þuAsmudk? pDumvkyfau? xkwfvdkuf rdrdudk,fwdkifyif t&yfom;ZmwfyGJwdkYü 0ifa&mufujyavh &Sdonf/ pma[m q&m
awav}[lívnf;aumif; owåxmEkomjcif;wGif a&;om;cJhavonf/ vnf; vkycf ohJ nf/ omjcif;rsm;udv k nf; rdru
d ,
kd w
f ikd o
f q
D jkd yavh&cdS ahJ vonf/ q&mxGe;f
q&mxGef;onf þomjcif;rsm;udk azmfxkwfa&;om;&mü rdrdwdkYtrsdK;om;pm onf vufrItEkynmrsm;wGifvnf; uRrf;usifoljzpfojzifh tdrfoHk;ypönf; trsdK;rsdK;udk
ay,Ofaus;rI rwdraf umrysuaf ysmuf&atmif a&;om;cJ\ h / xdjYk yif w&m;oHa0*&ap 0g;BudrfEG,fwdkYjzifh ,ufvkyfum 0g;xdk;avh&Sdonf/ tdrfoHk;awmif;üyif ]þodkY,ufjyK?
vdkjcif;aMumifhvnf; a&;om;jcif;jzpfonf/ vlxky&dowf tysif;ajyapjcif;tvdkUiSm vufrIynm? &wemaumif;}[k urÁnf;xdk;um ,ufazmfxm;onf[k od&Sd&avonf/
vnf; a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfonf[k qdkxm;onf/ avmua&;? "r®a&;ESpfoG,faom q&mxGef;\ omjcif;qef;rsm;txJrS tcsdKUudk atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyvdkufygonf/
&nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzifhvnf; zGJUEGJUa&;om;jcif; jzpfavonf/ aumfumEk?
omjcif;udk &ud©KiftrsdK;om;wdkY t,ltqtm;jzifh taMumif;jcif;&mwpfckckudk owåxmEk?
om,mpGm zwf½Iem;aomwqifEdkifatmif a&;om;zGJUEGJUxm;aom uAsmjzpfonf/ aiGawmifol?
]jcif;}rSm tjcif;rSvmonf/ xdkYaMumifh ,yif;ESifh raygif;&bJ &&pfESifhaygif;xm;jcif; "r®0dZ,?
jzpfonf/ omjcif;trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf/ uav;acsmh omjcif;? qHk;rpmomjcif;? ½dk;½dk;0w¬K yef;a&TNrdKif?
pmomjcif;? a&S;edygwfawmfvm0w¬Krsm; omjcif;? wdkufomjcif;[lí trsdK;rsdK;&SdMu
"Ek*¾H?
avonf/ q&mxGe;f um; txufyg trsKd ;tpm;tm;vH;k udk zGUJ EGUJ cJah om pmqdk jzpfonf/
a&0wD?
þae&mü q&mxGe;f \ tw¬Kyw Ü u
åd kd tenf;i,f azmfjyvdak yonf/ q&mxGe;f \
&mr?
Zmwdcsufa<ua'oum; ppfawGNrdKUrS q,frdkifc&D;&Sdonfh upäye'Dac: ukvm;wefjrpf
vdyfurÇm?
vuf,mbufurf; wefc;kd acsmif;&S&d m wefc;kd &GmBu;D jzpfayonf/ wefc;kd &Gmwpf0u kd w
f iG f
&Sdaeaom awm? awmif? jrpf? acsmif;? urf;yg;ESifh ywf0ef;usif ½IarQmfcif;rsm;onf usDjzL?
txl;MunfEl;zG,faumif;vSayonf/ owif;a&aomuf?
q&mxGef;tm; þywf0ef;usif½IarQmfcif;obm0wdkYonf pmzGJU&mütNrJwrf; 0HolawmfarmifESr?
taxmuftul jzpfapcJah vonf/ q&mxGe;f \ awmzGUJ ? jrpfurf;ajc? yifv,f? uRe;f zGUJ y'kr®a'0D?
rsm;onf &ud©Kifjynf\ obm0rsm;udk ay:vGifapcJhavonf/ q&mxGef;onf t&dE´rm?
ouú&mZf 1230-jynfhESpf? wefaqmifrkef;vwGif wefcdk;&Gmü zGm;jrifcJhonf/ zcifrSm arsmufESifhvlom; r,m;vkcef;?
OD;atmifZHjzpfNyD; rdcifjzpfolrSm a':pyÜm,fwdkY jzpfMuonf/ q&mxGef;rSm 'kwd,om; bdef;pm;omjcif;?
jzpfNyD; i,frnfrSm armifxGef;jzLjzpfonf/ i,fpOfuyif pmayy&d,wdåudk wefcdk; rdk;yef;a0?
q&mawmfausmif;ü oifMum;cJh&m xl;cRefvSonfudk awGU&avonf/ (18)ESpft&G,f Oawe?

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 92 - - 93 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
txufygpm&if;rSm rjynfhpHkao;ay/ q&mxGef;onf omjcif;aygif;ajcmuf r,foDwmzGJU
q,fausmf a&;om;cJhonf[k od&Sd&avonf/ q&mxGef;\vuf&momjcif;zGJUudk
MuifZeD;u? rBuD;ri,f? ZrÁL&pfau? OD;opfa&TodkY? ra&Srwdk? rndKrjzL?
aumufEkwfí azmfjyvdkygonf/
,Of eef;olvQi?f rqlrBuKH ? ½lyg½HEk iS ?hf ½kyyf u
kH uG?J um,ud, k rf mS ? MumndKyef;a&mif?
wdrzf UJG &eHYarT;vsuf? *Grf;cJyrm? tom;awmfu? 0g0g0if;0if;? usrdk;arSmifrSm? va&mif
csif;odkY? rdwf&if;vnfwH? a&T&ifwGif;rSm? nif;yGifh&Hau? y'efy&pf? ajyjypf
wdrfndKtmum? tZ#mu? b,fnmywfvSnfh? vuf0Jvuf,m?
acsmarm? rsufcHk;wGif av? rifESifhom;odkY? aMumESifhyg;jyif? ezl;wGifvnf;?
av;rsufESmudk? arQmf½IMunfhu? cdk;aiGUrIefjym? xuf0VmrSm? wdrfvTmwdrfykwf?
wGuf0ifr[d? vu©PmESifh? nDnmñGwfau? ewfZmwdodkY? oD&dtaoa&?
ig;MuifBuD;au? odk;rTD;½kyfodkY? tkyfumywfoef;? wdrfr&rf;ESifh? wdrf;yef;wdrf0g?
tjrLawrSm? taetxdkif? t,Oftaus;? uGrf;rpm;bJ? EIwfcrf;zsm;rSm?
wdrfrdv’mau? wdrfZm wdrfajymuf? rIdif;rIef&Dau? wdrfauG;aumufESifh?
[if;om;aq;od?Yk ykv&J wem? oGm;vSpmG ESi?hf rsuEf mS yy? ykPrÖ aD v? wdxpD ad u?
wdrfausmufeDa&mif? c&rf;a&mifau? wdrfawmif wdrfvdyf? 0if;0garSmifvdkY?
jynfhonfhvodkY? pdrf;jrauom? ckepfxGDrSm? oG,fumjrjr? NzDcsaomtcg?
a&mifrsKd ;rsKd ;au? eDrsKd ;&dyaf Mumif?h Ncyd af &mifwpfrsKd ;? wdrrf ;D cd;k ESi?hf wdrrf ;kd &pfoef;?
zsm;wxGmrSm? armfíuGo?Ykd oQw&å 0if? nif;yGiq hf ifí? tjrifEx k wG ?f peDwiG af u?
ykZeG qf aD u? wdrrf um&fEiS ?hf wjcrf;eDjym? wjcrf;rSmum;? 0govdv k ?kd jymovdv k kd
a&T&ifzwfrSm? ojrwfaus;pHk? yef;zl;iHkav? yHkwrQ wdkY? rdef;r"avh? uúK`ED´av?
ESi?hf xdx
k rkd sm;zsi?f rdC
k ;f aumif;uifrmS ? &Spcf iG wf ikd ;f u? rIid ;f ndKUqifau? rif;vGif
vGefodrfarGUau? EGJUonfhcg;rSm? udEé&mau? raemwrQ? ajcmufjypfuif;au?
jrL;<u? vGrf;rItifudk? jrifjyef&u? &if0vIdufzdk? pdwfEkysdKí? idk,dkwrf;,rf;?
tif;ig;0 ESifh? ½lyuvsm? vSoD'grSm? nDnmxl;qef;? vSrsdK;pHkwGif? wnfyHk
yef;rÍÆLudk? eDylvSef;au? n§dK;umEGrf;odkY---/
wef;au? wdkufc ef; av;awmif? yef; Mumanmifr Sm ? wefa qmifr ,Gi f; ?
(owåxm? Ekomjcif;rS)
rD;rarQmfbJ? udk,fa&mifvif;í? ajymif0if;jrjr? vSwarrSm? vES,fyvdkY
yifv,fzGJU wGd&vdrfhr,f--/
onf;wGifra,<uDvk? av;rsufESmudk? ararQmf½Iu? 0rf;Ek0rf;yg;? (&mravmif;vsm r,fpD'gomjcif;rS)
'DvidI ;f oHav? nHu&ufau? ,ufaomaomESi?hf tHMh opzG,?f tajymus,af u? jrif;zGJU
yifv,fe'D? vIdif; csDcsDESifh? rIdif;&Dysys? wjrjrau? urf;prjrif? &SpfcGifwdkif;u?
jrif;zGJUqdk&mü owåxmEkrif;om; jrif;ESifhujy&mwGif jrif;pD;usifvnfyHkESifh
rIdif;rIefqifjym? rif;vGif0dkif;tHk? jrLcdk;NcHKau? trÁKHaqmfEId;? &Dv[mav?
jrif;j'yf*kPfudk zGJUEGJUxm;aomtydk'f jzpfavonf/ ae&mwum jrif;a&mufaeonf
oD'g½dk;rSm? rdk;oHvDoH? vIdif;*&ufau? ,ufcwfoHESifh? awmfoHvnf;usL;?
udk awGUjrif&avonf/ xdkYaMumifh ]yk*HrSmjrif;? ZGef;rSmjrif;} [laompum; jzpfay:
0ga,mrnfav? aqmifvjD zL;vd?Yk arQm½f w I ikd ;f yif? abmfuo
JG ½l Ukd ? ylvu
Ykd Rr;f atmif?
cJh\/ ae&mwumrSm ygcsifonf? yg0ifonfudk xdkuJhodkY cdkif;EIdif;avh &SdMuavonf/
vGrf;rIqifa&---/
þtzGJUrSm tawmfyif aphpyfvSojzifh avhvmEdkif&ef wifjyvdkufygonf/
("r® 0 d Z ,omjcif ; )
]xdkrSmvnf;jrif;? onfrSmvnf;jrif;au? NrdKUwGif;NrdKUjyif? a&TjynfwGif;
rSm? jrif;ESifhvludk? jzLvdkYjrifau? rsm;zsifwHk&Smif; vltaygif;u? odef;aomif;

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 94 -
Adv
k af jc? jrif;ppfonfw?Ykd a&TjynfaZX? e*&ud?k wdu k Mf u,lrnf? vma&mufonf
avm? wcsKd U &Sirf mS ? txifrmS ;Asm? r,m;udw k ?JG om;udq k íJG ? awmxJNrKd iaf csmif?
a&mufatmifykef;uG,f? NyD;awmhrnf[k? BuHpnfjyKvsuf? eDtdrfxufu?
qif;oufrnfysif? avSum;&if;rSm? jrif;udkjrifau? aMumuftifBuD;pGm?
aemufqkwfumjzifh? b,fnmapmif;vSnfh? 0ef;íMunfhaomf? vuf0Jb,fnm?
a&SUrSmawmifajrmuf? xkwaf ,mufywef? tdrjf cifuefrmS ? ruse&f bJ? tjcifwikd f
rS m ? jrif ; wG J v G J E S i f h ? txJ r S m jrif ; ? jyif r S m jrif ; au}? [if ; Zmavmif y G e f ; ?
tkyfa'gufvSrf;u? ZGef;ESifha,mufr? tdk;cGufpí? xdkrSwjcm;? ausmufom;
ausmufysdKif? ig;ydudkifESifh? qm;udkifr<uif;? c&if;rusef? MuufOwif;rSm?
jrif;csif;NydKifí? tpOfoifhpGm? Al;zmrvGwf? &[wfpnfaygif;? Adkif;aqmif;up?
MunfhorQudk? jrif;ESifhcsnf;om? xrif;vkyfrSm? jrif;jr§KyfygvdkY? rsufESmr&Tif?
wpftdrfvHk;rSm? jrif;udkjrifau? aMumufusifwkefvIyf? axmifhMum;wGifav?
0ifcgukwfvnf;? ykwfqdk;awmif;qdk;? c&if;qdk;au? pH*dk;qHcg? wdkYESifhomvQif?
umuG,frvGwf? ykwfacsmifwGif;rSm? jrif;½kyfwwfodkY? jynfjrwfaZX? e*&wGif?
rdef;ra,musfm;? BuD;aomi,fol? vlysdKvltdk? yGJ½Ijim;au? rsm;vlAdkvfwGif?
tysdK wpfoif;? udk,fuswfusÐ? abmf'vDESifh vHkcsDwGif;rSm? ajymif;jAefqefcwf?
rzG,&f mrSm? vlwumwd?Yk rsuEf mS yg;jyif? ausmwGiaf emufuek ;f ? vuf½;kH ESpzf uf?
yufc;kH xufu? jrif;wufaomoGi?f pdwu f xifí? [pfatmfwcsKd U? owåac:wGi?f
,mOfBuD;&SifrSm? &TifrdkUrdkUav/ /
(owåxmEk omjcif;qef;rS)
q&mxGef;onf avmua&;? "r®a&;ESpfjzmwGif uRrf;usifaom pG,fpHkynm&Sd
wpfOD;jzpfaMumif;udk þomjcif;rsm;u oufaojyvsuf&Sdonf/ þomjcif;rsm;udk
em;aomwqif&aom yk*d¾Kvfy&dowfwdkYrSm okwdom,maomtoHudkMum;&NyD; w&m;
"r®&&SMd uavonf/ q&mxGe;f onf pmyef;csq D &mvnf; jzpf\/ ol\ awmzGUJ ? awmifzUJG ?
yifv,fzGJUwdkYudk yef;csDa&;qGJouJhodkY zGJUxm;avonf/
avmua&;&mESifhywfoufí vlUobm0? vlU"avhjzpf&BuHK&qHk&onfwdkYudk
tuGif;om;ay:vmatmif zGJUEGJUEdkifaomyk*d¾Kvfvnf; jzpfayonf/ xdkYjyif &ud©Kif pmay
- 95 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
tEkynm,Ofaus;rIudk azmfxkwfvdkaomqE´&Sdonfh rsdK;cspfpmqdkwpfOD;vnf; jzpfay
onf/ q&mxGef;\ omjcif;qef;rsm;udk vlxky&dowf? ½dk;om;aomt&yfom;rsm;
em;vnfv, G af tmif wrifouD ;kH xm;jcif; jzpfayonf/ &udK© iv
f x
l k em;vnfv, G pf rd ihf mS
&ud©Kifa0g[m& toHk;tEIef;rsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;xm;\/
jrefrmpmayavhvmol &ud©Kifyk*d¾KvftcsdKUu q&mxGef;onf &ud©KifAef;pum;rsm;
udk xnfhxm;NyD; &ud©Kifpmay[k xGifvdkufjcif;jzpfonf[k ,lqMuavonf/ odkYaomf
q&mxGef; xnfhoGif;ay;onfh &ud©Kifpum;rsm;um; &ud©KiftrsdK;om;wdkY trSefoHk;pGJae
Muaom a0g[m&rsm;om jzpfonf/ a&S;ynm&SdwdkYu a&;om;pDuHk;cJhonfrsm;udk
aemifvmaemifom;wdkY rSwf,lpdrfhaomiSm oHk;pGJay;jcif;jzpfNyD; &ud©Kif"avh? &u©dKiftoHk;
tEIef;rsm;udk ryaysmufapvdkaom qE´&dSonfrSm xif&Sm;vSavonf/ odkYaomf
q&mxGef;onf y&da,oe0rf;pmtwGuf pma&;cJh&onf[kqdk\/ xdkuJhodkYa&;&mü
acwftavsmuf jrefrmqefvmMuaomolrsm;\ tBudKufudkvnf; vdkufvsuf jrefrm
qefonfh ta&;tom;rsm;udk rsm;pGmxnfhoGif;ay;cJhjcif;jzpfonfudkom awGU&ygay
onf/ odkYaomf q&mxGef;\apwem txl;rGefjrwfvSaMumif;udkum; azmfjy&efvdkawmh
rnf r[kwfygay/
&ud © K if p maytEk y nmonf wpf z ef o pf q ef ; í ay:vG i f y gapownf ; /
"np
"npH
rSwfcsuf/ / þaqmif;yg;udk 1959-60 ckESpfxkwf &cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;ü
azmf j yzl ; ygonf /

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 96 -
a&S;acwf &cdkifjynfpD;yGm;a&;&m
rdwfquf---OD;bpH (EdkifiHh*kPf&nf 'kwd,tqifh? tNidrf;pm;? &cdkifjynfe,f?
tvkyform;OD;pD;XmerSL;)um; &cdkifpmay,Ofaus;rIESifh ordkif;okawoDwpfOD;
jzpfonf/ ppfBudKacwfuyif jrefrm? t*Fvdyfpm*sme,frsm;wGif EdkifiHa&;aqmif;yg;rsm;
udk a&;cJhonf/ &cdkifjynfxkwf owif;pm? *sme,frsm;üvnf; EdkifiHa&;,Ofaus;rI
aqmif;yg;rsm;udk rjywfa&;cJhonf/
&efukefwuúodkvf &cdkifausmif;om;^olrsm; xkwfa0cJhaom &cdkifwefaqmif
r*¾Zif;\ yifwikd af qmif;yg;&SiEf iS hf twdik yf ifcpH mwnf;wpfO;D jzpfonf/ jrefrm? t*Fvyd f
(2)bmomvHk;jzifh a&;om;onf/ ½Ir0? jr0wDpaomr*¾Zif;BuD;rsm;ESifh *g'D,ef
owif;pmwdkYü tcgtm;avsmfpGm pmay? EdkifiHa&; aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;cJhonf/
,ckaqmif;yg;rSm a&S;acwf&cddkifjynfpD;yGm;a&;&mudk oHk;oyfxm;csufjzpfonf/
&cdkifjynfacwftqufquf pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeudk pdppfwifjy&ef &nf&G,fcJh
aomfvnf; taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh vufprowfEdkifcJhay/ NyD;pD;oavmufudk
avhvmyg&ap[k q&mtm;cGifhyefNyD; 1966-ckESpfuyif &,lcJhojzifh pmzwfolwdkY
tusdK;iSm ,ckvufqifhurf; azmfjytyfygonf/
q&m"npHrmS ,cktcg &efuek Nf rKd Uaetdrüf tNird ;f pm;b0jzifh at;csr;f pGm aexdik f
vsuf &Sdygonf/
(armif A od e f ; )
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 97 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
a&S;ya'o&mZfacwf &cdkifjynf\ zlvHkrI&SdcJhaom pD;yGm;a&;? aemufaMumif;udk
oH;k oyfjcif;jzifh acwfopfp;D yGm;a&;pepf xlaxmifa&;udk taxmuftul jzpfvrd rhf nf[k
,HMk unfrad yonf/ a&S;acwf&cdik jf ynfonf ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm tqufrjywfbJ wnf&v dS m
cJh&aom taMumif;&if; oHk;&yf&Sdonf/
¤if ; wd k Y r S m (1)yx0D t aetxm;? (2)pD ; yG m ;a&;tajctaeaumif ; jcif ; ?
(3) ,Ofaus;rItxufwef;usjcif;wdkYjzpfonf/ þaqmif;yg;wGif a&S;bk&ifrsm;acwf
pD;yGm;a&;&mudk avhvmrdorQ wifjyoGm;ygrnf/
a&S;bk&ifrsm; vufxufu zlvHkrI&SdcJhaom pD;yGm;a&;aemufaMumif;udk oHk;oyf
jcif;jzifh acwfopfpD;yGm;a&;pepf xlaxmifa&;udk taxmuftuljzpfapvdrfhrnf [k
,HkMunfrdayonf/
&cdkifjynfonf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tqufrjywfbJwnf&SdvmcJh&aomtaMumif;
&if;oHk;&yfrSm ¤if;\yx0Dtaetxm;? pD;yGm;a&; tajctaeaumif;jcif;wdkYESifh
,Ofaus;rI txufwef;uscJhjcif;wdkY jzpfonfqdku rSm;rnfrxifay/
a&S;OD;pGm &cdkifbk&ifrsm; pdk;pHcJhonfhacwfu pD;yGm;a&;&mudk oHk;oyfNyD;aemuf
bdk;awmfbk&m;vufatmufESifh NAdwdoQvufatmuf tajctaersm;udk pDppf&ayrnf/
aemufqHk;ydkif;tm;jzifh vGwfvyfaom jynfaxmifpktwGif; awGUBuHK&aom tajc
taeESifh acwfopfpD;yGm;a&;pepf xlaxmifa&;rsm;udk wpfqifhwdk;wufatmif
ÓPfopfavmif;&efyif jzpfayonf/
a&S;bk&ifrsm;vufxuf
a&S;tcguyif &cdkifjynfonf pD;yGm;a&; uHkvHk<u,f0rI&SdcJhNyD; EdkifiHjcm;ESifh
ukeful;a&;rSm txufwef;uscJhavonf/ a&S;&cdkifbk&ifrsm;vufxufu &cdkifjynf
onf txl;pnfum;om,mvSonf[k &mZ0ifq&mrsm;u qdkxm;avonf/ a&S;tcg
u "n0wD? a0omvD? ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfwdkYrSm MuufysHruspnfum;cJhonf[k awGU&
onf/
"n0wDNrdKUawmfudk tajcjyKí xGef;um;cJhaom a'oudk "n0wD[kac:\/
þ"n0wDjynfudk pE´ol&d,vufxuf jrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif <ua&mufcJhpOfu
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 98 -
aumufBuD;oav;qefwdkYjzifh uyfvSLcJhMuonfudk taMumif;jyKí "n0wDjynf[k
trnfay;awmfrlcJhNyD; þjynfoljynfom;taygif;wdkYonf pdk;pOf&HzefrQ &Sm;yg;iwfrGwf
jcif;r&SdjzpfaomaMumifh "n0wDjynf[líyifvQif xif&Sm;ausmfapmpGm jzpfownf;[k
Asm'dwfpum; rdefYMum;awmfrlcJhonf[lí &cdkif&mZ0ifwdkYü azmfjyxm;avonf/
xdkYjyif pE´&m;rif;w&m;BuD;pdk;pHcJhaom a0omvDNrdKUawmfBuD;wGif oabFmrsm;
qdkufuyfNyD; a&Trdk;aiGrdk;&Gmonf[k azmfjyxm;&SdcJhjyefavonf/ ]ZrÁLuRef;jyifxuf0,f
ukefonfwdkYonf aemifaomtcg &wemtwdjynfhNzdK;vwfvQif ukefoabFmwdkYonf
vnf; qdkufvSmvwHåUqdkaomtaMumif;udkjrifí a0omvD[k trnfay;Muukef\}[k
a&S;&cdkifynm&Sdrsm;u a&;om;xm;cJhonfudkvnf; awGU&Sd&avonf/
xdkaemuf ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfodkY EdkifiHjcm;oabFmrsm;qdkufuyfjcif; EdkifiHjcm;
ukefonfrsm; tNrJrjywfoGm;vm0ifxGufjcif;wdkYudkvnf; awGU&Sd&\/ a&S;tcgu
ajrmufO;D NrKd UwGif qefpyg;twGuv f nf;aumif;? a&twGuvf nf;aumif;? rnfonft
h cg
rQ pdk;&drfzG,fr&SdcJhonfudk xif&Sm;aom atmufygaqmifyk'fuav;udkyif oDqdkvsuf
vmcJhMuayonf/
bm;bl [ d , if h ? qef [ d , if h
'd k i f ; usD [ d , if h ? &D [ d , if h
t"dyÜm,frSm---bm;blt&yfwGif qefpyg;rsm;odkavSmifí tNrJwrf;xm;&Sd\/
'dkif;usDt&yfwGif a&avSmifuefrsm;wl;azmfíxm;&SdNyD;a&udk tcsdefra&G;vG,fulpGm
&&SdEdkif\/ xdkYaMumifh bm;bl&SdvQif qef&Sdonf/ 'dkif;usD&SdvQif a&&Sdonf[k qdkMujcif;
jzpfavonf/
jynfwGif;vkyfief;rsm;
qefpyg;vkyfief;um; t"duvkyfief; jzpf\/ ¤if;aemuf 0g*Grf;pdkufysdK;a&;ESifh
&ufuef;vkyfief;? ESrf;cif;rsm;pdkufysdK;í ESrf;qDBudwfe,faomvkyfief;? avSavmif;
vkyfief;? yef;xdrf? yef;zJ? yef;&H? ausmufqpftp&Sdaom vkyfief;? qifpG,fvkyfief;?
ig;vkyfief;? qm;vkyfief;? aq;yifpdkufysdK;aom vkyfief;? [if;oD;[if;&Guf? O,smOf
vkyfief;trsdK;rsdK;? ajrtdk;vkyfief;tp&Sdojzifh vkyfief;trsdK;rsdK;udk wDxGifcJhMuavonf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 99 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
qefpyg;? 0gESifhtjcm;pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;wdkYtwGuf ,cktcg trawmfaMu;
xkwfay;ouJhodkY bk&ifuxkwfay;avh&Sdavonf/ jynfolwdkYtcsif;csif;vnf;
a&mif;0,fMu&mwGif aiGaMu;acs;iSm;jcif;rsm;udkvnf; jyKvkyfEdkifcGifh &SdMuavonf/
bk&ifhtrdefYawmft& tojym (100)usyfvQif wpfvudk (2)ojymompD (twdk;),l
&avonf[k awGU&Sd&onf/
þodkYvkyfief;rsm;tjyif bk&ifhtrdefYtmPmtwdkif; tpdkYtief;zGJUxm;&Sdavonf/
xdktpdkYtrsdK;rsdK;wGif vkyfief;trsdK;rsdK;ESifh tvkyform;trsdK;rsdK;&SdMu\/ vuform;tpdkY?
v,form;tpd?Yk jruf&w d tf pd?Yk [m&Dtpd?Yk olowfA&0gtpd?Yk tcsut f pd?Yk rJxnfquftpd?Yk
aiGcGefquftpdkYtp&Sdojzifh tpdkYtajrmuftjrm;&Sdavonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh þtpdkY
om;wdkYonf rif;jypfrif;'PfcH&olrsm; jzpfMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYtm; wdkif;jynfxlaxmifa&;
vkyfief;wdkYwGif toHk;csjcif;wpfrsdK;jzpfavonf/
'*Fg;ESifh tav;csdef
&cdkifjynfwGif (a&S;&mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuyif wef;*g;('*Fg;)oHk;pGJcJhMu\/ '*Fg;
taMumif;ESifhywfoufí) OD;pHa&TbkESifh arm&pfaumvpfwdkYa&;om;aom aqmif;yg;
wpfckwGif 1430-ckESpf ajrmufOD;udk pwifwnfaxmifcJhaom rif;apmrGefrS tpjyKí
1782-ckESpf orwrif;txd rif;qufrjywf'*Fg;cwfESdyfoHk;pGJjcif;udk azmfjyxm;av
onf/ odkYaomf ajrmufOD;NrdKUrwnfaxmifrD a0omvDNrdKUawmfBuD; xGef;um;cJh&m
¤if;a0omvDNrdKUa[mif;rS '*Fg;tajrmuftjrm;udk ,ckwzef wl;azmf&&SdcJhjyefavonf/
xdkaMumifh a&S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuyif &cdkifjynf'*Fg;oHk;pGJvsuf&SdcJhonfrSm xif&Sm;
avonf/
þ'*Fg;xkwfvkyfoHk;pGJaom twwfynmESifh oHk;pGJaompepfudk tdEd´,jynfrS&&SdcJh
avonf/ tav;csdefrSmvnf; tdEd´,ESifhvnf;aumif;? ay:wl*DESifhvnf;aumif;?
'wf(csf)wdkYESifhvnf;aumif; qufoG,fí a&mif;0,fazmufum;rI&SdcJhojzifh ¤if;wdkY
oHk;pGJaom tav;csdefwdkYudk oHk;pGJcJhMuavonf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 100 -
'*Fg;wefzdk;
1630 avmufu &cdkifaiG'*Fg;wpfusyfrSm ay:wl*D'*Fg; &dvf(p) (4)usyfESifh
nDrQonf/ &cdkif'*Fg;wpfusyfvQif Muuftaumif (30)&onf/ 8J(8yJ)jzifh MuufO
(100)0,fEdkifonf/ xdkacwfu &cdkif'*Fg;wpfusyfonf ,ckacwf t*Fvdyf (7)aygif
(10)oQdvifESifhnDrQNyD; ,ck ('k-ppfrjzpfcifu t*Fvdyfvufxufu) jrefrm'*Fg;
(105)usyfavmufESifhnDrQonf/ 1663-ckESpfavmufu &cdkif'*Fg; (1)usyfonf
'wf(csf)aqm([f) (25)usyfESifhwlnDNyD; &cdkif'*Fg; (1)usyfvQif t<uD (ta<u)aumuf&D
(2660)&&Sdonf/ a<uaphrsm;udk a&mif;0,f&mü oHk;Muonf/
aumuf&Dac: a<uaphrsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;onf udk½dkref',f(v)urf;ajcrS
,laqmifvmNyD; &cdkifjynfwGif ydócsdefjzifh a&mif;Muavonf/ ¤if;a<uaph (148)
ydómudk (1)usyfaps;EIef;jzifh a&mif;csMuonf/
aiG'*Fg;qdkaompum;rSm tdEd´,wef; ( )qdkaompum;rS vmonf/ &cdkifwdkYu
wef;*g;[k ,ckwdkifac:Muonf/ aiG'*Fg; (1)usyfudk (1)ojym[lí¤if;? wpfcsyf[lí
vnf;aumif;ac:\/ (1)rwfudk wom;*g (wodk;*g)[k ac:onf/
qefpyg;vkyfief;ESifhEdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,fa&;
a&S;tcguyif &cdkifjynf\ toufaoG;cJrSm qefpyg;vkyfief;yif jzpfonf/
rdk;a&csdef (200)ausmf&SdcJhonfhtjyif ajrMoZmaumif;ojzifh pyg;udktvG,fwul
aygufa&mufap\/ pyg;udkBuJvdkufNyD; txl;rjyKpkbJvsuf 'va[maygufa&mufMu
avonf/ "n0wDjynfom;wdo Yk ;kH &efvo
kd nfxufrsm;pGm ydv
k Qv
H suaf eojzifh Edik if jH cm;odYk
wifydkYa&mif;cscJhMuavonf/
þqefpyg;ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;onf &cdkifjynf\ t"dupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;
jzpf\/ þqefpyg;ESifh 0g*Grf;a&mif;0,fa&;udk bk&ifudk,fwdkif BuD;Muyfaqmif&Guf
cJhavonf/ ,ckvGwfvyfaom jynfaxmifpkacwfü EdkifiHawmfaumufyJoD;ESH a&mif;
0,fa&;bkwftzGJUrSBuD;rSL;aqmif&Gufaom vkyfief;pOfESifhEIdif;,SOfí Munfh½IEdkif&ef
a&S;&cdkif r[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;rS atmufygtwdkif; aumufEIwfazmfjyvdkufayonf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 101 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
&yfuGufpmwdkifESifh tcsKyfvlBuD;rsm;
tcsKyfvlBuD;rif;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\c½dkifrif;ydkifqdkifaom &yf&GmtoD;oD;odkY oGm;
a&mufMuNy;D vQif v,f,majrvkyu f ikd af omolwt Ykd m; ppfaq;ar;jref;vsuf ¤if;&yfuu G f
pmwdkifwdkYESifhwuG v,form;wdkYtm; apmifha&Smuf&avonf/
xdktcg v,fajrvkyfudkifaom vlwdkYonfv,f,majrvkyfudkifaomtcsdefü
aumif;rGepf mG pyg;? 0g*Gr;f wdu Yk kd pdu
k yf sKd ;Ny;D vQif oD;yGiahf omtcsed üf ¤if;pyg;? 0g*Gr;f wdu
Yk kd
pkyHkNyD;xm;&avonf/
xdktcg c½dkifrif;wdkYuvTJtyfaom tcsKyfvlBuD;wdkYonf rdrdwdkYtydkifvkyfudkifvsuf
&Sdaom v,form;wdkYxHodkY oGm;a&mufMuNyD;vQif qdkif&m&yfuGufpmwdkifwdkYESifhwuG
&&Sdaom pyg;? 0g*Grf;wdkYudk awmif;csdef? armif;csdefwdkYjzifh jcifcsdefNyD;vQif toD;oD;
cGJa0Muavonf/
cGJa0yHkrSm a&S;OD;pGm bk&ifrif;jrwf\ b@mawmf q,fcdkifaMu;udk xkwfEkwf&av
onf/ ¤if;aemuf vkyfudkifaom v,form;wdkYü oHk;pGJpm;aomuf&ef rsdK;aphrsm;wdkYudk
vHkNcHKpGm xkwfEkwfay;tyf&avonf/ ¤if;a<u;useforQaom pyg;? 0g*Grf;wdkYudk pm&if;
jyKvkyfvsuf rdrdwdkYc½dkifrif;xHodkY wifoGif;&avonf/
xdaYk emuf bk&ifrif;jrwfq,fcikd af Mu; b@mawmfypön;f rsm;udk toD;oD; NrKd Uawmf
odkY wifaqmifMuNyD;vQif bk&ifrif;üaqmufvkyfxm;aom usDawmfwGif;odkY qufoGif;
&avonf/
c½dkifrif;wdkYrSmvnf; tcsKyfvlBuD;wdkYuwifoGif;onfh t&yf&yfpyg;? 0g*Grf; pm&if;
rsm;udk NrdKUawmfü Amylpm&jynfpdk;BuD;xHodkY aqmifydkYwifoGif;Muavonf/
aps;EIef;owfrSwfjcif;
xdktcg EdkifiHawmfü vkyfudkif&&Sdaom pyg;? 0g*Grf;wdkYudk a&mif;cs&efudpöESifh
ywfoufí aqG;aEG;wdkifyifvdkojzifh EdkifiHawmftwGif;ü cefYxm;aom c½dkifrif;wdkYESifh
wuG tcsKyv f Bl u;D wdu
Yk kd ]Amylpm&} jynfp;kd Bu;D vTwaf wmfuqifah c:vsuf tpnf;ta0;
jyKvkyfNyD; aqG;aEG;wdkifyifMuavonf/ ¤if;tpnf;ta0;ü EdkifiHawmfwGif vkyfudkif
vsuf &&Sdaompyg;? 0g*Grf;wdkY\ wefzdk;wdkYudk a&mif;0,fEdkif&efjzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGm
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 102 -
trsm;oabmwlnDcsuft& aps;EIef;udk owfrSwfMuNyD; EdkifiHawmfuom vltrsm;wdkY
tm; Mum;odapjcif;iSm aps;udkxkwfazmfaMunmawmfrlavonf/
a&mif;0,fjcif;
xdo
k aYkd Munmawmfrí l aps;EIe;f udo
k Md uNy;D rS wdik ;f &if;om;ukeo f nfrsm;ESihf Edik if jH cm;
rS vma&mufaomukefonfrsm;wdkYonf jynfolwdkYu qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfxm;aom
aps;EIef;twdkif; 0,f,l&avonf/ xkdtcg ukefonfrsm;wdkYu rdrdwdkY0,f,lvdkaom
pyg;? 0g*Grf;wdkYudk pm&if;jyKvkyfvsuf Amylpm&jynfpdk;BuD; vTwfawmfodkY wifoGif;&
avonf/
xdktcg Amylpm&jynfpdk;BuD;onf ukefonfwdkYwifoGif;aompm&if;udk &&SdavvQif
Edik if aH wmftusKd ;awmfaqmif 'dik ;f ustD pd&Yk u xdo k Bl u;D xHoYkd jyKvyk x
f yk yf ;kd odrk ;DS xm;aom
0g*Grf;wdkYudk 'dkif;usDtrdefYtmPmu qifhqdkawmfrlonfrSm aus;&GmwdkYü odkrSD;xm;aom
0g*Grf;wdkYudk 'dkif;usDtvkyform;wdkYESifh avSavmif;pHkvifpGm,lNyD;vQif ¤if;pyg;? 0g*Grf;
wdkYudk wifaqmifí NrdKUawmfteD;aps;BuD;ü aumif;rGefpGmxm;&rnf[k qifhqdkawmf
rlvdkufavonf/ ¤if;trdefYtwdkif; 'dkif;usDtpdkYudk xdkolBuD;u 'dkif;usDtvkyform;
ulvDrsm;wdkYESifh aus;&GmodkYoGm;a&mufNyD;vQif odkrSD;vsuf&Sdaom pyg;? 0g*Grf;wdkYudk
aumif;pGm wifaqmifíxm;&avonf/
xdktcg pyg;&SifESifhwuG &yfuGuf Amylpm&vTwfawmfü&Sdaom oabFmpmudkifodkY
wifoGif;&avonf/ ¤if;oabFmpmudkifonf pm&if;t& a&mif;0,faom ukefrsm;\
aps;EIef;twdkif; oifhaiGrsm;udk wGufppfí jynfusdK;awmfaqmif taumufawmfaiGrsm;
udk pyg;wpf&mvQif ESpfojymusEIef;jzifhvnf;aumif;? 0g*Grf; tojymwpf&m wefzdk;&Sd
vQif oHk;ojymusEIef;jzifhvnf;aumif; wGufppfípm&if;jyKvkyfNyD;vQif ¤if;pm&if;ESifh
wuG pyg;? 0g*Grf;rsm;udk oabFmodkYa&mufatmif ay;ydkYaqmif&Gufaom 'dkif;usD
tvkyo f rm;wd\ Yk vkyt
f m;caiGuykd g ukeo f nfwu Ykd pHv k ifpmG wifoiG ;f &ef pm&if;jyKvyk f
vsuf Amylpm&jynfpdk;BuD;vTwfawmfodkY wifoGif;&avonf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 103 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
ukefonfrsm; usoifhaiGpm&if; wifjcif;
xdktcg pyg;? 0g*Grf;rsm;udk vufa&muf&&Sdaom ukefonfrsm;wdkYonf pm&if;wGif
azmfjyvsufyg&SdaomaiGrsm;udk Amylpm&jynfpdk;BuD; vTwfawmfü wifoGif;&avonf/
Amylpm&jynfpdk;BuD;onf t&yf&yftojymaiGwdkYudk ajyNidrf;atmif &&SdaMumif;wHqdyf
vufrSwf a&;xdk;NyD;vQif ¤if;ukefonfwdkYtm; ay;tyfawmfrlonf/
ukefonfwdkYonf ¤if;vufrSwfudk,laqmifvsuf EdkifiHjcm;avSoabFmwdkYudk
apmifha&Smufaeaom a&wHcg;rif;xHü ¤if;vufrSwfudk wifoGif;NyD; rdrdwdkYwkdif;jynfodkY
xGufoGm;&ef trdefYtmPmawmfudk cH,l&avonf/
xdktcg a&wHcg;rif;u rdrdwdkif;jynfrS0,f,laom pyg;? 0g*Grf;wdkY\wefzdk; &oifh
aomaMu;aiGrsm;udk ajyNidrf;atmifoGif;cJhaMumif;od&vQif xGufoGm;ap&ef trdefY
tmPmcsrw S af wmfral vonf/ tmPm&&Su d ek af om ukeo
f nfwo
Ykd nf BuKd uo
f nfth csed f
ü rdrdwdkif;jynfodkY xGufoGm;Edkifavonf/
c&D;tMum;ü oHk;aqmifpm;aomuf&ef a&rdk;vHkNcHKpGm wif,laqmifvdkvQif
oabFmqdyfurf;ü 'dkif;usDuolBuD;tm; ajym&avonf/ xdktcg 'dkif;usDü EdkifiHjcm;
ukefonfwdkYtvdkYiSm bk&ifrif;jrwfu pDrHjyKvkyfxm;aom uefawmfBuD;rS 'dkif;usD
tvkyform;wdkYonf a&rsm;udkvHkNcHKatmif wifaqmifydkY&avonf/ a&wifaqmif
ydkYaom tvkyform;vkyfcaiGwdkYudk 'dkif;usDuolBuD;xHü ¤if;ukefonfwdkYu xdkufonfh
tm;avsmfpGm ay;tyf&avonf/
vTwfawmfrS aiG&Sif;jcif;
xdkodkYa&mif;0,fa&;udpöNyD;qHk;vQif Amylpm&jynfpdk;BuD;onf a&mif;0,fvsuf
&&Sad om tojymaiGrsm;udk ay;aqmif&ef qdik &f m&yfuuG pf mudik w
f EYkd iS w
hf uG v,form;
wdkYtm;qifhac:awmfrlNyD;vQif v,form;wdkYü vkyfudkifa&;twGuf axmufyHhvsuf&Sd
aom jynfusdK;aqmif b@mawmfaiGrsm;udkjzwf,lí usef<uif;aom aiGrsm;üvnf;
tojymwpf&mvQif jynfusdK;awmfaqmif&Guf&ef ig;ojymusEIef;jzifh odrf;ydkufí
usef<uif;aomaiGrsm;udk a&mif;0,f&&Sdonfhaps;EIef;twdkif; r,kwfravsmhapbJ
v,form;wdkYtm; xkwfay;awmfrlavonf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 104 -
xdak emuf taumufawmfaiG t&yf&yfrsm;wdEYk iS hf wpfEpS t
f wGuf v,form;wdu Yk
ay;qyfcahJ om aiGawmfuv kd nf;aumif;? aiGojymwpf&mvQif ig;ojymus odr;f ydu
k x
f m;
aom aiGudkvnf;aumif; jynfolYb@mawmfwdkufodkY oGif;&avonf/
xdkaemuf bk&ifrif;jrwftm; awmifolv,form;wdkYu q,fcdkifaus;qufoGif;
vsuf&Sdaom pyg;? 0g*Grf;wdkYudk Amylpm&jynfpdk;BuD;u,laqmifí "r®owfawmftwdkif;
taumufawmfESifhwuGa&mif;NyD;vQif taumufawmfaiGrsm;udk jynfb@mawmfwdkuf
odkY oGif;&avonf/
xdkaemuf a&mif;í&aomaiGwGifvnf; tojymwpf&mvQif ig;ojymusjzifh
omoeb@mawmfwu kd o
f Ykd oGi;f &avonf/ tvSLawmfocsaÐ jrrS&orQaom tojym
aiGwdkYudkvnf; omoemb@mawmfwdkufodkY oGif;&avonf/ xdkrS usef<uif;orQaom
tojymaiGrsm;udka&mif;í&&Sdaom aps;EIef;twdkif; bk&ifrif;\b@mawmfwdkufodkY
oGif;&avonf/
a&mif;0,f&;Xmersm;ESifh t&m&Sdrsm;
xdktcg ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;t&m&Sd a&wHcg;rif;aecJhaomaMumifh xdkt&yfudk
,ckwdkifatmif wefcdkuRef;[k ac:Muavonf/ awmifolv,form;wdkYu pyg;? 0g*Grf;
wdkYudk pkyHka&mif;csaomae&mjzpfaomaMumifh ,ckwdkifatmif pyg;xm;0gAdkuRef;
(ppfawGNrdKUe,f)[k ac:Muonf/
Edik if jH cm;rSvma&mufaom avSoabFmwdu Yk akd pmihaf &Smuf&ef wyfzUJG pnf;xm;aom
ae&mudk ,ckwdkifatmif wyfarmf(aygufawmNrdKUe,f)[k ac:Muonf/
EdkifiHjcm;ukefonfrsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;ukefonfwdkY vrf;c&D;üoHk;pGJ&ef vHkavmuf
wif,l&eftwGuf bk&ifrif;jrwfupDrHí uefwl;xm;aomuRef;udk rif;uefuRef;
(ppfawGNrdKUe,f)[k ,ckwdkifatmif ac:Muonf/
ajrmuf O D ; Nrd K Uawmf ü vnf ; Amyl p m&jynf p d k ; BuD ; aecJ h a omt&yf u d k ,ck w d k i f
Amylawmift&yf[lí ac:Muavonf/ NrdKUawmfqdyfurf;wGif a&mif;0,fa&;jyKaom
ae&mudk ,ckwdkifatmif aps;BuD;? wHcg;0aps;? pyg;aps;qdyf[k ac:Muavonf/
EdkifiHjcm;oabFmwdkYudkapmifha&Smuf&ef wyfzGJUxm;aomae&mudk ,ckwdkifatmif
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 105 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
atmifwyf[k ac:Muavonf/ ¤if;wyfü tBuD;trSL;jzpfaoma&wHcg; rif;ae&mudk
,ckwdkifatmif a&wHcg;t&yf[k ac:Muavonf/
jynfusdK;aqmif 'dkif;usDtvkyform;aeaomt&yfudk ,ckwdkifatmif 'dkif;usDuRef;
[k ac:Muavonf/ jynfusdK;aqmif &ufuef;awmftvkyform;rsm; ae&mt&yfudk
,ckwdkifatmif ,Ofonf&Gm[k ac:Muavonf/
ay:wl*Dbkef;BuD; rif;e&dwftjrif
xdkpOfu ajrmufOD;NrdKUodkYa&mufcJhaom ay:wl*Dbkef;BuD; rif;e&dwfu ¤if;\
c&D;oGm;rSwfwrf;BuD;wGif tdEd´,jynftm; qefwifydkYa&mif;cs&jcif;aMumifh ajrmufOD;
pnfum;yHkudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;cJh\/
]]&cdkifjynfESifh qufpyfaom tdEd´,jynfonf rdk;acgifa&&Sm;? iwfrGwfjcif;
ab;rsm;ESifhawGU&aomfvnf; &cdkifjynfrSm ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; rdk;a&csdefvufr 200-rS
300-xd &GmoGef;jcif;aMumifh &cdkifjynf\<u,f0jcif;rSm wpfESpfxufwpfESpf wdk;wufí
omvmcJhaMumif;? ydkaomqefpyg;rsm;udk tdEd´,jynfodkY tNrJwifydkYa&mif;csí vdkaom
ukerf sm;udk tdE,´d jynfrS wifoiG ;f MuaMumif;}}[lí bke;f awmfBu;D rif;e&dwu
f rSww
f rf;
wifcJhonf/
'wf(csf)wdkYESifh qefa&mif;0,fpOfu
a&S;tcgu qefpyg;rsm;udk tdEd´,? b*Fvm;jynf? rm'&yfurf;ajc? oD[kdVf?
ay:wl*D? *dktm? rmvm,k? 'wf(csf) ta&SUtdEd´,uRef;pkrsm;odkY wifydkYa&mif;cscJh Muav
onf/ 'wf(csf)rSwfwrf;wpfapmifü atmufygtwdkif;a&;om;xm;\/
]]1631-ckESifh 1634-cktMum;wGif b*Fvm;yifv,furf;ajcwpf0dkufü iwfrGwf
acgif;yg;aomab;qdkufa&mufvsuf&Sdonf/ 'wf(csf)vlrsdK;rsm;onf &cdkifjynfrS pyg;
0,f & ef o G m ;Muonf / oD & d o k " r® & mZm\oH w ref r sm;u 'wf ( csf ) vl r sd K ;rsm;onf
rvufumuRef;pkrsm;udk ppfwdkufaeMuojzifh qeftajrmuftjrm;vdkaeaMumif;udk
bk&iftm;avQmufxm;Muavonf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH
xdkYaMumifh &cdkifbk&ifonf pyg;rsm;udk bk&ifhypönf;tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJum bk&ifh
tmPmjzifhoma&mif;cs&ef trdefYxkwfqifhxm;aomaMumifh 'wf(csf)rsm;onf txl;
rausreyfjzpfMuonf/ 'wf(csf)wdkYonf pyg;yGJpm;rsm;xH tjcm;vlrsm;xuf aps;ydkay;
í 0,f,lMu&ojzifhvnf; rausreyfjzpfMuavonf/
odaYk omf &cdik b
f &k ifrmS olUjynf&q dS efpyg;rsm;udk pnf;rJu
h rf;rJrh xGuo
f mG ;Edik af tmif
wm;qD;xm;Edkifavonf/ þtcsufudkMunfh½Ijcif;tm;jzifhyifvQif &cdkifbk&if\
ukefoG,fa&;tqifhtwef;rSm 'wf(csf)rsm;xuf atmufrus[k od&SdEdkifayonf/
odkYaomf pm&if;pmtkyfrsm;wGif rSwfxm;onfhaps;EIef;t& 'wf(csf)wdkYrSmvnf;
repfemMuacs/ bmaw;bD;,m;wGif 1633-ckESpfü qef(um&m) 440-aygifudk '*Fg;
18d-aps; &Sdonf/ ('wf(csf)wpfaygifonf tAdkif'lydkif 1.09-aygifESifh nDrQonf/
(1)um&mudk bk&ifaps;EIef;rSm 10-usyf jzpfonf/)
qefpyg;&Sm;yg;csdef vGwfajrmufcJhNyD;aemuf 'wf(csf)wdkYonf wpfum&mvQif
(5)usyu f sxd aps;usatmifvyk Ef ikd cf MhJ uonf/ odaYk omf olwt Ykd xl;wvnf rauseyfMu
aom tjcm;taMumif;wpf&yfrSm bk&ifonftaMumif;rsdK;pHkjyNyD; bmawbD;,m;odkY
aps;EIef;tajctaeudkpHkprf;&ef vlvTwfjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/
'wf(csf)wdkYonf bk&ifht0,fawmfrsm;udka&SmifvTJí ppfwaumif;odkY vlvTwfNyD;
0,f,l&ef BuHpnfcJhaomfvnf; ¤if;ESpfwGifyif wifBudKí ¤if;ppfwaumif;e,frS pyg;
rsm;udk bk&ifrSm0,fESifhNyD;jzpfí uefYowfaomaps;EIef;ESifhom 0,fcJh&avonf[lí
rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/
'wf(csf)&cdkif ul;oef;a&;
&cdkifjynfESifh 'wf(csf)vlrsdK;wdkY ukeful;oef;qufqHa&;udk rpöwma[m(vf)u
EdkifiHjcm;om;rSwfwrf;rsm;udkrlwnfí a&;om;xm;aom ¤if;\ ]jrefrmjynf} pmtkyf
wGif atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;&Sdavonf/
]oD&dok"r®onf} bmaw;bD;,m;ü&Sdaom 'wf(csf)vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh rdwfzGJUí olwdkY
tm; NrdKUawmfüpuf½HkwpfckzGifh&ef wdkufwGef;av\/ olwdkYonf qefrsm;udktcsdefrSef
axmufyifh&efvdk\/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 106 - - 107 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
xdjYk yif olw\ Ykd tif'ekd ;D &Sm; ,mcif;? pdu k cf if;wdüYk tvkyMf urf;orm;uRerf sm;tvGef
vdkae\/ xdkvdkaom ESpfckpvHk;udk &cdkifjynfrS tajrmuftjrm;&Edkifav\/ uRefrsm;rSm
zm&if*Dsrsm; b*Fvm;rSzrf;vmolrsm; jzpfMuav\/
oD&dok"r®ewf&GmpHaomtcg aemufeef;wufol e&ywdBuD; (1638-45)ESifh
'wf(csf)wdkYonf roifhjrwfMuacs/ NrdKUa[mif;&Sdpuf½Hkudkvnf; ESpfaygif;tawmfMum
½kyfodrf;xm;Muavonf/ xdkpuf½Hkudk pE´ok"r® (1652-84)rif; eef;wufonfhwdkif
atmif rzGifhbJxm;Muav\/
1653-ckESpfwGif pE´ok"r®rif;onf bmaw;bD;,m;ESifh ukefpnful;oef; a&mif;
0,fa&; pmcsKyfwpfck csKyfvkyfav&m xdkpmcsKyfyg tcsuftwdkif; NrdKUa[mif;&Sd 'wf(csf)
ukefonfwdkYonf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vdkufemMuukef\/
pE´ok"r®rif;onf &cdkif&mZ0ifwGif tjrifhrm;qHk; bk&ifwpfyg;[k ausmfapm
xif&Sm;av\/ ol\&Snfaom eef;pHumvtwGif;wGif olonfOa&mywdkufom;
ukeo f nfrsm;ESihf qufqaH &;udpw ö iG f yGiv hf if;aom ÓPftajrmftjrifEiS hf rsm;pGmjynfph kH
ay\/
tdref ;D csi;f jrefrmrif;jyKusio hf nfxuf ydrk Ekd ;kd Mum;aom0g'&Sad vonf/ jrefrmjynf
uJoh rYkd [kwb f J &cdik jf ynfonf yHo k iG ;f '*Fg;rsm;udo k ;kH \/ usyo
f ;kH '*Fg;\ a&SUajy;? r*db
k &k if
wd\ Yk wef* ( )ac: ydu k q f uH kd oabFmqdyNf rKd Ursm;ü oH;k í 1660-ckEpS af vmufupí
tdEd´,'*Fg;rsm;udktwkcdk;NyD; &cdkif'*Fg;rsm; yHkoGif;Muav\/
aps;em0,f&ef tao;tzGUJ udprö sm;twGuf a<uaphrsm;udo k ;kH Mu\/ a<uaphrsm;udk
rmv'dwfuRef;rsm;rS ( )'wf(csf)oabFmrsm;u rMumrMum,laqmifvmMuNyD;
&cdkifjynfwGif 40-ydómudk wpfusyfESifh a&mif;csav\/
wdkif;jynftwGif;odkY 'wf(csf)rsm;oGif;aomukefrsm;rSm ,if;acwftarT;tBudKifESifh
*syefoJrsm;udk bmaw;bD;,m;rS ,laqmifvm\/ txnftvdyfrsm;udk tdEd´,jynf
udk½dkref',fyifv,furf;½dk;wef;&Sd puf½Hkrsm;rSwifvmMu\/
baw;bD;,m;NrKd U&Sd 'wf(cs)f wdYk ukeaf &mif;uke0f ,f pm&if;pmtkyx f w
J iG f ]]b*Fvm;
atmftwGi;f 'wf(cs)f wdYk ukepf nfu;l oef;a&mif;0,faom Xmersm;teuf &cdik jf ynfonf
ta&;ygaom wpfae&mjzpfav\[k azmfjyxm;\}}[lí a&;om;xm;onf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 108 -
EdkifiHjcm;ESifh ukefpnful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;
"n0wD? a0omvDESifh ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfrsm;xGef;um;cJhpOftcgu EdkifiHjcm;om;
yifv,ful;oabFmBuD;rsm;onf NrdKUawmfqdyfurf;ü tNrJwrf;qdkufuyfvsuf &SdcJhav
onf/
EdkifiHjcm;om; c&D;onfBuD;wpfOD;u ukvm;wefjrpftxuf rdkif-50ausmfrQ
qefwufrdaomtcg tvGefBuD;us,faom qdyfurf;NrdKUBuD;wpfNrdKUudkawGU&Sd&onf[k
qdkxm;&m a0omvDNrdKUawmfudkqdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf[k ,lqMuavonf/
tb,faMumifq h akd omf xdck &D;onfBu;D a&mufvmcJah om ckEpS o
f uú&mZfukd wGuq
Munfh½Iaomtcg a0omvDNrdKUawmfacwftwGif;üyif jzpfaeavonf/ a0omvDacwf
taMumif;udk pHkpHkvifvifod&aomtcg ydkrdkxif&Sm;vmayvdrfhrnf/
NrdKUa[mif;acwfwGif EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;ESifh b,fyHkukefpnful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;
jyKvkyfcJhonfudkum; &cdkif&mZ0ifrsm;ESifh EdkifiHjcmom; txl;ojzifhay:wl*D? 'wf(csf)wdkY
\ rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif tawmfoifhzwf½Iod&SdMu&ayonf/
a&S;tcgu &cdkifjynfESifh ukefpnful;oef;a&mif;0,f qufoG,fMuaomEdkifiHrsm;
rSm tdEd´, txl;ojzifhb*Fvm;jynf? r'&yfurf;ajcESifh oD[dkVfwdkYjzpfMuavonf/
tdEd´,taemufawmifurf;ajc *dk0ge,fü BuD;pdk;aecJhMuaom ay:wl*DwdkYonf
&cdkifbk&ifcGifhjyKcsufaMumifh ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmf 'dkif;usDbuft&yfü pcef;cscJhMu\/
¤if;wdkYonf qef'GpfuRef;ESifh ppfwaumif;wpfzufurf;&Sd ',if;*g;qdkaom t&yf
wdkYü wyfpcef;csMuum &cdkifbk&if vufatmufcH b*Fvm;ta&SUajrmufa'oudkulnD
apmifha&Smufay;Muavonf/
þay:wl*DwdkYonf ¤if;wdkYae&if;a'ojzpfaom *dk0gESifhukefpnful;oef; a&mif;
0,fa&;wdkYudk taxmuftyHhay;cJhMuavonf/ þodkYulnDcJh&mrS ¤if;wdkYonf &cdkifjynf
udk odrf;ydkuf&ef BuHpnfcJhMuaomfvnf; &cdkifa&wyf? ukef;wyfwdkY\ owdåaMumifh
vnf;aumif;? bk&if\ enf;y&d,m,faumif;jcif;aMumifh vnf;aumif; ratmifjrifcJh
Muacs/
odkYaomf &cdkifbk&ifonf EdkifiHjcm;ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh &cdkifjynftwGuf
umuG,af &;wdt Yk wGuv f nf;aumif; ay:wl*w D t
Ykd m; aumif;pGmtoH;k jyKEikd cf ahJ vonf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 109 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
ay:wl*w D EYkd iS hf tqufjywfcgeD;wGif ta&SUawmif 'wf(cs)f tdE,
´d uRe;f pk? bmaw;
bD;,m;NrdKU&Sd 'wf(csf)wdkYESifh qufoG,fcJhavonf/ þ'wf(csf)wdkY\ ukefavSmif½Hk;
( )rsm;udk NrdKUa[mif;tem;&Sd abmif;'Guft&yfü zGifhvSpfcJhMu\/
,aeYwdkif ¤if;wdkYudk ysufpD;,dk,Gif;vsuf awGUEdkifMuayao;onf/ &cdkifjynfESifh
'wf(csf)wdkY\ ukefpnful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;rSm tawmfBuD;us,fcJhaMumif;rsm;ESifh
&cdkifbk&ifonf EdkifiHjcm;ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;wGif 'wf(csf)wdkYxuf rnHhvSaMumif;udk
rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhMuayao;onf/
f oGif;ukefxGufukefrsm;
&cdkifjynfrS EdkifiHjcm;odkY wifydkYaomukefrsm;rSm qefpyg;? 0g*Grf;? qif? aus;
uRefrsm;? aiGxnfrsm;? qifpG,frsm;? csnfxnfrsm;? rJe,f? csdyf? ,Gef;xnfrsm;jzpfMu\/
0ifukefrsm;rSm aumuf&Dac: <uDaph (a<uaphrsm;)? aq;rsm;? tarT;tBudKif?
wGif;xGufypönf;rsm;? ydk;xnfrsm;? [if;arT;rqvm? tausmf? u&ruf? aumfaZm?
owåKxnf? yef;uefcGufa,muftp&Sdaom toHk;taqmifypönf;trsdK;rsdK; jzpfMu
avonf/
rSwfwrf;rsm;
ay:wl*Dbkef;BuD; refe&dwfonf oD&dok"r®&mZmbdodufyGJESifh BuHKBudKufcJh&m
ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfüt&yf&yfrS ukefonfrsm;a&muf&SdvmcJhMuNyD; pnfum;vSonfh
taMumif;udk atmufygtwdkif; rSwfwrf;wifcJhavonf/ ¤if;jyif paumufwef
trnf&Sdaom 'wf(csf)c&D;onfuvnf; atmufygtwdkif; ajrmufOD;NrdKUcsrf;om
<u,f0yHkudk a&;om;xm;cJhjyefao;onf/ þaumufEkwfcsufrsm;udk zwf½I&jcif;jzifh
ajrmufO;D NrKd U\ Edik if jH cm;ukeo
f ,
G af &;vkyif ef;ESihf ajrmufO;D pnfum;vSyw
kH uYkd kd ay:vGipf mG
od&SdEdkifMuavonf/
]NrdKUawmf (ajrmufOD;)ü t&yf&yfte,fe,frS vma&mufonfh {nfhonfrsm;ESifh
jynfEh uS af e\/ b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfurf;ajc&Sd ,d;k ',m;jynf? jrefrmjynf? tdE, ´d jynf
ESifh pydkuf( )uRef;ac: [if;cyftarT;tBudKifxGuf&m uRef;rsm;u EdkifiHjcm;om;
ukeo f nfrsKd ;pHw
k v
Ykd nf; aps;uGu&f mS &efvma&muf avhvmMuonf/ qdu k af &mufaeaom
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 110 - - 111 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
EdkifiHjcm;oabFmrsm;wGifvnf; pm;eyf&du©mrsm;? aq;0g;? tarT;eHYomwHk;? "mwfowåK
trsdK;rsdK;? ydk;xnf? aumfaZm? owåKtdk;cGufESifh a<uxnfpaom a&mif;ukefypönf;rsm;
ygvmMuavonf/ xdkukefrsm;tay:wGif taumufcGefuif;vGwfcGifh jyKxm;ojzifh
vrf;rBuD;wpfavQmufrSm aps;wef;BuD;ozG,f jzpfaeNyD;vQif txufqdkcJhaom
ukefypönf;rsm;ESifhjynfhvsuf qdkifcif;a&mif;csaeMuavonf/ xdkYjyifvnf; tzdk;wef
ausmufrsuf&wemrsm;? tvGef&Sm;yg;aom ig;BuD;tefzwf? uwdk;? jy'g;? csdyf?
[oFmjy'g;? bde;f ? yef;aygif;ponfwu Ykd v
kd nf; 0,f,&l &SEd ikd af yonf/ ajrmufO;D NrKd Uawmf
onf BuD;rm;xnf0gaom taqmufttHkrsm;enf;yg;aomfvnf; t&G,fyrmPESifh
ypönf;Opömaygrsm;<u,f0yHkudk trfpwm'rf? vef'eftp&Sdaom taemufEdkifiHu
xif&Sm;aom NrdKUrsm;ESifhyif EIdif;pmavmufayonf/
upäye'D
OD ; bpH
vlU,Ofaus;rIordkif;udk avhvm&aomtcg urÇmwdkif;jynftwnfwnf\
* M.S Collis, The Land of the Great Image. P.211, Faber & Faber Ltd., jrpf0Srf;BuD;rsm;onf ta&;ygt&ma&mufvSonfudkawGUjrif&rnf jzpfygonf/
London, 1945.
tD*sp,
f Ofaus;rIux kd al xmifcahJ om Edik ;f jrpf? tif't
kd m&d,, H Ofaus;rIukd xlaxmif
cJah om **Fgjrpf? w½kw, f Ofaus;rIukd ysKd ;axmifcahJ om [d0k eS [f jkd rpfwEYkd iS t
hf wl &cdik v
f rl sKd ;
usrf ; ud k ; pm&if ; wd\ Yk ,Ofaus;rItpkpu k kd ajrawmifajrm§ ufay;cJah om upäye'Dac: ukvm;wefjrpfBu;D
taMumif;udk rSwfwrf;wifxm;&ef tvGefavsmfuefoifh jrwfvSonfudk xifjrifrd
1/ &cdkifr[m&mZ0if (ayrl)
ayonf/
2/ The Land of the Great Image, M.S Collis arhaysmufxm;jcif;udkcH&&Smaom tuREkfyfwdkY\ ]upäye'D}jrpfr[Donfum;
3/ Burma, D.G.E Hall. a&S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuuJhodkYyif pD;oGifoGifusqif;vsuf &Sdygao;onf/ &mZ0if
Arakan's Place in the Civilization of the Bay, M.S. Collis and wpfacwfajymif;cJhNyDjzpfaomfvnf; upäye'DjrpfBuD;um; oGm;NrJwdkif;oGm;vsufygay/
U San Shwe Bu, J B R S, Vol X, Part I. ]e0'wf&Dus? ig;&m&om;? upäye'D}[k armufawmfat;csif;ü pwifzGJUEGJUoDuHk;
xm;onfhtwdkif; &cdkifjynf\ upäye'DjrpfBuD;onf taem'wftdkifrif;rS pwifjrpfzsm;
cHonf[k qdkxm;ygonf/
wpfenf;um; [dr0EÅmawmifajcrS pwifpD;qif;vmonf[k qdk&ygrnf/ jrpfBuD;
ig;oG,f jrpfi,fig;&mwGiftusHK;0ifaom odkufordkif;vmjrpfBuD;vnf;jzpfayonf/

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 112 -
jrpfvufwufig;&mjzifh cufrawGNrdKifNrdKifjzm;NyD;vQif rPdaZmwd&ywåjrm;uJhodkY
vdwk ikd ;f jznfph rG ;f Edik af omowd&å jdS cif;aMumifh upäye'D[k ac:wGiMf uonf/ wpfenf;um;
vdyfausmufukef;uJhodkYaom ausmufwHk;BuD;rsm;jzifh wefqmqifxm;aom jrpfjzpfjcif;
aMumifh upäye'D[k ac:Muonf/
upäye'DjrpfBuD;onf &cdkifjynf&Sdrv’m,kac: r,ljrpfESifh tÍöee'Dac: av;NrdKU
jrpfrsm;\ aemifawmfnDawmfrif;oHk;azmfwdkYonf &cdkifjynf\ ajrtjyifudk pdrf;pdkcsrf;jr?
om,mpdkjynfcJhaponf r[kwfygavm/
odkYaomf ]upäye'D} jrpfBuD;onfum; xl;jcm;vS\/ a&S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu
]upäye'D uyfrrDS uif;yanmif&if;odYk vsijf yif;&aoh a&mufownf;}[k &mZ0if vuFm
ü oDuHk;xm;onfhtwdkif; uydÜvrS tZÆKe&Sif&aohonf upäye'Djrpfnmü wpfckaom
yanmifyif&if;odkY <ua&mufcJhavonf/
upäye'Djrpfnmü tZÆKe&Sif&aohonf tdE´rm&,kac: oufusrif;orD;ESifh
taMumif;ygcJhavonf/ wpfaeYaomtcg ajrmufbuf&yfrS [dr0EÅmü a&omndKjr?
ypöKE´rSef? rdk;&GmoGefí? ,nfxHoD;oD;? xkwfxkwfpD;vsufvmav\/ tdE´rm&,konf
jrpfa&üarsmí opfyifopfw;kH udk vufwifu;l vm&avonf/ þonfukd taMumif;jyK
í upäye'Djrpfudk ukvm;wef[kac:wGifcJhjyefonf/
tdEr´ m&,k\ om;awmfrm&,konf a0omvDNrKd Uawmfü0ifpm;aeaom &u©bv D ;l
rsm;udkcGif;í &cdkifeef;qufudk rysuf&atmif xdef;odrf;oGm;zl;avonf/ xdkaMumifh
vnf; &ud©KifjynftrnfwGifonf[k &mZ0ifvuFmü þodkYqdkxm;ygao;\/
]]awZmBuD ; xk ? rm&,k u m;? ppf j yKqd k i f w d k u f ? i&ud © K uf [ k ? 0ef v d k u f
aejim;? bDvl;rsm;udk? xGm;xGm;nufnuf? tukefzsufrS? atmifcsufXme?
xdkupí? wGifxtrnf? &ud©Kifjynf[k? ywfvnfESHYod? ausmfapmbd\}}
&cdkifvlrsdK;wdkYonf þodkYvQif upäye'DjrpfnmqDrS0ifvmcJhMuum þodkYeef;quf
rsm;xlNyD; NrdKU&GmwnfcJhMuavonf/ upäye'Djrpfvuf0Jvuf,mwGif udk;q,fhudk;NrdKUpD
wnfaxmifcJhonf[k &mZ0ifwGifpmwif&Sdayonf/
a0omvD? ausmufyef;awmif;? eDvmyef;awmif;? a0vmyef;awmif;? "n0wD?
ajrmufOD;tp&Sdaom NrdKUawmfrsm;onfum; xif&Sm;bd\/ xl;jcm;csufwpf&yfrSm upäy
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 113 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
e'Djrpf ta&SUbufurf; ausmufawmfawmifxdyfodkY jrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif
<ua&mufNyD; &cdkifjynfudk Asm'dwfay;cJhavonf/
þjrpfBuD;ESifh þwdkif;jynfonf jrwfpGmbk&m;Asm'dwf& wdkif;jynfESifh jrpfrBuD;yif
r[kwfygavm/ upäye'Djrpfta&SUbufurf;ü xGef;um;cJhaom "n0wD? a0omvDESifh
a&TajrmufO;D NrKd Uawmfwo Ykd nfum; tvGeyf ifwifx h eG ;f qef;jym;cJah om NrKd Uawmfrsm; jzpfyg
onf/
xdaYk Mumifh armufawmfat;csi;f ü ajrmufO;D NrKd Uawmfukd þodzYk UJG EGUJ oDu;kH xm; jyef\/
]]ig;axmufaxmifwm? omoemxGef;? ig;pif;tjrwf? e0'wf&Dus?
ig;&m&om;? upäye'D? þonfnmrGef? ,Ofwefwbuf? yifv,fxGufrS?
ESpfzufurf;NyD? jzm;a&rSD0,fa&SUqDjAKAÁm? tmumrSDcdkif;? awmifNydKif;NydKif;ü?
qdkif;qdkif;r@dKif? &ud©KifñGefYzl;? rGefMu,fjrL;odkY? ajrmufOD;&TDeef;? wnfvwf
xGef;onf? þuRef;ZrÁL xl;wnfhav}}/
þodkYvQif &mZ0ifü urÇmausmfNrdKUawmfBuD;rsm;onf upäye'Durf;ü wnfxGef;cJh
\/ xdkYjyif ]"n0wD bHkwdpnfom;}[lí vnf;aumif;? "n0wD jynfod*Ð[k? usL;csD
avsmufywf? xdkjynfjrwfum;? iwfrGwf&DeH? w&Hr[d? ewfbHk&SdvQif? om,dom,m?
0ajympGm\? &&apGBudK;? a&TaiGrdk;vnf; tNzdK;NzdK;oGef;cs? &Gmaeus aMumifh? oHk;0uyfzD;
ruyf0D;onf? csrf;tD;r@dKif? &cdkifoma,mifh? om,mpGav}}[lí zGJUEGJUxm;cJhMuonf/
]"n0wD}[laom trnfemr bGJUwHqdyfcwfESdyfcH&onfhtwdkif; iwfrGwfjcif; ab;&ef
uif;&Sif;NyD; 0ajymom,mvSygayonf/
xl;jcm;aomjrwfpGmbk&m;\ udk,fpm;awmf r[mjrwfrkedrSmvnf; upäye'D
ta&SUbufurf; oD&d*kwfawmifawmfü ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm wnf&SdvmcJhojzifh omoemh
r@dKif jzpfcJhayawmhonf/
þodkYvQif a&S;,cif twdwfb0ü upäye'Djrpfvuf,mvuf0Jurf;rsm;wGif
BuD;us,fcHhnm;rI tzHkzHkwdkYESifh jynfhpHkuHkvHkcJhayonf/ ypöKyÜefumvwGifum; xdkBuD;
us,frIwdkYrSm qdwfokOf;vsuf &SdcJhawmh\/ a&TNrdKUawmftjzpfonfum;---
]]&u© r S e f z l ; ? Nrd K Uajrmuf O D ; ü? oH u sL;oH & S n f ? td r f & S i f p nf w nf ; ?
ajrmufpnf>cH>cH? em&DoHESifh? &Gef;oHvnf;wdwf? vloHqdwf\? ae&dwfrIdif;onf;?
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 114 - - 115 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
arSmifrnf;rnf;ESifh? ykpnf;nHnH? qnf;BuHBuHESifh? NrdKif,Hawmvm;? rxl;jym; acsmif;om;ac: &cdkiftEG,fawmfwdkYudk awGU&avawmhonf/ a&S;&mZ0ifacwf? bk&if
wnf;}} e&tb,&mZm vufxufawmfu vuf,mjref*lwmtm; ukvm;wefjrpfzsm;odkY
[líyif jzpfawmhonf/ odkYaomf upäye'DjrpfBuD;onfum; obm0tm;jzifh apvTwf&mwGif a'o\obm0udk rnfodkYawGU jrif½IarQmf&rnfhtaMumif; þodkYzGJUEGJU
ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sd oGm;NrwJ ikd ;f oGm;aeawmh\/ ,ckacwf yx0Dq&mrsm;u upäye'Djrpf xm;\/
onf [dr0EÅm\ tpG,ftyGm;jzpfaom ,m[dkcsif;awmifrsm;rS pD;qif;vmcJhonf[k ]awmifpGefnmu? rdefYawmfcsonf
qdkMuonf/ ¤if;jrpfzsm;ü bGdKifEkjrpf[k ac:wGifNyD; &cdkifjynfü upäye'D odkYr[kwf ydkifocGefydkY? nmNrdKU&yfcGef
ukvm;wef[k ac:wGifavonf/ awmifbufodkY pD;qif;vmNyD; wpfzeftaemufbuf ukvm;wef0,f? cdkuf&efrjyK
odkYauGUí txufodkY jyefwufum vla&Sawmifwef;rsm;udkjzwfausmfNyD; awmifbufodkY cdk;olrk'def;? &efppfNidrf;ap
pD;qif;vsuf &cdik jf ynfajrmufyikd ;f odYk xd;k 0ifavonf/ &cdik jf ynf taemufbufuu
kd yfí wyfwnfacs[k? oajywHcGef
qif;vmNyD; yvuf0e,fodkY a&muf&Sdvmavonf/ aemufqHk;wGif ppfawGc½dkife,fjyefY
bkef;oefvlUb? 0guRwfv0,f
a'orsm;udjk zwfausmí f b*Fvm;yifv,fatmftwGi;f odYk pD;0ifomG ;avonf/ upäye'D
{u&uf<uif; ? aqmif;wvif;ü
jrpfonf rdkifaygif;oHk;&mausmf &Snfvsm;onf[k qdkxm;ygonf/ ,ckacwftaeESifh
vrif;wefaqmif? wajymifajymifvQif
upäye'DjrpfBuD;udk jrpfzsm;rS t0odkYpkefqif;vmcJhvQif obm0½IarQmfcif;rsdK;pHkudk
awGUjrifMu&ygrnf/ acwftavsmuf jzpfyGm;cJhaom tjzpftysufuav;rsm;udkvnf; awmifodkYvSnhfoGm;? aiG&xm;jzifh
xdkufoifhpGm od&SdMu&ayvdrfhrnf/ vsifvsm;odkodk? ESif;pdkpdk0,f
opfawm? 0g;awmrsm;tMum;rS acGywfvnfum woGifoGifpD;qif;vmaom avcsdKysHUoif;? tcsrf;jyif;í
upäye'Djrpfzsm;ü rif;vGifjrLcdk;wdkYonf tHkYrIdif;qif;vsuf &Sdygayonf/ aus;iSufpHk rdrif;wlyif? rsdK;wGifxdyf0ef
wdkYonf awmoHudkay;vsuf &SdMuonf/ vlolreD; awmawmifpdrfhNrdKifBuD;0,f rwfaumif;uRefudk? tvGef&uf&Snf
*Edkifomarm zG,fwdkYudkawGU&ayrnf/ a&wHcGeftxyfxyfjzifh r&yfrem;usqif;ae Mumrwnfatmif? av;rnfig;jzm
aom upäye'Djrpfa&tvsOfwdkYonf vsifjrefzswfvwftoHyJhwifxyfrQjzpfavonf/ ig;&mjrpfr? upäy[k
vla&SvlrsdK;wdkY\ae&m vla&Sawmifwef;&Sdajr§mifMum;rS wpfzefqif;vmNyD; &cdkif pD;us0Sefwuf? ESpfzufodkYaESm
e,fpyfodkY ausmfeif;rdavawmhonf/ acgifpdk? &Srf;'l;? vlbG,f? "&Smtp&Sdaom awmifESifhawm0,f? jraMum&Sufcdkif
awmifay:om;wdkY\a'o jzpfavawmhonf/ vdar®mfcif; 0g0g0if;ESifh aq;cif;rsm;udk cufcsif;qdkifí? oHNydKif&ifh½l
woG,fwwef;BuD; pD;eif;jrifMu&avNyD/ awmifay:om;wdkY\ 0g;tdrfjrifhuav;rsm; N*dK;MuLaus;iSuf? quf&ufOa'gif;
um; upäye'Djrpfurf;udk wefqmqifxm;bdonf/ usLyif 0g;yif? opfyifBu;D i,fwu Ykd kd
waomif;aomif;onf? vrf;aMumif;vrf;pOf
vnf; tkyfqdkif;pdkjynfvsuf ½Ijrif&yg\/ uGDrH? &Jvuf0? yvuf0pcef;rsm;odkY
jrnfvdrfhaomf---}
wjznf;jznf;qif;rdvQifyif csif;? NrdK? carG; tp&Sdaom awmifay:om;rsm;ESifh

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 116 -
þodkYvQif upäye'Djrpfnmü om,mvS\/ xl;jcm;aom a&S;&mZ0if? odkuf
ordik ;f 0if &cdik Ef ,
G rf sm;? acsmif;om;rsm;onf axmifzUJG íaeMu\/ ausmufromaxmif?
ausmufzsmaxmif? 'ufqaJG xmif? &TyD qGaJ xmif? avm[dwo f m;axmif? rde;f om;? ½kyo
f m;?
&Munfom;axmif tp&Sdojzifh axmifaygif;q,fhESpfaxmif&Sdonf[k od&avonf/
xdt k xJwiG f ausmufromum; txl;jcm;qH;k jzpfonf/ tb,fah Mumifq h akd omf a&S;&cdik f
rif;rsm;ESifh teD;uyfqHk;aecJh&aomolrsm;jzpfjcif; aMumifhyifwnf;/
]acgif;aygif;e*&pf? rif;cspfrsufESm? ausmufrom}[k tqdk&Sdavonf/ ul0
wpfzufurf;odkY vSrf;arQmfvdkufavvQif Oomvif;apwDawmfudk iGm;iGm;pGifhpGifh zl;jrif
&\/ uvufacsmif;? csif;vufacsmif;wdkYonfum; upäye'DjrpftaemufbufodkY pD;0if
vsuf &SdMuonf/ þvrf;rS *syefacwfwkef;u wufbkef;BuD; odef;azjrifhwdkYonf
b*Fvm;odYk vQKd U0Supf mG ul;oef;cJMh uonf r[kwyf gavm/ xkrd S wpfpcef; pkeq f if;MuvQif
ta&SUbufurf;rS rIdif;rIdif;a0a0jzpfaeaom ausmufyef;awmif;udk jrifawGU&\/
]wdrfeD? rdkCf;? aqmif;? ausmufyef;awmif;? ajcmufa&mifarmif;}[k zGJUEGJUxm;cJhMuonfh
twd k i f ; yif / w&G e f t d k i f E S i f h ' vuf a rod k Y wpf z ef q if ; vmaomtcg upä y e'D
taemufbufurf;ü rif;BuD;awmif? yifhul awmifESifh yef;eDvmawmifwef;BuD;rsm;udk
NydKif;&½dkif;ESifh awGUjrif&\/ xdkrSonf ukef;awmfodkY a&mufvmonf/ ukef;awmf apwD
awmfudk upäye'Dta&SUbufurf;wGif tmaomurif;wnfcJhNyD;aemuf b0oQif
rif;bm;BuD; jyKjyifcJhonf/ upäye'Djrpfurf;yg; wpfzufwpfcsufwdkYwGif 0g*Grf;yif?
aq;yifrsm;ESifh O,smOfrsm; pHkvifvSonfhjyif awmif,mysdK;cif;rsm;udkvnf; ½IcsifpzG,f
awGUjrif&\/ xdkYaMumifh OuúmysH q,fhESpf&moD&wkwGif atmufygtwdkif; zGJUEGJUxm;av
onf/
]]0gacgifukefvsif;? awmfovif;vnf;? xGef;0if;vSm? rdkCf;<uif;&Gm
ygacsrl? awmifjrifhacgifacgif? cazmifazmifonf? ,mawmifvkyfaomolwdkY?
Munf h a csrl vG r f ; azG w nf ; ? aus;iS u f E S i f o nf ? ,mpif a wmif u d k i f ; &S d c J h ?
udkif;wpfcGifv,fvkyfom;? toD;aumufyif? rGef;zsifom;r,m;ESifh}}
þodkY a'oom,myHkESifh upäye'D\ ½IarQmfcif;wdkYonf jrif&olwdkYtzdkY MunfEl;
zG,fyif jzpfawmhonf/ þa'orS cif;vufacsmif; 'vufacsmif;wdkYjzifh &cdkiftEG,f
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 117 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
awmfrsm; tjcm;jcm;aom axmifrsm;zGUJ í aexdik Mf uaom Adv k rf if;axmif? oufaxmif?
zvHaxmif? NrHKaxmifwdkYudk aygufa&mufEdkifayonf/
ausmufrom? ausmufzsmvrf;onfum; ppfwaumif;e,fodkYoGm;&mvrf;jzpfNyD;
&mZ0ifwGif xif&Sm;cJhayonf/ ukef;awmfrS wzefqif;vmavvQif EIH;wl;armifESr?
usv,fiwuf? EGm;&Sm? uGrf;xkwftp&Sdaom&Gmrsm;udk awGUjrif&avonf/
upäye'D a&,mOfwdkYonf woGifoGifusqif;ae\/ urf;yg;wpfzuf wpfcsuf
wdkYonf jrifhrm;vsuf&Sdaeonf/ ½kyf0pcef;wdkYonf *syefacwfwkef;u &cdkifrsdK;cspfwdkY\
tkyfcsKyfa&;Xmewpfck jzpfcJhavonf/
urf;yg;jrifüh Xme? wJpcef;udjk rifrh m;pGmyif ta0;rSjrifEikd af yawmhonf/ xdrk o S nf
yvuf0odkY a&mufvmavonf/ yvuf0um; &cdkifjynftygt0if awmifay:a'o
pcef;NrdKUBuD;wpfckyif jzpfcJhayawmhonf/
rdk;wGif;tcgor,ü rD;oabFmuav;rsm;onf yvuf0qdyfwGif wdkuf½dkuf
qdu
k uf yfEikd Mf uygonf/ aEGtcgürlum; yvuf0atmufü&Sad om avmif;u'l;txdom
a&muf&SdMuavonf/
odkYaomf jrpfnmodkY avSavmif;rsm;jzifh tcsdefumvra&G; oGm;vmEdkifMuygonf/
xdkrSwqifh pHkqif;cJhonf&Sdaomf rD;0pcef;odkY a&mufvmayrnf/ ta&SUbufrS
qif;vmaom rD;acsmif;uav;udk awGUjrif&ygrnf/ þrD;acsmif;jzifh qefwufavvQif
ordef;odkYa&mufNyD; xdkrSwqifh ½dk;rawmifudk jzwfausmfEdkifavonf/
&mZ0ifü xif&Sm;cJhaom ausmufyef;awmifum; þrD;acsmif;uav;\ tnmü
wnf&adS wmhonf/ taemufbufoYkd vSr;f arQmaf vaomf tmumawmifEiS hf yDawmifwef;
BuD;odkY oG,fwef;vsuf qdkYqdkYqdkif;qdkif;jrif&ygonf/ yDacsmif;udk awGUqHk&NyD;aemuf
ausmufawmfNrdKUodkY a&mufvm&ayonf/
ausmufawmfbk&m;onf t"dubk&m;jzpfygonf/ ausmufawmfawmifodkY
jrwfpmG bk&m;ud, k af wmfwikd f &ifaiGUay;cJah om ½ky&f iS af wmfr[mjrwfrek d used ;f awmfr&l m
r[mjrwfrkeda'oonf ausmufawmfNrdKUwpfzufurf;rS q,frdkifpcef;yif jzpfonf/
tuRefwdkYonf wu,fh ]"n0wD} odkY a&mufvmavNyD/ qefa&pyg;aygrsm; í
iwfrGwfjcif;ab;&ef uif;&Sif;aoma'o&if; "n0wDum; þa'oudk taMumif;jyKí
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 118 -
ac:wGijf cif;yif r[kwyf gavm/ upäye'Djrpf0rS ;f onf þae&mü us,jf yefv Y aS vonf/
pyg;v,fuGufwdkYonfum; MunfhrqHk;? jrifrqHk;ygay/ BudefoD;? vuf½Hk;ESifh ig;&mbdk;
tp&Sdaom taumif;qHk;aom &cdkifqefpyg;rsm;onf þae&mrS xGufavonf/
vrkwyif? o0ifuikd ;f ? awmyefZif;? tayguf0paom qdyu f rf;&Gmrsm;udk awGUvm
Mu&aomtcg 1943-ck ppfBuD;twGif;utjzpftysufrsm;udk owd&apygonf/
tayguf0teD;wpf0dkufü NAdwdoQwdkY ppfpcef;wpfckcscJhonf/
av,mOfysHuGif;rsm; tBuD;tus,faqmufvkyfcJhNyD; ta&SUzsm;qdkif&m ppfAdkvfBuD;
*sifeH&,fa0b,fudk,fwdkifyif a&muf&SdcJhzl;avonf/ odkYaomf &cdkifrsdK;cspfrsm;ESifh
*syefwyfom;wdkY wdkufxkwfvkdufMuojzifh xdkpcef;BuD; r½IrvSysufNydKoGm;cJhaom
tjzpftysufudkum; ,aeYwdkifyif jrifa,mifa,mif &Sdaeygao;onf/
o&r'Dacsmif; oa&acsmif;? &rf;acsmif;ESifh &rf;0acsmif;wdkYonf upäye'D
ta&SUbufrS pD;0ifMuavonf/ wpfzufurf;üum; uif;pGef;acsmif;ESifhtkwfawmif
jyifudk ½IarQmf&ayonf/ upäye'D\ jrpfa&onf twuftus&Sdonfudk xif&Sm;pGm
awGUjrifvm&\/ a&wdkYonfvnf; tiHbufodkY ul;vmavawmhonf/
yifv,fZD;yif? vrkyif? qvdefyif? zuf&Hyif? vrHyif? a&tHk;yif? usD;uef;yifwdkYudk
pwifawGUvm&\/ aqmif;aEGtcgwdkYü jrLcdk;awGqdkif;vsuf aomifjyifurf;pyf0,f
aus;iSufwdkYwbmom aysmfjrL;aeMuaomjzpftifESifh ½IarQmfcif;rSm txl;MunfEl;p&m
aumif; ay\/ a&wuf a&uscsd ef a&muf NyD qd k aomcg bkw fi Su fj rnfo Ho nfu m;
wrsdK;wrnf em;0ifcsdKvSavonf/ xdkYaMumifh ]]Oykwfvnf;wGH? yifv,fjrpfrSm?
jzm;a&vQHvdkY? jzm;vnf;wufvQH? oD'gjrpfrSm AHk;AHk;0SHvdkY}}[k pyfqdkxm;cJhavonf/
xdrk w
S qifh pkeq
f if;vmavaomf? taemufbufurf;ü ab;ig;&mawmif wef;Bu;D
ESifhwuG Muefjcif;awmif? ,dk;ilawmif? o&ufcsdKawmifESifh yef;eDvmawmifwef;rsm;udk
a0qdkif;vsuf ½Ijrif&ygonf/ ta&SUbufurf;ü ukvm;rkef;uRef;BuD;udk tHkUqdkif;vsuf
jrif&ygonf/ o&ufcsdKapwDudk ta0;rS zl;ajrmf&NyD;aemuf ,dk;acsmif;udk vGefvm
avonf/
xyfawmifESifh ul0apwDudk uefawmh&NyD;aomtcg ykPÖm;uRef;odkY qdkufuyf
vmayawmhonf/ ykPÖm;uRef;t0onfum; ajymif;jym? [if;ca&mfjrpfwdkY qHk&m a'o
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 119 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
jzpfonf/ rdk;Cf;Owktcg þae&mü vIdif;xefavBuD;NyD; upäye'DjrpfBuD;onf
qlyGwfvIyf&Sm;aeavonf/
ykPÖm;uRef;acsmif;0&Sd rif;rq,fausmufaqmifuRef;BuD;udk awGUjrif&onf/
OD;&mZfawmifapwDawmfudkum; ta0;rSyif zl;jrif&ygonf/ ]]0&pfawmifapwD?
vHk;ywfnD? vHk;vDyGwfwdkuf? trsm;a&SUrSm a&TcJ&pfvdkY}}[k qdkavh&Sdygonf/ þOD;&mZf
awmif apwDawmfrSm &cdkifjynf\ t"du& apwDwpfqlyifwum;/
ykPÖm;uRef; wpfzufurf;&Sd OD;&mZfawmifapwD&ifjyifawmfrS ta&SUbufodkY
rSef;arQmfvdkufavvQif wpfzufurf;&Sd Budrfckefarmf? wyfarmfawmifwef;rsm;ESifh
awmifndKawmif;zl;wdkYudk oG,fwef;í jrif&ygonf/ vufyefjym;? raemfoD&d? wyfarmf?
Budrfckefarmf? awmif;zl;&GmwdkYudkvnf; tqifhqifhjrif&ygonf/ jrpfv,fü xGef;ay:
aeaom iajyuRef;BuD;udkvnf; twdkif;om;jrif&ygonf/ þtydkif;wGif jrpfrBuD;onf
av;rdkifrQ us,f0ef;vmavonf/
aumufpD&Dac: aA'gyifwdkYonf jrKyfwHkay:wHkESifh vIdif;upm;um uckefjrL;xl;
aeMuonf/ a&om; wHigpD;yGm;&Smwd\ Yk avSavmif;uav;rsm;ESihf ydu k af xmif? Nct
H p&Sd
onfh wefqmwdkYudkvnf; awGUjrifvm&ayonf/ tvGefw&m Munfvif at;jrvSy
aom yifv,fwo Ykd nf upäye'Djrpf0qDrS wokeo f ek w
f u kd cf wfvmavonf/ ta&SUbuf
urf;&Sd EdkifiHawmfwefcdk;awmifukef;rsm;udk ausmfvGefcJhvQif ppfawGNrdKUudk0ifaom wHcg;
wpfckjzpfonfh qwf½dk;usacsmif;i,fodkY a&muf&Sdvmavonf/
rD;cdk;rqHk? rdk;rqHk; oG,fwef;aeaom qefpufBuD;rsm;onf ppfawGNrdKUudk wefqm
qifxm;\/ wpfzufurf;rS awmif;zl;? yGJMunfhawmif? 0NzD;csyfawmif? av;&SOf;awmif
wd k Y r S m upä y e'D w pf z uf u rf ; ud k wef q mqif , if x m;bd o nf / tuRef w d k Y u m;
tif;ayguf0ac: upäye'Djrpf0odYk a&muf&v dS mavNy/D upäye'Djrpf0onf ajcmufrikd rf Q
us,f0ef;NyD; yifv,ful;oabFmBuD;rsm; cdkvIH&mqdyfurf;omwpfckyif jzpfawmhonf/
upäye'DjrpfBuD;wHcg;0ü ppfawGNrdKUBuD;onf yeH&vSayonf/ ESpfaygif;&Spfq,f
ausmfa vmufu udk,fhj ynfudk,fhr sdK ;vGwfvyfa &;udk arQmf½ IíBudK ;yrf; cJh& Sm aom
NrKd UolBu;D OD;atmifausmZf o H nf b*Fvm;odYk wuRe;f ydcYk &H Ny;D aemuf vGwaf jrmufvmaom
tcg yifv,fc&D;jzifh rdrad 'oppfawGNrKd UodYk jyefvmcJ\ h / avSavmif;jzifh jyefvm&mwGif
upäye'Djrpf0udk þodkYawGUjrif&avawmhonf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 120 - - 121 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
]&u©ompnf? &cdkifjynfodkY? jyefavoGm;MucgvQif? vGef0rf;om Adv
k yf gESi?hf uREyfk o
f m pdu
k yf sKd ;jim;? uGr;f oD;tke;f yif? ydEyéJ if[?k xef;yifo&ufrsm;
&Tiftm;&? tvSarmifom? avSem0gü? vsifpGmpD;wufMuí? MuL;oHjraygif; ESi?hf vGeqf ef;jym;opfwum? Adrmefomawm? O,smOfawmud?k xif&mS ;jrifvwf
c&m? AHkomvif;cGif;? pnfarmif;n§if;onf? omjcif;{uAsmESifh? wD;rIwfum ygu? &Tif0rf;omvGeftm;&? Xme&yf&Gm? NrdKUcsrf;omonf? tdrfrSmqdkufa&muf
waomaom us,fvSBuD;pGm? jrpf**Fgudk? aemufrSm y,fvTwfí? &Tifaysmfyg; Mu\/}}
aomtcg? aMumfjim[pf[J? woJoJonf? atmifyGJcHumumESifh? jzm;oifhum þodkYvQif NrdKUolBuD; OD;atmifausmfZHonf upäye'Djrpf0rS avSavmif;jzifh
vDoifhvdkuf? ork'´&m? ,rHkemonf? oDwmyifv,fjrpfudk? &GufjzLwdkuf ppfawGodkY 0ifvmaomtcg jrif&awGU&aom ½IarQmfcif;t00wdkYudk aphpkatmif
ul;cwfum? vIdif;,ufav[l? a&rsm;qlí OD;jyLaqmif; umumwnf;? &Tef;vdkuf&wkoGm;jzifh zGJUEGJUoDuHk;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ ]upäye'D? r[Durf;ayrdkY?
awmifyrmvIdif;BuD;x? urf;udkrjrif? us,f0ef;usifonf? jrpfcGif yifv,f0ü? omcsif;i,fcsD}[lí vnf;aumif;? ]wjzKjzjz? upäy}[lívnf;aumif;? ]a&ompdrf;jr?
cdkwifupm;pGm? rJe,f[kqdk? pdrf;pdrf;ndKonf? jrpfudkrJeufyg\? Munfhacsaomf upä y }[l í axG x l ; qef ; jym;vS o nf h þjrpf B uD ; jrpf 0 S r f ; wG i f &mZ0if t rsd K ;rsd K ;
aMumufa zGw nf ;? ig;BuD ;ig;qif ? ig;ref ;usifv nf; ? rsm;zsift yHk& SdE Si fh? ajymif;vJcJhNyDjzpfaomfvnf; upäye'D\ obm0tajcum; ,aeYwdkifajymif;vJjcif;
vTifhwHkNyD;vmMucg? &u©myl&? NrdKU"n\? a'oe,f0ifvSmu? &D½dkUrSm jrLqGqG? r&Sdao;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
qD;ESif;pHkpD? rIdif;0D0Donf? awmifNcDurf;em;pudk? jrifvwfMuwHkaomcg?
0rf;omtm;&? pm;aomufMuí? vsifpGmcwfvmygu? ajriHkrSmqHawmf"mwf? "npH
t0D;uyif? rIdif;rIdif;jrifaomf? uRef;vQif½dkcñGwfí? ylaZmfrSwfwHkaomcg?
aomif;aomif;xdrfhql? azG;azG;jzLonf? ewfvlom"kac:\? zsm;qDay:
rSwfcsuf/ / 1960-61ck? &cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;ü azmfjyzl;ygonf/
&GufjzefYwdkuf? ajril[kac:? xdkuRef;armfudk? [pfaMumfvDoifhwdkufí? ywfum
&pfcwfMucg? tif;ayguf[w k ?kH xdo
k cJ u
kH ?kd zsm;qH;k 0ifMuygí? cH0k rSmuRe;f tvGw?f
emrac:aqmif? av;&SOf;awmifudk? eHarQmify,fcJhvsuf? aMumfjimMuyfcwf
vmcg? ½Iumaysmfvsuf? vuf0Jbufudk? wpfcsufMunfhacsygu? NrdKUppfawGrSm
t"drw S ?f tmusyaf wmfvQi?f ig;rnfpifonf? oQiyf if bk&m;"mwfEiS ?hf Aka'¨gewf
wdkYudkom? tqif;a&Ta&mif 0if;0if;ajymifonf? r,farmif jrifygvwfu?
OD;ESdrfhcs½dkU ñGwfcg? 0NzD;csyfac:aqmif? yGJMunfhawmif[k-jrifhacgif yAÁw?
aAGxdyf tv,fay:? rkwfqdwfawmf"mwf? oQifawmfjrwfudk? wefY&yfa&SU0,f
arQmfu? &SdylaZmf½dkñGwfwGm; vuf0JbufrSm? NrdKUcsrf;omudk? arQmfumMunfh
vwfjim;u? ausmif;bk&m;apwDom? Zif;cg,lrSef;? aps;aMumif;vrf;ESifh
qdyfurf;wHwm;rSmvnf;? tHhbG,foma&r&? qdkifESifh'kuHú? tdrfAdrmefvnf;?
MuufysHyifruswnf;? a&mif;0,fMursm;vl&Sif? azG;azG;jzLonf? jynfolrsm;

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 122 -
armif;qGpJ cef;
armif;qGJ&Gmuav;onf NrdKUa[mif;ta&SUwmifbufwGif 7-rdkifuGmvSrf;vsuf
wnf&Sdonf/ ppfawGrS rD;oabFmESifhwufvmaomf NrdKUa[mif;bufqDrS xdk;xGufvm
aom awmifwef;tqHk;xdyfwGif apwDwpfqludk ta0;rSyif jrifMu&ayvdrfhrnf/
xdkapwDum; armif;qGJapwDyif jzpfonf/
armif;qGJ&Gmuav;onf xdkarmif;qGJapwD\ t&dyftm0goudk cdkvIHvsuf
awmifajc&if;ü wnfae\/ wpfzufüum; &cdkifjynfwGif tauGUtaumuftrsm;
qHk;jzpfaom ]ig;&maumuf}acsmif;i,fuav;jzifh um&Hvsuf&Sdaeonf/
xdkig;&maumufacsmif;i,fav;wpfzufurf;rSm aqmif;aEGtcgwdkYü [if;oD;
[if;&GuftrsdK;pHkonfh O,smOfwdkYjzifhjynfhNzdK;vsuf&Sdaeonf/ aus;iSufom&um
wGefoHomESifh OMo OMo NrdKifoHaESmvsuf? vGrf;qGwfMunfEl;p&mwdkYESifh a&m>yrf;um
&yfol&yfom;taygif;wdkYrSm b0ifjrL;vsuf&SdMuukef\/
awmifajc&if;ü uyfvsuf&Sdaeaom awmwef;uav;ü a&tdkifwpfck&Sd\/
xdka&tdkifodkY xdkawmwef;udk trSDjyKum tdk;tdrfxlaxmifaeMuaom orif? '&,f?
acsi,fwdkYonf tcgcgaMumufwvefYvefYESifh a&aomufqif;Muonfudk xif&Sm;pGm
awGUjrifay\/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 123 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
awmvrf;uav;jzifh armif;qGJapwDodkY a&S;½Iwufa&mufí &ifjyifawmfrS
taemufodkY vnf;aumif;? taemufajrmufbufodkY vnf;aumif; arQmfrSef;vdkufaomf
tvGefw&mMunfEl;zG,faumif;aom upäye'D jrpfe'D\ a&tvsOfwdkYonf tnmqDrS
woGifoGifpD;qif;vsuf&Sdonfudk awGUjrif&ay\/ ndKUndKU qdkif;qdkif;? rdkYrdkY rIdif;rIdif;
jzpfaeaom bJig;&mawmifwef;BuD;onfum; xdkupäye'DjrpfBuD;udk wefqmqifvsuf
&Sad eonf/ armif;qG&J mG uav;? armif;qGaJ pwD þjrpfrBu;D ? þawmifwef;Bu;D wdo Yk nf
tuREkfyf\pdwf"mwfxJrS tNrJpGJNidvsuf&SdcJhavonf/
armif;qGJ&Gmuav;um; tnw&r[kwf? NrdKUa[mif;e,f EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif
OD;armifZ\ H csujf rK§ y&f mG uav;yifjzpfonf/ xdpk Oftcg OD;armifZu H ,
G v
f eG cf ahJ omfvnf;
¤if;yk*d¾Kvf\ pOfqufEG,fvmwdkYrSmum; ¤if;\ajc&mudk eif;vsuf&SdMuonf/
tvGerf sKd ;csppf w
d x f ufoefaom olBu;D OD;pdex
f eG ;f jzL? OuúXOD;om'd;k wdoYk nf ¤if;\
tquftEG,frsm;yif r[kwfygavm/ xdktcg pnf;pdrf,pfrl;aeMuaom acgif;aqmif
tcsdKUrSwpfyg; useftm;vHk;wdkYrSm wnDwñGwfwnf; &SdMu\/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; *syefudk
awmfvSefcJh&mü txajrmufatmifjrifcJhonf r[kwfygavm/
armif;qGJ&Gmuav;\ A[dkusae&mwpfckü ysOfpDysOfaxmiftdrfwpfaqmif&Sd\/
¤if;tdrfum; olBuD;OD;pdefxGef;atmif\tdrf jzpfonf/ ¤if;tdrfavSum; wHcg;0wGif
]'dkYArmqif;&Jom; tpnf;t½Hk;XmecsKyf}[lívnf;aumif;? c½dkifacgif;aqmif OD;bpH?
c½dkifrSL; OD;pHwifh[lívnf;aumif; pmuyfxm;onfudk awGUMu&ayvdrfhrnf/
a&S;u wdik ;f &if;om;tpnf;t½H;k acgif;aqmifwo Ykd nf xdpk Oftcg 'dAYk rmqif;&Jom;
tpnf;t½Hk;0ifrsm; jzpfvmMuonf/ xdkarmif;qGJpcef;odkY &cddkifacgif;aqmif[loa&GU
vma&mufMu\/ xdkpcef;ü vufeufudkifumuG,fa&;wyfom;rsm;udk awGUjrifMu&ay
vdrhfrnf/
¤if;wdkYum; xdkpOftcg wu,fhumuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;udk aqmif&GufcJhMu
ayonf/ xdkpOftcg oGm;vm0ifxGufaeMuaom &cdkifjynfacgif;aqmif[loa&GUudk
armif;qGJpcef;ü awGUjrifvdkuf&\/ b,facgif;aqmifu b,fvdkqdkonfudk armif;qGJ
pcef;onf todqHk;/ ,cktcg tcsdKUaom acgif;aqmifolwdkYajymqdkjyKrl yHkawGudk
Mum;&jrif&aom armif;qGJ&Gmuav;onf jyHK;&,frdrSm rvGJay/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 124 - - 125 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
armif;qG&J mG odYk a&mufvmMuaom acgif;aqmifrsm;teuf OD;ndKxeG ;f taMumif;udk avSavmif;uav;jzifh ig;&maumuf acsmif;i,fuav;udkpkefvsuf uG,faysmufoGm;
tenf;i,f azmfjyvdk\/ tar&duefodkY jrefrmvli,ftzGJU'kwd, acgif;aqmiftjzpf Muawmhonf/
oGm;vmcJMh uaom OD;ndKxeG ;f udk tuREyfk o f nf rMumao;rDu ppfawGav,mOfysu H iG ;f ü armif;qGpJ cef; tuREyfk t
f m; arhavsmah ebd\/ &ufpufvpS mG wum;/ &cdik jf ynf\
awGUvdu k &f \/ Mum&Snaf jymaezdYk r&vdu k /f olvnf; tvkyaf wG½yI v f yYkd gyJ/ olUudjk rifvu kd f nDñGwfa&;udk awGUjrifvdkuf&onfh armif;qGJpcef;? acgif;aqmif trsdK;rsdK;? vkyfief;
awmh tuREkfyftvGefyif auseyfrdonf/ trsdK;rsdK;udk awGUjrifvdkuf&onfh armif;qGJpcef;? om,mMunfEl;? b0ifjrL;p&mawGESifh
&cdkifjynftwGuf *kPf,l&rnfh yk*d¾Kvfwpfyg;ygwum;[k atmufarhrdonf/ jynfhvQrf;onfh armif;qGJpcef;? vGrf;qGwfzG,f&m tjzmjzmwdkYudk zefwD;cJhaom
þOD;ndKxGef;vnf; armif;qGJESifhruif;/ wpfaeYü NrdKUa[mif;bufqDrS armif;qGJqDodkY armif;qGJpcef;udk uREkfyftb,frSmvQif arhEdkifzG,f&m&SdtHhenf;/ /
pufbD;pD;í a&S;½IvmaeolwpfOD;udk jrif&yg\/ b,folrsm;ygvdrfhr[k ppfaq;Munfh½I
rd\/ reD;ra0;a&mufcJhvQifyif OD;ndKxGef;udk rSwfrdav\/ tawmftHhMooGm;\/ bpH
ola&mufvQifyif csufcsif;uREkfyftm; vlolreD;aom ae&mwpfckudkac:oGm;\/ (&cd k i f r *¾ Z if ; trS w f - 10)
bmvJ udkndKxGef;&,f? xl;qef;ygwum;vdkY ar;vdkufawmh tomaeprf;ygOD;? þpum;
udk b,folYudkrS rajymESifhaemfqdkNyD; tuREkfyfonf &efukefrS ½dk;rudkjzwfausmfí
*Gacsmif;rSaeNyD; trf(rf)t,f(vf)ac: ppfoabFmuav;ESifh wdwfwqdwf tdEd´,odkY
oGm;a&mufw,f/ olt&ifwkef;u pDpOfxm;onfhtwdkif; [efuscJhNyD/
ocifbdk;vS? ocifpdefxGef;ESifh atmfya&wmwpfa,muf av;NrdKUacsmif;rSm usefcJh
ao;w,f tp&Sdojzifh taMumif;OóHktvHk;pHkudk zGifhajymcJhavonf/ tuREkfyfrSm
½kwfw&uftHhMordovdk jzpfaerdonf/
*syefwufp ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf ½kwfodrf;cgeD;wGif &cdkifjynfodkY *syef
awmfveS af &;udpEö iS hf vQKd U0Supf mG a&mufvmMuaom wufbek ;f Bu;D OD;ode;f az? udw k ifa&T?
ocifp;kd ? Advk w
f ifjrwdu Yk kd ajy;íowd&jyef\/ wufbek ;f Bu;D OD;ode;f azESihf udw k ifa&Twu Ykd kd
uG,v f eG o
f l acgif;aqmifBu;D OD;atmifxeG ;f OD;wd\ Yk tultnD jzifh tdE, ´d odYk yvuf0rS
ydkYvdkufaomtcg OD;ausmfjrifhESifh OD;armifeDwdkYtm; *syefESifh yl;aygif;apNyD; yvuf0e,f
udk t&odrf;,lapcJhaomtpDtpOfrsm;rSm c&D;wGifvsufvmcJhojzifh txl;auseyf
rdavonf/
þtpDtpOfrsm;onf aemufqHk;*syefudk vufeufudkifí *syefudkawmfvSefcJh&mü
txl;c&D;a&mufco hJ nfrsm;udk rnfoo l nf jiif;qefygrnfenf;/ þuJo h Ykd armif;qGpJ cef;
ü awGUqHkNyD; naevGefajrmufí tarSmifa&mufaomtcg toifhpDrHxm;aom

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 126 - - 127 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
bk&ifrif;AmBuD;? r[mynmausmfwdkY\ pGrf;&nfowdårSm taemufb*Fvm;
(12)NrdKUudk pdk;ydkifvmaom ol&wefbk&iftm; awmfvSefcJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ xdkenf;twl
bk & if h a emif wyif a &T x D ; wd k Y &cd k i f j ynf o d k Y usL;ausmf c J h p Of u vnf ; rif ; AmBuD ; ?
rif;zavmif;ESifh taygif;ygynmausmfwdkY awmfvSefcJhMujcif;yif jzpfygonf/

&cdkifa&wyfom;wdkY pGrf;&nf
ay:wl*De,fcsJUorm;wdkYonf &cdkife,fodkYusL;ausmfcJhMupOfu &cdkifa&wyfom;
rsm;onf tqdkygay:wl*DwdkYtm; ol&Jaumif;yDyD wGef;vSefcJhMuygonf/
AdkvfrSL;csKyf rsufawmif&Snf? vuf½Hk;ay:? Adkvfcsif;ysH? iay:vHk;? icGufayguf?
uRJwaumifEdkifpaom yk*d¾KvfwdkYonf &cdkifawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;tjzpf rSwfwrf;
rsm; txift&Sm; &Sdaeygonf/ þyk*d¾KvfwdkYonf r[mvlrsdK;BuD;0g'jzpfaom
&cdik jf ynfawmfveS af &; zdESdyfusL;ausmfjcif;udk acsrIef;wGef;vSefcJhMuolrsm; jzpfygonf/
("npH )
t*Fvdyfudk awmfvSefcJhyHk
16-Budrfajrmuf 1961-ck? rwfv? 27&ufaeY NAw
d o d Qe,fcsUJ orm;wdYk tdE,
´d rS &cdik o
f Ykd cswD ufwu kd cf u
kd pf Ofu &cdik o
f &l J aumif;wdYk
taejzifh a';0ef;Bu;D OD;atmifausm&f ?DT rif;om;Bu;D OD;a&TAef;wd\ Yk awmfveS cf yhJ w
kH o
Ykd nf
awmfvSefa&; &mZ0ifrSwfwrf; aemifvmaemufom;wdkY trSwfw&jzpfapjcif;iSm ¤if;wdkYvufarmif;rS
,aeY (16)Budrfajrmuf awmfvSefa&;aeYBuD;twGuf jynfaxmifpkwpf0ef;vHk; xd;k qG&&Sad om aoG;rsm;jzifh pmwrf;Bu;D rsm; a&;xd;k awmfveS cf MhJ uolrsm; jzpfMuygonf/
owd&Mu&efjzpfonf/ rif;avmif; armifazmfatmif? OD;vmbwd\ Yk jrifjh rwfaom awmfveS af &; pdw"f mwf
*syefawmfvSefa&;udk o½kyfazmf&mwGif &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkY\ awmfvSefcJhMuyHkudk rsm;onf ,aeYwdkif &cdkife,fbufü ajymrqHk;Edkifatmif&SdMuonf r[kwfygvm;/
oD;oD;jcm;jcm;azmfjycJhvQif tcsdKUcsdKUaomyk*d¾Kvfrsm; tjrifusOf;onf? vlrsdK;a&;
pdwf"mwfqefonf[k pGyfpGJMurnfjzpfaomfvnf; awmfvSefa&;ESifhywfoufí &cdkif t*Fvdyfudk awmfvSefcJhol
trsdK;om;wdkY oufpGefYBudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhyHkudk azmfrjyvQifrjzpf[k pdwfxm; jrifhjrwf &cdkifESifh Armtiftm;csif;rrQí NAdwdoQt*Fvdyfvufatmif uRefoabmuf b0
aom jrefrmhtrsdK;om; rsdK;cspfyk*d¾Kvfrsm;u xifjrifMurnf rvGJay/ jzifh a&mufcJhpOfu t*FvdyfwdkY\tjyKtrludk b,fvdkenf;jzifh awmfvSef&yg rnfenf;
[laom t"d|mefjzifh NAdwdoQe,fcsJUudkpwifí awmfvSefcJhol ppfawGNrdKU ½ly&yfrS
&cdkifrsdK;cspfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; OD;OwåryifjzpfaMumif;? ArmhvGwfvyfa&;vif;a&mifjcnfudk pwifay;olrSm OD;Owåryif
jrefrmh&mZ0ifwGif awmfvSefMuonfh ArmhrsdK;cspfwdkYuJhodkY &cdkif&mZ0ifwGifvnf; jzpfí awmfvSefa&;rSwfwrf;&mZ0ifudk a&;Muonfhtcg OD;Owårvdkyk*d¾Kvfryg&Sd?
rdrdwdkif;jynfESifh rdrdwdkYtrsdK;twGuf awmfvSefcJhMuygonf/ rxnfhoGif;u rjzpfEdkifr[kwfygvm;/

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 128 - - 129 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )

odMuao;&JUvm; ppfoifwef;wuf&ef pcef;rSL;rsm; jzpfMuygonf/ &cdkifvli,frsm;tm; t*Fvdyfe,f

q&mOD;atmifxGef;OD;? OD;ynmoD[? OD;pdE´m? 'dkYvuf½Hk;? OD;pHa&T? OD;bpH? OD;ndKxGef;?
OD;ausmfjr? bHkaygufomausmfwdkYtaejzifh ArmhawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; jzpfcJhMuonf/
ocifav;armif? ocifjr? ocifpdk;wdkYESifhyl;wGJí awmfvSefcJhMuonfrSm cyfEkEk
cyfMurf;Murf; jzpfcJhMuygonf/
1300-jynfhESpf ta&;awmfyHkwGif &cdkifausmif;om;rsm; a&SUwef;rS acgif;aqmifí
wdkufcdkufcJhMuonfudk uG,fvGefol AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh jrefrmhawmfvSefa&;
acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; todyifjzpfygonf/ t*FvdyfwdkY MoZmvGrf;rdk; pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyf
aeonfhtcsdef t*Fvdyfudkarmif;xkwf&ef awmfvSefonfhtcef;wGif &cdkifjynfrS
awmfvSefa&;yk*d¾KvfwdkYrygvQifrNyD;[kqdkvifhupm; ,aeYtzdkY þyk*d¾Kvfrsm;twGuf
owd&Murnfum; rvGJacs/
1942-ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv
f wGi;f u wufbek ;f Bu;D ode;f az (,aeYoed ;f azjrif)h ? ocifp;kd ?
Adkvfwifa&T? AdkvfwifjrwdkY t*Fvdyfudk cHcswGef;vSefa&;ESifhywfoufí ppfawGc½dkif
rif;jym;NrKd U taemufbufx;D eef;wGif txyfxyfaqG;aEG;vsuf awmfveS af &;atmifjrif
a&;twGuf pDrHudef;cscJhMujcif; jzpfygonf/
rarhtyfaom om"u
jrefrmESifh&cdkifrif;wdkYtm; rvdrhfwywfESifhtydkifpD;aom *syefzufqpfwdkY\
ab;&efudk rnfodkYawmfvSef&rnfenf;[k BudK;pm;aqmif&Guf&mü awmfvSefa&;tp
&cdkifjynfuyif jzpfygonf/
wufbek ;f Bu;D ode;f azjrif?h Adv
k w
f ifa&Twt
Ykd m; ukvm;wefjrpf½;kd wef;wpfavQmufrS
aqmifMuOf;í ydkYvdkufolrsm;rSm &cdkifrsdK;cspfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;\ oufpGefYBudK;pm;rI
jzpfaMumif; rarhtyfaomom"uwpfck jzpfygonf/
t*Fvdyfwyf 136
t*Fvdyfwyfr[m trSwf (136)ESifh qufoG,fí jyaw;pcef;? armif;qGJpcef;?
½k y f 0 pcef ; rsm;onf u m; &cd k i f a wmf v S e f a &;orm;rsm;\ tajccH p cef ; rsm;ES i f h
y,fwGif;odkY þukvm;wefjrpfrS ykef;vQdK;ykef;0Suf ydkYaqmifcJhMu&ygonf/
avxD;tp &cdkifawmfvSefa&;u
1944-ck E S p f v ,f a vmuf w G i f *syef u d k p wif a wmf v S e f a &;ES i f h y wf o uf í
jrefrmjynfwiG ;f odYk avxD;jzifq
h if;vmcJMh uolrsm;rSm &cdik t f rsKd ;om;awmfveS af &; orm;
wdkYomvQif yg0ifcJhMuonf[kqdkygu qdkEdkifygonf/
AdkvfndKxGef;? AdkvfBuD;MumvSatmif? Adkvfxyfwifarmif? Adkvfatmifxl;? Adkvf
pHomausmf? AdkvfapmOD;? Adkvfomausmftp&Sdaom yk*d¾Kvfrsm;ESifh OD;ynmoD[? OD;pdE´m?
OD;ausmfjr? OD;bpH? OD;armifeD? bHkabmufomausmf? OD;xGef;0if;? OD;xGef;vIdifwdkY\
BudK;yrf;rI? zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;wdkYwGif a&SUwef;rS pwifaqmif&GufcJhMuolrsm;
jzpfMuygonf/
t*FvdyfwyfzGJUtrSwf(136)u½l;uyÜwdefawmhESifh jcaoFhtrnfcHyk*d¾Kvfrsm;
BudK;BudK;pm;pm;yl;wGJí *syeftm;awmfvSefcJhMuonf/ tao;pdwf&mZ0ifa&;&rnf
qdvk Qif tcsKytf jcmtmPmydik f Armhvw G v f yfa&;touf raooa&GUuse&f adS eMuaom
tqdkygyk*d¾KvfwdkY\ tarGESpfyg0ifygonf[k qdkcJhajymcJhaomf rnfolrQarhEdkifvdrfhrnf
rxifEdkifay/
jynfaxmifpkBuD;wnfNrJa&; jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwf jyif;jya&;wdkYwGif usyfjynfh
wif;jynfh&SdMuaom &cdkifrsdK;cspfwdkY xdkyk*d¾KvfwdkYtm; þaeYþtcgwGif rarhtyfaMumif;
þowif;pmrSa&;jcif; jyKvdkufygownf;/
"npH
rSwfcsuf/ / trsd K ;om;owif ; pm 16Bud r f a jrmuf (1961? rwf v 27&uf
xkwfü ]ppfawGarmif} trnfjzifh azmfjyzl;ygonf/)

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 130 -
EG,fcsdKzdkacgif-½dk;rawmif
þaqmif;yg;uav;onf tuRefY'dkif,m&DrS aumufEkwfcsufwpfckyifjzpf\/
*syefwdkYpdk;rdk;cJhonfhumvtwGif;u tuRefonf rdrdawGUBuHKqHkpnf;cJh&orQudk aeYpOf
vdkvdkyif rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhygonf/ þrSwfwrf; 'dkif,m&Dpmtkyfrsm;onf ppfNyD;
umvu aysmufqHk;oGm;&m rMumao;rDu tuRefoli,fcsif;wpfOD;xHrS wpfpdwf
wpfa'oudk jyefvnf&&SdcJhygonf/ &ud©Kifausmif;om;vli,frsm;twGuf wefzdk;&Sd
vdrrhf nf[k ,lqojzifh &udK© i½f ;kd rawmifukd awmifuw
k v
f rf;rS jzwfausmcf o
hJ nfh c&D;pOf
udk aumufEkwfazmfjyvdkufygonf/
tuRefY'dkif,m&D ½dk;rvrf;c&D;pOfESifhywfoufaomtydkif;wGif þodkYpwif azmfjy
xm;ygonf/ 1943-ck? Zlvdkifv (1)&ufaeY tuRefwdkYvlpkonf a&TawmifNrdKUESifh
rsufESmcsif;qdkif {&m0wDwpfzufurf;&Sd yef;awmif;NrdKUuav;odkY a&muf&Sd aeMuonf
rSm (8)&ufausmfrQ &SdavNyD/ rdk;onf;xefpGm &GmoGef;aejcif;aMumifh ½dk;rawmifudk
jzwfausmfoGm;Edkif&ef rjzpfEdkifao;ojzifh yef;awmif;NrdKUuav;rSmyif acwåem;vsuf
&SdaeMujcif; jzpfygonf/
vGefcJhonfhwpfvausmfavmufuyif uRefawmfonf &efukefNrdKUodkY ppfawGrS
edyGefav,mOfysHjzifh OD;omZHvSwdkYESifhtwl a&muf&SdvmcJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ acgif;aqmif
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 131 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
c½dkif0ef OD;atmifxGef;OD;? t*Fvdyfav,mOfysH? AHk;'PfaMumifh uG,fvGefcJh&mrS ppfawG
c½dkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tpDtpOfjyKvkyf&eftwGuf vma&mufjcif;jzpfonf/ OD;omZHvSrSmrl
ArmjynfvGwfvyfrI pDpOfa&;aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;odkY wufa&muf&if; a&m*gudk
aq;uk&efyif jzpfonf/ OD;omZHvStm; jynfolUaq;½HkBuD;wGif tedpöa&mufcJhjyefojzifh
&ud©Kifjynfajrmufydkif;&Sd acgif;aqmifBuD;ESpfOD; qHk;½SHK;cJhMu &avonf/ uRefawmfonf
jrefrmjynftpdk;&tzGJU0if0efBuD;rsm;ESifh AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;ESifhawGUqHkum ppfawGc½dkif
tkyfcsKyfa&; tpDtpOfrsm; jyKvkyfchJNyD; ukef;aMumif; jyefvmcJhjcif;jzpfygonf/
tuRefESifhtwl OD;xGef;0if;? udkapmvSESifh udkzoaxmfwdkY ygvmMuygonf/ c½dkifrSL;
ocifpHwifhrSmrl &efukefü usef&SdaecJhygonf/ tuRefum; ppfawGc½dkifacgif;aqmif
jzpfNyD; tdrfwGif;umuG,fa&;taysmfwrf;wyfzGJUacgif;aqmifjzpfojzifh ppfawGc½dkif
tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh Nidrf0yfydjym;a&;wdkYudkaqmif&Guf&ef a&muf&Sdvmjcif;jzpf\/
tuRew f o
Ykd nf &efuek rf rS ;D &xm;jzifh xGucf mG vmcJ&h m vrf;üwpfntdyNf y;D aemuf
jynfNrdKUodkY a&muf&SdcJhygonf/ jynfNrdKUrS a&TawmifudkoGm;Mu&ef a&TawmifqdyfrS
*syefarmfawmfbkwfjzifh {&m0wDwpfzufurf; ]qifwJ}&GmodkY ul;&ygonf/ qifwJrS
wpfzef*syefum;jzifh (15)rdkifrQoGm;rdvQif yef;awmif;NrdKUuav;udk a&muf&Sdygonf/
yef;awmif;NrdKUonf *syefppfwyfrsm; pcef;wpfckjzpfNyD; ½dk;rawmifausmf&m pcef;vnf;
jzpfae\/ NrdKUolNrdKUom;wdkYonf ppfwyfudktrSDjyKí pD;yGm;ajzmifhaeMuavonf/
yef;awmif;NrdKUuav;ü vrf;&SnfBuD;wpfck &Sdonf/ xdkvrf;wpfavQmufwGif qdkifrsm;&Sd
Muonf/ ¤if;qdkifrsm;rS rdef;uav;rsm;onf ]tdkcsmaem rkemqdkif}? ]tdkumuDEdkifqdkif}
paom ]vufzuf&nfaomufygOD;? vmyg? xdkifygOD;}[lí t"dyÜm,f&onfh *syefpum;
rsm;udk oGufvufpGm wwfuRrf;aeMuNyDudk awGU &Sd&ygonf/ qdkifwdkif;vdkvdkrSm *syef
ppfom;rsm;udk awGU&ygonf/ qdik &f iS u f vnf; wNyKH ;NyKH ;? {nfoh nfuvnf; NyKH ;vsuof m;
yif awGU&ygonf/ yef;awmif;NrdKUuav;onf tvGefom,mvSaom NrdKUuav;jzpf\/
ppftwGif;jzpfaeaomfvnf; tawmfyif pdkjynfvSygonf/
tuRefwdkYonf *syefppf½Hk;BuD;\ tultnDudk,lí *syefppfarmfawmfum;jzifh
yef;awmif;NrdKUrS 0gqdkvqef; (14)&ufaeY? eHeuf (6)em&DtcsdefwGif xGufcGmMuyg
onf/ *syefarmfawmfum; tpD;aygif; (60)rQ &Sdrnf xif&ygonf/ uRefawmfwdkY
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 132 - - 133 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
twGuf oD;jcm;ae&mpDpOfay;xm;ygonf/ tcsdefrSm eHeufapmapm a&mifeDvmcsdef onf/ ½dk;rawmif oJEkoJysdKrsm;onf þodkY jyif;xefpGm wdkufcwfaqmfoGef;aeaom
jzpfcahJ omfvnf; urÇmavmu"mwfBu;D wpfcv k ;kH onf tHq Yk ikd ;f ndKrnf;vsuf &Sad eygonf/ taemufawmifrkwfoHkavESifhtwl ygvmaom rdk;a&rdk;aygufwdkYudk todkYvQifcHEdkifyg
ESif;awGa0aeouJhodkY rdk;zGJrsm;wajzmufajzmufusqif;vsuf &Sdaeygonf/ rdk;wGif; rnfenf;/
acgifacgif ½d;k rawmifukd jzwfausm&f rnfch &D;pOfukd tuReaf wG;rdvsuf pd;k &drrf cd yhJ gonf/ uRefawmfwdkYonf anmifusdK;pcef;odkY a&muf&SdMuNyD;aemuf ]rdk;xdawmif}udk
odaYk omf xdt k csed t
f cgü pGepYf m;vdo k nfph w d "f mwfwo Ykd nf pd;k &drrf [
I o
l rQukd zH;k vTr;f vsuf wajrhajrh wa&GUa&GUESifh wufa&mufrdMuygonf/ rdk;xdawmifodkY a&mufaomtcg
om oGm;ygawmhonf/ awmifwuf&rnfhpcef;jzpfaom ]anmifOD;awmuf}pcef;odkY urÇm\xdyfzsm;tdrfrdk;acgifodkY a&mufaeovm;[k xifjrifrdygonf/ EG,fcsdK zdk;acgif
OD;pGma&muf&SdMuygonf/ xdkrStenf;i,foGm;rdvQif ]pef;yufvuf}udk a&muf&SdMu ½dk;rawmifBuD;\ awmifwef;awmifxdyfwdkYonf oG,fwe;fvsuf&Sdonfudk awGU&\/
ygonf/ þodkYvQif ½dk;rawmifpG,fuav;rsm;udk wjznf;jznf; wufa&mufausmfeif; rdk;vdyf? rdk;om;wdkYonf ½dk;rawmifurf;yg;,HrS wa&GUa&GUvIyf&Sm;oGm;vmvsuf &SdMu\/
vmcJMh uavonf/ tuRew f aYkd &SUrSomG ;Muaom um;Bu;D rsm; awmifurf;yg;,Hukd vSrd í hf xdktcsdefü rdk;a&rdk;aygufwdkYonf awmifckvwfrS om,mpGmusqif;vsuf &Sdae
xdk;wufvsufaeMu&ygonf/ onf[k xif&avonf/ pdrf;pdk? ndKrIdif;NydKif;&½dkif;ESifh qdkif;qdkif;qdkYqdkYjrifae&aom
awmifacsmuf awmifapmufBuD;rsm;udk twdkif;om;awGUjrifvmMu&ayNyD/ ½dk;rawmifwef;BuD;\ ½Icif;onfum; txl;om,mMunfEl;zG,faumif; vSygayonf/
]qifvefaY vawm}pcef;odYk a&muf&v dS maomtcg ½d;k rawmifay:odaYk &muf&dS aeMuNy[ D k þ½IarQmfcif;ESifha&maESmvsuf awmiSufoHwdkYudk tcgcgMum;&jyefavvQif vGrf;p&m
odEdkifMuavonf/ rdk;aygufwdkYonf rpJwrf;wajzmufajzmufusqif;vsufaeMuNyD; aqG;p&mwdkYrSm zHk;zdír&Edkifavmufatmif½kef;uefíay:xGuf vmcJh&avawmhonf/
ywf0ef;usiw f pfcv k ;kH onf pGwpf x kd ikd ;f rSKd i;f vsu&f ydS g\/ odaYk omf ½d;k rawmif\ urf;yg;,H Murf;wrf;aom pdw"f mwfwo Ykd nf odraf rGUvmcJ&h avonf/ rd;k xdawmifum; ½d;k rawmif
wdkYonfum; pdrf;vef;pdkjynfaom taoG;udkaqmifvsuf &Sdygayonf/ wpfrdepf wef;Bu;D wGif tjrifq h ;kH awmifjzpf\/ xdak wmifü&Sad om ]uRBJ u;D ? uRu
J av;} pcef;rsm;odYk
wpfem&Dqo kd vdk c&D;aygufa&mufvmwdik ;f &udK© ijf ynfEiS hf eD;uyfvmcJNh y[ D k 0rf;omrd\/ a&muf&SdcJh\/ xdkpcef;ü naepmxrif;pm;&ef armfawmfum;tem;,lavonf/
pdwfapmrd\/ *syefx&ufpfarmfawmfum;BuD;rsm;udk þrQusOf;ajrmif; usyfwnf;vS þpcef;ü wJrsm;udkawGU&NyD; ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf wyfpkwpfpkudk awGU&
aom vrf;Murf;BuD;rsm;rS aqmif,lcJhaom *syefarmfawmfum; '½dkifbmwdkYudk tuRef onf/ qD;ESif;rsm;zHk;tkyfovdk rdk;yGifh0wfrIefrsm;zHk;tkyfum tHkYrIdif;vsuf &Sdavonf/
onf tvGefcsD;rTrf;rd\/ uREkfyfwdkYtm; wyfrawmfAdkvfwpfOD;u xrif;auR;vdkufavonf/ uREkfyfwdkYonf
odkYaomf tuRefwdkYa&SUrSoGm;aeaom armfawmfum;BuD;wpfpD;onf ½kwfw&uf þpcef;ürtdyMf u/ *syefwo Ykd nf þpcef;ü tb,fah Mumifh tdyMf uygoenf;/ þt&yf
awmifurf;yg;,HacsmufodkY usqif;oGm;avonf/ uHaumif;axmufrí opfyifBuD; wGif usm;qGjJ cif;cH&ojzifh ]uREJ iS o hf ajy rtdyaf vESi?hf tdyaf om tdyaf v raysmaf vESi}hf
wpfyifESpfyifu axmufcHxm;ojzifh acsmufxJodkYrusqif;bJ usef&SdaecJhavonf/ [k tqdk&Sd\/ odkYaomf *syefwdkYum; þtqdkudk ,HkMunfMurnfholrsm; r[kwfygay/
armfawmfumay:rSmygoGm;aom *syefppfom;rsm;um; toufcsrf;omMuavonf/ naecsdefa&mufvm&mrS tvif;aysmufí tarSmifodkYa&mufvmcJhavonf/
armfawmfum;udk *syefwdkYBudK;ESifhqGJwifMuaomfvnf;r&ojzifh þtwdkif; ypfxm;cJhMu ]oajy}pcef;udk ausmfvGefvm&m armfawmfum;rsm;tjyif;ESifaeonfudk awGU&
onfudk awGU&avonf/ tcsdKUae&mrsm;wGif rdk;a&wdkYonf 'va[mpD;qif;vmMuNyD; avonf/ ntcsdefjzpfojzifh euf½Idif;vSaom acsmufrsm;? vQdKajrmifBuD;rsm;udk
vrf;rsm;udk NydKuGJysufpD;apavonf/ *syefvrf;jyiform;wdkYonf csufcsif;vrf;rsm;udk rjrif&awmhacs/ n(9)em&DcGJ tcsdefavmufwGif ]jr,mpcef;}odkY a&muf&SdMu avonf/
jyifqifMu&avonf/ opfyifBu;D rsm;udck sKd ;vSí J vrf;cif;Muonfwu Ykd v
kd nf; awGU&ay þpcef;ü um;rsm;&yfxm;NyD; wpfnvHk;tdyfMuavonf/ eHeufapmapm a&mifjzLvm

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 134 - - 135 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
aomtcg qufvufc&D;oGm;Mu&m eHeuf(9)em&DavmufwGif ]a&abmfBuD;}pcef;odkY
qdu k af &mufcMhJ uavonf/ oef&Y iS ;f at;jraomavwdo Yk nf tuRew f t
Ykd m; wdu
k cf wfvm
avonf/ opfyifBuD;i,fwdkYESifh awmawmiftajctae wpfckvHk;onf vGefcJhonfh
aeYESifh vHk;0rwl? wpfrljcm;aeonfudk awGU&avawmhonf/ tuRefwdkYum; &ud©Kifjynf
e,fedrdwfudk 0ifa&mufrdMuonfrSm xif&Sm;vS\/
EG,fcsdKzdk;acgif½dk;rawmifxdyfrS opfyifwdkYonf rwfrwfaxmifvsuf&SdMu\/
ta&SUbufü&Sad om opfyifwo Ykd nf ta&SUodYk ,dr;f ,dik v f su&f MdS uNy;D taemuf urf;yg;,H
ü aygufa&mufaeMuaom opfyifBuD;i,fwdkYonf taemufbufodkY udkif;vsuf&SdMu
avonf/ EG,fcsdKzdk;acgif-½dk;rawmifxdyfonfum; &ud©KifjynfESifh jrefrmjynfrudk
cGJjcm;xm;aom e,fedrdwfjzpfonf[k ouú&mZf 792-ckESpfu &ud©Kifbk&if e&Ekac: NrdK Ua[mif;acwf pD;yGm;a&;&m
tmvDcefrif;ESifh jrefrmbk&ife&ywdwdkY xdkEG,fcsdKzdk;acgif½dk;rawmifü awGUMupOfu
uefYowfcJhMuonfr[kwfygavm/ &cdkif&mZ0ifpmayrsm;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;om;\ rSwfwrf;rsm;udk zwf½I&jcif;tm;jzifh
tuRefwdkYonf wa&GUa&GUESifhqif;vmcJh&m vrf;üvrf;vkyfacR;wyfom;rsm;udk &cdki fj ynfN rdK Ua[mif; acwf pD; yGm ;a&;tajctaeudk aumif; pGm od& SdE dki fa yonf/
awGUvm&\/ &rf;NA?J rmefatmif? awmifuw k ?f oHwrJG S tvkyo f rm;rsm;udk awGUvm&\/ jrefrmjynfwiG f yk*aH cwf? tif;0acwf? uke;f abmifacwftp&Sad omacwfrsm; xGe;f um;
¤if;wdkY\ ajymMum;aompum;oHrsm;onf om,memaysmfzG,f aumif;onf[k tuRef cJo
h uJo h Ykd &cdik jf ynfwiG v
f nf; "n0wDacwf? NrKd Ua[mif;acwf[í l xGe;f um;cJah vonf/
xifrd\/ rdk;onf tcgcgonf;xefvSpGm &GmoGef;vsuf&Sdaomfvnf; &ud©Kifrdk;jzpfojzifh c&pfouú&mZf 1432-ckESpfavmufupí NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUonf &cdkifbk&if\NrdKUawmf
txl;ESpfNcdKufMuayonf/ pmqdkawmf OuúmysH\awmifhwaom rdk;yifr[kwfavm/ jzpfcJhavonf/ ouú&mZf 1684-ck pE´ok"r®rif;vufxuftxd xGef;um; ausmfMum;
wa&GUa&GUESifh taemufbufodkY qif;oufvmcJh&m ]aeylawmif}udk jzwfausmfí ]pvl} cJhaom acwfudk]NrdKUa[mif;}[líyif ,lq&onf/
pcef;odYk a&muf&v dS mMujyefavonf/ xdak emuf ]av;tdrpf w k ef;vsm;Bu;D ? ausmufwcH g;} xkad cwfwiG f &cdik jf ynfonf ta&SUtm&SwiG f Edik if jH cm;om;wd\
Yk ud,k af wGU rsujf rif
paompcef;rsm;udk ausmfvGefcJhNyD;aemuf rGef;vJGwpfem&DtcsdefwGif awmifukwfNrdKUodkY t& txl;xif&Sm;cJhaom wdkif;jynfwpfjynf jzpfcJhavonf/ ESpfaygif; ESpf&mausmfrQ
qdkufa&mufvmcJhMuayawmhonf/ tqufrjywfbJ Nidrf;csrf;&m pD;yGm;a&;&mrsm;onf txl;wvnf wdk;wufvsuf &SdcJhay
vlrsdK;ESifhwdkif;jynftajctaewdkYonf rnfodkYyifajymif;vJvsuf &Sdapumrlvnf; onf/ yifv,furf;ajca'ojzpfaeojzifhvnf; EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;ESifh ul;vl;qufqHEdkif
EG,fcsdKzdk;acgif ½dk;rawmif\ obm0onf rajymif;rvJ oGm;NrJwdkif;yif/ cJhum EdkifiHjcm;pD;yGm;ukefoG,fa&;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhMuonfrSm txl;pdwf0ifpm;zG,f
aumif;ayonf/ xdkpOfuqufqHcJhMuaom EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;rSm txl;ojzifh ay:wl*D
rSwfcsuf/ / 1958-59ck E S p f w G i f &cd k i f w ef a qmif r *¾ Z if ; twG J - 1? vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh 'wf(cs)vlrsdK;rsm; jzpfayonf/ xdkacwfwGif ta&SUEdkifiHa'orsm;ü
trS w f ( 7)wG i f azmf j yzl ; ygonf / ay:wl*DvlrsdK;wdkYonf tdEd´,*dk0ge,fudktajcjyKí qufqHMu\/ 'wf(csf)vlrsdK;rsm;rSm
um; ta&SUtdEd´,uRef;pk? bmaw;bD;,m;NrdKU udk tajcjyKí qufqHMuavonf/

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 136 - - 137 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
&cdkifjynfodkY xdkvlrsdK;ESpf&yfvHk;yif vma&mufqufoG,fMu\/ xdkwGifruao;? 1630avmufu &cdkifaiG'*Fg;wpfusyfrSm ay:wl*D'*Fg; (&Dvfpf)av;usyfESifh
b*Fvm;jynf? r'&yf? oD[dkVftp&Sdaom EdkifiHrsm;ESifhvnf; qufqHcJhayao;onf/ nDrQonf/ &cdkif'*Fg;wpfusyfay;vQif Muuftaumif (30)&\/ (8yJ)jzifh MuufO
xdkpOfu &GufoabFmBuD;rsm;jzifh ukefpnf;ul;oef;oGm;vmMuonf/ NrdKUa[mif;txd wpf&m 0,fEdkifonf/ xdkpOfu &cdkifaiG'*Fg;wpfusyfonf ,ckt*Fvdyf (7)aygif
xdo k abFmrsm; xGu0f ifEikd Mf u\/ &cdik af &wyfAv kd cf sKyBf u;D pcef;csaom OD;&mZf awmifEiS hf (10)oQDvifESifhnDrQNyD; ,ckjrefrm'*Fg; (105)usyfavmufESifh nDrQonf/ 1663ckESpf
rsufESmcsif;qdkif ukvm;wefjrpfwpfzufurf;ü ]'dkbmaps;} t&yf&Sdayonf/ ¤if;t&yf avmufu &cdkif'*Fg;wpfusyfonf 'wf(cs)aqm([f)(25)usyfESifh nDrQonf/ &cdkif
wGif Edik if jH cm;om;ukeo f nfrsm; pcef;csMu\/ txl;ojzifh tdE, ´d t&yf&yfrS vma&muf '*Fg;wpfusyfvQif ta<uaumuf&D (2660)&Sdonf/
EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm; &cdkifjynfrS ta&;wBuD;0,f,lMuaomypönf;rsm;rSm qefpyg;
Muaomukefonfrsm;jzpfMuonf/
yif jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf qifrsm;? uRJrsm;? rJe,f? csdwf? ,Gef;xnf? csnfxnfrsm;?
NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd Uywf0ef;usiüf aps;rsm;&So d nf/ ,ckwikd f anmifyifaps;? vufaumuf wDyg&rS&ufvyk af om taygpm;txnfMurf;wdu Yk vkd nf; 0,f,Ml uao;onf/ rsm;aom
aps;? jyifaps;tp&Sdojzifh ac:wGifvsuf&Sdao;onf/ NrdKUa[mif;qifajczHk; abmif;'Gwf tm;jzifh 'wf(cs)vlrsdK;rsm;onf ta&SU'wf(cs)uRef;pk bmaw;bD;,m;rS xGufaom
t&yfü taumufXmersm;? 'wf(cs)vlrsdK;rsm;\tvkyf½Hkrsm;udk wnfaxmifcJhMuav tarT;tBudKifrqvmrsdK;pHkwdkYudk o,faqmifvmMuonf/
onf/ ,ckwdkif xdkt&yfü 'wf(cs)vlrsdK;rsm;\ tvkyf½Hkt<uif; tusefrsm;udk awGU&Sd aumuf&Dac: a<uaphrsm;udk udk½dkref',f(vf)urf;ajcrS ,laqmifvmMu\/
Edkifygao;onf/ &cdik jf ynf\ '*Fg;ta<uoH;k &mü toH;k csMuavonf/ ¤if;wdu Yk kd ydómcsed jf zifh a&mif;Mu
NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUawmfBuD;rSm txl;pnfum;vS\/ NrdKUa[mif;qifajczHk;abmif;'Gwf onf/ ¤if; 148-ydómudk wpfusyfaps;&Sdonf/ wpfcgwpf&Haq;rsm;udk ,laqmifcJh
t&yfrSmyif txl;pnfum;aeojzifh e,frSwufvmMuaom olwdkYonf abmif;'Gwfudk Muavonf / ¤if ; uk e f o nf w d k Y o nf qif r sm;ud k 0 ,f , l & mü qif w pf a umif u d k
yif NrKd Uawmfrw S Nf y;D NrKd UawmfwiG ;f odYk ra&mufcMhJ ubJ jyefomG ;cJMh uzl;onf[k qdMk uonf/ (1300)usyfrS (1400)usyftxd ay;0,fí udk½dkref',furf;ajcü av;qavmuf
xkdYaMumifh ]tpGef;rayguf NrdKUra&mufbJ abmif;'GwftqD? jyefvwfpD}[lí ajymqdkavh aps;wifa&mif;Muonf/ qefpyg;0,f,ljcif;rsm;rSm tBuD;us,fqHk; jzpfonf/ qefpyg;
&SdMuonf/ a&mif;0,fa&;ESifhywfoufí EdkifiHjcm;c&D;onfwpfOD;\ udk,fawGU rSwfwrf;wpfapmif
wGif atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;&Sdavonf/
NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd U acsmif;wpfzufü ay:wl*v D rl sKd ;rsm; aexdik Mf uonf/ xd'k ikd ;f ust
D &yf
1631-ckESpf 1634-cktMumwGif b*Fvm;yifv,furf;ajcwpf0dkufü iwfrGwf
wGif a&wGi;f ? a&uefaumif;rsm; a&oH;k vdrYk ukeEf ikd af vmufatmif&\ dS / bm;bltrnf&dS acgif;yg;aomab; qdkufa&mufvsuf&Sdonf/ 'wf(cs)vlrsdK;rsm;onf &cdkifjynfrS pyg;
aom t&yfwGifum; pyg;rsm;odkavSmifMu/ xdkYaMumifh ]'dkif;usD&Sd ,ifh? &D&Sd,ifh/ 0,f&efomG ;Muonf/ oD&o d "k r®b&k if\oHrsm;u 'wf(cs)vlrsKd ;rsm;onf rvuúmuRe;f pk
bm;bl&Sd,ifh? qef&Sd,ifh}[k qdkMuavh&Sdonf/ udk ppfwdkufaeMuojzifh qeftajrmuftjrm;vdkaeaMumif; bk&iftm; avQmufxm;
NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd Ua&qdyüf taumuf½;kH rsm; &SMd uonf/ taumuft&m&SBd u;D i,fwu Ykd kd avonf/ xdkaMumifh bk&ifonf pyg;udk bk&ifhpyg;tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJum bk&ifh
cefYtyfxm;NyD; xGufukef0ifukefwdkYtay: taumufaumuf,ljcif; jzpfayonf/ tmPmjzifhom a&mif;cs&eftrdefYcsrSwfxm;aomaMumifh 'wf(cs)rsm;onf txl;
ckESpfouú&mZfESifh bk&ifhtrnfrsm;wyfí aiG'*Fg;jzifh 0,f,loHk;pGJMuonf/ þuJhodkY rauseyfMuay/ 'wf(cs)wdo Yk nf pyg;yGpJ m;rsm;udk tjcm;vlrsm;xuf aps;ydak y;í0,f,l
'*Fg;oHk;pGJaomtavhtxrSm ouú&mZfwpf&mpkavmufuyif &SdcJhavonf/ pE´ol&d, Mujcif;aMumifhwpfaMumif; rausreyfjzpfayao;onf/ odkYaomf &cdkifbk&ifrSm
rif;wHqdyfrsm;jzifh aiG'*Fg;rsm;&SdcJhaMumif;udkvnf; awGU&SdcJh&ayonf/ xdkacwfum; oljY ynf\qefpyg;rsm;udk t&rf;rxGuEf ikd af tmif qD;wm;Edik cf ahJ vonf/ þtcsuüf yif
]"n0wDacwf}jzpf\/ "n0wDacwf ,Ofaus;rItpkpkwdkYrSm NrdKUa[mif;acwfodkY vQif &cdkifbk&if\ ukefoG,fa&; tqifhtwef;rSm 'wf(cs)wdkYxuf atmufrus[k
qufvufoGm;cJhjcif; jzpfayonf/ od&SdEdkifayonf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 138 -
odkYaomf pm&if;pmtkyfrsm;wifrSwfxm;onfh aps;EIef;t& 'wf(cs)wdkYrSmvnf;
repfemMuacs/ bmaw;bD;,m;wGif 1633-ckESpfü qef(um&m) (440)aygifudk '*Fg;
(18)usyfaps;&Sdonf/ 'wf(cs)wpfaygifonf (1;09)aygifESifhnDonf/ wpfum&mudk
bk&ifaps;EIef;rSm (15)usyfxd aps;usatmifvkyfEdkifcJhMuonf/
olwt Ykd xl;rauseyfMuaom tjcm;taMumif;wpf&yfrmS bk&ifonftaMumif;rsKd ;pHk
jyNyD; bmaw;bD;,m;odkY aps;EIef;tajctaeudk pHkprff;&efvlvTwf jcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/
'wf(cs)wdkYonf bk&ifht0,fawmfrsm;xHrSvTwf&eftBuHESifh ppfwaumif;odkY vlvTwfí
0,f,l&efBuHaomfvnf; ¤if;e,frSpyg;udk bk&iftm;vHk;0,f,lESifhNyD; uefYowfonfh
aps;EIef;ESifh a&mif;cJhavonf/
,ckacwftcg tpd;k &u qefpyg;a&mif;0,fa&;udk wdu k ½f ukd af qmif&u
G jf cif;rsK;d yif
jzpfayonf/ xdkacwfuyif qefpyg;a&mif;0,fa&;ü &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkYonf rnfrQ
uRrf;usifonfudk em;vnfEdkifMuayvdrfhrnf/
xdkYaemuf txl;pdwf0ifpm;zG,fwpfckrSm uRefta&mif;t0,fjyKvkyfjcif;yif
jzpfonf/ xdkacwftcgü ,Ofaus;aomtaemufEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;&mrsm;wGif uRef
ta&mif;t0,fjyKvkyfvsuf &SdMuonf/ xdkacwfü &cdkifjynfwGif uRefta&mif;t0,f
jyKvkyfonfrSm rxl;qef;vSay/ uRefta&mif;t0,fudk ay:wl*DvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh 'wf(cs)
vlrsKd ;rsm;ESpOf ;D pvH;k yif jyKvyk Mf uavonf/ þtaMumif;ESiyhf wfoufí rSww f rf;wpfck
wGif atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;onf/
]olwdkY o,f,loGm;Muaom ukefrsm;rSmrsm;aomtm;jzifh qefESifhuRefrsm;yif
jzpfonf/ &GufavSwpfpif;wGif uRef 210? tjcm;wpfpif;wGif 325 a,muf? aemuf
wpfpif;wGif 145 a,mufyif jzpfavonf/ OD;a&udk ysrf;rQjcif;tm;jzifh wGuf&ef
tawmfcufayonf/ ukefoG,fa&;wdk;wufaomESpfwGifrl tenf;qHk; oabFmav;pif;
rQ bmaw;bD;,m;odYk xGuaf vonf/ xdaYk Mumifh wpfEpS w f iG f uReOf ;D a&wpfaxmifxuf
avsmhrnfr[kwf/ tzdk;vnf; tawmfyifuGmjcm;avonf/ wcsdKUwavudk (10)
zavmf&if (1 zavmf&if-1oQDvif 8yJeD jzpfonf)ESifh&NyD; aps;tBuD;qHk;rSm (30)
zavmf&if wefzdk;&Sdavonf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 139 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
1641-ckESpfwGif &cdkiftpdk;&onf EdkifiHjyifyodkY xkwfoGm;aom uRefrsm;
tay:wGif wpfOD;vQif wpfq,fhusyfrQ tcGefaumufavonf/ ¤if;udk 'wf(cs)wdkYu
uefYuGufcJhMuaomfvnf; t&mrxifcJh/ vufrIynmwwfajrmufaom uRefrsm;udkrl
'wf(cs)wdkYtm; ,laqmifjcif; rjyKcJhacs/
þuJhodkY uRefta&mif;t0,f jyKvkyf&mü uRefrsm;onf tb,frS&&SdMuoenf;?
tb,fvlrsdK;rsm; jzpfMuoenf;/ xdkpOf&cdkifbk&ifonf r*dkwdkY&efudk umuG,f&ef
twGuf ay:wl*DvlrsdK;rsm;tm; ppfwaumif;atmufem;u 'dkif;eufe,fwGif aexdkifí
wyfpcef;csay;xm;avonf/ xdkay:wl*Drsm;onf rdrdpD;yGm;a&;twGuf b*Fvm;e,f
wpf0dkuf Mo&dóESifh b*Fvm;yifv,furf;ajcrsm; &cdkifjynf 'wf(cs)pcef;rsm;wGif
a&mif;Mujcif;jzpfavonf/
NrdKUa[mif;acwf pD;yGm;a&;&mrsm;wGif acwfESifhpmaomf txl;txufwef; uscJh
onf[k qdkEdkifayonf/ &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;onf xdkpOfu a&bufwGif txl;uRrf;usifNyD;
EdkifiHjcm;t&yf&yfodkY ukefoG,f&ef oGm;a&mufcJhMuavonf/ þNrdKUa[mif;acwf
jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;pepf xl;cRefonfhtaMumif;udkrl aemuftcGifh&u a&;om;
azmfjyrnf jzpfygonf/
bpH
&cdkifwefaqmiftwGJ c? trSwf 1/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 140 -
&cdkifwl&d,mESifh &cdkiftoH
]tpGef;rayguf? NrdKUra&muf? abmif;'GwftqD? jyefvwfpD}[lí ajymqdkavh&SdcJh
Muygonf/ a&S;acwftcgu &cdkifjynf\ a&TNrdKUawmfjzpfcJhaom ajrmufOD;NrdKUonf
tvGecf efn Y m;pnfum;cJ\ h / tjcm;NrKd Ue,fa'owdrYk S ajrmufO;D a&TNrKd UawmfoYkd vma&muf
MuolwdkYonf BuD;us,fpnfum;aom ajrmufOD;NrdKUodkYyif a&mufEdkifpGrf;r&SdbJ NrdKUpGef
NrdKUem;jzpfonfh abmif;'Gwf&yfrS jyefvSnfhvmcJhMuonf/
tcsdKUvnf; abmif;'wfa&muf½HkESifh NrdKUawmfudk a&mufNyDxifrSwfum jyefvSnfhcJh
Muzl;onf[k ajymMum;cJhMuygonf/ yJcl;NrdKUawmfESifhvnf;aumif;? tm,k'D, NrdKUawmf
ESifhvnf;aumif;? taemufEdkifiHrS trfpwm'efESifh vef'efNrdKUawmfrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;
EIdif;pmaomf þajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfum; xdkacwfxdktcg ¤if;wdkYxuf BuD;us,fcefYnm;
Muao;onf[k taemufEikd if o H m;c&D;onfrsm;\ rSww f rf;rsm;wGif rSww f rf;wifxm;cJh
onf/ zwf½I&onf/ &cddkif,Ofaus;rItqifhtwef; rnfrQavmuf jrifhonfudk
ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfu oufaojyrnfrSm rvGJygay/ uREkfyfwdkYonf ,aeY&cdkif,Ofaus;rI
wpf&yfjzpfonfh &cdkifwl&d,mESifh&cdkiftoHudk cufcJpGm&SmazGazmfxkwfae&\/
&cdkif,Ofaus;rIvuf&mwdkYonf &mZ0ifrSm wpfrlxif&Sm;cJhaomfvnf; ,aeYvG,fulpGm
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 141 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
&Smr&avmufatmif aysmufvkeD;yg;jzpf& onfrSm tvGefaMuuGJp&maumif;aom
tjypfyif r[kwfygavm/ xdkaMumifh &cdkiftoHudk &SmazGazmfxkwf&eftwGuf ajrmufOD;
acwfukd &SmazGppkH rf;avhvmzdYk vdt k yfvmayonf/ &mZ0ifrw S w f rf;rsm;udk avhvmaom
tcg þtjzpftysufuav;udk pwifawGUvm&ygawmhonf/
ouú&mZf 991 cku jzpfygonf/ ajrmufOD;a&TNrdKUawmfü BuD;us,fcefYnm;aom
yGJawmfBuD;wpfckudk qif,ifusif;yaeaom tcgor, jzpfygonf/ a&TNrdKUawmfBuD;\
ywfvnfwiG f aps;qdik Bf u;D rsm; zGiv hf pS x
f m;onfukd awGUjrif&ygonf/ ay:wl*?D 'wf(cs)
tp&Sdaom EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;? b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf urf;ajcwpfavQmuf&Sd EdkifiHjcm;
om;rsm; yoQL;? ,dk;',m;? tdEd´,? oD[dkVf? tmcsif(ac:) *smAm;wdkif;jynfom;rsm;ESifh
&cdkifjynftydkif b*Fgq,fhESpfNrdKU &cdkiftrsdK;orD; trsdK;om; rsdK;EG,frsm;jzpfMuaom
oufaxmif? zvefaxmif? NrHKaxmif? Adkvfrif;axmifrS trsdK;om;rsm;? &cdkifjynfr?
0wDav;&yf&Sd q,fhESpfe,frS ta&;ygaom yk*d¾Kvfrsm;? NrdKUpm;e,fpm;tm;vHk;wdkYpk½Hk;
aeaom tcsdefumvyif jzpfawmhonf/ wdkif;&if;jzpf 0g*Grf;xnf? aiGxnf? qifpG,f
,yf? zsm? a<uxnfypönf;? 0g;xnftrsdK;rsdK;? ausmufoHywåjrm;tp&SdonfwdkYESifh
EdkifiHjcm;jzpf oHowåKypönf;? ausmufoH ywåjrm;? ydk;xnf? aq;? opfarT;? a<uyef;uef
cGufa,muf? aumfaZm tp&Sdonfhypönf;rsm;udk aps;qdkifrsm;ü awGU&ygonf/
þtcsdeftcgrSm &cdkifwl&d,moHrsm; xl;jcm;pGmMum;&ygawmhonf/ &cdkifwl&d,m
oHESifh &cdkiftoHudk odvdkMum;vdkrl þtcsdefþumvodkY oGm;a&mufpHkprf;avhvm
Mu&efom&Sad wmhonf/ þtcsed t f cgor,um; &cdifk jf ynf&h iS f bk&ifo&D d ok"r®&mZm\
bdou d yf aJG wmfBu;D yifwnf;/ tuRew f o Ykd nf &cdik w
f &l ,
d mESihf &cdik t
f oHuakd vhvmvduk f
aomtcg a&S;OD;"n0wD? a0omvDacwfukd csev f yS x
f m;í rjzpfEikd af y/ odaYk omfvnf;
,ckavmavmq,ftaejzifh ajrmufOD;acwfudk a&G;cs,fvdkufavonf/
bdodufyGJawmfudk EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm; rsufjrifudk,fawGUyifjzpf\/ &cdkifwl&d,mESifh
&cdkiftoHudk EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm; Mum;&aomtcgumvjzpfNyD; ¤if;wdkY\ rSwfwrf;rsm;udk
,aeYawGUjrifzwf½IEdkifjcif;aMumifh jzpfayonf/ xdkpOfu ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfudka&muf&Sd
aeaom ay:wl*Dbkef;awmfBuD;refe&dwf\rSwfwrf;udk pwifavhvmEdkifatmif
atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyvdkygonf/ refe&dwfu bk&ifhbdodufyGJrprD OD;&mZfawmif
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 142 -
NrdKUpm;udk pwifbdodufoGef;onfhtcrf;tem;rSm wl&d,mtwD;trIwf? tutckefESifh
ywfoufí þodkYazmfjyxm;\/
''The Proceedin opened with a concert and a ballet. Classical songs were
sung, and twentyfour dancers dressed in green and white, with high crowns like
siamese dancers, some carrying musical instruments, danced in two lines which
intermingled, separated, ebbing and flowing gracefully, a dance which is reminiscent
both of the Burmese yein and the Balinese redjang."
OD;&mZfawmfpm;udk bdou
d o
f eG ;f Ny;D aomtcg qdo
k ?H rIwo
f w
H u
Ykd kd þodMYk um;&jyef\/
''There was a buzz of carversation, sound of songs and flutes filled the air,
and troupes of dancing girls and acrobats perturbed or leaped, sang and made
fun."
''The prince moved off. The crowd was very thick in the palace Courtyards.
There were shouting and songs, more music and dancing."
"When all were in their Proper stations, the processions started, the cavalry
in front, the war elephants second, the nobility third, and the prince last with his
personal attendants, the forty handsome youths who had accom panied him to the
palace. Manrique and the Captain rode among the nobility. It was splendid train,
immensely long.
There is no animal which better graces a parade then and elephants each
decked till it was a pageant and itself, an ambling treasury of colour and
magnicficence. The howdahs were so various. Each nobleman strove to make
him the most noble. Some were gilt, some lacquered, they were carved with
reliefs of monstars, serpents, flying spirits their canopies were of all shades, and
embroidered or woven, tapestried, of a applique work, their fringer strings of
pearls. It seems that between the elephants as they came on two by two, were
musicians. With them were several troupes of dancers, the girls who had performed
in the palace and others. Richly and gaily dressed, with garlands of flowers on
their heads, they danced and sang like bright birds gliding in and out among the
ranks, passing even beneath the trunks of the war-elephants, taping them with
their fans and carrying out their names resounding names which they wove in to
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 143 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
their reciative, the Vietorious, the Master of Thunder, the Van Lord."
þodkY pDwef;vmí NrdKUpm;tdrfawmfodkY a&mufaomtcg vomaqmif0&Hwm
wdkYrS apmif;oHrsm;ESifhtwl qdkoHudkMum;&\/
"From the galleries came the sound of voice singing to harp."
NrdKUpm;tdrfawmfü xrif;auR;yGJusif;yNyD;aemuf vlysdKvl&G,fwdkYtm; aysmfawmf
qufuyGJobif qif,ifusif;yaMumif;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;avonf/ refe&dwfrsufjrif
udk,fhawGUrsm;udk a&;om;xm;aompmtkyfrS xkwfEkwfí armf&pfaumfvpfu wpfzef
wifjyxm;csufrsm; jzpfayonf/
a&;om;xm;&mü ya'omtursm;? bJav;tursm;? a&S;a[mif;½dk;&mtqdkrsm;?
wl&, d mrsm;udk azmfjyxm;\/ c&m? abmrIwjf cif;? wa,mxd;k jcif;? apmif;wD;jcif;rsm;udk
vnf; azmfjyxm;\/ þonfwdkYudk zwf½Ijcif;tm;jzifh &cdkifokckrtEkynmtqifh
twef;udk odomEdkifonf/
¤if;aemuf oufaotaxmuftxm;wpfcu k kd &SmazGvu
kd af omtcg NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd U
ouú&mZf 853-ckavmufu rif;bmbk&if wnfaxmifcJhaom&ef atmifaZ,s
ykxdk;awmfBuD;ac: &Spfaomif;bk&m;twGif;eH&HwGif xGif;xm;aom ausmuf½kyfrsm;
txJrSm &cdkifwl&d,mtpHkudk wD;rIwfMuaom &cdkifwl&d,morm;rsm;\ ½kyfyHkrsm;udk
awGU& rnfjzpfygonf/ &cdkifwl&d,mrSm tawmfyifpHkvifvsuf&SdaeNyDudk odomEdkif\/
AHktrsdK;rsdK;? c&maumuf? c&m>rmvufwefwdk? vufwef&Snf? yef;wsm;? abm? wa,m?
ETJ? vufcwf? apmif;tpHktvifyif jzpfayawmhonf/
xdkrSwzef &SmazGcJh&mwGif &cdkifjynfrS jrefrmjynfodkY bdk;awmfbk&m;vufxuf
,la qmifo Gm ;aom &cdki fwl& d,mrsm;taMumif; ESi fhy wfoufí &mZ0ifvuFm ü
þodkYzGJUEGJUxm;onfudk zwf½I&jyefygonf/
]omaMun§if;n§if;? at;oDjcif;ESifh nHhEkomjcif;? apmif;ESifhn§if;vQif?
oHcsi;f aESmjim;? ywåvm;u? rjcm;wlx? wa&mponf? ac:xemr? olo&D ESi?hf
yÍörnfom? 'l&d,mu? c&mwefaumuf? ETJa>yajrmufí? tapmuf&Snfjim;?
yef;wsm;ESifh? yef;usm;ywf0ef;? ywfqdkif;xef;jzifh? BudK;wef;avQmufoGm;?
uajcrsm;ESifh wD;jim;½dkufrnf? pnfig;rnfwnf;}/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 144 -
þodkYaom tudk;tum;rsdK;udk &cddkif&mZ0ifpmayrsm;ü trsm;tjym;yifawGU&
ygonf/ OuúmysHtp&Sdaom pmqdkynm&Sdrsm; zGJUEGJUoDuHk;cJhMuaom uAsm? vuFm? &wk?
{tef? &uef? omjcif;rsm;üvnf; rsm;pGmawGU&ayonf/ xdkYaMumifh &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;
rSm wl&d,mpHk&SdcJhonf/ tursdK;pHkonf qdkaomtcsufudk ,HkrSm;oHo,jzpfp&m r&Sd
ygay/
odkYaomf ,ckumvtaeESifh þwl&d,m? þtqdk? þtuwdkYudk awGUvdkjrifvdk
Mum;vdkMu\/ rnfodkYxkwfazmfjy&rnfqdkaomtcsufomvQif ta&;BuD;aeayawmh
onf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf ,aeYacwfumvü &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkY\ rl&if;½dk;&m
tqdk tu twD; trIwfrsm;u zHk;vTrf;oGm;cJhjcif;wdkYaMumifh jzpfayonf/ t½dk;udk
t&GufzHk;aeavNyD/ odkYaomf &cdkiftrsdK;om;okawoDwdkYu &SmazGavhvmcJhMuojzifh
tptejyefvnf&&SdvmMuayNyD/ qufvufíxda&mufpGm okawoejyKvkyfjcif;jzifh
½dk;&mtoHESifhwl&d,mrSm rl&if;rysuf jyefvnfwdk;wufvmrnfrSm rvGJygay/
bDp-D 5000 ausmu f yif xGe;f um;vmcJah om w½kw, f Ofaus;rI okcrk ynmwdo Yk nf
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aysmufuG,foGm;cJh&mu w½kwfokawoDwdkY jyefvnf&Sm azGcJh&m
wl&d,mausmuf½kyfrsm;udk awGUvmcJh&avonf/ þt½kyfrsm;rStpjyKí w½kwf
trsdK;om; wl&d,mESifhtoHudk azmfxkwfEdkifchJMuzl;avonf/ xdkYtwl tuRefwdkYonf
tm;ravsmhbJ BudK;pm;Muygu rvGJ{uef? ppfrSefaom &cdkifwl&d,mynmESifhtoHudk
&&SdvmMurnfrSm rvGJay/
&cdkifwl&d,m pm&if;jyKpkí jy&rnfqdkvQif atmufygtwdkif;yif jzpfygonf/
pnfrsdK;ig;yg;? tjym;ESpfq,fausmf? yHk&Snfyef;wsm;? a>y? ETJ? awmifa>y? cifyavG?
n§if;? NcDacgif;? ywåvm;? cGufcGif;? 'Hkrif;? pnf;pkyf? ywfom? c&maumuf? c&m>rm?
c&m&Sn(f abm)armif;aMu;eif;? c½koif;? apmif;? wa,m? rD;ausmif;rsm; jzpfMuygonf/
ywfqdkif;qdkaomwl&d,mudkvnf; awGU&avonf/
&cdkifpnfrsm;ESifhywfoufí a&;&rnfqdkvQif a&;íukefEdkifrnf r[kwfyg?
&cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkY tcif;tusif;tcrf;tem; yGJvrf;obif r*FvmyGJ[lorQwdkYü
olYae&mESifholUae&m pnfudkwD;Mu\/ pnftrsdK;rsdK;&Sdonfhtavsmuf pnfoHvnf;
trsdK;rsdK;&Sdavonf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 145 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
r*Fvmaqmif yef;wsif;? tvSLyGJaAsmpnf? usifpnf? ewfywfpnf tp&Sdonf
wdkYudk rMumao;aomESpfrsm;u Mum;ae&ao;\/ rIwf&aom wl&d,mxJwGifyavG?
n§if;wdkYudk awmvufaus;&GmwdkYü Mum;&wkef;yif &Sdao;onf/ ywåvm;udkum;
jrefrmwl&d,muJhodkY wD;aeusjzpfonf/ &cdkifwa,mESifh rD;acsmif;udkrl aus;&Gmrsm;ü
tcktoHk;cswkef; &Sdao;onf/ &cdkifrD;acsmif; wl&d,mESifhywfoufí ydk;0gbGJUwGif
atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;onf/
]q,f&D;&Hcg? pdwfudkazsmfau? wD;p&mav? ydk;jcnfESpfyif? BuD;wpfyif
au? apG&Sifav;acsmif;? pdwfudkazsmfa&? a&TrD;ausmif;udk? wD;p&mvnf;?
rif;om;vlysdK? q&mausmif;rSm apmif;ESifhaysmfa&? ydk;jcnfESpfyif? aMu;wyif
au? apG&Sifav; acsmif;? pdwfudkazsmfa&? a&TrD;ausmif;udk? aMumif;wnfh&ifcGif?
tomwnfwifNy;D ? oH;k yifBuKd ;ud?k nDatmifnad§ &? xH;k udu
k iif? usm;udo k ifau?
rSeBf u;D udak cwfvYkd vufoef; vufv,f vuf<u,f vufr rD;acsmif; q,fpw d f
rSm? avQmufvdkYcsa&? b,fbufu vufn§dK; rD;ausmif;vnfrSm? pD;vdkYxdk;a&?
jcif;rsdK;vnf;azmf q&mausmif;rSm wD;vwfawum;}/
þodYk rD;ausmif;wl&, d mESihf &cdik t
f oHay:vGiaf pcJMh uonfukd od&EdS ikd Mf uayonf/
xdkYaemuf q&mxGef;\ wdkufomjcif;? wa,mtaMumif;ESifh azmfjyxm;csufrSm þodkY
jzpfonf/
]wa,mwpfvHk;? trsm;oHk;aqmif? tkef;oD;cGefeDaMumif&DudkMuuf wa,m
wefudk [efatmifxdk;au? usD;½kyfiSufESif}/
þodYk &cdik wf a,mudk odapEdik yf gonf/ &cdikd t
f oHvnf; wa,moHEiS t hf wl xGucf hJ
rnfudkum; awGUjrifEdkifygonf/ ¤if;aemuf rdk;yef;a0omjcif;wGif apmif; taMumif;ESifh
þodkYzGJUxm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
]q&marmifx;DG ? vufaumufps;D rSm xGi;f vkyyf gonf? vS&mpdwBf uKd u?f
jym;eHESpfudk xkvkyfonfum;? 0dÓPf0ifAsm? t&SifwGm;odkY? ydk;om;wpfyif?
jcnfvQif wpfrsdK;? aemufxyfygonfhaMu;0gBudK;ESifh? vSrdk;i,fMuif? &ifcGifwif
au? n§dusifonfy? [wåvusfm? vufn§dK;rSmudk? pDumpyfNrJ? vuf0Judkodwf?
cvkwfac:&m? apmif;pDrSmvQif? <uumEIdufau? pdwfjrifht&? tpwnfa&?
prf;onfuyif? avmurefatmif? ausmif;awmf omrSm? Asm&xefodkY}/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 146 - - 147 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
tuREkfyfwdkY awmvufaus;&Gmü aexdkifMuaom trsdK;om;trsdK;orD;rsm;onf ESpfaygif;ESpf&mrQ aemufusvsuf tqufjywfaeaom &cdkiftoHudk &cdkifrlrSef
wpfO;D ESiw hf pfO;D tjyeftvSeaf jymqdMk uaom Zrf;pum;qdak om uAsmpum;ESihf ajymqdk umvay:odYk ajymif;vJw;kd wufatmif MuaH qmif&rnfv h yk if ef;rSm vG,u
f al om vkyif ef;
avh&MdS u\/ xdt Yk wl wl&, d mwpfrsKd ;udk toH;k jyKMuavonf/ ¤if;wl&d ,mum; NcaD cgif; &yf r[kwfygay/ tifwdkuftm;wdkuf aqmif&GufoGm;Mu&efom &Sdayawmhonf/
wl&d,myif jzpfonf/ NcDacgif;udk yg;pyfESifhudkufNyD;vufESifh wD;cwfay;&avonf/ &cdkifwl&d,mum; tajccH&Sdyg\/ &cdkiftoHonfvnf; ¤if;wdkYESifhtwl tajccH
NcDacgif;udk toHk;csyHkudk rdk;yef;a0omjcif;ü þodkYazmfjyxm;\/ &SdNyD;om; jzpfonf/ jyefvnfrlrSefy:vGifvmNyD; acwftavsmufwdk;wufatmif
]rd;k arewf½yk ?f tvGr;f ajyatmif? Nc;D acgif;rIw[f ?k xkwí f ay;cg? vuf BuHaqmifa&;rSm ,aeY&cdkiftrsdK;om; trsdK;orD;wdkY\ wm0efom jzpfayawmhonf/
oEÅmESifh? tom,lvdkY? yg;pyfoi,f? oGm;wifhw,frSm? NyHK;&,fwnfhrSwf?
vufqufudkifAsm? ydkifacsmnufrSm? omvufcyfau? jrnfvwfawum;? "npH
avmurefatmif? bkef;acgifZmwD? a&Tpifpdkufpdkufausmif;awmfxdkufrSm?
xifay:tacgif? zcifeDa&qDonfwef;rSm? rdk;yef;armifa&? "m;ajr§mifvufpGJ? rSwfcsuf/ / 1961-62 ck? ESpfvnfr*¾Zif;? &cdkifwefaqmif trSwf (10)wGif
nOfo h ef;acgifrmS ? arSmifru kd xf u J ? &miJah r&if? 0ifvnfarmifzmG ;? Nc;D acgif;oHu?kd azmfjyxm;NyD; jzpfygonf/
a&Tusifwdkufu? rMum;vmav? oD;rsm; ñGwfqdkif? vufoHaumif;ESifh
usD;a,mifydkif[k---}/
rdk;yef;a0u cspfolxGef;atmifausmf Mum;atmif NcDacgif;rIwfí ajymaompum;
jzpfayonf/ þum; &cdkifwl&d,mtaMumif; tusOf;rQjzpfayonf/ &cdkiftoH
taMumif;udk qufvufazmfjyvdkygao;onf/
&cdkifhtoHudk wpfaeYwGif tuRefwdkY jrefrmhtoH\ &cdkiftrsdK;om; tpDtpOfrS
pwiftoHvTifhvsuf &SdaeayNyD/ þ½dk;&mtoHudk tuRefwdkYonf 1948-ck ,Ofaus;rI
0efBuD; OD;armifausmfZHvufxufu pwiftoHvTifhcJhMuygonf/ NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUrS
y@dwfq&mOD;omxGef; udk,fwdkifpDpOfxkwfazmfay;cJhavonf/
a&S;a[mif;½dk;&m &cdkifaw;oHwdkYonfum; at;jcif;? omjcif;bGJU? &GJ? &wkvuFm?
oHcsyBf u;D ? 'H;k jcif;? yifu h ?l Asm? obm0aw;uAsm? uav;acsmt h p&So
d jzifh &SMd uavonf/
oDjcif;taeESifh odkif;oDjcif;? 'Hk;,drf;oDjcif; tp&SdonfwdkYudk awGU&ayrnf/ þ½dk;&m
aw;oHrsm;udk rlrSefoDqdkEdkif&eftwGuf okawoevkyfMuayNyD/
¤if;wdkYudk ,aeYyif tcsdKUa'orsm;ü oDqdkaeMuwkef;yif jzpfayonf/ xdkYaMumifh
avvIdif;rS vTifhEdkifMuayonf/ þ½dk;&maw;oHrS umvay:aw;oH oDcsif;rsm;vnf;
&SdMu&m tuRefwdkY\ ,aeYumvay:rSm jrefrmumvay:rsm; vTrf;rdk;vsufom &Sdae
onfudk awGUae&ayonf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 148 - - 149 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
1934-ckESpfwGif udkatmifqef;udk &efukefwuúodkvfwGif pwifawGUcJhygonf/
uRefawmfu tdkifattxufwef;wGifjzpfNyD; udkatmifqef;u bDatatmufwef;wGif
jzpfygonf/ uRefawmfonf ppfawGrSjzpfNyD;? udkatmifqef;u txufjrefrmjynf
ewfarmufrS jzpf\/ wuúodkvfwGif twef;csif;rwlvQif wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; eD;uyfpGm
aygif;oif;rd&ef cJ,Of;vSayonf/ twef;csi;f wlyifwjl im;aomfvnf; wpfO;D ESiw hf pfO;D
qufqHrd&ef cJ,Of;jyefavonf/
udkatmifqef;ESifh uRefawmfrSm yJcl;aqmifwGif twlaeMuolrsm; jzpfMuygonf/
wpfcgwpf&H ausmif;aqmifwpfckwnf;wGif aeMuolrsm;yifjzpfaomfvnf; &if;ESD;pGm
qufqHrd&ef cJ,Of;vSjyefygonf/ udkatmifqef;u yJcl;ausmif;aqmif tay:qHk;
ausmif;omvli,fb0 atmifqef; xyfwGifae&í uRefawmfrSm tv,fxyfwGifae&ol jzpfygonf/
odkYaomf udkatmifqef;ESifh uRefawmfonf ]oufoufvGwfpm;Mu&mrS A[dk
tvSty [efyef [dwf[ef tvGefrsm;&aom xrif;pm;cef;rBuD;&Sd xrif;pm;yGJwpfckwnf;wGif pwifqHkrdcJhMuavonf/ xdkYaemuf
acwfwGif vli,fatmifqef; b,fhaMumifh yJcl;ausmif;aqmif tay:qHk;xyfwGif tcef;csif;uyfvsuf aecJhMuygonf/ xdkpOfu
olrsm;ESifhrwl cJhavoenf;/ pí &ufqufqdkovdk tcsdefrsm;pGm olESifhqHkpnf;rdcJhMuygonf/ olESifh txl;yif&if;ESD;
1970-ck? Zlvdkifv (19)&ufaeYonfum; 24-Budrfajrmuf tmZmenfaeY jzpfay cJh&ygonf/
onf/ rarhEdkifaom þaeYwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhwuG &Jbufawmf acgif;aqmif udkatmifqef;\ wuúodkvfausmif;om;b0rS EdkifiHa&;udk ajcpHkypf0ifoGm;onf
BuD; taygif;wdkYtm; þaqmif;yg;jzifh OD;ñGwftav;jyKyg\/ txd umvtwGif; olESifhqufqHcJh&yHk? ol\taMumif;rsm;udk ,ckwifjyygrnf/
ESppf OfEpS w
f ikd ;f þaeYrsKd ;wGif ]Adv
k cf sKyEf iS u
hf Reaf wmf? Advk cf sKyEf iS ahf wGUcJph Ofu} ponfh xdkpOftcgu wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;onf jynfolYrsuf½IozG,f jzpfMu\/
aqmif;yg;wdu Yk kd zwf½cI &hJ ayNy/D uReaf wmfonf Adv k cf sKyaf tmifEiS w hf uúov kd af usmif;om; oGm;av&m&m rsufESmyGifhNyD; vltrsm;\*½kjyKjcif;? tcGifhxl;ay;jcif;rsm;udkcHMu&olrsm;
b0u &if;ESD;pGmqufqHcJh&olwpfOD; jzpfygonf/ jzpfMuygonf/ t0wftpm;qdkvQifvnf; ajymp&mr&Sd acwfzuf&Sifrsm;yif[kqdk&
odkY&mwGif pdwfaepdwfxm;? tavhtxESifh vkyfief;vkyf&yfrsm;udk uRefawmfhtae ayrnf/ wuúov kd q
f v kd Qif ausmif;om;wdtYk wGuf *kPw f ufp&m? <um;0gp&m? aysmpf &m
ESifh b,fvdkod&Sdem;vnfcJhonf/ EdkifiHa&;orm;b0wGif jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&; twdNyD;aom a'owpfck[k trsm;u,lqMuayonf/
twGuf olESifh&if;ESD;pGm b,fvdkqufqHvkyfaqmifcJhonfhtaMumif;wdkYudk ,aeYwdkif odaYk omf udak tmifqef;rSm wuúov kd af usmif;om;b0tjzpf aysmyf ukd yf rkH &onfrmS
ra&;om;chJzl;ay/ xl;qef;csufwpfckvdk jzpfaeygonf/ olonf wpfpHkwpfckudk rauseyfoljzpfaMumif;
,cktcg uRefawmfonfvnf; touft&G,f BuD;jyif;vmcJhNyDjzpfí þ(24) ol\trlt&mu oufaojyvsuf &Sdayawmhonf/
Budrfajrmuf tmZmenfaeYwGif uRefawmfod&SdcJhaom udkatmifqef;? aemuf AdkvfcsKyf ud k a tmif q ef ; onf xd k p Of u wuú o d k v f a usmif ; om;rsm;\ t0wf t pm;?
atmifqef;taMumif;udk wifjyvdkygonf/ taetxdkif? tavhtx? tawG;tac:? tajymtqdkwdkYESifh xdyfwdkufqefYusifae

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 150 - - 151 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
olwpfO;D jzpfaMumif;udak wGU&S&d ojzifh tcsKd UtcsKd Uaomausmif;om;rsm;u udak tmifqef; udkatmifqef;onf udkvdkeDynma&;pepfudk NzdKzsuf&efrSm EdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;
udk ajymifavSmifoa&mfvMkd uonfuykd if awGU&ayonf/ olum; tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm; BuKd ;yrf;rIjzifo
h m atmifjrifEikd rf nf[k ,HMk unfaeolwpfO;D jzpfaMumif; awGUcJ&h ayonf/
uJhodkY vuf&Sdtajctaeb0udk auseyfvufcHaeol r[kwfaMumif; xif&Sm;vSygonf/ ]ausmif;uxGuf&if EdkifiHa&;e,fxJ ajcpHkypf0ifrSjzpfrSmyJ? 'Dvdkrvkyf&if &rSmr[kwfbl;}
udkatmifqef;onf wpfaeYrS eHeufapmapm tdyf&mrS xavhr&Sd/ taMumif;udk [k uRefawmhtm; tcgcgajymzl;ygonf/
pHpk rf;Munfah omtcg nwdik ;f vQin f Ofeh ufvaS tmif pmzwfavh&o dS nfukd awGU&ygonf/
olYtcef;xJüMunfhvdkufvQif pmtkyfawGrSm acgif;&if;ü wpftkyf? ajc&if;ü wpftkyf?
ckwifatmufü wpftkyfqdkovdk wpfcef;vHk; jyefYusJ½IyfayGvsuf &dSonfudkom awGU&yg
onf/ olum; pmBudK;pm;olwpfOD;vnf; jzpfayonf/
ol\pmtkyrf sm;udk Munfv h u
kd vf Qif rsm;aomtm;jzifNh Aw d o
d Qvuf0pJ mtkyu f vyfrS
xkwfa0aom EdkifiHa&;pmtkyfrsm;? tdkift,fyDrS xkwfa0aom pmwrf;rsm;ESifh urÇmh
ausmif;om;rsm; vIyf&Sm;rIpmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk awGU&Sd&ygonf/
odkY&mwGif twef;pmtkyfrsm;udkvnf; xl;xl;qef;qef; atmfus,fatmfus,fESifh
zwfavh&Sdjyefygnf/ EdkifiHa&;pmtkyfrsm;udk zwfoavmuf twef;pmudkvnf; ypfrxm;
ol jzpf\/ olonf bDatpmar;yGJudk ]pifemwdk&D;,ef;}ac: wuúodkvfaq;½HkrSaeí
oGm;a&mufajzqdk&m ESpfcsif;ayguf atmifjrifoGm;ygonf/ xdkESpf 1936-ck wuúodkvf
ynma&;oydwfarSmufNyD;onfhESpf jzpfayonf/
uReaf wmfrS udak tmifqef;ESihf qufo, G rf od jzifh 1936-ckEpS f oydwaf cgif;aqmif
wpfOD;tjzpfodkY a&muf&SdoGm;ygonf/ wuúodkvfoydwfBuD;\ acgif;aqmif aumifpD
tzGJU0if (30)teuf uRefawmfvnf;yJcl;ausmif;aqmif udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf yg0if
oGm;cJyh gonf/ aemufwiG f jrefrmjynfv;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*¾ trIaqmif jzpfvmcJh
ygonf/
udkatmifqef;onf tvGefyif½dk;om;ajzmifhrwfNyD; pum;udk wJhxdk;ajymwwfol
jzpfojzifh uRefawmfonf olYtm;tvGefoabmuscJhrdavonf/ wpfcgwpfcg bkrIwf
ojzifh tawmftcH&cufygonf/ odkY&mwGif ol\½dk;ajzmifhrIu oufom&m&apcJh\/
olvnf; uRefawmfhtm; tawmfyifcifrifcJh\/ bmaMumifh cifrifonfudk uRefawmf
rajymwwfyg/
ausmif ; om;vl i ,f b 0wG i f vl i ,f a tmif q ef ; \ vuf a &;pmrl w ck
(armf u G e f ; wif r S w f w rf ; 0if v uf a &;rl )
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH
udkatmifqef;onf tvGefrsdK;cspfpdwf"mwfxufoefNyD; r[kwfrcHwwfol wpfOD;
jzpfaMumif;udk tNrJwrf;awGUae&ayonf/ 1936-ck oydwfwGif uRefawmfESifhtwl
a&Twd*Hkbk&m; armfvNrdKifZ&yfxufü oydwfvSef&efqHk;jzwfcJhpOfu udkcifarmifuav;
(,cif0efBu;D a[mif;)u udak tmifqef;ESihf udx k eG ;f tH;k wdYk rl;arhvo
J mG ;Muonfukd awGcY hJ
&ygonf/ rsdK;cspfryDoavjcif;[k awG;awmrd[ef &Sdayonf/ rdrdu vrf;rSefvkyfae
vsuf þuJo h Ykd ajym&ufyavw,f[k pdwx f cd ukd jf cif;jzpfonfukd þodaYk wGUcJ&h ygonf/
'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf ausmif;om;or*¾nDvmcHudk rEÅav;ü usif;ycJhpOfu
udkatmifqef;onf nDvmcHobmywd jzpfcJhygonf/ xdkpOfu uRefawmfESifhwuG
ppfawGrS &Jabmfausmif;om;wpfpkonf udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wufa&mufcJhMuygonf/
xdktcsdefum; tdEd´,acgif;aqmif ae½l;a&mufaeonfhtcsdefyif jzpfonf/
udak tmifqef;ESit hf wl ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwo Ykd nf ae½l;ESiahf wGUqHck iG hf BuKH chJ
Muygonf/ ae½l;onf xdn k v
D mcHüw&m;a[mcJNh y;D udak tmifqef;tm; cs;D usL;cJo
awGU&ygonf/ udkatmifqef;onf &cdkifjynfrS tyifyef;cHíwufa&mufcJhMuaom
uRefawmfwdkYwpfpktm; txl;*½kwpdkuf jyKvkyfcJhayonf/
1939-ckEpS ?f 'kw,
d tBurd af jrmuf oydwaf rSmufMupOfu uReaf wmfonf udv
udkodef;atmif? udkxGef;&SdefwdkYESifhtwlwl yg0ifcJhygonf/ uRefawmfvnf; ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifwpfOD; jzpfonf/ Adkvfatmifausmf usqHk;cJhaomtcgu jzpfygonf/
xdkpOftcgu udkatmifqef;? ocifEk? udkodef;azwdkY tNrJwrf;yg0if tBuHÓPfay;cJhMu
onf/ udkatmifqef; tzrf;cHcJh&onf/
udak tmifqef;ausmif;rSxu G Nf y;D 'dAYk rmtpnf;t½H;k odYk ajcpHyk pf0ifomG ;csed rf S usq;kH
onfhtcsdefxd qufcHcJhyHktaMumif;udk qufvufwifjyvdkjyefygonf/ udkatmifqef;
onf wuúodkvfrSxGufNyD; ocifatmifqef;jzpfaecsdefü uRefawmfhxH rMumcP
tvnfvmygonf/ uRefawmfESifh EdkifiHa&;aMumif; tBudrfBudrfaqG;aEG;zl;ygonf/
1939-ck? Edk0ifbmv 12-&ufaeYu uRefawmfESifh&cdkifjynftaMumif; aqG;aEG;
&ef uRefawmfhtcef;odkYvma&mufpOfu uRefawmfhtm;rawGUojzifh xyfrHcsdef;qdkaom
udkatmifqef;\ t*Fvdyfbmomjzifha&;om;aom vufa&;pmudk þae&mwGif
trSwfw& wifjytyfygonf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 152 - - 153 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
1939-40ckESpf? uRefawmf tdk;a0r*¾Zif;ü t*Fvdyfpmt,f'DwmjzpfcJhpOfu
udkatmifqef;xHrS aqmif;yg;rsm; &&SdcJhygonf/ udkatmifqef;onf olt*Fvdyf
bmomjzifha&;om;aom jrefrmEdkifiHa&; vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;aqmif;yg;udk uRefawmfhtm;
ay;cJNh y;D uReaf wmf\trnfukd twdak umuf bDtufp[ f íl wyfvsuf td;k a0r*¾Zif;wGif
txnfhcdkif;cJhygonf/
ola&;onfhaqmif;yg;udk zwf½Ivdkygu 1941-ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dvxkwf tdk;a0
r*¾Zif; twGJ-8? trSwf-1 t*Fvdyfu@ pmrsufESm (6)wGif zwf½IEdkifygonf/
þaqmif;yg;rSm ordkif;0ifaqmif;yg;wpfapmifyif jzpfygawmhonf/ þaqmif;yg;udk
tpdk;&u jzwfawmufjcif; jyKcJhygonf/
*syefacwfu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk uRefawmfonf udkndKxGef;? udkausmfjr?
Adkvf&efatmifwdkYESifhtwl tif;vsm;uef wpfxyftdrfuav;ü awGUcJhygonf/
uReaf wmfwo Ykd nf xdpk OfArmhvw G vf yfa&;wyfrawmf &cdik pf pfaMumif;csw D ufvmcJah om
h nfukd AdkvfrSL;&efatmifESifhtwl AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhawGUqHk&ef tjcm;EdkifiHa&;udpörsm;
twGuf &cdkifrS&efukefodkY ukef;aMumif;vmcJhMujcif;jzpfygonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf uRefawmfwdkYudkawGUjrif&ojzifh txl;0rf;ajrmufcJhyg
k aS &T? onf/ odkY&mwGif olYtm;tuJcwfMunfh&mü pdwftawmfysufaeyHkudk awGUjrif&onf/
uReaf wmfEiS hf OD;ndKxeG ;f wdo Yk nf aemufwpfaeYüvnf; Adv k cf sKyxf oH mG ;Ny;D xrif;pm;&if;
udpörsm; aqG;aEG;cJhygonf/ *syefudkawmfvSef&ayOD;rnfqdkonfh t&dyfta,mifrsm;
xGufvmcJhonfudk awGU&SdcJh&ygonf/
*syefudkawmfvSefMuNyD;aemuf t*Fvdyfjyef0ifvmptcgrSm EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif
rsm;twGuf txl;½IyfaxG;í tcH&cufvSaomtajctae usa&mufaeayonf/
xd k p Of t cgu Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; ud k uRef a wmf o nf ppf a wG a us;vuf
Muufuikd w f ef&mG wGif awGUcJ&h ygonf/ vGwv f yfa&;r&vQif wdu k rf nfqo kd nfh t"dymÜ ,f
rsd K ;ay:vG i f a om Ed k i f i H a &;w&m;ud k xd k t &yf ü a[mMum;cJ h y gonf / xd k a eY y if
udkatmifqef;onf ocifjr? OD;atmifZHa0tp&Sdaom acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhtwl
uRefawmfwdkY wJtdrfodkYvma&mufNyD; vufzuf&nfaomuf&if; EdkifiHa&;tajctaeudk
aqG;aEG;cJhygonf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 154 - - 155 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
xdaYk emuf uReaf wmfonf Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;udk &efuek üf wpfzef awGUqHck yhJ gonf/
xdkpOfu AdkvfcsKyfonf zqyvOuúXtaeESifh ta&;wBuD;acgif;aqmifrsm; tpnf;
ta0;wpfckodkY uRefawmfwdkYtm; zdwfac:ojzifh wufa&mufcJh&mwGif awGU&SdcJh&jcif;jzpf
ygonf/ xdkpOfuvnf; AdkvfcsKyfxHrS rausreyfoHrsm; Mum;cJh&zl;ygonf/
xdkYaemuf uRefawmfonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkY vkyfMuHcH&aomowif;udk
ausmufjzLNrdKUrSaeí Mum;cJh&ygonf/ tvGefaMuuGJ0rf;enf;rdcJhygonf/ aemufqHk;
tBudrfawGUcsdefrSmum; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ ½kyfuvmyfudkom *sLbvDa[mvfodkY
oGm;a&mufNyD; vIdufvSJ0rf;enf;jcif;BuD;pGmjzifh tav;jyKcJh&aomtcsdef jzpfygawmh
onf/

bpH
(armfuGef;0if) &cdkifrsdK;cspfrsm; awmfvSefcJhpOfu
1942-ckESpfujzpfygonf/ &cdkifrsdK;cspfvli,fwdkYonf 'Dyg½Hk? tjrifhuRef;?
ausmufwef;wdu Yk jkd zwfausmí
f r,lvrf;rBu;D udk odr;f yf u
kd cf MhJ uygonf/ r,lvrf;rBu;D &Sd
qdyfwdkufanmifyifpcef;wGif NAdwdoQwyfESifh &ifqdkifwdkufMuonf/
x&yfum;BuD;rsm;ESifh csDwufvmMuaom NAdwdoQwyfom;wdkYonf vufeuf
tiftm;Bu;D rm;aomfvnf; pdw"f mwfusqif;aeMuojzifh aemufqw k xf u G af jy;Muonf
udk awGU&ygonf/ &cdik rf sKd ;cspw
f yfom;wdo
Yk nf ppfawGNrKd Uudk NAw d o
d Qwv Ykd ufxrJ S twif;
jyef,l&eftwGuf &cdkifppfaMumif;csDwufvmcJhaom ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf
AdkvfrSL;&efatmifwdkYESifhtwl vdkufygvmMujcif;jzpfonf/
ppfawGNrdKU\ t0if0wHcg;jzpfonfh qdyfwdkufanmifyifpcef;ü acwåtem;,lMu
ygonf/ þqdyfwdkufanmifyifpcef;um; a&S;ESpfaygif; 500-ausmfavmufu
tusmNrdKU \ yifv,fqdyfurf;wpfckyifjzpf\/ tmusyfawmfukef;&Sd vuf0JovHk;awmf
apwD\ t&dyftm0goudk cdkvHIvsufvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
þqdyw f ukd af nmifyifpcef;ü ESpaf ygif; 100-ausmu f &cdik rf sK;d cspBf u;D rsm;jzpfonfh
rif;om;BuD; OD;a&Tbef;? a';0efBuD; OD;atmifausmf&TDESifh NrdKUolBuD; OD;atmifausmfZHwdkY

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 156 -
NAdwdoQawmfvSefa&; pDpOfcJhaom vQdKU0Sufpcef;wpfckvnf; jzpfcJhonf r[kwfygavm/
&cdkifrsdK;cspfwyfom;rsm;onf ppfawGNrdKUudk twif;xdk;0ifrdMu&m NAdwdoQwyf
aemufqG,fwyfwdkYonf z½dkz&JxGufajy;Muavawmhonf/ &cdkifrsdK;cspfrsm;? Armh
vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfom;rsm;wdkYonf ppfawGudkodrf;ydkufMuNyD;rS eDyGefa&SUajy;
wyfom;wdkY 0ifvmMuonfudk awGU&awmhonf/
&cdkifrsdK;cspfvli,fwdkY þodkYawmfvSefcJhMuaom tjzpftysufrsm;udk &mZ0ifü
rsm;pGmyif awGU&ygonf/ &cdkifajrum; tmZmenfwdkY\ajryif jzpfonfudk &mZ0if
tjzpftysufrsm;u oufaoxlvsuf &Sdygao;onf/
a&S;ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmu upäye'Dac: ukvm;wefjrpfzsm;rS qif;vmaom tZÆKerif;
\ om;awmfrm&,krif;om;onf &u©yl&wdkif; a0omvDNrdKUawmfudk 0ifa&mufNzdKzsuf
aeaom vlom;pm;wdkY\ &efpG,fudk ckcHumuG,fvsuf &cdkifrsdK;½dk;udk apmifha&Smufay;cJh
onf r[kwfygavm/
&mZ0ifü tmZmenf bk&ifrif;Am;BuD;onf owdåcJ &cdkiftmZmenf? r[m
ynmausmf q&mBuD; OD;jr0gwdkYESifh &cdkifjynfydkifqdkifaom b*Fg 12-NrdKUudk tvGef
tiftm;BuD;rm;aom r*dkbk&ifvufckyfwGif;rS u,f,lcJhzl;onf r[kwfygavm/
b0&Sirf if;zavmif;Bu;D onf tvGeyf &d,m,frsm;vSNy;D vufeuftiftm; Bu;D rm;
aom ay:wl*DwdkY\&efudk &cdkifa&wyftiftm;jzifh ckcHwdkufxkwf atmifjrifcJhzl;onf
r[kwfygavm/
rif;carmif;BuD;? pmqdkOuúmysHESifh oufrif;aumif;vSjzLwdkYonf jrefrmjynfodkY
0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufvmaom ,dk;',m;ppfonfwdkYtm; wdkufxkwfcJhzl;onf r[kwfyg
avm/ rw&m;usL;ausmfapmfum; zdESdyfrIrSeforQudk þodkY &cdkiftmZmenfrsm;
awmfvSefcJhzl;ayonf/
&cdkifjynf ysufudef;BuHKí tuGJuGJtjym;jym;jzpfaeaom tcsdeftcgü bdk;awmf
e,fcsJUorm;wdkYonf twif;0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufcJhonf/ &cddkifjynfudk trsdK;rsdK;aMurG
atmif zsuf q D ; cJ h M uonf / &u© d K if t mZmenf eEd ´ a oeAE¨ K vbG J U cH Ad k v f r S L ;csKyf
rsufawmif&SnfESifh csif;ysHvuf½Hk;ay:wdkYonf udk,fhjynfudk,fhvlrsdK;twGuf tBudrfBudrf
awmfvSefcJhMuzl;avonf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 157 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
wpfBurd w f ek ;f u &cdik jf ynftvH;k rSm ¤if;wdv
Yk uf0,foYkd jyefvnfa&muf&cdS zhJ ;l onf/
&cdkiftrSefESifh awGUBuHK&avonf/ e,fcsJUwpfOD;udkESifvdkí rsdK;cspfvli,fwdkYonf
udk,fhjynfudk e,fcsJUvufrS jyefvnf&&SdvdkaomqE´jzifh b*Fvm;e,fwGif;ü &cdkif
rsdK;cspfawmfvSefa&;tzGJUudk NAdwdoQtultnDjzifh zGJUpnf;cJhMuavonf/ &cdkifjynfwGif;
odkY NAdwdoQwyfrsm;ESifhtwl 0ifa&mufcJhMuonf/
ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfudk jyefvnfodrf;ydkufpOfu &cdkifrsdK;cspfvli,frsm;onf a&SUwef;
rS yg0ifcJhMuavonf/ odkYaomf e,fcsJU[lorQwdkYonf taoG;ta&mifuGJjym; apum
rlvnf; oabmqE´rSmwlnDMu\/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;onf &cdkifrsdK;cspfwdkYtm;
ay;cJhaomuwdudk tvG,fwulazmufzsufvdkufMuawmhonf/ &cdkifjynfum; e,fcsJU
wpfOD;vufrS tjcm;e,fcsJUwpfOD;vufodkY ul;ajymif;cJh&awmhonf/
rsdK;cspftmZmenf rif;om;BuD; a&Tbef;? a'0efBuD; OD;atmifausmf&TDESifh NrdKUolBuD;
OD;atmifausmfZHwdkY OD;aqmifaom NAdwdoQe,fcsJUawmfvSefa&; &cdkiftmZmenf
rsdK;cspfwyfzGJUrsm;onf NAdwdoQtkyfpdk;NyD;í ESpfESpfrQrMumcif wpfjynfvHk;rS x<ucJhMu
jyefavonf/ 1827-ckrS 1836-ckESpftxd awmfvSefcJhMuonf/
þodkYvIyf&Sm;rIBuD;onf ESpftenf;i,f Nidrf;at;oGm;onf[kxif&aomfvnf;
&cdkifvlrsdK;wdkYtaejzifh vGwfvyfa&;qHk;½HI;NyD; olwpfyg;vufatmufodkY a&muf&onfh
tjzpfudk rnfodkYrQvufcHEdkifMuonf r[kwfygay/
NAdwdoQtkyfcsKyfrIvufatmufwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm jynf&GmrNidrfroufrIrSm
Nidrf;at;pjyKvmovdkvdkawGU&NyD; pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufvmrIwdkYudk jrifMu&avonf/
&cdkifvlrsdK;wdkYonf t*FvdyfESifhawGUqHk&jcif;jzifh taemufEdkifiH,Ofaus;rIwdkYudk
OD;pGm&&SdvmMuonf/ odkYaomfvnf; olwpfyg;atmuf uRefoabmufb0udkum;
tb,fvQif vufoifhcHí a&mifh&Jwif;wdrfrI &SdMuygrnfenf;/
1870-ckavmufwGif AdkvfOD;jzLonfvnf;aumif;? 1880-ckwGif AdkvfarmifydkifESifh
AdkvfiwmwdkYonf vnf;aumif;? 1890-ckwGif AdkvfMumxGef;? Adkvfa&TvSESifh Adkvfvmb
wdkYonf vnf;aumif; qifhumqifhum awmfvSefcJhMuavonf/ 1892-ckESpfwGif
r,ljrpf r*FvmBuD;awmifudktajcjyKí csif;AdkvfESifh AdkvfazmfatmifwdkYonf vufeuf
udkifawmfvSefa&;BuD;udk zefwD;cJhMujyefonf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
 OD;bpH - 158 - - 159 - &u©r@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
&cdkifjynfESifh&cdkifvlrsdK;wdkY\vGwfvyfa&;udk toufwrQ cspfcifjrwfEdk;Muaom t*FvdyfwdkYonf ewfjrpfudkjzwfausmfí b*fvm;odkY qkwfcGmMuaomtcsdeftcgü
&cdkiftrsdK;cspf tmZmenfwdkY\ vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;vrf;pOfrSm tajctaet& taemufwHcg;0jzpfonfh ppfawGc½dkifudk wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; tkyfcsKyfvsuf
ratmifjrifco hJ nfth wGuf pnf;½H;k rI? nDñw
G rf u
I &kd ,lNy;D Oya'twGi;f aqmif&u G af om &SdMuavonf/ wpfzufrSm t*Fvdyfppfwyfrsm; xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufvmonfudk
vrf;pOfodkY ul;ajymif;cJhMuavonf/ wGef;vSefvsuf aemufwpfzufrSm zufqpfawmfvSefa&;udk pDpOfMuavonf/
NAdwdoQvufatmufodkY twlwlusa&mufaeMuaom &Srf;? u&if? Arm? ucsif? vufeuftjynfjh znfu h m ukvm;wefjrpfzsm;odYk wdww f qdwf ckwaf rmif;oGm;aom
csif;? rGef tp&Sdaom jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHom;tm;vHk;\ aoG;pnf;vIyf&Sm;rIudk armfawmfbkwfESpfpif;udk *syefppfwyfawGu odrf;ydkufonfudk rMumcifyif awGUjrif
&cdkiftrsdK;cspf udk,fawmf OD;Owåronf pwifaqmif&GufcJhavonf/ vdkuf&ygonf/ r,lurf;ajcodkYwufoGm;Muaom AdkvfvSxGef;ausmf? AdkvfeDxGef;?
&cdkifrsdK;cspfrsm;jzpfaom OD;rJatmif? OD;pdefvSatmifwdkY\ EdkifiHa&;pGrf;aqmifrIudk Adv
k of mxGe;f atmif? Adv
k af &Tomwdo
Yk nf vnf;aumif;? ukvm;wefjrpfzsm; yvuf0e,f
rSwfwrf;rsm;ürsm;pGmyif zwf½IMu&\/ pma&;q&mwpfOD;u OD;pdefvSatmifudk &efol udk vuf&odrf;ydkufMuaom OD;ausmfjr? OD;armifeD? AdkvfapmOD;? OD;xGef;0if;ESifh
jzpfaom NAdwdoQvufyg;apwdkYu tqdyfyifcwfauR;cJhMuonf[k a&;om;xm; AdkvfMumvSatmifwdkYonf vnf;aumif;? armif;qGJpcef;ü XmecsKyfzGifhvSpfMuaom
avonf/ c½dkifacgif;aqmif OD;bpdefESifh c½dkifrSL; OD;pHwifwdkYonfvnf;aumif;? jyaw;pcef;ü
OD;jrxGe;f ? OD;xGe;f atmif? OD;a&Tom? OD;omZHv?S OD;atmifxeG ;f OD;? OD;pHa&Tbwk oYkd nf vlpak eaom q&mawmfO;D ynmoD[onf vnf;aumif; þvQKd U0Suaf om vIy&f mS ;rIwiG f
&cdkifacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; jzpfcJhMuonf/ &cdkifjynftoif;? vli,fEdk;Mum;a&;toif;? tvGefta&;BuD;yg0ifMuavonf/
&cdkiftrsdK;om; uGef*&uftoif;BuD;wdkYonf &cdkifjynfrS NAdwdoQ qefYusifa&; tzGJU
tpnf;rsm; jzpfcJhMuavonf/ "npH
q&mawmfOD;pdE´mESifh q&mawmf OD;ynmoD[wdkY\ OD;aqmifrIrsm;udkum;
vlwdkif;od&Sdxm;NyD;om;yif jzpfygonf/ &cdkifvli,fwdkY *syefawmfvSefa&;vIyf&Sm;rI
rsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifí xm;oifhMuayonf/ þaqmif;yg;ü tusOf;rQ azmfjyvdkyg\/
þaqmif;yg;tpwGif &cdkifrsdK;cspfrsm; ppfawGNrdKUudk t*FvdyfvufatmufrS
u,fwifcJhyHkudk a&;om;azmfjyNyD;jzpf\/ *syefESifhyl;aygif;í NAdwdoQe,fcsJUudk
awmfvSefcJhMu&mü e,fcsJUvufckyfwGif;rS vGwfajrmufoGm;onf[k qdk&rnfjzpf
aomfvnf; zufqpfBuD;z0g;atmufodkY oufavQm&onfhtjzpfonfum; tvGef
aMuuGJp&maumif;aomtjzpf r[kwfygavm/
EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwdkYonf udk,fhjynfudk,fhrsdK; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf enf;vrf;
trsdK;rsdK;udk toHk;jyKcJhMuayonf/ wpfcgwpf&HtrSm;ESifh awGUBuHK&\/ wpfcgwpf&Hrl
tjcm;e,fcsJUwpfOD;ESifhaygif;pnf;&aom vrf;pOfonfum; tvGefraocsmvSaom
vrf;pOf? pGefYpm;aomvrf;pOfyif r[kwfygavm/

&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay &cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay