TWELVE DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 12:1 FUNCTIONS OF NORE THAN ONE VARIABLE: et P be an ordeved pai of teal numbers (2.3) and let ¢ be o real number. A fonction of two tariabls ist act of ender pairs of the form (P,2) in whieh no two distinc pies have the same frat clement, The set ofall possible replcements of Pie called the domi of the function, and the set of al posible values of =i called the range of the function. The variables z and y are the independent varias, ad 2 i the dependent ariabe If fis a function of two variables, then we denote the funtion valve of fat P by either f(P) of (253). A polynoma!fanction f ef two variables 2 and 9 i the sure of terms ofthe form cx"y/ where c isa real number and » Sind on are nonnegative integers: The depres of term ts tbe sain of the exponents; the Marge egroei the degree off. Ifa teres have the same degre, fis homegencous. 12.1.1 Definition The se of sll ordered r-tuples of a onmbes is called the n-timensional number space and is denoted by RY. Each ordered mtuple (2y,25.0n2q) 16 ealled a point in the medimensional ‘umber space 122 Definition A function af m saris is 2 set of ociered ples of the form (Pu) in which no te distinct frdered pairs have the same frst clement, where P is a pola in edimensional number space ard ism oval autnle, Theat of ll pit yates of P fo called the Zomam of the Fureton, and the set of all posible valuns of w eealled the range ofthe function, 121.3 Definition If f isa fonction of single variable and g i a fmetios of two variables, then the componite Junction fog te the fanetion of two variables defined by (fo gifeva) = f(s(z9)) ané the Zomain of fog i the set ofall point (2.3) #2 the domain of 7 such that g(z,g) is fn the omain of /, 12.14 Definition If f is » Gunction ofa single variable and g i a fonction of m vasiables, then the compile Uvction {09 hs the Ganetion of varias defined by Coakey tn enta) = {olen zn--Fn)) and the domain of fp is the a of al points (21.20 (2, 2pvrnq) ist the domain off. 12.15 Definkion If n'a fureton of to vasiabes, then the waph of fH the wet of all points (ey) tT for hich (2,9) i a point ia the domain of {and © = f(2,0) ‘Thus, te gapl ea function of two vatlables surface ix. Because thee only one value fz for cath replacement of (2,9) feu the domain of the fesetion, « line perpendiclar to the Sy plane fetersects the arto: in'no more Huan one point 12.148 Definition Hf i» foetion of m vazibls, then the graph of {i the st of al points (ay Te ae which (eyetpernd,) i pint inthe domain of f and w= flzyeepe- ny) ct © be the intesetin ofthe eufece = ~ (3) and the plane == &. "The prjaction of C on the 2 plage, that is, the gsaph of (2.y) =, called the lve care of the function f at k. level caren recalled egupstentil coresit [wives lect potential The set f all vel carves GE a BEE = hy, byes by called a contour map of the function f. the number by by 1 ky ace equally spaced, then the rating contour map indicates the espmes of the srface ‘ac the graph of 7. Closely smerd contout cures infieate thatthe satface i eps widely Ipece content cusves indicate that the wire i not np: and a contoue “earee™ that {eyion inictes that te graph ir Mat Silly, funetions of thee vatabes have Teel surfaces {The ted of cone section cr uadric surface Q isthe at of points through which there are 00 Tinos tangeat to 2.) in the domain of g such that124 FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 783 Eseries 1 Tew) = mseanegtt=-t o) festy 1) BEN HWRD sty CHS 7 (VIG +h) = Sima i) Bays? wo ep= Ft (a) f-29)- Han Bt 2 sey) =v » wanna (6) se-+2te44)= yes a ea) = VF =I vB=5 wd \O-@= B=8 = aai=y-¥= inv? Nera G-F =f —2)-1 e242" -21 whet deed ty aye d = de edgy th 4, Lat the function J of thew variable, y ad sb th fal oder pain of the frm (Pj) sec that “awa ewan ) 10:28) 0) HBB ABR 3) ( fl042)h-2~2) [ae +29 42297 Fi Welt estoy 2sand 123. 7h Nad Ora-b rc ag ats + (33-8 In Exercises §-20, determine the demain of f and stetch the domain a region in 12. Use dashed curves to indie ‘te acy part of the boundary aot in the domain and solid cures to indiate pats of the boundary in the domain, {(2,u) |27 + ¥? £4), the set ofall points (2,_) in R? except those on the cisele 2? + y? = 4. > Dan) = (lay) 11 & fey) = Vibe Because the square roto.» neatve number nt real te vale of te ‘xprvin uncer he radial sig tb enter tha il overs TRAL W284? 0) aay? < 16 a) “Te dorain of the fnclon fi the et a point 2,9) hat ay (1, "The sgh of hist she rein i the 3 pane that ede oa th ene FG + P]4 |, ae shown in the figure 9? 2 0}, the st of al points (x) in R? inside oF on the czee =* + 9% = 1,784 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF PUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE, 9. flay) = yRaaFGI © Dana(f) = fern} a? 9? 21} the st ofall points (ay) fn Rom and side the hyperbole oy = 10. f(2.y) = VESTS > Dotalf) = zg) 4y? 2? < 16), thes ofall pists (xy) in R on and outside the hypesbol 4g? — AL flew) = VEST ‘© Dom(f) = ((z.y}]?+ y2 21), the set ofall pints (2,9) RP on and 0 de the cizcle 2 +? Se ~ > at H4yh 1620 Hay 216 o ‘The downais of fis the et ofall points that satisfy (1). This isthe gion in the AS 2p plane thot ison or tae the ellipse #°/10-+ 2/4, ae shown in the Ggeee “ 13. fey) = Gots : 1» The domale of fs (Cay) 2b 9? <1], the set ofall pints (ey) ia RP inside the circle 27+ y?= 1 MSei= Tene the domaly of (in (ta) [22447 < 16), he et of al pints yy in Hise te eine 2-449? = 18 15. fey) = 2124 Dom(f) ~ (lava) Ly 4 a, thet ofall psints (9) # RF nol on the Hines y= ba. 16. flea) = E55 © The domala off contits of al pnts isthe ry plane exept ase n theline Payeeasshown tie tqure, AT. f(xy) = cos" x— x). The domain of f is {(z,)|-1 S2—wS 1), the set of all points (¢,y) in R? om and between the Tine: y=2—1and y=# +1. 18. f(2,y) = Ine” + y)- The domain of f is {(,9)|y > —2%), the act of all points (2,y) in R? outside the parabola, 2 19. fle.) = fey 1), The dosain of J (5,3) 29> 1, the tof pints (z.u) in R? inside the hyperbola zy = 1 20. F(z,3)~ soe + ¥) > Becos te deren af the inven cine faction ie [-1,1} the {ea ||z +9) vain of $8 In Exercises 21-28, termine the domain of faa deseibe as a erion in R¥ the set ‘of points in the demain, 1D), the sx ofall pnts (2sy. 2) i RP aot on the plane =~ y— yf =2)u the 2 of all pints (exyss) i RB sat om the parabolic cylinder y=, (oF 2. . {fens} 2 ey? +2516), the sat of al points (ects) in RY on and lside the ebipaoid ¥/16-+y'/4-43"/16= 1.121 FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 785 m few 1 "The damnin consists ofthe points ef R fr whieh alent Papitcs “The domain is the set of points insile or on a sphere of rane Scented atthe eign 2B. fang) = Sa Sasi“ snes The deals of J (ee) 211 als het 1 eset of a8 Dolate (x97) i RP on and lanide de ene j2tS hy yS hist be 26. sfezsn2) =n x tin yin s, Domn(f) = {(2,9.2)]2> 0, 35 0, £0), the fet otant in FO. 2. fem.) = ht ~~) 4101 > Both = (san) Lest), tat lpi 63) a Pde he car pliner 2g B. fley, rz cos” '{y*—1) > Bet ted ove ein itn 13h we mot hve weyers tas? -Vicysvi ‘The domain is the act of poinss of R? on and between the parallel planes y= —VB and y= V3. In Berns 29°98, termite the domala of f and seh the raph of ta Bere 37-8 skecheacontst map of shonng the lee casa the genni (ig st- Te doin offi Unset of pits (eg) 1 gn acd ine he cece Wepokof = JIB—a1= yt the top half ofthe where gt et I ple yi; a? +9? = 16-1. The level curves are circles centered at the origin of radius V16~ i, 2.3. (a i. 20 and 28. f(zy) —6—22-2y, Doo()= 10. The graph of :=6-2242y isa pine. If Pe grat eays yee. Me ovlenrve arti hen fs F210 02-2, ed 1. ‘BL aed 39, a Maa) = 16—2?— 7. The domain of f is the set of all points (z,y) of RP The graph of 227) isa byperblic prabobid. Wh =< we have B= 16—y8 249 The lev Carve ae cls tate Y/1B=E f= 16 (0 pit). 17.20 2 fey) = Vide Pare flea) Tee 3 = 100-2527 —4y? way +3= 00 Seer Ft ie! Beene £30, the graph of the fancion f 6 tha put of aa seisae 25 and tbat ent bla th cy lane showin ure He demain fF Gy) [noms Saher 9c, the set of points inthe ty plane inside or one lips 2/4-242/25— 1 tthe 8 Sin i anaes pop £9 and 4d. flyg) = 22 — 2. Th doin ffi he ot al pints (ga) of RE, The apha reste elise TMs = hy thelevel carves are the hyperbolas 2?—y? =, 16,9, 40, 4, 9, 16 UL flz,y) = 144-927 = 1677. The domain of f is the set of all points (x,y) of R® ‘The graph of 144~ 92? ~ 164? is an elliptical paraboloid. 35. flz,9) = 427+ 997. The domain of fs the et of all poi Miptical passa we have (5.9) of RE The graph of 2 = 422499? is an786 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE, 36. flew) = yE=D > The domnae i {ley} |z-+92 0). The graph of f i the graph of wef /e¥ 4. isthe upper bal of x parabolic cylinder with Flings pera cies ence n the Fy plne, the fine z+ y=0- Tes erace 3 Ets trace in the perpendicular 440. The fanction J fr which f(e.y) = V/TOO= Bie — GF ab 0, 24,6, and 10. > The level curves of Jat the aumber && the graph of (2) = in the =y plane. Then Viva =k 100 —2558—4y? = eP 4ty? = 100-27 we* cer aT: “This i an elise centered atthe origin of semianes $/1W0—E and $V/100—F. “The seminars fr the given values off ate shown inthe table. See tbe skh Vii x98 veie92 42. The evel evesave the line = +y= 2, = 10,8 6, 5nd 0 43. flowy) = YP PLM I mt wo have t= Meta origin of rains o/28, b= 8, 6, 43,0 2b EEOR AE 2, aad —4 yh vet rekyt2be3y 42 “Thus each graph itive with the point (3,2) dete. The fae show the contour mp boc by htng take om coh ofthese vl 48. flea) = 2. f= we have b= C7, y= Tob The eel carves ae ype wow asymp ae the Mares ite a fet g mk=0 Cheat Ind, ek m3, “bm AG. f(ey) = Wo ay. If f = & we have in ny; zy —e*, The level curves are hyperbola» ie the first and third Stitt eaympto arte acer BOs Ly dts ae At. fle) = 2— 9X0) = Yiand the) =. (@) one) =aFC) = 910) 86 () 10409).909) = 1008) = (6) fate) Mn) = fea") = ve= (4) (Rea) = athe) = a1Ale~¥) = ale ~9)")= Vi tev (© (en)se.3)) =(geh\e—2) = 9he-y))=12-¥112.4 FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 781 #8. Given fay) = 2/97, gia) ~ 22, Ne) = JF. Find: (0) (Ho f)}21); () MotBLMA (©) Ha VEMA Mae Fie (be © (a (Hosea) =nse21)) = 43) (8 He2).4) = 127. VA) = 42) (© Habe) = N/=P.VF) = Jez) yake>o fe @ Mise te) =Matsea)=4ds))=M(5})=4e) = fF () Heans(ew) = Metsea?. Jn Bxsrcloce 49 and 50; find 8 = fo _ 49. fit) = sin“*¢; o(z,y) = V1 — 2 —¥s May) = Cowley) = STB) = sat yT ‘Bae domain of bi (Ce) [224 9° © 1}: Bach of thaw paints fy) Hes in the domain of g and g(x) i i [-1.] which is the domain off. @. 18) =¢5 gay) =ylna. bay) =(Foah2.9)= ln Exarcene SI-St, match the function with one ofthe stfscm (a)-(8) nd with ane of the contour maps (3) 3. fea) gtcy On Wr 220, 220, and and 1 wile om the y axe = creating 4 Hf at the vain Ths ne (fk webave = Ebay ay? =I GAP Te ae a ie ersceung at the org, wit the engin dette, gute (i) 82 flew) =Inj24 y) 1 As we approoeh the li in the sy pane the geaph of = liz + | approneles oe wal the! ‘waph issymnetric with respect to the plane gh Fy =0. The graph i igure (a) IF fay)=k ety lesol= sigs ae ‘Tus, the evel eure ate ines pall bo 2+ 9 =O, ‘avon in figure « © 58. flay) = eee 3. We note the perndic havior ofthe cosine curve deeazing exposentially ax y decrees: ‘gute (a). 17 = ke have k= een x; oF ksce 2: y = mnt set 21 This le gure (8). 4. fte,y) ein econ, We nte the petiole tnhavor inthe erection of oth ste in fgwe (If 7 = Mi moy ladessyccoustnh feeemyan severe) oe peeanmy y-z=(n~)x, These diagonal lines form a grid separating the groups of curves in figure (ii). 56 Lat C(x) dlls be the cost who the with andthe hight sy Because the volume i 1619, she pe sone be 18/ep 0 Cava) = Beso sop) + cut of fnt) + on of tie ide) = a(t +1029 + 12988) = sf 4 ay +22) 250, 9>0. CCA) = 24548 48) = 592 6A ecanglar box without top ito made aa cet of $10 fr the materia. The aerial forthe bottom ae 8055 perme tad he mae foe ses ent 0 por aae fet () Find © threat tude fr forte volume of the bor a faction othe dimensions ofthe botom State the demain of the action, (Q) Wine th Volome ofthe bor tthe btere e's neo de 37 > Lee V(ea) (0 beth volume ten the length and wit ase x fand yf and the eight f (a) tect te cot $0. have Udon of os) 4 Blot of ie) + (oto otto) W=a0.a0)ene2na0yh te bey UE Osh29) +0509 fu wae H)788 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE Thea pe PHIOAUIBED og yy ‘wa 9 102) ~ MEE aos ‘The volume is 21.625 £7. Stand 8. = U6- 2-39). (= 229), V1.2 128) = Ya57L) = 0.78125 2, Bey + ve + 28) = Bey + He + y\6~ 2 By) S(1.95 1.25) — 2(1-267 + 1.25) w 5.625 04 {The domain ofeach function & te rangle bounded by the oodiate axes aad the line #8 View oe VCE) nyt = He sat 9 2G The equipotent curves ae circles entered ot the origin of radius Y= 15/V4, V = 16,12, 8,4 (A rection fncion J fra commodity bs fection vale fy) =42"9y22, stire Zand y give the amount of two tpt, Draw acento? map of shoving Uheconsant product curve at 16,12 8, 4 and 2 vew) * oh “The figuee shows the constant product curves for 16, 12,$, 4, and 2 a fay. The constant product curves for == 3, 24,18, 12, and 6 are the fist quatvant Dranches ofthe Ihyperbolae 2y=5, 29=4, sy 3, 29 =2, and zy =1, The curve is msticied to the frst quadraat because F>0 andy >0. ae 62. (egy) = hen A289? m+ ism 1a llpaeconened athe ovgin af eeinces ETH and FFE, 2,18, 41, and 0 (print). 7 HE Peed, aay . a 2 = Inlf/). The level surfaces are spheres of radius TRAE), k= 4,2 1, (4. Th lethie potential at a point (2.».2) in Unredimensional space is Viz.y.2) volts where V(x st “The level suites of V ae egipotential srfecs, Describe these surfaces at 4, 2,1, and 3 eer, » TVG) SB then yet ate ape ‘Thee the aquipotensl etfs are elipside of inven 9/4, 4/band fF for k= 6,21} 122 LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE, ‘We first consider functions of two varables. The open dist B(Zp.gpir) isthe et ofall points in the 2y plane that ate inside the circle with cater at the point (ry) and radia >. Ths = pot (eon i Blegig)) aed oly 8 VEST OMG Se 12:25 Definition Let f be a funtion of two variables that defined on soe open disk B((spr¥gh"), eseept possibly at the point (zy) itll. Then the lini of Fz.y) as (74) spproseies (ay) 8 by fe twat ng) if for any ¢ > 0, bomver sol there exists 2 > D such that toc fle 2)F4-W6F @ sich that it fea)-Gosdlcbandtepies then Vfead—Ule AUS is he domain off, hs he ein ofl in adbanen ates, "Ths anew is Aerated in Exerc 2 3122.9 Theorem Suppose that the function f is defined fer all points on an open disk having iis center at (gh excep: pos at (2.4) elf L cepeByngh SOUS ESI we ot pata BP tain ig) = 34 memati pt. tagtigoy P= v8) ‘The coatrapositve ofthis theowan may be wsed to prove a finit does mot exis. 12.210 Theotem Ifthe function J has diferent Hii as (=.9) appreaches (29,8) though distinct sts of ‘points Raving (p.m) as an accxmolation pint then ign dows mt exit (ea yg) "oe limit heres for functions of ene variable, with minor modifications apply to functions of two variables. We alo have the following theoran rejardieg the limit of a composite Iunetion of ti varie, 1226 Theorem If y isa function of two vaviabies and fin ‘vadhable contnuousat & the toitty (Freaky) = £161 D, and f is « funetion of a single lip teat er (en gags = ex 7) ‘We may be ale tad the Hast of funtion of to variables by aplying the Timi heen {ora fection of one vatabe together with There 12.6 If these hrrcns la hey do, for example, when both the nmeraor aed devominaor «fa fiction have Hm ar, then the fllonng ep may wrens be ado dere ay exis 4.105, eve of pinton scare contin oyu and SUE wc mb 1, 7 te “pat fae sy 2A dow nt exit hen inf) dso exit BIL; dees exist, then let Sy be ase of points on a different curve containing (Ege). and ind Ly. tier Gee tn fi tan Boro eae tft dm tole ory fly te ie ea) oe mt a 5. If1y = Ly ty to ae Deflation 122562 E2"E) = Ly (I tl pose ta then dow et i) I's f Entrcies 1-24, th nantes haogesns f degree mand the enor i bomogennt of tape n Teste lino (00) ce and vi wat dom nt cueen79 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF NORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 122.12 Defsiton The function f of two arisbles 2 and y is sid to be contnnons of the point (cob) Hf and ‘only the following thre enti ar sated: 1) flag) ext i) tin fz) exits Ci fe) ins 30) Wt a 'functida® fof wo variables is dincontingous at the point (xpyp) but algo eed be Jlavy) thon the nese Senetion is op Mya SPENT condemn thats, te continuous (eyo) Hthe discontinuity is not removable iti an essential ducontinuty 32.213 Theorem If f and g are two functions contiauous ate point (Zp): then GP 3 omiauoee at (ey) (i) f= 94 contnuows at (eto: (Gi) fois contimas (iv) ffs isconsinnos at (239) provided tat fea 9] #0 122.4 Theorem A polynomial function of two vaviables ie cotinnons at every point in RE 122.15 Theorem A rasional function of wo variables i ontinaous at every pobt in its domain, 122.17 Theorem Suppose that / a fonction of asngle variable ard g isa function of two variables such that 1 iscontinson at zy yo) and fis coinuoss at t,t) Then the composite function Jog ft continues at (2.9) ‘The ftlowing extend the dinitions and theorem to foretions of tore than two vases ‘and A(ajdy..,) ate tro points in R™, then the distance between P and Cen er eer 1222 Definition fA is a pint in RY and 7 is a poive number, then the open bull B(Ay +) the set of all pine Pg Wh awh int TP Aler 12.2.4 Defaition Let { bea funtion of m variables that i died on re ope bil BLA: ), excep posbly ie putt A Ic The the lof (0) Papprschen heb wien se fin, CP) = itor any «> 0, however sol the extn a ¢> O sch that INP_Atce en ge) eulee 122.7 Deion A pein P saad to bean accumaltion point of a act Sof points fa RY if every open ball BcPir eutaenniely many pots of & 122.11 Detiiioe Suppo that fo Faction of m vaiables and A tes pola in RA. Then [bad to be ontmnonsat the poat A and only the fllowingthive condos are nied “O) F(a) oxete (i) i JOP) eis Gi) Ja UP) = HA) 122.16 Detain A fein of n vrai ido be rotineou onan open bil continuous a ever fof he open bal Eercnes 182 I Bereios 1-6, plats the Sit by ae of int orem 1 ti, (Satay 29°) — tim Set fim, (27) =12+6— ently OFFA = 6h 9 FF hay 7 eta 2 ins (622 —2ey ea) = in et ti 5=(-8) 416-29 teabihag 228A gH at al na eat Rah SHOE.2 LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS OP MORE HAN ONE VARIABLE 791 lim (92-29) teagan ed ear) ot a Fpl Rang FB = (ied SL in “ 20-0 @ eas 40-07] @eu-ni=0 (2-1? (1? © eshSeanyanay ae a ayaa? eah yf —PP- whe Jn Exerciser T-16 cna the lit by Gnding a 6> 0 sich that Deallen 12.2.9 bald 7. Because 3=~4y i dened at every point (:.9) any open disk eter at (8,2) will saisy the se reyuirenent of Deis 122.5. To prove sat, Hin,” (S449) 1, we msn show tha Be any there eins 8 > 0 uch that tanta) [ten ty tfc whenever O< YaBB} Beenaae Sry ie defined everywhere, (Cauchy Schware inequalzy? ab tena|s Yorean brea ‘Thus it Oat < VRE “Pherfore £4 = «/ fT then +4) ~(-6))< 0 9. Because 32~2y ie defied at every pont (x3), sty open disk ceterd at (1.3) will satiny he fit sequirement of Dentin 12.25. To prove that ly,» (Se —2y) = 9 we at show that fr any €> 0 there exists a6 > such that tei{oor [9-2y49] We use Theoren 122.10 with 8; = (ly) |y = 0} andS lin, 7? = fin, = smo = 0 feapsooie'+ yf Ot 0 ube ae Naot 18 Se Because these mits are not equ, ecause these mite ace not equ, ee et exis (eu) ly=2)- PE does nt st key celle Fey Jim, fe fit of exis Bybee ;, fm, = 0, we show that for any €> 0 theres 69 euch that om ey” ae 1 Buen 17-20, prove that 1, Toproveshat Bye ay ae [etter VE EM _ FTF 8 = «ten statement (1) bolts, cc wherever 6 VEG <6 a124 LIMITS aND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 702 2. BA ccpaance FTF there is a8 > 0 such that ), we show that for any ¢> Ohare isa & 0 such that eee EERE _ JET tence i 6 then statement (1) olds Ver vee + 2. fe) = Fe tim BHO Booey sain? igs fee) ~ 8 We ae De Timi 0. For any ¢> 0, we must fad a #>0 such that fon 122.5 to prove that the ec whoenede VHF ch Becauselx1< 27497 and [yl< VE7FF and by the triangle inequality |2 + 2y|<2l+|2y} thea (sett VENTE yap Hence, 5 =e, then statemest (1) holds te Baecie21-24 deen if int exits 4 Te prove tht, fing FE =0, wesw ta i any «> tha 4 Onc bat | Fi ce weer 0< VET 6 0 2 CHP tment b= Je statement (ae Fe Pe Peat metit tm Ye (0) bata 2 Became Set then 0 PEGS. Benet Fy , aad al ok tis, cata zen = 0; then by the squeeze theorem, FY coos not este alto ry = 35 5s J} om no ext Terre * teal Fe? +4704 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE Decasse sy? = (24 y)iet—ay 4), the domain of consists of all pointe of R? cexeept thore on ihe lie x+y =(, Therefore f isnot defined on aay open disk centered atthe origin and so {the limit does not exist aenrding to Definition 12-25. To stow the imit does not exist using the advanced Aefnition, we se polar egosdinate: 2 =r cos 0, y= rsa 0. Then zig (eos ONO) 8 nd Pape Peas Pn’s ~ "ees!8 ins Becatse for any fixed value of r, no matter bow small, the valve of this expeeion i arbiealy lage whea @ ister Jr the ig, /9) dors so int. In Exercises 25-28, how the application of Theorem 12.26 to find the Tit. 25, Because t9a7¥ continuous at €= 1 i follows by Theorem 12.28 that eft Em Baa) 6. Reems 1, tno Fanti de (es) mln 2—In 2nd and Ge continuous at f= In, i fellow by Theoret («nina en ah eal Ag alt MeO DE hat 21. Because V/ is continuous at = $3 follows by Theorem 12. Le lire, ie ie cooley VIET eal a - VE * jp fe » Becane tenths, Otte = 45 SSEES Serer seg desis by Tr 1 at ceabtasfte WIE Baa WNeE Mn-« Kile aku ena me 28. fou) = pp. Benue Fs arin fantin te by Thre 122.6 comin ey pin in ican ri (eal DT era wey a Fianhe int (ey) in R? cha isnot on Tine y continuous at every point (2.9) it R¥ that i aot on the ine y= 2 Be Ka 4, Because g iv a rational function, then by Theorem 12.2.19 tt is continuous at sre Sit i donain she hey) 28 L010 Septic thers Sonera ole tps terien fw onpeie owt Fay oi by Tae T2R:T onto a ee po (ea) nth toe ani 82. fay) te zy e Because xy? >0 if 220 end y #0, and the natural logarithmic function is continuow at every positive im, Fs como a ee pit th ad rh ae 38. Joan) = GEE, tecawe f a etal fant, then by Theorem 122.1, fi continuous a every pit iments eh na) #2) Th, eatin ee i (9) ot tie EE i contin een 18 Brin. tat gfoy) = ae 4. 2,9) 4y? = 0, that i xcept on the ellipse a4 9?122 LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN OND VARIABLE 795 35. glzsy) =In(25 — 2°). Let b(zy) = —2°—92, Became h is polyvomial fonction, then by Theorem ndata i is continuous at every point iu RY Let f{0) ln ¢, Decse she natural logan function continuous at all postive numbers, then fis continuous at all ¢> 0. The function 9 isthe composite function Joan which by Theorem 12-217 iscontinuous a every poi (2) ia RP tide the cide The Inverse cosine uneton continous at esey pint in the pen interval (1,2). Thus fis ontincous at very pint inthe strip (a) | “1 c= ty <1 Fig Heme on) (x)= (0.0) HO). Ths f 8 continous w(t). eee, J continuo at every If jexy) £ (00) f icontinuou at (ay). From Beariee 19 we have satin 12. 0 ttn) = (0.0) > From Rxammle 7, ny, H(z] dows not exist. Hence Fis continuous al every point of RY exept (40) From Bxamrle 7. i Seu Bence Fis continuous al every point of RF except (0.0) 39. flan) =qzrevt EM #9) 1665.9) 200.0) fin oatiauous ot (2,3). Tet if fs continuons at (0,0). Dif (e.y) = (0.0) im}. lim, 5 Slew) dows not exist because this BP (aghMoos 2) fim, 5, few), en, gotta tm, 2 a sd Timi doesnot exist Hence fi ot continuous at (0,0). Thos fiscontiavous a every pint (29) 4 (0,0) in ee ire 400) 6 2.0) =(00) > bts gy ove a wkeeste-* tae 7060)-20, the the tee condos of Psa 12:12 ae eed and ene fi contin at (oor i (eoug)# (eh thn bp Theorn 12238 7 bremicime Cpagh Tents fb conlnore Serer ©. few » A gen) =] HEYA 59 (00) i contaous at (2, To how tha i contnnone 0 ican) = (005 (40) we mt how tak, ln, ea) xi ad eu 0.)=0 wich done by showing that emer co intanna 3 Cokie [etter ramen < VIFF <6 o Atl cigig Ve ‘Therefore, iS = estaterent (1) elds. Hence Gis eontinvous at every point in R2.186, DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE oy A Fay) = piasTe ya] OFM ocause = 1PM s atl |g bP ond 9? 5 Ge?L + 972%, then 0 (ey) = (0.0) af desletayt? 8 0 TLR Galata acted x00 By the saevae thon, Fis continuous at (0,0) and hence at every point in 2, Coneas with Bxerie 24, 48. fea) = Jpg em By Ths 12218 ad 1227 te spn cont of Fhe ofa it) Jn R? for which 1623 —y4 > 0, "This isthe st fall pointe in R that are imide the cine 23-42 = 16. sagt>4 ‘hen, by Theor 122.14), f ie continucue at all point in the interior ofthe hyperbola 28 y# = 4 TerTegrrae Teme 2 (23) in BF fog whieh 42? +9)? 36> 0, te st of al pins in RF that are outside the lips 4? 499? 46, a9) = ESE ontoen 98> Ott be tee 2 7 29 15 and 12 45. flew) 7 the region of continuty of fis the set ofall points M1. Hy) = 10" 2p). gt) = see the domain of (L&I), and ncomtinuous on it domain, Thus ie eon of centinuty of 7 le the et ofall poi (2,9) in? for which zy 1 AB flay) =Ia(—+ P=9)-In(t -22—) > Bresee the notarel loge fantom f dele fhe post both Pi yF—050 andi 272s equivalent, only hex both BUF So an are ‘hich is imponible. Ths, fis egotinuows at yo point of RE Note that the fnetin Ine? 9? 9)/(h 298] secantinonein the anna {ize} | <2 +98 <9) 48. f(a) = sn" n + y) + ley) © HEi0) =n“ shedronin of i (e¢11) agi contnuout on i don. 8) = In 4 he damn of XG ([¢>0), ana h & contiuous on ls comin: There fis coninoous at all pnts (29) In RY for sbi ry] andy > 0."Taewe a all he pints hei aad ed quads for whlch +9] Sle 0. fen) = © sumbers ony fey) i defined only when se ‘scootinuousif|zy| < L 5 Hew =| everywheve ele: The domain of is R¥ and g is continous on its domain. Tierefoe by Theorem oatiquocs a all possts ia12.2 LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 197 Boe ig 52. fe) s#y By Theorem 12.215, fi continues atall points not om the Kine Mention tend tenant Ibe the line y =f and > the re of 12. fan) = in(e=2) = aes : wa Baas TE cally ge On ‘Thos, 7% continuous i 49 = 0, that iat the origin, and fis dscontinuows at any otter print oline y= 2. In Beers 53-59, fis dacontinuous at the orgts because J(0,0) docs sot exis. Determine ifthe @bconsinalty is semovable or esvental Ifthe diswoatiaity is removable, redefine f(0,0) 0 thatthe new function is continuous. 8 Kew = a © lite Fetes = By aaa es elo Faye eglon Frayre Becane thse Lnits are 90 equ lnk = does aot exit. There, the dcontnuty is al co ceo Frat wa Hema sry ~ fing 5 iy} do tei, Ths the continuity ntl. Mo SEF eatioo zee Hae” Hoe “ c= 88. fesy)= (et yin phy Beene [ne 11, the 0<| f(a] Je Bonus iy, (e+ y) = Ol follows trom the squee=leorem that lim f(2,9) =O; if we define (0,0) = 0 the discvitinity ts removed. 6 Kesey > in Exercise 31 twas shown that es} oy 2 eBaota i si Because thse two Fmt are nt quale, FE cornet a “Tihus, the discontinuity is essential. 8. Hoh eB orn cata RULE PYRE wo Wwe define (0,0) = 0 the dncontinuity ic emowed tet wicanle| SSF [oo AM tte ee sit From the secre thearam we ee, we deine (0.0) = the deontnuty removed. 59. f(2.9) elie! 60. (a) Give definition, similar to Defition 12.25 ofthe Tnit of funtion of thice variables as & point {eqy.a) approaches pint (eps) {b) Gre a defintion, simile to Definiion 122.8, ofthe limit of 4 fsetion of then variables as & point {exa.3) approaches pitt (Spa) ina specie tof yoats Sin Re > {a} Le {be function of thoes varables thats dened some open dish By the int (2p) Hl. Then jr) except posi at ceanlBgngagl™ fear lie ora aramperseccxuie798 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF NORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 80 < yle—apP Fm + Ga <8 then |fley2))-L]ce (b) Uat J be a fanetion defined on a set of points in R® and lt (zp.yg 29) be an accumulation pant ofS. ‘Then we)=L Gn eet) cembh Affor any €> 0, however sul thee exists» 6 > € wach that WO |e) (eq a) <8 e0d Gn s)eS then [esl] se G1 (a) A theowem similar to Theorem 12.29 fora fenton ofthe variables iss Suppose thatthe function 7s defied for ll points en an open Bll Baving its enter at (Zpv%) exe wily at (zt) tla | i = 1S i any set of points in hating Co ta Has ceiraad Gries aaa (ena) gre) os ¢ (©) A ocoez sina to Theorer 12.210 fra foeton of see variables Ifthe function f has diferent its as (2.4.2) approaches (zypzo) through to distinct sets of pointe Saving Cope) ara enon pit ns Fess) dos 0 eit im 2) Bye) Teer io we dele al leecnidol £0 Powe ag f(D) oes BO ex Pay 2 en toes notexet Then | Hm, 5 Fle n8) does not exet Mur tobias an fe ago wea ag Shee) ge ct om mt a [z= 0) and (Co > (0.00) econ ont of theses (ea. tmniuaos ty. SBaogte dt congo Bent the ints ae st gh te co estate fn = Stead lose Pei= its are not equal, tim, ten dloan Reyes i Beeasse thse to dos not exist. ton Bonn Free In Exess 66nd 6, the deftion in Eerie 6) te prove that, fim, lesa exits tation of 66. To pove 72 =0, weshow tht for any «> Others 8 Ouch that + Hoon ary | PE |e whee < VETTE Tce a pe | WP ster aatoat oA [are SO Faae ee eee ae Ee eb-udeamcny bane12.2 LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 799 6 Tower «im, 4 SEER 0, we sow that fr any > W there fn > Ouch hat [FERRE |< commer FFT T FH Ds) on LEH ASDF) hy SEBO DEAD, in SB = fim s=6 flu) = Sie 2 = Suyl— (4s? 309) 2. flaw) ~4e dp. Dylewn)= im [Mu +3) ~39} = 80 Sy 3. flew) = Sey +6e— v7. Dyan) = jim, LEPt A Met. oy (aly eae) et aol Gey toe ¥ ao a tig, (95 2— Avda ate =i a = fm, (e299) = 3¢—24. Alen nora Os s (2.0) ~ f(s. jew 62 ~ 18) ~ in steay= tn, MEA)=LE0) yy avs =P)— rte 7) ite (0+ s)] te 27 ep Bzdy + bey 2ydy (Ay)? Sey =Ceby? | Sy seo) - 2-4)802 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 4 flea) =F 5+ 6D4slew) F bufead= in LOPE BIH. yy tye oP 90+ +9 oa sy BA Peudy + s( Ay) —y Bay 4 Oey? +598 a im (try + 207-8) = 2ay—5 se) = ETE tea) =f, EPS gy VERT SE & a pe EE TRF Bae e = VAM GTR E N+ VEEP) = 2B a rats Vash stezeas + (as 49? 2 ae ae a) ee Pa Gaal 7 METER Vea ERE VEE (e420e == 20 (2244209) Ce New oe We Pau In Bese mt 12.3.2 to fine the partial derivative, 1 Sey) a 2) mn 2OFSS —Betyt ans 4 H+ dolen(ely~Bey +3) (= 7 yay ey —beyiy lay) 00 ay posBymate ber tye i, (P= bep~teay + 28)39 Altematively, Def (en2 og ea w ate) te» 8 few, » Disfle Peat yor nye tin 12 +A y eng nae Paes 3 dads (A2)*=2 _ 5, dale + Sz) fim SEE OE) en (064 As) =D 8. Seay sad) = aur Datla) = fim, Est oy} ale} Se) yat syle Ant or Belt (eye sy tyrt tert) rp, rn) st let Ari ale Bolt er yet pyri) fayrtaert 7 iy, TSE EUAN yah yrt pt tt othr aye y= eye itt 2 3r_ mn, EEA DOS dim, eve atest) att123 PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 608, Dea? — tow +34) wm Lortas at Dts? — tiw + uw?) — (Sr%et + atv —2tun? — tew-+ Suv?) poi a2 — ue =t] = nfo 2042+) tu] PB stue— tw In Exercises 11 and 12, f(x,y) = =~ 994. lim LEP Sed) JOA) yp, (24 Ae 0 tn etre (ante uh. @)B 70a) = Jin, 228 B88) in est = fn S88 ain anand (0) 0/09» fin SED=LON 9 py P=8 OAD py PEE ens) = oye fin, LEANN. yy er Bsl OF PW?) SD, cs semnap tat = fin, SEEBEEO pg MAELO yy) te Than Dllz = 12, Find Daft) by: (a) alying frmula (2). (6) applying formas (4), and fe) aplyng deition 123.) ad then ebcag# tnd y by? and te ape ai tay< fens, a1 + a9P (4 (=) Pyset)= fi fn tet Mau #8 | tim (18-989) = 18 0) D1) nF FE (AMIE py HOE MYR nt as (0 Dyed fin LEARN ~D yy Py ye FaGy? ~ yy 9 by 2* +99" _ ,,, Avlo1Sy—9A8) ar ate = fim, lin, (180-940) a ‘Ths. D,f(2.1) = -18(1)= 18, Ia Exercises 13-24, ind the partial deivaive by holding all but one of the variables constant and applying heorems for ovdtzary difeeattation. 1 Dalen = fe + VEER = Bite + + 97)) 04 ele = as sty _1Wt-F)-Kes vey) MEGS Ga Gar 1, Dy 0.8) = Bipin cot =n 3-sin 23) 16 f(p8) =P%c00 0 Br tan ds Sle8) > Wediffeentize with resect to 8 with + egarded asa constant. Thus, Jolr.8) = Fin B26 a Her Ge bn Fre 4-3)|- oe 18, Serteote +6) = fea 0) Be BerarSH DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE we tao Hay) 1 Wedifwentine wt ops ow with rah constant Tha, —— 2. fabsnel= Bienes enn ey egy) tev od 1h eh 2) = Mh 2s 20) Ferran aust 7 + + Sef 8 sin ~2 2095 S08) > Weediferentiate with respect to 8 with rand @ beldeonstamt. ‘Thus Fale.) 2 fod) =r aa © (a) filrd) = tan 0 Sia AS 44n) = tan je — 2/9 sin fr = 1 - 2/01) V2) (©) ard) = ene Pn; ff) = Buea —9 cn # =H)? = 9-2 He flana)=eF + nly $3 (0) hlena) =e 18.0 () Folens) = deve rhs $000,214 (9 Jaleo 4 Bxerses 7 and 28 nd f,(2,) and f,(,7) me por) [rt 1m ta0)~ flea 1 The fest fundamental theorem of th caleulus gives the derivative with respect tothe upper limit. If we held -=constaat ang ditferentine with resect to y we Ret Jyley) =e If'we hold y constant and differcatiate with respect Wo 2, we must firs interchange the limits of integration. Ths he ee 10.00 in tdtsee Fyfe) tain tdtiee fy(ey9) — nein 2. Hen =B foie "Dein 390) Dyn (fa feed sw tt Bret) = Dye (0) Dyflay) = B+ % Dysisy) =]-S () Dishes) = 3+ Je Dalle) =H +3, BM. Slay) 2282494 2? (2) Dy/y) = 622 Bry 49% Dy f(a) = 12-6 ©D,fle.2) =-42 +297 Dyfley) = 28 (©) gfe) =—te+24; Daley) = Se 29 (9) Dyfla a) = 26m Dy flan) =4ehay (6) Basle) =24%es 4 Daley) = 20s y » Simplifying. (2,9), we have, ia quadrants | and 3, Say) 71+ oly —tt “a o @12 PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 805, (8) We pasialeitfersntite on both sides of (1) with respeet to = duews herr (©) We partsl-isteretinte on both ses of (2) with respet to Daflea)= 5 her peaie ate fled = 5 Bh FG Py (0 We pnt et aie of 1 th ape to Datla) Algo red) (hg) ® ‘We pastiaaieentae ox both side of (2) th spe! to = Daystar =(BY-Berwe rh) (dys ay From (8) and (4) we show that Dyafissy) = Dayfte Hew) = 4 PhS (6) Dyflay) = 22 aaY Dyjflera) = 2tan +E Iat)= Paw" (Dye) = Ao aE ts Page + fet g\)~ 2a (©) Dyaflz.») = #50- Keay) 6,0) De) = Fotos : “yt Dalton a bhaagt eas eae - 3.8 » Bylo) oars qelagePals)ae (0 Beate) GB PH at y= Dale) fen =saatgsopoe (a) Dy S(z,9) = 4 sinh y + 3y sinh 2; Dyyf(2,9) = Ay cook 2 (0) DySley) = Aa-emh y+3-cath x Dzaflevn) = Ae nh y (©) Dypflz,y) = 4 cosh y+3 sinh 2; Dp, f(2.y) =4 cosh y+3sinh z Say) =2 00 yet d, 0 ® (©) From (2), we obi Dy f(2.4) = 2 co8y () From (1), we obiaia Dyafla¥) ren (2), we obtain Dyyf(=,9) = ~sin 9 Thes Dysfley9) = Dy Ste asiny et806 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 31. flay) = eos y+ tax ati y) : & (4) Dyfles) = eeons + hat ah Dy Mo) = ete ye (0) Dylan) = cing + anf Dagflg) =e 9 =-tinys hy (o Dyer cans ha Balen) =e os 38 Slay) = techy —ysiee © (a) Dyer) = deosny— PEs yew ee) aca aap (0) Dyfes9) = 32 sind y—si In Fuerctes 30-46, End the indizated partial derivatives 39. fiz.) =2ey +5ety' Sey" © (a) (ern) = Gey + Oy? — 99% Fagen) = 669 + Bey ~ Gn Fyy(2¥) = 122+ 200 (8) folzsy) = 228 + Mey ~Ge5 foe9) = 62? 42y~ Oy: fayleiy) = e+ My Dyf{rs) = Be comb y (6) Dygfesg) = 3 inh Tae = Daflms) 40, Gey) = 209 £524F +2 (0) Cyl 0h (Gy l ti) (Gey = 62v + 1 422y & (0) G,(e.9) Gysleru) = (Gye) G yal 22) = (Gy2.0) (6) Gygl2 G20) A Hens) wei fale 42, gheyss2) =n np (a) 9yfeans) = 28 00 20% salt (0) au(ziie) = 92 coves sleaze) = # conse —a0e sine 43. fees) = veo ¢ (a) fle) = Beco es filers) = Beetn Fan (0) Saws) = wean Fyne) =—Dee'sn fay (ea) = Ratan of Ducane A, Hus) =n cons VI (2) Lyuelto8) ©) Loa) sial—=) + Acard= Sault) = (Bult Loudst) = Url © sca =e =ata—2) Sol sedu=) Lule) = Ul ts Me = 2 000 —e}tan}e— 8) 48, a{rst) =ln(o? 2485?) >) nteas= etc) an) = GRIND at ; (0) a0 = imap tle = GRE gap tal esp ON SD (salen = rep nt pt a Irn) pale (ION Ge) — rr? 45 2? a — er? ae seal Gra eaey RMSE Ea12.8 PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 80 eight asta 162 27) + 122 16 fas) = a0 Bap = A) I= eg ules) = PS omy calt+H09F2) otely?) S40 e2e) sgl Setct ant Onis Teorey raeyay fen) Sasa at. wssing + nd 1B 4 = food-a}+t]+qenQ)-4]- Fon $414 feos 5. 40 Oven ea atys Pee Very Be Be Be etet ee o Beebe Be lanyest)o(ctezmietgteae) tears? ‘In Exercises 49-59, show that w satisfies Laplace's equation in R® or R. 49. fsa) = Inet +9) ay) 3), aaa 8 Be -e a Bh Oy ME tak) BaF ode _ ee By __ ney a FP 8 de) str beat Bie (ay titania Poti y &-Toa 3) ae ea Be Be dey _UoP= 92 = Hy PN00) _ 209 tay 4208 4 0? a ayy ere (ee, Be coe Sealey Sida Py teyte UD vay rey) 2? sty 22 y-207 oy pee afte GAR ah 82, ayy)= Tan y secon © up meten y—an t sin yon = 0 Saas yt ome cnet yt cone @ ‘Ning te members (1) ad 2), we ean aay? ara? 5A. hs? 99? +422 4.00 =0, We bold x constant and cifeeatiate implicitly with respect to. nti 485-0: =¥ a.0.vB9, BV _ays806 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE Pty Therefore 9 = 22. at (248), % 6 Find equtions a the naga lie tothe crv of intention ofthe sue 2-9! += poz te pint (23) > We bold yeontant ad diferente iplicily wit eayct to 0 both sides the eqeaton, Thus aey2eno i At the point (12,2), woh =} &--} ‘Thus equations ofthe tangent se ae e-Dand y=? sr Teh fet ty? Lm fe and SE ty A the pot (1), change of the temperature with sespet to the distance moved in the see dag/ere and in the diecion of the postive y oni ia 8 deg/ers re Bray Bein) Perv = AAD BAY RA =F oq} yan) 00h gt oval f Sota wre a8, Mpa] Bafa t] w) ae=e06, aF= 001 ae ¢ ave Wai asd 3-1] 244, Hence, the presint value decrees approsimatay $24.40. (€) B10 5 ( 9. Whe 5-008, B= Ot.) = PAE. c= at oats ae tein ev 3 SMELT pot al eee ya E80 9 with the plane then (60. Suppose that 10,000 dollars isthe inventory casi in a sore employing x clerks, P dollars is the weekly oft ofthe store, acd P= 3000 + 240) + 22 ~2y) 10212)! Jew 13 £2206 and Sy 12 At present the inventory is $180,000 and there aze 8 clerk (9) Find the Jpstantancous tate of change of P per unit change in 2 if y remalus constant. (b) Use the rut of pat (2) 10 find the approsimale change in weelly profit tthe investary change: foi $199,000 to €200,000 and the umber of clerks reruns fixed a8. (c) Fad the instantaneous rate of change of P pee wait change in y if = femins fixed at Th. (Q) Use the feet of par () to Sind the appronieace ange in the weekly profit if the fpumber of eles is inereased from 8 to 10 and the inventory zaman fd at $180,000. (a) We hold y constant and difrentiate wich respect to 2. aby = 240 = 1 egh= 28) =20(18~ 12) = 40 “The istntaneous ae of chmage of P i $40 fr each $10.00 increase i inven (6) The approximate haga prom when the avn ocr by 20,000" 160000 20,000 e 21840) = $80. {Gy We bold = constant ao dierent wei spec (8,8) = 2404 20¢~ ey eng 20+ 2418) ~800) “The lantntamous ste of Sage i = dace npr of $40 fr each ational ek (2) Two aon lets wil enn a dare of bot 4830) = SS en ws ronal EF Ment 0% giana P08) £289 ~ f009) £02) (6) F,(00) = jin, PM =FOO123 PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 809, (eax eis ae ead [EF Hl 400, 0 wenn =e +y)— (2-2) _ 24 22y- & Wine mn. Alana EME et 26 ta () (03) = fg, 22.9= F000) © GIF (29) #00), fate (6) £100) = amy on G4. For the function of Example 11, show that fyi discontinuous at (0,0) and hence the hypothesis of ‘Theorem 125.3 is aot astisied $f (25.90) = (0.0) The foncion of Example dined by non [2k Hen 200 Bb” ten =0.0 Weshow ta fi fan des at ei) #00 en Syne fe =a aA) Py —aPite) syst? ee Save tes leg) = LER BLa eA yt) vty UND) _ oat oct en = Se NE Along th «axis we ave hoof lt ~ Bea ze treo) we log hey ans we avg ofieate'n= Ea eine ee a 1) tn ws et; cs J tort Ie Exe 57, id J 0) ef 40) here 1 nae 0) #0 504) fy, MOED=(00 fig ittea) = 0.0) poy tim Oza) — 0.0) a, a. wae 2 arco Be (aay = fin, SS) wo eer Sima (00) dame fy £0, 4,00) = al Jxg0.0)~ es810 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF NORE THAN ONE VARIABLE {Re Hie #OO, 0.) Le) = {00.9} a ee tin, i; ay W940, AG) " A(N= 0.0) ee. fy Ste = 0. Similarly, f,(0,0) = 0 halt) [tan — ran! it's £0 andy #0 een (g hre egee Shao 00 tin, SEO =O0). yy 928 ~ yan to My #0, S04) = Tas I0N, = fat a ita 1000) ig rAymo_ aoe Ina similar was, we get £{00) = 0 and if 2 0, f(z) = 2 Then im, FASEB) uy 5 Hence f,4(0.0) fa(00= 1 8, Prove that ffi fonction of to variables and ll Ue paral davies of the fourth order ae enatinsour ‘on seme open disk, then Diyaf = Derasf- Theorem 12.3.3 nj that we may inchange adjacent subsets, Applying the teem thie des we gt Dud = Pra! ~ Pana = Pad en, s = 2027 9S — osw-PtH07 = 4WEH-P9. Wien W=TOand H= 18, BR = os70-4)19°% mans, Te srr ae nse 0.0989 fh wet 95 = (ayaa 0.92) w 48 Te sua changes 642 fn iit. 124 DIFFERENTIABILITY AND THE TOTAL DIFFERENTIAL, 124A DeGiitiontf J is a function of two variables # and y, then the increment of fst the point (29/4) denoted by Af(sgetyh i gen br Asleave) = 49+ 8849+ Au)~ Fey Ho) 124.2 Definition If f i funtion of to vakables = and y and she inererent of fal (Zq 4p) tn be writen as Afleoite)= Dal eo todO2 + Dale ta)y eexQe teh whens and ey ase Sanctions of Ae and Ay euch that e, Wand «0 as (Az,Ay}—(00), then f is sid tobe diferente at (25. Ii Setion 12.7 we show the a function in dierentiable and onty its graph has a tangent plane and whose equation isthe uta cliffretial given telow. 1243 Definition If fis diferentiable at (2,9), the total differential isthe fonction flaws + Dale 1) 0 12.4.3 Theoeem If function f of two variables iedifeentiaile at « post it & continuous at that pint. 1244 Theotem Lot {be 4 funcion of two variables 2 and y. Suppose that Df and Daf enst oe an epen dink (Pir) and DJ and Dyf ave cssinuose at By Une f i dfrentable nt Py 3 existence of Dyf and Daf Note that contioity of D, and Daf > diflrentsbiltyof 2 Mena ot f124 DIFFERENTIABILITY AND THE TOTAL DIFFERENTIAL 811 but no other implications exist among these four properties. ‘he following éefaitions extend the preceding concepta vo fusions of n variables. 12A6 Defnition Hf J i a function of m variables #4, 25. 12a) then the increment of fat Ps given by “ ASP) = ICE, + Aaya bry Fe A2,)~f1P) 124. Deksition If fis function ofthe m variables 3, 3. fy and dhe increment of fat the point P ean Af P) =D fP)ax, + D,sP)az, +--+ DA PIAL, were «40, Gays 8 (2 5s eg) (000) thon f anid bo iferontiati at B. 12A8 Definition [ff is a function ofthe m vaiables x, 25,-.~ 2, and f Is diferentiabe at P, then the fotel ‘gjrenie of js be ncn af having feneion vas given bY f(y, Ae) zaand P is the point (21.25 D,f(P)An, + D,f(P Az +--+D, (PIA, Beercies 124 1 flay) =3 sey F © GAs.) =f 04 Ants Ay) —flls4) ~ 311 + Se) £211 + And 4 Ay) (44 Ay)? (G48-18) Ode tilde) 48+ Ahr 2ay + 2ardy 16 -8Ay (Oy) 13 daa 4 282 dy (a9)? + Hae Bay ii and Ay = 0.05, we haye = (02) + 1048) ~(-0.02) Dyfi) ¢D,/0.4)85. When «= Vandy 1 5 Hind Daf eg tty = 8, has ft 4.9) = Mie —€ae (4) 4f(04.0.05, 0.02) =14(0.03)— 6062) = 9.424 01 22° Sey 4g? GF 1) = FOr Ae 14) 1-1) =2024 Ae) 4504 ANT Ay) SACL + AP? = 1(A2) +5d2 Ay + 4(4y)" 43024209 (6) When Be = ~0.4 and Ay = 0.02, we have Afi) = 2-0.0}4 +H 0.0102) + 4402/+ 3(401) + 20.02) = a.0108 As Ay)= Dif, -1)A2+ Dy f(2—!)y. When s =? and y 2+ 8y=2. Thus 42.1.2, dy) (4) 49(2,-1,-0.01,0.02) = 3(-901) +2(002) =0.01 (2+ Dey A + By) ~ 912-8) = (2+ Mall tr Aye 4g Bet Jaz +28y gi2.—4)= (2-000 HBA set 9) 38} 98 9 4308 (ag(dnts Ae dy) = Dye Ae + Dy, Hay. Beatie Dalen) = ye? 98e¥ aod Darang) 209 + ye, we base 24.8 By) — (ote Ba Meh Go et ar ety (Odo. “0.402) = 28-02) — tee M9 4.1 Mz9) = (2+ 9 /2~ Wh fee (8) ACAD, the Inerement of hat (0); (0) ANG,.O) when Ae =0.04 and ‘Ay = OAs (6) Ah(3.0,A. Ay) the ttl dieestil of hat (3,0); (6) 43, 0.0.06,003). ©) We apily Denon 0.0028$12 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE (e-vim(esy)y, (e-v)-(etyi-D) fas Gerie. = 7 a) asp. 2. Ay) Substituting 2= 3-and y = 0, we obtain OS2+2(8}Ay _ 2ay, Ose $208.69 003,0,58,28) (@) We sbstisate Oe 49,0,008,092) = 2229 ~ one ‘Oterve that the rest of PAE (is approximately equal othe result of pa: () & Hayes) ~ ay tale © APL) = f+ 21+ 35+ 02 She tdy+ Ardy +ia(h4 ay) $1054 (b) When A = 0, Ay = 0.04 and A= 02-4 0.164 0.0058 +04) + nd 7) — In Se 0.21408, dz Bye) = DyJ(LLS)Az + Df 18)d7 + Dyf( 1 5)As, When x= 4 uewe=y bs2)=2 +1 25, and Dyflzsns) =E= f Then 4f(4,1.5.Az, Ay. A2) = Ae + Say sb: (e) dfia1.5.002,004, 009) = 602° 5(006) +X-003) = 0.02 +0.20~ 0.06 & Gle,y2) = ety tays A. (0) AG(-80.2) = 6(-9 4 Ardy. 8 | Be)—G(-3,0.8) (8+ Seay +294 Belay? + Az) O98 = pay 125 2d de (a0) + Aye (As)? (When 42001, Ay= 0.08, Ae = 001, we have ‘S(-8,6.2) = -2(001)¢12(-001)— 2(001(-0.01) —6(- 0.01} + 20.01)0.0)-0.00)—(-0.07 = 0081 (6) dG(-8.02,82,84,52) = B,G(-8,0,2)82 + DAG(-8.0,2)47 + DC(-20,2)a2, When == 3, y= 0, 222, DGlays) = dey ye 0, D,Glayya)~ A 420s = WA, BsGle,p2) = By —Set = 12 Then AG{ 3,02, 25,Ay,A2) =—Bay— 128: 1s Execpes 7-14, find the total dieretal de. 1 wade? ays Sy o7. dm Bde Be by = 2 & wa ytan Dey > From Definition 12.4.9 we have to = Quite + Gedy = (en sects? ~ 2yide + (tan 1? ~2eMdy Bw a cooy—ysin 2 d= Bites We wee bet don Sele 4 Bly = Ble ted dy 1 wlan a4) de = Ete ty Bae Be ig diy ig Big de = ep es se Bae ear aye Fats nwa ih > By Defiition 12.4. crys Ove, @tytledame,, (etyt derma, c dro = Bae a! + ae = Fate Fhe ee et ent CHF sshd le 2) In au wide + 22nd (cosy — yoos side +|-zsin y—sin 2by ? papa Mates My 4 Mts = tants de 2% ty (2 Wo = Wher Bety + Mts tants de ty (a+ Sh Wwe Ot neon d= Side +My 4 Mem cans dete + et crash= — 12,4 DIFFERENTIABILITY AND THE TOTAL DIFFERENTIAL 813 Is Exexises 15-18, prove that [is ferential at all pointe in ts domain by doing cach of the following: (0) Fina aftey 4) (0) Gd an cy wd ag = thatthe equation of Definition 12.4.2 holy (e show hat the aed the cy fan i part (b) bath proach Zee a (5,89) —(00) H fla.g) =at9 ew > (@) Slay) = fle tAzn+ As) ~ fey) = (+Aa)ly 4 S9) ~2e +A} +49) ey ye 4 (2B) Ay (yar AcAy)e | Mode Ao)dy (b) D Slay) = 2zy~2y and Ds f(z.) = = t= 22, Hence «, = yds + Aedy and c= ede ~ 2Ae © car Bot = andi aot 78 = a. a oS= andea al AE 2) = 16 flog) 202892 © (@)ASlzy¥) = F29 + A804 OY) ~ S24 80), ire aeeeee ieee "dap + AS) 4 Sy? 2 pod + Ay)? 2a — By? caste 2 Syyiy 4 202)" + 50) w (Te equation of Det 12.42 hat AS (zo: 9) = Dy Slap ve)de + Def lee voldv + Oe + edo @ Path Strats be given econ eae Pyle @ Daf(Zorto) = 80 o Sth fen Ex (1), () a ni (2) wm gt Mya gay +SCae} Ssiay) = pba Vongaa +884e0 Bas 1 2ayP setae © gation (5) vill bea ati qeetae fel gaa Oe ae gingae=0 (anol? = ae m. seal== » WAftaa)=/te+ Anya stan) StS) Sistas sedate ae evse'+ yds) atay _tey 90s 4 a y+ Au) Ry a” () Dyfle,y) = BE and Dyson) = ates ape aay aan Lim (andi. fysrlyt say.) yAe~Tedy x, ay waaay OY at ae) POT Bay ies We ins, ards : Pay © aed)" = anditaoe) TEFETE” (onda cand aao TEES! i sea) =E(e) s(e9) = 12+ Sty + 09) ~ fe) = EERE b= OS ) D,fie) — Hand Dyf(e.s)=4. Thus, Afle.9)—Dyfle de Dalle) captan+ Sete Dee tt ay To lai d= Mato a a 89) 0)‘Sif. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE ‘in Exercises 19-26, Use ‘Theorem 1244 to prov thatthe function is differentiable at all poincs ints domain. 19, slayy) = 24 3ety2-4 ty 2 The domain of gill points ta RE except (0.0). Dysleyy) = 82°— Gay? —22°2y"%, Dygis,y) = tay 22> ‘AL Gil pote in the domain of , Dys ond Dygcxiat and are contin 3 Nel Nagy » Thedomsin off isthe set of all points (2.x) not on the parabola fe yyw Ket B) lhe N28) _ ast 4 My +829 ye) SS aa +7 Sra (Aye? + By) - Ga =4y8 49? Dyfed Oe ee Both D,J and Daf are continvous at every paint in the domain of J. Therefore, by Theos sliteentiable all potas in Its dozaln. ay + 5sin 2. The domain of J in the first and thied quadrants in R?, byte) $4-5eo0 9 Dyflew) =8-h-e =} ‘isl pina inthe dani off Dyf and Df exit aed acetic sof ifientble by Th. 124A. Es conf The donmin of fie al pointe nat om ther axis Dyslea in § and Daflesy) = boos + Sin F ‘al pa the mals of Dyfed Be et ed acento Fs liftaentable ty Tan, AA. 2. Ney) = tax "a-49)+ phy The domain of hs (Com) |= # (1,0) 1 Lg Dyhtz.9) 4 +: Del aE ae MO ea eae Ata pee he demain of Dhan Di eects A ieee by Tan 184 4 dea)=rlae§ The domain of ea) 2 > andy #0), Te patil dean fy are fonda Ine 5 Both Dag and Dag ate continous at every pont in the dow iferentable at all yoints in its domain, yet eT, ‘The domin of fe all of 2 Dysle,9) = B9d*— 2%: Dafleyg) =O a dee AL All polate in the domain St /D,f and Daf exit and are continuous; a0 fs iferentiable by ‘Thm. 12 26. flay) = sin yt Peo yp The domain of fi all R2 DyJ(ey)= 225i y—2e eos y and Dafa, cos ye sin y [Atl poiats inthe comais of f,1D,f and D,f exist ard are continous so is differentiable hy Thi. 1244 {ger-ttest oss Weglancyst i Si 9 diferentsble by Thm 12.44 e2. Tho partial derivatives of fare in of 4. Therefore, by Theorem IAA, gis mse joy UEBE+L muta tin, AD Stn 1 fil + Sy) — 0) _y, tt Av-2) i Pulid= Mey ay ao 7 : By fla eer eee eeraerencemuees124 DIFFERENTIABILITY AND ‘THE TOTAL DIFFERENTIAL 815 * ona Hearn 0" itty) =0.0) Prove that D, (0,0) and Daf(0.0) exist but D,f and Daf are not continuous at (0,0). > crys (2.2) # (00) by the quotient rule, t+ Fey) —(x49)22) __ Gey? Se eae ar a ‘ cnn nl in, t= 47 O00) ‘hea DyJ isnot coninsoos a (0) (0) 49.0) = fg OD = 00) 1 (4) # (0.0), by the quien le 2 24 sR) — (Beata) _ et —3ety? Dyn ae ease ta Pallsn baa tepiioo) rails # DA{0,0) thea Dgf is wot continuow at (0,0). 1s Exerises 29 and 50, prove thst D,J(0,0) and D,f(0,0) exist but J 6 not differentiable at (0,0). , reonef iy Hen £00) bY cena 00 ,S,0)= fg! 100) * (ey) = M3. 1,0}: in not continuous at (0,0) and wo not differentiable there. Om tar Fate snort (6.0) a ot itm hn wpe alee Hea 400) 0” ire = 0.0) Dyt00)= fn =1O) 0 vyrnoy= tng sen But 44 £00,0); fs not contnuoxs at (0,0) and so not differentiable there. Jn Bxercnes 31 and 52, prove that f i ditfereatiable at ll point in RO by do ‘Sf(2.9 2) (0) fd an vy. abd 90 thatthe equation of Defaition 12.47 boi found in pare (ball epprcach nso (x ye} (40,0) och of the following (2) Find (6) show that the Gy cy and Ses Say t Sn} Ss) leans) Slot Beliy + Ay) (et days. 2) =(ey— Sey tady hyde (Qo) Aa) ee ar rhe (hn)(As) ot tae (hey tae Pays yAz— 2s — se + 2:As- (AW Ay) —(A2)(A2)+ (82) a)As— Acar + Ardy + AeA?‘816 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE'THAN ONE VARIABLE, ) Dysles) © ane 8Bone (az.3y.8-co.n0) = ay AF follows fom Definison 124.8 hat i difereatiable at all points in RP — [pes 9924] (Pe bigsyias tyes aylas)? 3p tedyae 89x05)" 1) @) From the equation of Dentin 1247 withn = Cae tegby seat = A/(eane)—Dylansbae~ Del a ysdOy— Dylesns)oe ®) ‘Faking patal eivaves of, we oblain Dyfasy.s|S2 = 4rsaz Daf(e.p.s}a9 = ~3-22y Dyflespede— 22 —Ge)49) Substituting fom (I) and @) into we ge tide ty # yO = tease Zens) + 22) ~ Syd)? aay 984 (G2hs-4 228s + 2AnA2) M2 + |Geds—SIAz) Ay +(—ByNe)AS quating corresponding cuticles of A, Ay, and Az in theabove, we take Gq adzhet 2A +282 (qa Oks ~ 810 qe 3vi (@) Since cach term contains at last on fasion wf a, Ay, of Se, all approach vero au (2, Ay.A\z}—(0,0,0), In Bx. 83 and 34, prove that D,f(0, 0,0), D3f(0,0) and D,f(00,0) exist bat J i not differentiable at (0,0). ai 5 ena efT epee Hew zOON ’ H (2,02) = (0.0.0) fin £6200) 10000) _ 5p 0-0 (0 ,s000) = jo, 2289=L089) 9 828 00 atti) = fy 02 =F 00 op 8,000) = 2 oan HO i » casino) Stay. “Therefore fis discontinuous at (0,00) and 4 f 8 not difeentiable a (9.0.0) {ate i (ene) £00.00) we, Fy 0 (9) D,{(00.0) = fim FE" — A000) = v= 1000). in, ceansltto.go) Sie. ty B= iy 1=1 20-000, “Therefoef is dscontinuos a (00), and J not diferente at (40.0) 35. Ctr the egw te with and eh esd FY 9 vole she li, sm Vv atatcav BY at 4S df ah = oh ty Chas Goa With €=8, d= 0.08, w=5, de 008, h=4, and dh = 0.8, we have BV = (69(4} 0.68) + (8\0.08) + (6)9) 0.88) ~ 1.60-+ 2.56 +3.20-= 7.26. AV 726, Tn fact, AV = (8.08)3.08)4.08)— (8)5)4)= 7.47.1244 DIFFERE |ABILITY AND THE ‘TOTAL DIFFERENTIAL 817 ‘36. Use the total diferential to find approximately the greatest eror in calculating the area of aright triangle ‘om the lengths of the lpr If they are seared ote Bem an Sm respectively, wih a ponabe error of Oct em foreach measurersent. Also fed the approximate perceat or. Let z cm and y em be the engi of te leg of ight tangle, aud Te A cat! be the area Then Anker ‘We dike the sca tere ofA. Th, an = Pde Na Weare given tat = 6, 9=8, [del <0. and|dp|< 1, Using the tingle inequity, we hare eal lBo}éel+ Be ayls aoa) +9(0.) = "Th, Ube qreatat cor in aleuating the area ie appronimately 07 em. Because A = H6)8 = 24, the percent cert ie found by Uaal <2 ome “hs, the oor ia approximately 295 ofthe elated eo 5 Lctombsi tng ote pi i xem anyon ot = VET A = ee de + ed Lk 26 y= 8d = nd d=. The Abs fy(40.1) + Y'204) = 40. Ab 0.1 Hence the greatest ator i calling the length of the laymen porosity 0. cm. ff = EOL — 2 0.014, ands te approximate prea errs 1A 1 |-|2 ena “| oe map pt Am IR AA 01 anda = 40.02 The bodes te dy 9) 0866 = G}] = 09% vo. sae ayy 1 lal | “Theappoximate elaine eon a = + NEES. 0838 = 2 0.80% 48, A wooden bonis to be mode of unr tht en thik. The inside length tobe 6 he nde width to iT the inde pth i to be 4, andthe ox iin Pave no top Use the total ferential ond the Soproximate amount fle oben he Bor. Ler f be the length, yf the with. + & be the dep, and V 2 be the volume ofa rectangular Bx. Then Vey We have = aad #24, The icknes ofthe tox io Fin = ffl They tale ds dy'=' Beene thre ne top or be bom, we tke s= Heer oy = flees Days Mae peda taedytey deo 34-f404-]40-35f=5 ‘Therefore, approximately 5 f1° of lumber is needed. 41 Lette dimension of one cate be zm, ym, = IA m# isthe otal sree aren An Boys srt yey da =2y4 de (ere (24 oh leseides £0005, y= hay= 20th Am aA = 29( £0005) -9{ £0005) +7(4 0.085) = +0250 ‘The great poise err Inthe amount of wood st fr one crle i approximately 0.24? Tha, the feat ponte. eror in the imate uf the rt of wood for manucteriag 10000 eral is reno 0y83) = Samo cot] [20.0.0] 92.4 849 - oasizs it Tet 402) ee er 160.005. Then818 DIFPERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF NORE THAN ONE VARIABLE Tn Exercises 42-45, we show that a fnetion f may be difecentnile at point even though it s not continuonsly Aigerentiable there, where (Pb ye (ev) #100) nan-{ rey Hl) HC a ittey) =(0.0) 42, Find 8 (G0). See 48. D,10,0) +0 and D470.) rain inte a sce (8) ad (4) tow Hf (2,9) (0) the Formas fr diferent give Dyfed =Yp ite) = 0.0) 1 y 1 aonin = ete oats lel # (00) Defies) =p n= (40) 4A. Prose thot fis differenti a (0,0) by sig Detnitien 12.6% and the malts of Becien 42 and 45, "> By Definision 124.2 we must find as fy and an cy where, and ¢ ase functions of Ar and Ay such that fi) and cy Dae (Sey) —(0,0) and where, and satay the equation “a f(0,0) = Dy/(0,0)2 =D,F0,0)S7+ 4 Az dy, © Ry Definition f24.1, 4y(0,0)= H(a2.y)~ $0.0) = ae) + (Av)? ® lacy palit. aera 1 tin £6820)~ 1000) _ 5, S23 ‘ 1,00) gin LOE HOS) fy ETRE = fm, ese eeice esi het thea aslstasisiyts (0) Gt Fu es Gu Fe — ele 3) cont) + et(I sins cin ycoe) Bn GER BEDE = Basin nA coe = Cy in 14 9 on) ae GE Ba ee trndcnenin) etl = BEBE QE x tron sont) Foose ue Fe Be want el-2em sins 2+ 2e0ts In Being 7-14 find the idcaed paral deivaiven hy ong the cain mle Toeseltan enrtt eh y= ote » Bee Bae 8 car yi09 +f) = tee oh 38 = BeBe rsa et) a4) ytrrtyn zoegy sr, = sh: dujars at - Be aaae anos Jo fe4 2i2r) 4(24 918) Fea Be de fe Be Be cao ste tatcan ett iene 4) ie: eee tude Ou. Ben BE DS Oy cn aR eae =r tonts (2 sn eon fe inte) Hey asin TTI reper Fa 32 breosrs +7) UW. wesin ng 2= dee y = Pe 9 Um Pale 5 Be it yes zyte! + (con eytten® $= $a Bn BUD (cs ey)te ae 29-12) oe Lasts yate” cont a BeBe Bu Bt yn + inh V0" = Sete te De san Bary + nh Yor) Seah ee rn ay AP52) DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF NORE THAN ONB VARIABLE Neth y= infare + Set); buf: ule; ult t+ In(3r +80), Then tate Hye t ee ete tet naty = tase 8) 4 atone esol In Exercises 15-18, find the total derivative dual by two methods: (a) Use the chain rules (6) make the © aS G4 BAM = et eres + (2+ 2ecn 9 = Clem t= yt) = Pecos ta) (0) ma cee con cent R= con tet int (al) ni 2400612 oan = Hoa t= nh) +e (cost = nt) 16 w=naysyixm et + Wakes oo ba tage? Geetete see 9 ate (8 Satin for fan bare ince. ate tt eee ee ee at = erie 0 + geben + gece (0) en Yeas rea Fm Vim Ved etl me fof in 50 Gye! + Ge +8 — Bae" + yen" In Exercises 37-39, u = 92? + 4y? 2. 7. (a) Pees + Ar Psin?®, 8 = 18° cos") 4 Be sinh Oo Gage hes Be tees yin ds rl tai BS $8. (2) ua Secor 8 4 trFen 6 = PIL +006 28) + 211 — 6 28) = HNP os ee ee (0) = 928+ BL — teens 8) sero d) rc HBen 8-H en "= rf-I8—r sin 6)sind — 182 cos 6 + Sir cos#}eos 0+ 8y{—sin 8) Peo 4 Oem 1c la 4 sin co. ees fy =rsin a Scos88 | Sink = 10 cot +8 8 co28 + Bsin20 = 1040+ 8 10a # eo 8 Be sin re 9) +8r xn (es 9) 10 Sipps Je iste cn of ytd and a~ fly He— en Gn 89 si oa coves on Seto and B00 neo ues yond fon Pr dn de ctu Or Be ° + BREE Beemer hanans fins u _ Bu de 4 Ou ea BeBe, Buse Bo. Be Brontanrefpranonne sin 6 9-90-85 fa te A, w= Het + 92h w= ea ME) Lie ls : eck PIP a ? aap as goa pe icy yee 94 (uy ten 5 nl 7 7 Meee antes “ ire oat826 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF NORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 42 A inet em be te nth of theft eg em he gh of the ond eg, and radian the ere ‘se ng ont ee gee Tee wake Rake ee he e+ Be wnltaty the ge ntant #16 $= hy 1 20 = 52) + AY —— fence the meanar of the angle ie decreasing at arate off ra/min. 44. Water ix Sowing into » tank in the form of right svularepliader atthe rate of $= m?/mia. ‘The tank is srctching in such away that even though it remaine cylindrical, it radius is inceasing at the rate of 0.2 ‘nftsin, Hom, fst ie the sarface of the water rag when the radus is? m and the volume of waier in the tank in 30 m2? b After tmiltes, the radius of the tank is r mete, the dept of the water is & meters, and the volume of the swater is Vim. We solve the volume formule for Vern 2 and ¥ 220", Thom Yar 428) = 1 acha0~.000) be “Ths the sie of the wate ing at Ure of 0.19 tes priate. et hem be te bright of the evlinder re AY ADV de IV dh aooh orth is eaton al V en te volume. Gt ae a8 On dt aE i 21(16)(50)4) + #26)*(-10) = 3840. 1, d= 3, n= 200, r= 00, AIG dh «Lalor «eM = afs0y0 (15) +0740) = ~72,000 cnn (Seeanng) AT, PV = HT: V = top a= Pde poe ant the volume’ increasing at arate of 1.6 teria ota aude gar a * Becine k= 12 T =300, ene a the given 48, A all makes on angle of adi measur fr with the round. A ladder of length 20f Tall and is top ling cown th wal at be rte of isc. How fst th ates ofthe tangle ined by {he ade, the val od the ground chngig hea the adder makes an ange of i radiats withthe grown? ‘ert minoten the top of the adder in # et fom Ur ground aod the Dutt of the adder make af ‘rth the ground and the arm is A M2. Se he figue From the aw of sites, = Spand w 2= Stein shrek yan ie ‘Because the angle beeen the wal an the adden + ~ (8444) =~, then eae =) = Ma one 2) leaning against the B= dh= he enn v0) cate gf ~ sin bx com tay F Fonte “Thos the Meals one an it en ot changing125 THE CHAIN RULE FOR PUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 827 ap 24,26 fy) _9/y-s DV yy BV, y OV BV yt av ap Ba an) aA oe) = ae ae arr eae Ta 9. (P+ eV2{V~b) = RE F(P.VT) = PAV RT(V =D = RY GR wt —w Waar RT VV —0 REV 2a vav—oF_ v= oF VA 6F RIV 20g OF =-0" 2 fe 24 r/R = Vap = OF/OV Ite ‘SI. (Changing melt w= Slag) 27 008 8, and yr sind. Then wae bu BY Be Bie oe & Bae + RE Geos o + fe nn 6 (2) By Pa ; B= Beds! eae Be (rain) + Kr con 0 (2) Mating (1) by neon? ad 2) by (i) ad ang we tain eon 09s 98 = Br cod rink n Maing (1) by rsa # and 2) by x and adding, we obras ci oe +7 200! = Pain 04 Pursoe o nO co 0B = Be nse ranty = Bat f8 £2, Sapone that u = Jlagh #= gy a fa ad ts ft aod second pal valves ate cata Se Bre ta if cel Sarl ik Cy Resta pnt tne io ay Lape epee GES The Condy Remmon eqrtions ae a 8-5 wR--5 a) ‘eriaerenatng ih tespect ot bth deste st equa in (1), we aban wy Fe g @ Pri diecatatng with eset toy on bothside of te second equation in (2), we biain fs. =-2s ® oho Breau gtd ite ft and seond pil devas ae continuonn, then Px/ Oye = BPe/dedy. Thom Fe(G) i equale’ to a oO ‘ading the sneha of (2) and (4), we obeain Bey Site Y Lapaw's quan, Smid, may patient with rape! Yo yon Doth of he it Zputin fn'() annotate ih eee a on ede of these eo i We as Aca ty Bde ag Ga bel © Because f and its first aad second partial derivatives are continuous, then u/AyGz = u/drdy. Thus, if we add the members of Eq.(5), the result is Laplace's equation for the function »: aa(28 DIPPERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 125 DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVES AND GRADIENTS 12.61 Deiniticn Let f bea fretion of tw» variables z and y. If U isthe unit vector cor 6 +n then irectionl drat off the ition of U ented by Dy fen by Deftea)= let bemtans hast) Jlen) IF thie Frit exits, 124.2 Theorem IF i difeentiahefoneion of ad, and Dele) = fle) 6+ le sind 1283 Deinition If | isa fonction of two variables z and y and Ad fox then the gradient off devoted by W] (redi"Oel 7) is defied BY Sea)= Sere Jes “he graien off canbe ase to id the izetinal derivative If] ba ifeailaie fonction af 2 aay and Vina smi vector, shen Dy fens) = UT fle.0) 12444 Theorem Lif bea function of two variblon and cifeentnble at (epi) where TF leo ¥) #8 Let U beany anit vcr, so that Dy flag.) is» function «f U- Qo mat neo Dem of dwn et diretion a5 WF.) Gi) The santa Satue of Dy Hap) So | P(e ¥e) attra when TT han the opposite dircion of U/lGee¥0) We extend the defition of destional derivative to function of thee vases 12465 Definition Let fe a function of thor variables 2 9. ands. IF U is the anit vector Covel-teos aj-teoryk then the devetional derivate of f ia the dtection of U, ‘denoted by DJ, is given by fe Aces oy + es Dyfea2)= fim E+ Bees oun tS eee Ae 10 limit extn 12656 Theorem If |i. differentiable function of zy, and = and U =¢0s a-+cor 84.0 2h, thes Delays) = lesarebon tf (e,8 S08 8 + f,(88, 2087 1247 Dello ff is» function ofthe vasinbles «, g, td = ml fay Sy sod f exit then the greient off. dened by Uf is defi by Shterne) = Falernsls Flere Fen TEV is aunie rector in RO, then U-Sfez=) coe Bi si, then 08 7) = flew: Eercacs 186, in Execs 10, Gi be diction devine ofthe feneio ne dreton of te walt eeer U wing ie Sooprinte Defiin (1261 or 1265). Very you rel by spphing Troen 12.62 ot Theorem 1286. 1 flay) = 22° +5y%, U cos frit sia fei + hoody + hain) ~ fi tn? + Sirs WIA = (2-45 Dystea) = pn Et heebtrt snd) — fl _ yy Me thE at /EAP =? 57) 242 yihe +B 4x + 5VBky 4 HP Beto? ae fay =2y/ie + ovis Dy flew) = leva J+ Syleahin be = 40/9) + 10y}v8) = 2V%e + 5Viy 2 sesy) = 32? Ayh U neon fo ine pha ao) = (a 7 FigoVie tne sviv+fn) > Dyatew)12 DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVES AND GRADIENTS 8:9, 3. Mays) = 32? 49242; U=cosfsi-teoshj tee dok Dh) mpg Medd Com fr one) Mad og SHH Vine ste? Jinfte H+ Vio He ete aes Vga: Dyflzy.2) = hglz.g.s}eos fe + Byles, 2}eos fx + h(a =)eoe fx = 6e(8) + 2vlhV/3}~ 8a(—P) wtetViytae A Aaya) = 00" ~20y +95 UBB > We use Definition 12.6.4 with Hee san} css=t cs7=h Ths, u wegecs Datesys) = plete Beth feve) Mg ha te 898 — 04 Poin +B) +o + Bat $62 — Dey + ve] = i 82 +B eh sh ay teh yh 1M pe Sys Bho Bi 6a yee = gE I pa ete Next, e apply Theorem 12.6.6. We have Lens) le 2 fylnnr)= 2 bs Sitting into the frets of the there, DySlzv.2)= (2s yh (eb Sp = Se ‘Therelore, the rel of using Defisition 12.6.5 agrew with the result of applying Theerem 12.6.6 itis she— [Yous fale) _ 1 Dya(ssy) = fim, L a0 Beto tie " a ea ay ie Ewe ew dente = aeaX-B 47) 4 e+ B92 4? Bon BH) Te GBH) e Sr a+ by ~ Heh “Gao Dy flea) = fei J (eaX—B 1 Buses T-1f, fad the gradient of the fas 7 flog) = 4 Sey +98 Wfld) = 1.0.0 Font © sar) ay © We apy Dathiton 121.3, Thus Valen) = seat 9.95 a Peete), OP Phe) te), _ ave, Pay? Ga? Ce ea ee (8e—39)1+ 29-305{$90 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OP MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 2. seg) sla =H 2 +9). Vole =splea)i+ gfe = 2 10, fey) = ean 2 Uflera) = fale Sylealb= Bengt ean 2 + Sylena +flenek ML feey.2) =F 4 Vilesmad= fala 12 f(z.y2) =35ln(249) 1 We apply Definition 136. Viena) = fle 33. ew, © Balai 2) = aero og hw hee 1. s{esn.s) = 2Mla 2—cos y). Val a+ ty Faeries 15,22 fo the vale ofthe dcetional deivativ at pis Py for he finetion in the destin of (en2PN—tayh U7, +8 Dpflt.-3 = U-8Y0,~ conf Fo siu fi Pp= (0) 2 Weave Bale) —9y—y plone ads ty—e Aa bat we ae gine ta 2. Therfre, by Defistion 12.62, Disslewh ~ selersieee 6+ gens) 8 = (924y— yes fr + (3x4 By ~ z)sin be = (92%y — yNy/B)+ (82? + 89 —2K}V2) Substituting the coordinates of the gives point (0.3), we have ) (Vs CNGVD =A Vii i. Vote) = 2tan 2 wets + to tan a(n 2) <8 tan be oe? bt tan? Ba = VOLE VI = BV Dyaldes2) = U-¥gibs.2) =(—AvSi+ (mV H+ 3) ~ 18+ 6 = 42 2. fang) = 50%. U= bv P= Py te Def) FARO) A= Or Ad tr 19. Sx y2) = onan) + sinlea) U =. © Phileas) = hyn eh yen Thm + Lyle + f tess SE i+ 355 + dla (a alk eta s+ 20a = oe s+ Pin 35+ 2a 2— con ye ni(-6148)) =) Py +? — aU. 1” Senge aaah fewil=z a hisn=a a Thos, ii * £a2=$ — $4013.2)=3 7(1.22)=3 ei ae ae Dy S2) = (03.2) (03.2909 (52 K08 = fede +(e) 43 (-p) semicmame actin Naan Tiley) = Faesli+ Iyfesi = 3 Meo yin Sh. TFB Daf =a) = fonda in fp (0) he on te 22, sfeyys)~ con 20 con y sid te U = BVH +4) 1 Waly) = ~2 in Be cos By sinh i eo een 3 nh 435-4 cs 2 cos 39 comh nk Dyathes0.0) = Salhmo)-U= ae aE 34H AVE el126 DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVES AND GRADIENTS 331 We ci. fk) th adn Pad (he af hag n't ition at, 2. fen An in (0) She) = Bat bu se) © (a) Pilea)= fey aS 0) = S29) veut Caen at cae an sai ie acne eS CSE OS 2 flosya restates Un bh > (a) Vile ri + tag + (25 (b) Dys(—2, 1.5 = Bens stsaies Eft (a) VS (zs (62? + eyj +223 (1) ( Byiet avah “B/R0 ergs) AV mf Se 9) =? ~4y. The level curves of f at 8, and -8 are, respectively, the parabolas 2? —4j Boe esa a tgs a al ellie aeoitey E.R, thea zy =0 land the level curve consists of the lines 20 and'y —(, that i the aes. Beeanse PP (.1) = 100.284 218-4 the figure shows Ue level curves asd a sepesentation of 7V(2, 1) 4a Eseries 29-2, find Dy at the point P for which Wis aunt vector on the diction of FE. Ao at Pad the maxim of Dyf- 2. ley) = ea ‘Therefor, a ent vector inthe diretion of PG i U View) = Lilet Ffeali= ean hit Dyno) =(Qi+$i) (e+) remain of yt. wlezenl= YEE [Fa] = Vere =s. cos 1+ 3sin 1) a flee ViPQ) = 10~8,7 1.442) = ‘Therefom « nit vector inthe dineton of PO i we. ap tem TG Dyf(Bbe-D= Eh Q ‘The maximum of Dy f(&1,-2) i [V/GL-2)[= VERTIS = init882 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE = ® iit vector in the direction of PC. We have )— G11) = 0149 46k [Pol = yersies = Via ‘ims, v= PO/IFG] ~ A(-i= 3146) @, From (1) and (2) We obtain 1 TFS, 1—2) = ABH + 6H) (144 25128) = BE ‘vlc fy atti wc ete zis of ©/(8, 102) Mi4 3~12kl= VTE T= 2V86 x 88, Ney) = Maw FE Ty) =I leah +f fel = ~ GSE ait (2etan fet SBE) Vfl) =~] re JM Lt U= om in Wek the vues of for wick THB) B= 0, Joho 8+ (hrs LE in 9 = 0, coe 84 (6 + Han 0 = 05 tan O= Bey “Tenone 9m tn gy and b= an"! gps phen) = (PAP 4B Wag) = 9 3) Mahe). VASA) =— A+ (6) Vs ca Jinn fs. Dyol2) = = H-}+ V8) sagt? (@) The pretest magatade is $4313 AS tn te deton of ~81+ 2). BT =3s"42ey. (a) Ven) = Tenis Tle = 42k: TI3.—6) = 6146}. The member of degrece pet meter in the maximus rate of change of T at (3,6) inf TG Vs8408 = Yi2= by (6) The agin yace of ehange OFT acute the Urection of VIC, 6) = 61-6). A uot vector in thin jon V+ IV irs Geeanne 10min‘ i pla Tah) UR oa a (60/(c? + 9? + 2? + 3), Distance ix measured in inches. Pind: (a) the rate of change of the temperature at the point 2:2) in the dievction of the ver 21°43} Oh ond (9) he seston and aga rst ate change of Ta ra ses i Tent) = sof thea Viteane)= Lame Sean Flea Te Sp Tey ar ae Heo, g TP gltt yeaa) =—Jor-a+a) (0) tecaure |= 3)~ 68 |= YAFTFIE = aul ctr inthe icon e295 Oh gen by Un Ho2i+ 5-6) @ Benet ro (2) and (0), we stan DpH aa) AUN aD a Hat Hogi) =K “Therefore, the temperature increasing atthe rate of 3 degre pe: inch. (b) The tyeatet tale of change of Tis in the diction of VT3,~22), that is, in the diction of MBit 3) Bk be magnitude is 431-25 4 2kl| = jgv/T. Thies the gresest rate of change in the temperature is about 124 degrees per ichte) =-2 ja DyV(0,4x) = U- PUOER) = UV +t in the direction aa = 1200-228 Uncooked bain}od = DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVES AND GRADIENTS 639, $5 DVie.n) = Vales Vlas 2 Meme dui 20 ta} 1. Thr ent of change of V atthe point (0,42) inthe dieetion of © j) =I. (0) The gress sate af change of ¥ at 0,4) oceus eo ef PV(Oe). The ection ak of te eit vcr =F and Is sagaitod 2 PTs bok — Ay. Vel—165) = 6 20} (o) Stepest ascent in dieetiog (34=3)/ VT TE Sot nee aang RES a) ee aia + S510 12.7 TANGENT PLANES AND NORMALS TO SURFACES Surfaces 12.76 Theowem Han equation of a curve C i Flas) 121.3 Defaiton 1274 Defition ‘The graph of continuous faretion 2 = J(e,p) is a surface, is dierentiable at (zy.y9) sod caly if the graph of ¢=fia.g) hae = tangent plane al (239) The equation of the = falep sels 20+ Ley l=) Spool of Yoseton fn x'spel case tthe prnonetsic surface Zo glut), were, 9. and b ae comin snd the rereertation Is 3-1-9 diaine values of (act) ve distinct Values of (4,2) Thy the elinder 2°97 annot be represeaed inthe form 2 = f(e.p), ran be eepmerated as # = a¢08w 9 = 80% UG ule Be and the spew Zegh saa? can be topencmied nas — acon tin grotausan, seacnt, tSuc2n, 05 ¥S x, (Compare vith elindseal aul spherical Ecoramatce in HSL) Reprowatatons sich thoe wee wool to prepare the competer iraphis in the text. "The gre seer in some figures represent equally space values of each paraier Seppo Joh and bave pata derivatives wth pect to waned Ie ld constant, ten m= Hwan glories bi a cures and Re = fui + ylnelb = glock weelor tangent, 12. the cue, and fence” to. the sure. Similarly, the vector Rew flat aleulf here} ie sangen tothe aafoe Min adlition fo, and face Aiterertiable, ther all the Tangents to the aeface fe in » plage howe notsal veclor gm Rox Ree I in addition, wis continua, then the ropowentaion is oneto-one if Shen "ve tan lininate the parameter andy and express the suriace in the form Fen=0 [A vectet thot is erthogonal to a tangeol veetat of every curve C through a point Py on a Sface Ss called 2 normal sector 8 8 Wan equation of a surface Sis Fleae2) = 0, where Fis differeniable and PoaPy and Fare ‘ot all rero al the pot Pal Yo) 09S, then a normal vetor to Sat Pp VEE, ti 30) able and Band Fy, ae not ‘oth aero atthe point Py(2p np) on then normal ectar to C at Py is WFC) If an equation of a surface $f F(=,3,<)=0, thea the tangent plane of S at + poict ,(egrdor29) isthe plane thrvsgh By having asnormal vetor VF (zy 8 ‘An equation ofthe tangent plane of Def Pz sl Ie zo = ll 2= F Leo ty 20) — 49) + Fylto- to Zod ~ 30) + Fly torZol2 — ‘Tho nulacee ace fangeht st a psa Pf they hive a common tangent plane at P ot, equivalently, thee normal veers. Pare pavallel "The norma line to surace Sat po soctee 19 28 Py so eguatica of the mace S fs H(2,9.2) = 0. then parametric equations of the wort Tse to S at Pz.) ate 9H dye coh Y= Be + yCEerSr Pon Ste the line trough Py parallel to a soraS31 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF NORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 12.7.5 Definition The tangent line to a curve C ats poin Py ie the line teough Pp parallel to a tangent vector toca ®, If the curve © i the intencetion of to surfaces with wortual vectors Ny and Np then a tangent the carve is parabel eo N, My Exercises 12.7 tn Bxerchs 112, an equation of he ange plane ae uations of the pormal ine to the surface at the pla 1 The given surface is the sphere z¥+y? 2? = 17. Let Plz. ya) 384 + IT. VF (2,112) = 221+ Dyj Bek VE,-23) ~~ J+ 6k, A normal rectoris 2 —2) 43k. At (2,-2.3), ‘an equation ofthe tangent plane is (z~2)~ 2(y +2)43(=—3) =; Be ~2y 4382 = 17: sete ecntions ef the ara line are #52 = 252 = 253 2 The even suas i ipod 6 42% 6 a Fag, 3) = + P4208 ) =H) EA womal veto B=} 43K. (1, ss eqution ofthe tangent plane 121) (y=) +26 seo symmettie equations ofthe normal ine are 25 = BE? 3 The given surface is the parsboloid of revolution z* + y?—s = 2. Lat F(z,y,2)= 2 +97 ~: YP Udana) = det tah ke VEZ 46) =k -8 ALBA, an equation of the tangent plane is ~4(z + 2)—8(y+4) - 1: spc non te na ne ae EB 4247-22601) Lab efndon dedy Fens =e tt Then Pelee) ~ 2b 2oh—2ek [A nonmalt the hyptnot of oe she Fa. 2-6 3 ae Ow (3-1, 5. The given sures is y= ews 2. Let Fle. yi2)= eos = VP (aya) = ee =j+th AC(L0 0), ‘an equation of the tangent plane b e(2 1) ~(y =€) +0(s 0) = 0s 9= 0; armetie options of the socal ne ae BEL symmetric equations ofthe normal ine are 7. Te given surface isthe parabolic cylinder #* = 12p. Let Flay Pley2) = 25 = 14 Ob VEC, S,3) ~ 121~ 135 +0. At (6.43), an equation of te tangent plane ie 12(2~ 3) 12(9~8) +0 irae enon ofthe rnd nen E20 =P=2 312.7 TANGENT PLANES AND NORMALS TO SURFACES 885 Flaws) VF, wink [Asormal othe graph of Fle SRL adie gs Ti-m "Thm at (11.2) an agatin of the tangent planes Gait sn ae Lei pemmcic ognins Uno ing ae =O at (1.1.2) 5 ven by 2. he given acacia PB am tt Have) = AP ghd peviaty 4+ Jk Acoma! vctr 34-2542 At (41 an equation ofthe angen plan is ¢—4)+ lp ~1)42(2-1) =05 2429-4228, syramese equation of the normal line are 2-4= Bt 10, The given orace i 2g? ey? ~ yo? = Lat Flea 3) = =. ve, sim Gey + 2+ (22a VELO.-2.3) = 4-H +13. AC (2,3), Setgonn on ng ple 5 te I 9) 41H) = Ae BF DEO symametsic equations ofthe normal line are-$p = 24)? = #7 1 The gon saree go? 424279 = 6 Let Pa) =P ya Sas tly cei Urea) 2 fr a Neen 354 AEB, the angen: plate ~B(= +8) +300 oo “i dentybe 4h = oe symmetce equations ofthe normal tine ane #8 2527 _ Beh, Ot (5,2.9) given by Shans) ede + 5k ‘Thas, a (25,2,9) a9 equation of the tangent plane is tn Brerises 13-20, if che two suufaces inteneet ie a curve, find equations of the tanger tine to the curve of intervertion atthe given poet if the two suefaces ase tangent at the given point, prove it 2.2.0, Let Fla80 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF NORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 2, cane m= ny the mace ae ange at (11) (116.0) Le Blew. 16. Thea DP2. fb» = VEU I6,0) =}. Pquations ofthe tangeat lie ofthe curve of intersection te 2 =4,y = 16 16 2a 2 bem rys y=! $n ra; (3612) 1 Let P and G be the functions defined by Fey) = 2008 G(eqqa) = 1 ain aes VGlen 2 Ny = TFG) = N= 2einj park Because the normal Ny to the surface F(eyg.2) =0 and the normal N, to the surface G(2,9.2) =0 are not paral, the surfaces inert ina eure: Ainngest to this carve is giver by NyxNy +k a (1,2) ace iy het FB VP: (02,1) = 5+ 2k my = V2 1) = Equations ofthe tangent line ofthe curve of intenection are pg= = Hg? = 28 tay 42 20nd Gon fe Sy (-be- Dy) Rand CG y:) = eke pte 18, ‘The given euracee axe Flos Fe my = VF(L211) = 81-7 kay = G(1.-2.11) 4-9-3 a xo of te tangent Tine ofthe ve intent ae Gt = Paper 19, Fest ety = © Let F(2yg.s) 24 Pea and Gly, VP (eyy,2) = 2k + 4+ Pek ond VOCE my SG — 18) — Oj Ak and my FEO. Hence n, parallel to ny and the surfaes ave tangent a (0. ntencetion, lat adding the Git eaation te tice the acon, we Be Be? hgh 4 Ay + Se? Bet e2y +P eal ). Tangent surfaces may havea curve of =o, (0, and wo the surfaces intercet ely at (0.—1 2 PyP bat A ye = 4 (02,2) Let F and G be the fanetions defined by Payee 8 and Gee VP(e.y)2) = 242) 4 20k VGle.n2)= ssa We take Ny = VE(.22)= 44k N= VG(0.2.2)=2) +2 ‘Because N, = 2Np, thr normal vectors tothe surfaes are parallel and so the seface are tangent (0,2,2)1 TANGENT PLANES AND NORMALS TO SURFACES 837 othe curve atthe indicated pot iy 2) 0, Be ty = t Yer 40-2 r Oi tet yas ia 1 Js Exercises 21-24, uge the gradient to fad an equation ofthe tangent li M. Flay) 924 y? 1 = 0. OP (e.g) = BTei — 3p. TP(1,2) = 27 — 19} 274 — 1) 22. F(e,y) = 162! + y*—32 20, P(e, 9) = Or +-4y)). VELL) = 641-433 2B. Fes) = 2294 29° Ory 0. CP(ea) =(62" lk (6) 225, VP TICt Hes 2) 0 testy oe UM. a4 Dey y= 4; (2,-2) > Lev See tne dened by Fea)= 28425 -y—t Wee UE (ay) = (te? 4 Bh ‘orital westor VP, i+ 5 A opts othe genta Headey? Teray—i0-0 2, The given spheres we 7 Les Fl2y, Payee! vie 4 "Pola gs)~ Se Vib 5+ 2am — W700.) ~ tt and By WC(a0) =H bi cm. Hose my pale omy and wo te apes ae tangent at (40,0) ‘Tangent sper caot fave acu of nection i? 108 = 0. V2, 9.2 negra yc ecae very mene of the umily of surfaces i +235 + eye 26 19) 4 96 ‘atthe point ( $y) 4 and Glenn 2) B= AGe = Nj Ae ‘Then my my aA Fade 1) Bem Oo my and my are orthogonal 2%. Prove that every pormal lige tothe sphere 2? + y! + — a! pases through the center ofthe epee. & Let Feit) = ta yet a2. Then VEZ k gid so s normal line tothe sphere ot the point Plz.y.2) has the same diection as the pastio vetor V(OP) ‘uses through O, the center ofthe spe 128 EXTREMA OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES. 1281 Dafaton ‘he fonetinn fa wo vara to Bove a abet sian sale on ite domain D the ay pine if het some ois (xp) nD ss tha fey og) > fo) or al pia (,3) in Df isso tase an abel misma tle on dota D i tw 2y pla if hee one pin (2p) im Ds tha fz ag) © fC) oral pits 9) 1282 Detain The function J of two vrs sido hve a relaie marie war a tn int (9) ifthe exits a8 opr Usk Brgy) ws tht eg 2g) Feo) fr all (ph the open lak that are inthe domain 0f7.°F cid to tave'S aoe tin vane atthe put (sore) if theee ese a epen dk Bicpalr) ouch tat apt) © Ita) fr al (29) im the oben dk tht arn thr donnin of 1283 Theorem if f(¢.3) cats a al pins in sone open dink O((epaghty J Ine a telativeextenum at (orig mel Jaleo) sd Syl) sh hen Felt q¥0) =O and F,l29.4%) = 0 1284 Definition If f(e3) exits a all pins in sone open disk Bepvgkrs the pont (ept) 8a eical sit ff ono te lloring condone (0 fleo me) Ved F590) Fee sear ye) Noe nt ex,898 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE tis aot pussible to testa critical pon: of f(xy) for rdative extrena by using only the fst order patil derivation of f. 1285 Theorem (Second Derivative Test) Let be a dileentable function of two vasiables 2 and y such that J, sud faze Glferetiable in some open Cok Bl(aU}r) Suppose farther that J,(4,8)=0 end f(6.8) =O. Let the Hessian of f be gb) ocd ole fe rr vale (a8) Dat) > Oand fs) < BOF fy <0 (i Js) natn tine extrema Deb) < (Gs) No coche regarding elive tena con br sae fo The rel even ff mae (48) a given appro by Hh 42) ght Fg} shee heme and b= y= by Ir Die <0, th he ark of fly) lies om both side of ts tangent plane a (8). We ell sich polit lspeiaie peat of the sure. Every pola of a hyperbolic parsolcid ie 2 bypetbolie point. f O(a) 0 at a cities! point, asi (i) above the hyperbole point is cailed & it Pina boondary pov oft R i every open centre P contains at leas oc pot of {ant one point aot of fA set cused coals all f(s boundary pms Ave fended Fit contained ja some open dik. The itrior of an clipe Ts region at is regio tht is else bat not bod. le two sels, Thus both hypottees on Rare auentil for dhe following theuren. 12.86 Theotem (Extreme Value Theorem for functions of Two Variailes) Let R be a closed and bounded egos in the 2y plane, andl let f bea faction of two variables that is continuous oa R. Thea theres at least che pent in R where f hasan absolute maximum value and atleast one point where J hasan absolute minievumn value Besbate an choline cxtscimm’s a tative csc Gees cinta 126 ak 12.88 that a continons furetion f on x clowad ane boutded domain D fea maxim and a nonora which are atadned either ‘at a point of the boundary of D: at an interionpene of D which ina eel yin. Suppose ftx.y) can be expressed as g(x) +My) or g(2)HUy) where 9 and A are postive. If (to) 2 a(2) ane hag) 2 Ma) thea gz) + leg) 2 9(2)* ACH) and Zq)Mu9) 2 FETA), that {the abslute maxitum off is the stm or product ofthe maxima of g and fh. See Exercises 24 an 32. In Bxerese 26 we prove the following theorers stated in $-3- ‘Maximum Product of ast of positive numbers of coustant sum is when factors ae equal. ‘Minimum Sam of tof positive oumbrs of constant prodeet tr whe se are ea eprenin Line Th were lof yon fr he at lf date pt ts (ns (nt) oad a a “the regres far on y forthe mame st of date pints wot tha same ine128 EXTREMA OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES 839 Peercs 128 In Exe - find any relive extems by Ending the teal pins and aplring Deion AR a arr ee ee 1100) = Vib» YBTAT FE foray (9: ft beste maxima (0,0). 2 Naw) = VERITE I= Seregn Oy = yeragg =O Vie VATE for any (7). Jt an abst mimae a (0) 24 pte Sy 1G f, 22-28 222 fy=29-8— 9 =A. Seay ass ca ff bw on abate nium wt 24) s2re6y— yt STG RRi ac ciliel pate the pata daivatve to. Filey) = 2-22 = 0 fen) = 6 Sthing fr on we nd ‘To apply Definition: 1281 oF 1282, we calealae WN) — Flava) = 12— (2 Be by ==) SP ate ey -y 510 = (140-3 20 Because (3.1) 2 f(e.9) Br any (2.9), e conclude that J Tas an abwolute maximum value of 12, 5 flay) -9-VEFPHEST fy Seay) =9— Y]=AP Ha? $4 = 11,0) for ay (2,3) f tas a absolute main © Jo) = VATA. = eh hagee Sava) = VEFP +121 = $100) for any (2.3). J Yas aa absolute minima vase at (0,0) 1a Exercises 7-18, deternsine the teative extrema of ff there ace any, and leat any sade points, 1 flag)= PtP tty de Sylow) de! Gases) = 62-12 Sle ype aat 120 204 Sefe—1) ee Oem t fers) 00 294 ‘The eriteal points of fare (0.3) and (4-3). The reaths of applying the sornd derivative test at these points are summarised inthe fillowing tate Grtical pint Sor Loy Le fe J Conclsion Gaps 20 depo ap om 2 & flay) = 182924 ste—128y—110 > int we appy Deflation 12.84 tad each erita! pin. We 16 = 42-1) weiy 128 = 04(y +2) then == then y= ) isthe only citical point, By Theoran 128.3, i hav a celative extremum, the exteal pin (1y=2). We apply the scond-derivative lr te determine ff has a tlt 2). Tisai) 28 fyyitin) =—64 Says Berawe ie Talend yh) — faye = 28-68) Om —2018-< 0 by ‘here Te. 3ii) We conlade that f dacs ol have a mative extermum: at (L,~2), Therefore the fiction dows not have a rlaive extremarn at any Dott. eu 0 02 BB elatve minimus eae oun occur at °84 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OP MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE Jyfea)=%)-4=0,9=2 Siglo) =2 Tylend=0 07-4.< 0, The exitieal oan (2,2) isa nade points 10 flay =F-P 460-842 Soden) =2 Sadao) Diy) 2-2) — 08 = —4.< 0, The evil point (3,4) ia sade pene. M fen)= Slaw) Lod Sele) = 3 Fyglo0) = ot aglow) Seles) 069m by fy a0: Ohta = Oy Griial vitae Sy Soy Saebyy Joy? £ Gi et 2 fey) =2 sys oy > We ealeuate te partial derivatives and set them 00. teal pint: (416) o @ Sage ‘The etitial pein off ate ($9) and (4,2) The resus of applying the second de are suuuazed in th follwing table. Critical ointae —Syy Sey Lael Conchion _ @® 2 4 2l4)=(F = vale point Ga) Bek 2) (HP=8 eaten 1B flay) = Aap? 204-2, Solea) = 02 tet fy = 8ey—2e* Sedtv) Foglts¥) = 82 Tiglasy) = 89-48 Fife) = 0 Sey 22? = Flew) 20 ay ey th 4a? 16941 = 05 19? = i alin, Crt pine (0) a (0) San Syy Sey Saxhyy~Fay? Conelusion ed, . 4 Oy 2 o = Wo feyavawPeitemy fey atettyaoe iy? ~ 12! 16y = Ayly?— By ~4) = aly Ay DD dgenss ‘ 8 an 4% 8am 128 absolute minis 4 se Ts” felative inom12.8 EXTREMA OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES 811 1B fley=Hse 45-32-9742 Lyle) = 38-3 Lyle) = 397 +69-9 Teg Tolerni= ov 48 Teen) fGen Fe Hy leu Oy pty 3 =o; yy NOSE eth y = bend hel pois ap Ley “TealyynSep) f——Concsen m6 ° relative anor value fi 6 ° saat point (hn = ° Seale print o ‘lstve maximum value fen = Ao foley 4 Leal? =e Gaby tc Wh fy and’, we never both QW conclude tha there are weil pete the funtion f. Breen Fi ‘continous at Every pent in RE, by Theoren 12.83 we enelade that F does sot have a tlaiive extremum, Seo Figure 12-1.10b in the tet MT flay) =e ~ Sylean =28 ze Hanser sues Fete Sy Gia point (0,0) NE (0), Saat yy Fay? =H eee (00) ts sae point. 18. flan) 32 +0 hey Igleva) = 30? 182 = 0 ide) the e210), 2 fe fens —18 tial pointe yy Soy £ Conclusion 28 =e Dade plat 216. telative minima valve In Exercises 19-24, find the absolute esteem of te faetion on the closed bounded region R. 18. The fenetion of Bx 3; R'is the tsangular region with vertices (0,0), BU%0), 10,8). ‘> The aboolute mlsinuba ie —t al (2,4), the ony ineroe critical poiet, We look forthe alu maxiewmn on (2-2)? +(y~ 4)? — 4 is greatest at the point furthest from (24); it has the value 16 20. The fenetion of xercie 4: Rie the triangle region whine side nm the ax, the y axis and the inex + Brom Exercise 4 the abolute maximum i 12 at (1.3). the onl nteior ‘tial point. We look forthe absolate minimum on the boundary. Because Keay) = 12 [2-14-39 is east at the point farce fom (13). "This inthe vertex (5.0). Sn the figure, The minimum val Bees] 13. ‘2, flay) = 3:2-+ ay, Bie the phon bounded the partilay 22 mn & fcbety= bf, "The ony critical point is (0.0). f,, = 6. Syy ‘adale pote. Tal te etm veo the boundery. $4@2)=20. 0, fyy =, D=8(0)-P< 0, Ony=4, Jade pds Pere? frobess. fd) =4, fl On yanah fated ys 2 ned. f— Geb det Ie ee) HB) hf) of) =20. ‘Ths the asolute maximum is 20 at (24) apd the absolute miniznum ie = at (— 44) 2. [ayy] = #°— 224 + 2p Ws the region bounded by the parabola y =4—2? and the 2 ais. > [gn te—2y =0, fy =—2e 42. The escal pont (1). Fa, ~2 Ly = Oe fey = 2 D= 2(0)—(-27<0 ‘oaute pot Til ihe extema ar on te oud. Oa ya0 fg 225} ft annum ofa anda masinum af tat £2 me fa gP am sr46-2s25—2 fine 2e 8 Het N84). M(-D =I) = He-a}=13, f@= fh Thos the enine acioun 15 (ch. 3)and the alte minimus BO (00),82 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE P= 28 ~ 35, Ri the ppm bounded by the dele 2+ (y— 1) 0. fy aig? B= yy 41). Toe erica pots are (0-1) ae 0,1), J fey = 0, D =O at both points. (0,1) = —2 f(0,-1) = 2. Itz? = 1 ~ (9th, PHOS. PE ag 24-9 = 9 F189 —1). 0) = 9, 1G) = He 1) "he aboite masini? at (0,1) and the abet is Bat (0.—1). 2, fe.n) =sin-2¥ ny Ris he region howd by the square having vertices at (00) (0) (0) a (not) Beene oa 8 O'Ssine< Dand O< sing < tien the able masini wave of [8 141 O08 (00). (2) (0) aad (2.2). 25 Lets, yaad be te thee ponkve numbers wwe sum a Let P be their product, Bay pre tsa ooo y Then Paaye ages sey) = Dey ey eth lates yt wt 2 0'ee y= then PO, ene the ati of Pci at » cial sit inside theaquare 022 24, 072% Pyles) = My Dera? Ryley) =P 2? —tey PCy corvettes) =0, Pe) =eeeh~z—%)~0. Bien => Oy 0, che mly eta pint ie (8) wich ever the abslate maximum. "Then 28 and so the thee postive numbers are 8,8 and 8 Altmately, tee Bewese 26 2% Find them postive sumbers wos produc such tht tp we ix a ial a poe. > Suppose the numbers are stall equal. We replace the smallest, st 2, wd the ares sayy by Sides sofa wit the same product We show thatthe sui deceit Ic (e4y)(04 2) 2B PPS“ H0— 9) pecans xis the sles andy i the lngst, thea > Od 3 a> 0. Sate ach stp nies anew tn of a ton stop Of cesar Strive atthe cle ofall tng equa In parca if the put ofthe pssive members 2, the is ies when sah noniero VIR Te pee the ete theme, ve races andy by to nutes 8d 2ry-—awith the sume sum aad shor the produ i ineemed. Tf oe +90) -2y= (02X90) > 0 121 Letw uate be the tance fom the point 1,=2.2) toa poi (xi. the plane Sgctyresh rn teniy ts Ther Wo ipa te ee dh ohm (e- Fein OF + e289)? Sasser ilps iain when of ea pnts oe ek te te i Flay) = (2-1)? + ly + 27 + (Se + By — 8), Because {(2,9) > 100 when (= - 1)? +(y +2)? > 100 {the minimum must oreur at a critical point inside the cirele (x. 2) = 100. Slesu) = Ae ~1) + 21Se + 2y —BY(S) = er + 12y 59. J Ae9) Tein) = 242) 2196229 82) = Lae y 28 Fle 9) =O: ‘Te cny ert point 9) whieh met be the abet minimum, Then “Theor, the point in the lan lone 0 (. =P EO = VE 28 Find the pons om the surface? — © Ua Fle tke ence tis cubis of wnba Woman ue i sd may pt a fone sheet y# —ay =, The dlstanc isa rnistoum whea P isa minimum. We have ow at (brtx) and the abeolu'e minimum valve of rusubers By show thar 2 isthe absolute misimare valu off. Consider a sphere of radius 3 which intersects the 2 plane fn cree of radius 8. This cera with its interio xm cloud and bonded set Rand a, by horers 1248, F Ihas an aaolute eniimama value on R. Bocuse P has the vale $on the boundary of Rand 3 is greater than 2, then the absolute minima of Pan R ravine! ett on the beundary. Hence, the absolute minimum of F fon R tt occur at the critica) poi Moreover, P>3 a all pints coside R. Therefore, the excl point fives the abaoite minimem value of F forall paints Furthermone, if 2 =O and :=0, we have y= 4. Thus the mininium distance of? occurs at the points. (,2,0) and (0,~2.0). ALTERNATE SOLUTION: Completing the square on 2, we have PoGtiyeiteazd128 EXTREMA OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES 843 and equality holds and only 2+ Therefore Phas ‘An alwolte minimum valve of $ whet = gt w, units be the distaes fom the, pot Pig, A so that wt = 0, that i ifand oaly fx = Oand ef the igeold 24442-4422 = 4 to the oi Then ety det 1 hich has on este minimum semen, Met 8p y+ 2 Sey 4 600, 2> asaya 2a, ond aine 1 Cay 8D "26" point. Cp GPB = 46, 98.2) — 28, tain minim. A BBY, C = 102 and the {e¥tl curves ase approninately + ~ 408? 168k +468) A — shee 20e2 Me hone ed cami he mare at a ume mpenta on, Than 1= (he Ak) + TH Ein Of 7, = AE cond Bhasin 9/7 cond. y =B ssn O/T. We ee thas the marestintesre ] Point (268) lw onside the carve bot (2,8) ln imide. In fet, CUS) = 582 at (258) =501 fe the minimum, ¥ MReAyte~s— y= ce -y—-24y4, 920, y 20. Wade ydo £20, or y=H, then REO, Hence the snekinara we ch mgt ssa at tal pn finde the uate 0S Se, Oy Se Ry = deny nly? —2ey! and R, — Seah! 3 7 ety. RI= 0: eyte~Se— 29) =O; Ses ty = 6 Ry = 0 FYH(Se~ Be ~4y) =O 4 y= 3e “The only erie pent fs when Hence the asisum reponse ts when fe mg of dug A and Jorg of drug tinea ‘32 Suppose that (hr alter te injection of #1 of adrenalin the response s Knits and R = t"(e—2}e where isa pasiveconstan. What values of = oa € will eavsn the maximum respons? + Tat Rez) ste-"e—2ye Patil diferestatng, we obtain Kos) = Geez and Ratz) =te-Ne~22) FR (G2) = 0, then either = 1, = =0 oF x=. R,{2) =O, then ether = 0 ot 2 = ke. The etal points age (00), (,e) sad Qf ‘ ‘The dormin of nthe eased but unbounded set {(2,2}: €20,0.¢ 2 €c}. To show that Rivde)= fete? 0.092 isan absaate maiznun vale, consider thy clad and bourded st De {ise Ozt22, 02624) ‘On the thee sides of the boundary, = 0, 2 = Oand 2 =, F has the value 0, Because (conn fete ky thea on the side =2, we have RE 2) =2e-He mele ceed a 007? < R(L Je) “Thos R has ay alate maximum value on D bch must ecu at che interior etc pint. Farternare Teentne Dslr) = (ltt c for wy then fo"! fe dernang for fs Theeonn, for say poi (5) outside of D we have Rita) = telena)e a He a)2 < RO, ‘Thus the absolute maximum on D is an abwluie maximum fr the eatin domain of R. Therefore, the ‘marimum response occur when ‘Aternatively, Mes) = gOMa), where a) Dostve, we maximite ech funtion spares v= 0—0e" frome fi) >0 wen 01 and) hen hat ax aloe masimam vale wha = Beene H(e}>0 if 02 10, fe,9) > 100(1) + $00 = 1600 > 47%; jf 0< z <10 and y> 60 then Jay) 2~Hit) + 80)" +300 = 905-48, hence the able tlsinaty MUM cea Ata heal pnt inside the ectangle 0< £10,0.< y< 60, that at (39). ‘38, The uit profits are 2— 40 and y—50. B= (= 403200 ~ 502 +25y) + (y ~50) 252 ~ 25y) 3990 = 1002 50y =O. P= 250+ 5s Sy = PLEP, ~420)—50r 0,2 =". P,+9P, = 450 — sy =0, y = 89 = "100, Py = 80, Py =50, D— 2900 >. The extel point isa relative maximum. Because Pie a ‘qatvc, i i allo an absolute raxitmam. Sel the fist at 884. the second at $49 for a prot of $49,025, In Exercises 39-46, oily parentioos setully seeded on a eaeulator wll be used. Every multiglicn- tion wil be oxpicily indicated. Nogative numbers are eatered by following the umber with the [27=] key. Answers ae given 103 digits BA Let = be the number of 2ysar petiole site 102, ad lat y be the Value f the painting 0% yenre afer 1081 in bundtede of dolla. Ete tite Ban =e, bao be po 08t=60.1%0) a(S nonin), hen 195 + 250y = 802? + zy ~ 254? — 128,000 (4866 — 6357) am waa, 301, Se) 9.8. The regression ine as the equation y= 6612-0. When £ = 4, y= O04 x4~9.9 = 248, so hn 2001 che paling will be worth $29,490. AB, § 1991 model car was sold as a weed ear in 1992 for $5,800. es value was $6200 in 1998, $5100 in 1984 and 54,800 in 1996. Use the method of leat squares to estimate what is valve was in 195, Lec della be te value of the at 2 yeat afer 191, We lave n= 4 ond a3 am equations (1a (1), we obtain (4 x68500— 11 2850) 98 and b= Yens00— (44) 1] = aaa ae (200 — (494) 11] = 238 ‘Thus the regression Tie for the date points yates 734 Because 2 = 4 in 1989, then yadda +7234 = 5258 (Oar estimate ofthe value of the ct ie 1995 is $5200.{45 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIAMLE s(Wekoumbe) 12 ¢ 4 oekaki Bowman & “xt bx Om" ors) arent ce noms Mie te wh wey (0) We iad te ersion in fe petting = {xi04-18%10 273, asa ange = ein bt opti SETI 8. Daa es SO Se ann me 2 (ut hormone) 28 ST 38 15 aig 42 5 (ears nhay SoS tao—t: "= & Seon vata, Bo ra & ea? Gsenpase 502107) _ (197 98x = 17996. (9) my — SX MRSS BO FET) g 39, p= ALOT 8 IS 2801 a9. 0g Be Crema) ‘ The regresion line Ins th eqation p= 81882721. (b) When 2 5 100 7206 =A. aq E(C)_ 3005 3506 407 9362 128 at 8 Saregutes se is am age Soo.m onan, Fe, (S2coe7e9635 — 386741873) TSA 18. = Gramiaa pT) ‘Te grein tine bs the equnon p= 4232" 9947, “44 The core on & student's etratce examination wan wed te pect th students grade pont average a the nd of the frsinan yea. The flowing tae gives the data for sx student, where = she et score and i ‘he grade point aveage. (a) Fed an equation ofthe sgrenion line forthe data. (0) Predict the grade plat vege nerage ofa student whose ores 8 Stodort ) Stadott 2) Seadene Student 4 Stadeat § Stent 6 97, 0 2 a ae ss Bt a7 ak + Wetaven= and Esqws Ey=ii Ferman Eeyi= se Shetcoine ito eaeation (I) and (i, me obtain 1559-5 f2 and. $= (181 -00642508)/6 = ~2 m= S21 SOBAIBI — 0.0642 and = (181 ~ 00642 508)/6 = 2418 ‘Therefore, the regresion ne ie y=0.06822 ~ 2.419 (b) Substituting 2 = 88, we got y= 0.0602 x88~ 2.419 3.29, ‘We estimate the students grade pin: average tobe 3.2, stemmed) 6 MW nag Sag oteie Be gota Etat ¥ 360 ees — 097) regression line has the aqustion y= O49" 25.12, (105) = 62.42, Profit wil be about $52,308 wkg 20 0350 4M 2alnw 299 3401 3555 369 S912 w ymmbg 70% a) 98100 (63 1964.12 1759x481) 19, rm = OX IOAIE= 17.99 588), Bi (56209-1755) “The regression curve as equation y = 33.73(kn we) ~ 3128, 9(45) = Eon tious, Bay Ts xIn 45 - 90.28 = 98.24 rene bee 125 EXTREMA OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES 47 “at, P=R—C= H{100—2e) +9(120— 3p) (12s + Lay + ey) = 22 — hay By + ARE Peer ey + lt8 =O 3P,—2P, = te +480, = 12 P,—Py= 29 20 = Foon 2a, gaat DB. ds) i elatve mason: Wenn Pre ute Fe EE cecil! BED. 105 10E4, Produce 12 of type I. 10 of type 2 with profit of $1064 st bitte tox having thelr vlie hab placed inde ste i the bap Dio th ne cr aie commen We ote tat te Boe etanals id Le eer ore the ses he bx te eg. and ae eri, ten = ye cate the bon nerd in the phere, + dagpal ‘of the bonis a diameter of the sphere. Thun 2° +37 + “Weeslimizate the variable s. Thea Voepe ese!) Let f be the aeons by Jey) =2v 2 ~ 7) = tet — sty yt Fear oI) ae ite point wher fbx asin vl To Fd the ia point acannon ee Ts Salen) = Datay? — 42°97 — tay! = 0 @ leigh = ately tty toh 0 @ Fee at (1 an (2) rene x AD and y#A, we ie Bay (1) bv and Pa hor = Tesolin ‘Qatey —Azty-22y5=0 @ Yoay — toy ~ Ary! = 0 a Shc (fom By @ webve Dividing buh sds br 2p, weet p=0 Sebatiting y= mo By (1) we ve Dita ane = Wie y=hvie We ton ht fh /Se Vg) ee i the clad are edad scl t+ 92% af and’ has the vale O.0n the Boundary, then J has a maximum salue which Sint ocay nthe erie pelt. Because ary staat, thea by sabetituting | the values found for z and y we obtain ki * ee - Thereda yey == and we cmelude that V bar's maximum volume if the box isin the shape of» cube ‘Aiternatively, because the nut ofthe factors of vores Jie Srcduce is yrentesh when the factors ane equal. Therefore, # == ‘Raxfanam rolume if the box & ia te shape of» cubs sand we conclude that, V has a dec tat wand h be the wnt of ata the feng wh an belt af he So. Hat Sager ue be te esah eins eomtant) and eabi uns yl ai fonenee: od ses Sena +a k= SABE v= th SEER, 8 030 a yt ote 9,5 tba x Oan SY = aun gee ae CO CT Subtrocting, we get & = 10% ¢= w and 20 (578,573) i# the only eritial point = SF ond V = 48/399. IOVS ad w 2 01S oF €2 OVS and w2 VS, tee = 200 =0S48. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE. tn(8- 60) bly _ 2 v aS co.ttw coiys. vg Oss stecuie ioimin volume secon a) ‘Sv < YS, that is when wb = 12}. ‘eat nts 20-3 = ems, he pr V2 = (G22) ree tnd slant if €¢ 0.178, ence she inside tho sqite O.1VB'5 ¢¢ 10V8, cause the, only eitical point is not, in the dontin, the maximum % of the' boundary. IF Pa 26q—9y? al, P28 09~0, 4-H, P=. Ug me, (7p? ASD. Thus tho easton profit coocurs the ape ace fe and bo of rapes seis or 8 SL ICV =0+05, then sormal wetr to the plane i (0,01) thatthe plan is horizontal 52. Obtain Equa (1) rom (Sing) s(Ea)p— Lag, sna( Ea) ont— E Wom Hi Mage fit euation by and these by E20 et Mee mtn Say =mseg, (Rafiean alee Eades, Subtract io get fn D2,)-(D 2) = 6 Day- Oa Lwd Divide to get equation (4). Wetter a) an) eae iy x= Saves Dts Dead -2)+b—yjP = ne 2n~ 2EBBY nu nf-tne?= aa Eem-me Ben Sab ef a east wh 7d few aa nda} “Es 128 SUPPLEMENT 1. Prove pat (of Theorem 12.85. + Weare gee i JM lf 8) fi <0 A 2) =MfEo) Tt alt td)~ tg? = of lec) [—fs( 0.8)? =D 6 and peas) >0. Br par ‘the sce has a wltive minty value (a) Hence fas elaive masta valve at (a8). 2 1 D(0,6)<0 then the diriminaos ef the right side of £4.00), (2f ay}? — AF zal yy = ADA), b postive anu so the right side factors into two distinct linear factors, which dedcrmine two lines through (a). In to Ste eeioms she eapenion is poitive ad te itn eave, Ta, (2) nother mrlative maa fora relative inimam. 129 LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS Ef sod. ae diflerentiable fnetions of zy, and, thea the crtieal aumabers of f subject to ifthe funtion Fefined aa allows ) Sots tae the concltion Py(ayy yA) ~O it eqealent to the constraint Sippow tat at the eit! point 9, £0. Then we can Grd z/O2 and Qy/02 either by ‘iferesatng 4 iplcly ot By apiding Theorem 12.53 ty. Weecan sow calc fy fy Year I, B04 Fg 08 spp the record eave test (Theoery 12.85). A dive en fr Sti Yatema ing esterminants of St And sth order ea be foued ia books on athena fal economics It ay br dif to prove tht absoite eteems exist See eres 16 ite te Fo fad the cite nnbers offs we ate tng the eto of Lagrange muipers “The mhod may be exten to include more Wan ene constant. Ths, the erie) tambes of J sje to he cnstranta ge) =O aad Map) = Cave aon the eel aubess of G “ined a fons Genmeel= Flesal+Aais.n)+ ula)12.9 LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS #49 Eroises 12.9 e Bees 1-4 wg Lagrange mlpien to Ted the ideal ping of th Fcten pet to oe comm, 1 fla) $252 and 2 ty! ty 2 Png.) = Boz yt ale yh) Ffeiyd) =22 +2: Fylesyd) =—2y ys Feng) 2 bay Seung Petey 9) Seding Fylzj.2)=0 se see that A= 1. imposible Seung Fylesn 3) 0 ad with 2 =O we ge y 0 andy = eee the ete pote ate (0,0) 898 (Os 2 Sap) 422-522 65 an eg) = 22+ 8 9 =0. ead) tal 4 454 oP oy? —t9) Fileg.a) = Set 2he — a(t MY. Flmand) = y+ 2hy From Filer 20 and from 5 ‘or y=? whieh sty F, with) "2: or N= =A, and om Fy, y= Ona #0 fom 9. Th (0.0) and (0,2) ate the eritieal points 3 slays) = 2 ty 4 Pad den 2y pe PS des. 4 flawy2)= 2? y+ 2 with SETS TL Pe heat defied by Hens = fen) tad SPEDE tan Wend the cial pints ofthe fection Let r oreeer o Ron ica & Hoge a @ y=. We met 9 = 0 berate ten Ea (4) ule in'Ba Gh we go's 0, Subtting = 018 Pa ‘Flan (@) we bave 220: From (2) we have either & requte that 274-1 =0, which le impossible. 10 wehave “yori =O y= 1, Thecelore, (01,0) and (01.0) aze the etc poets. In Bxersse 58, use Lagrange multipliers to find the abmolnteextrma off sibinet to the constraint. Alo find the sts a which the extra ecu, Jn Eerises 9-12, find he albcle mana and mini the eo Span ~ten mest ieos Hand) a ryaNeh 0) Boley) = 22 De =O F(a y A= 14249 =O; yaad) == 4-9-0 Sie ‘hese equations simultaneously, we get the solitons aS iefeshys- Bish eaiVeyeh A= AVB.y hese 4 = 52: abmaute mines f( $V 35.) =, absobite maxim, 8 Ma yaztey, x47 <9. J, =22=0, J, =1 0. Them are bo crea pootn "Te absolute extrema ae eo Minto ga 6 flay) Fasf = Fond) = zy 4a? sy? 20, eae (043) 205 Fyn ed) = a 1g =D. a= Othe on ry thea from Fy. 2? = 16y%, and ftom 3, ne 4. $0, V3) ‘paumum f(24.—1) 2-4, spotsemininun, We. fey) =2%y aad 27+ 87 S24 J, = ay =O: J, = 2 = 0. The only cctical pati (0.0). (0 Able excema are cove an the Boundary givein Fx. & es a= +vi PE41) 24, absolute = 0. The © fey ina and yes th= 0; Hence mini mbhh nts 1EA= 0, we have 6 dation ciel pins (19,0) (0, 41,0), (0.0 41) a wich f= 0. Beciethe casei led and bounded, bw xtemas tie at the crea pins Heme tne a sim valor of YE sd sain oon of 9 Hlems)=avs, 24 2P e4c2c4. Fase =O fast ‘riven pointe J =0. The aban xen are ue om880 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE Wein the ertieal points of th funtion F. Let Fxlevnaa) wat pte 0 © Sty? +28p = vidy+20) « tee 32 FG nsa) aay @ From Ba (@) dither = 160, hen from Ba, (I) site 0: then fhom Ea. (4). y= 21, oF 250: then on (hy = fandom a= #4 12 =I, the fom Ea. (1) 2 hen rom (1). 33° — wor = FhVdand 2 = for pacha fom) Naprente toons of We lt ie crtial points the valves off and ue cnclnin. The figure shows the cousraat and the level sce for f= 1 tangent a (01,0) : 2 ° ° 1 gee cee alg 4 aS I a Fe 2 sem: > Wefind the crtcal points of J. Leene)=2=0 son the boundary given in Exezese B. 1a Feriny 1 apd in the abate minimum ve ff, dn Ex 18 ond 16, Bnd the able maxim.12.9 LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS a5 and 2 49+ 2 4 flayed) = syst MP + yh + Cage een Ea 22 IVE At t+, totems fob ahh toh Hee FAs octave (Loa) (0 120) thor a een PO The einen APE ty + sand 2? + t+ . POPS Noe Fa fy Foateys2 antes ee e—or avs Chel ptr (V8 Vuh, fie NV. V, V8) =3V8, HV, -V3, V8) = 33. Beton the Sustat Mt cst ald Nomad, J tos auton hom, ooisoel id eee oe ‘Therefore, the maximum value of f is 3/3. rth const Bey ee s20s20220 Tet i» hypeintin of tro acts (ve tb) sl meets the cordate plas in the Sen 2A and sy= 38 en as ned we me pore thew an bebe yen Ge? = 2 pa tVi and for = Uy$> 41. Now ve show that f bas smaller ‘alten ontade cra doved and bounded mt. We slve the enatt rs td ibiste fa fhe EEE aad f= ay =P. Decase the maxima is postive, we have xy £36 and f £36 (as) ion or ote he squat S$ =[0.20)<[0.20), then f $027H = 92. There, fans maximum a fn bras po of § that ata al pn Tee be te fiction defied by 5 « Be y203) = ays + zy + Beet 9272) Wet te ite pina econ at Fyleinze) @ @) @ @ 2) by wand Ba, (3) by 2. This seslts y+ Nazy= 82) zur Mew + 2) = dace ts rom Bay. (5) and (6) we conclude that 3 Sebatitting tom (8) and (9) io (4, we bave duis + ap) +p) — 72 = wae Then 4 and dhemaximum salves $026.4) = 2VO))= 6 ‘Aluenativey, consider Of = 6242? = 2oyyaec\ge), Becase she sum ofthe factors le consant (72) the frotect i am re hy ar enti tet ax 1 ad) Weshow bow to graph the eonsiein San withthe sper marae Sitadate 2 Bite 2 et tan cass) tan rains For surface of eur problem, mubiply the formulas for 2, y, = by 2/3, 63, 47/3.882 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 10, fheays) = 22-4492 12nd (a) ape = 1: (0) ay = 1 (0) 21 iectae san ees fleas nu be ancy ls ft no mas 0 npc hal pin beacon eat rene pene ees iae- suede ty. F,=22 5 tay tape, Te 2 eal pots sr (VB) Tenn the minima vale off sient =O. Ths hr al pt (1.0.0 Brent 0.00) =i the mise ale of 34 te as eth af te pt (18) rin a ha A ye an ‘minimum when w* does, and has no maximum, Let f(z,92)= u* =(2~1)? + (y= 3)" +. wens ah renter ET Die ay aha 9 3-a Fate A=0, pian RT Fe thanioe has he ei pi hobo) and at this poi w = o/h D+ 3+ By = BVA 19, Let w amis be she ditance from the pont 1) —L.cI) tothe point (nan) in he plane y= 35 =2 wae shin sh wes anda aoa bt Jean) = ER DAE tens.) =~ N+ E+ Feaiens eet A, Fa tat 438 -1-f Oop) aCi ay iy hemor, [has the rial poi (Ga ato po w= GIF HPT BHP = Vee PP “ar ave 20. Find the lest and greatest distance fom the origin to» pont on the elise 23-4 4y4 = > Becaise the ellpa iva cloed ard bounded st the distance as a masianum apd a minimam whieh accu 2 catcal point "The estance frm the origin to any point (zx) is "= uit. Breast the least and fetent ances occur as the pons where the square ofthe distances its extrema weet Ie ‘We must find the points where the fesetion J has its extrem, subject te the constraint 244 = 16 a ‘et Fb the Fesetion defied by Pleyd)= 22+ 92 4 Me" +47? ~16) ‘Weitnd the erica! yoins ofthe fancion B, Let PHA sy 8 @ @ 4:4 and from tg (3) we have As =f ad fom Fy, (2) we have 2 = ‘We lit ech critical pau of F the value of /E" + 9? and our conclusion. Note that che extrem onc atthe ds ofthe ae zk 2 2 beaten, 2 sheolte minimam 4 sbwolte maxi ° 1 os solute maxi12.9 LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS 853 121. Let w units be the distance fom the origin to a pint (2.2) on the elipwaid 9e*+-4y24 2? =36. The ‘lipo i ceed end bande et there ae ec for stand ag the extrema ow Let £6. Criteal points (6.6) and (0.0, 8) uo a point onthe lipo i 2 nd the green divtanes i 6."The Bays PE Met a Per, =t+20,2=—p ‘although the constiint 2et is a plane whien is Cchousted, the level ears ae ligated is teat that come sabe ped touche he plane, Py} Band 2424 L 9 Band 2—y Sley.2 Ap) = ty 4 A$ Nes yt 82-6) + e924 1) “The constrain at iva line, coed bat unbounded 0 bass minimis bt oo main. rR nde Fy t04 21 p with: F.=24R\—po0 s=—P+dn, Prreviysiscéoe DaieekPpoeey ciel nape Thsefng A =} bam g= fhe— Hb Te cra! poe io BH I) Tbe) = CEH BPE GSP AH, wih ihe minimon vale of 9 Use Legnagy nuldpen 1 fd he abt minum fret aur ff flint) eta the two consteuints shyt a @ Beaty 1 The conntraint is the Tine formed by the intemecton of two planes ite distance from the oigin attain an absolute minim ata citfeal point Let ¥ be the function defined by FOE yska) =a) ty +4 Aa byt 2s 1) tale By +E) Thee FsGansAp) ° Fleneka) “ o a) fore Bg (4) yan Ba. (8) fr esndasas) o p=-H0-20) o 2=-}0\40) o Sabaitting fom Das. (6 (Py sd ate (1) gs H+ 3u)—40— 2p) (+ p)-1 0 Anas A+B Way 2 ad Cee © Subaiating fom Bes. (6 (7), ad (8) inte (2) we at =H0+3)= 0-2) Os 24-0 Tanne wasn as 00) Sohne, igs 9)=2(Fq 19: 5A42 0,2 -$8 (#4, 9) 26510) atts 0.8 Sebati ino (6 (7. and (6, we obi sa-HCH+B=- ACE-B=8 Evaluating {athe critical point gives the absolute minimus value (#8365) =(— LP + (6)? 4)? =a+ ey Byth— nae B) Pyeeky Eig © ed wept == Pom wes nt is PER) diane cg ts sed dead Betty "and Dy hyo Fron the consents, e+ ¥41=, feria tye hegetey aay. pew 720 ab. Hone heen lin astm value a . 1), 24 y-2=002), Fae ty 44 Met ts~ Ite typ S Ryaivi sat wed Wy Fhse tap m0 () «Frm () and (2) we From (3) and (A) we get 2? =y4. From (1), tags netet 1 imposible. AL te cael point Myhe) apart = de bet we ine tom) Oh Pew ye Poa Ua F They F ban abesute mlsinih wah In Beet 2736, win Lagrange multipin to lve 1. Lets, y and :be the aurbers, Thea f(3, Indicated exerie of Feria 12.8 and 2+ y-+2=2, £20, 920, 0. The constraint st ica Uianele, which i cowed and bounded = f tne s masinuin and @ minimum. The minimum is 0 Stained at all points of the boundary = soy ritcal paint a maximum. Let faysdame pies yes 2. Fo ths pcive mbes whew profct 24 sie hat tissu i ae szall a pose tet 220,930 220 the mente We ant odin ands ech ta the nto Jie by es fhas a minimom value, subject tothe constraint = 24 o) Hf r>3, y>3,2>3, then f >3+3+3=9, Therefor, ifthe reative extremum on the closed and bounded cube 0S? £3,027 £3, 0-5 223 i less than 9 it must be the abeoute minimam. Let F be the function ‘defined by Pana) eet y te + Maye 24) ‘Then FG @ Fylene @) rap, o ‘We multily ot both sides of Bq. (2) by 2, on both sides of Ba. (2) by y, and on both sides of Ba. (4) by =. ‘This rere ia 6 @ (7) 6 aU < Ya ‘Therefore each aumber is VA, Became the sum i less than 9, we have the absolute minimum. 29, Lew unsiabe the distance fom the point (1,28) a plot (2342) ithe plane willbe a nizum when o a nie, F Sh Be+ ay Topo y= 2042) 4242 05 y= 2 G1 ~$) 48-2-4) 94) 32 0 hob fis BAC the crt pine PAD» fe Sines, and hence flz,y.2}, can be atitrarly large, w has a minimum at P.12.9 LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS $55, 4 that ate clowst tothe origin and find the minimum distaee Hen He 9 thee altel of ae ‘30. Find the points om the surface g = 9? (O/ae de £2 hen 22,25 Fd —2V8 9-2, Mba w 20 to the origin ef minimum when, ig amino bt 5 Fleapsdg)s tt af tet Mets tl 429) + ple ty + I ane 200246 $4 Bap th ea pins are Fl. ee vie MeO hen ty 2 =O 5 —ty a4 9g? 4 = gt = Thane 7= ofp te ca inne H.-A) and lt— ote) f= desend cna ot ced oa edd Twn si otal palace un ae loa othe cig ad these ance 22 oreo 34,4 retnguas bos witout top to be nde at at $10 for the material, Che materia fo the beton oft ber cont S018 per ogre font sod wail fr the es cont 9030p uae fn, Eat se Emenee a grea cle os on ba Las uy finand A b the lenge wis and height ofthe Wns 230, 9 tetera low nan densa Views) EE alin ln emenite isn o3obe 0 ‘ate Boe 10th costaiet x Uvoowaded butte on tesla maimum cecuing wt etal dein. a be Une fancton dnd by Fieve) weve 4M0-Hey + O.0er + 08ee 10) 0, We most find 252 @ 8 (a) ‘We imukiply on both sides of Eq. (2) by x, on both sides of Eq, (2) ty ys and on both sides of Ea. (4) by = ‘This resale i yet NO.I52y + 0.60: @ zy + MULISay + 0.6092 © 2ys + NO.6Da: +0509: @ From Bas (5) and (6), we conclude that ey rou Bap. (8) and (2), we have (iby = o.60: yaa eplaing £ and y by 4: (1), me obeain .5(4=) 42) +0.60(4e): + 0.6048)¢ = 10 ape us ea ea wicca LTO GF Wasa RNC ENE,$56 DIEPERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 43. Let Ef, wf, hie be the length, width and height ofthe box. C cents is the cost. = Siwy wh} 12th 16 F(Gsuyhy3) = 18Gu = 16wh + 120+ NGwh ~ 16). atthe: 1) =. Fo Tobey? 100ze, Fy: 10's “2002 “EB 2= 2h e= £1 (6 pts). awe T 36. Tet & w, and h be the number of wit in the leat width and Height ofthe ox: Let V cutie unite be ue tad eave sit uric aren (Ss sian). wh aad $= bw +204 2h, €> Ie ¥ >0, b> Os floabd) ses Vc] nd Venn battery a An itl pt ea matin, F awh 440 12H) m0 422 1.96 = oe 42) 0: bo =f Bo. wba aieedenivh at Beit v beanie sim 136, Prove that the box heving the largest volume shat canbe plat ina ape nthe shape Sta D Let 2, 71+ be the nataber of waits in the dimessions of the box. If anite i the diameter of the sphere, ‘nits, Thus we we wast to show because te lagest ox i asribed in the sphere, the digomal of the box thatthe valume function defined by Vig) = 292 sue to the constraint ® et Pe the funtion dined by F(a. y.304) = 215 + A.I5zy +06 + 0.609 — 20) Ther Fan Bega) Pies We mult ited we conclude that 22? —22, and thus, 2 y=, Beeson the contest etx elned nad Bounded, V Fas an abwolute maximum value whieh must ocur at the erieal point Therefore, the bex having the largest ‘ele that ent e placed ina sphere ea eabe, {In Exercises 37 and 38 we wish wo maximize U subject to g = 22+3y +42 =90. Uecaue 242-4 57442 constant, the product is maximom if This point maximizes U. (4s). Became ¢+r+3+y+y ts is constant, the product is maximum if i "This point maximizes U.129 LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS 857 (90. T= 22? +y?~y, Because the disk 2? + y? <1 is closed and bounded, extrema are attained at 2 critical point Gr abouts pone Ae eral pont E,= tes Uapd Ty= yal = Og h TO Onthe boundary, 8 = 12, 1 y SET =H) apt my hyp Ty Bye Wienyoole=Uand T= Wey Ea ind t= # Wren y=, == 0 and T0, “Thus the temperature is hottest at the points (44./3,—1) and coldest at the point (0... ‘MIC T(2,9) degen ie the temperature at aay. point (2,9) of the tp ball of a crear sky defined by ety yhet and y 20 and T(2,g) =22" Sey +597 ud the hottest and coldest pulnts Tn the region and the Teaperatre a thee pots > Return slowed and Dou etrma are ale cal punt or «banda ok Teeaenaye Banter ity—0 ‘Thus the only critical point is (0.0) and ‘1(0,0) = 0, which turns out to be the absolute winimem. Sag h then T= 2 ehh bus minimum a0 as0 aada moc af 1 tape ly etle Pend) ast aay 8 EM? Playa ate —3y42he = (44 De Fie) = ter ldy tty = aes (104 athy—0 ° “The WomogencousEncaraystem bas he shin (0,0) Otbrwsg, solving es (1) and (2) for», we abtaa aide aay redo lee » sa Oe pha A+ BA+O=9 AN + BASS =O @) yrasyo tty? a tags sna tetaaty(1e VBP = eee peasy za 4y22 fh ‘Ir we select the positive sign tn (4), we chomse Uhe positive root. Then em hyo Vi ua dy2— land T= 2-99 {ete ch ep. echo te sen en ah. we chao the anv Tien V2= Va, v=ty24 V2, 8: ‘which fe the absolute easienurn valve “The critical points are the cgenovctors of the system fe ~ dy = 0, B24 10y cheracterstic equation. ‘The TESS can fil thee by using the wig fonction i ‘ther advanced graphics ealeulators can tou ‘Alternatively, let 2 = cus , y =sin 8,0 ‘T= cor =i sin cou 05 coed {1 400 20) — Bin 26-411 ~con 2) ENV V3 sin 29 44 /B eo 26) 2-3/7 sin(o8 +S) “The maximum va of on th anand ie aboate maximum value e+ }/4i¢ (3) is the Join 0 —Jeoe 9 pata yee888 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE JV5>0 wien 2=}yb4 Vi and y = WV. A hed alternative i to simplify T without ehanging the constant by ung the rotation of axes fru Aine 41 Gh 22h phar bet % 2 Mhinge = (8 42004 (10 +28 + 90) = ays js P4227 4 1100 Met y +2 — 1) Fy = Be Fosde- Bhabha b Tit, A= 1260. = 4B, Seo Brercive 128.26. _Miscelloncous Evereises for Chapter 1 Buarsnce 1-4, determine the donmnin of [and sketch aca region in RP the ant of pinto tha domain 1 flay) = VEAP HIE. The domain of fs ((2.9)| 2°47 2 16). whic is the at of ll points in RP ‘ute and on the elipue 2/164 97/8 = VIE AHH do) f)—{ergh 92 1), he pnt eR? inside the cece Jn(y 23), dors) = (eo) > #1, the st fal points in RP nse the parabola 4 Hey) = sin“ ~~ ') 2B [1.1], then the domain of fis the setof all ‘The minimam on the ate 190, ee maximize 2 = (2ekSy)(Ae)st when 2 30, 2? 1100 subject to 2 +9 earee “Ths the domain i> the at ofall pote chat He citer on or between the ceo Py yaa and 249° = of ends 2 and 9/6, as shown inthe iat 8 seme) + S(z4.2) in defined if|y|— (24 # 6. Ths the domain offs Ue st of al points (2,942) jn W xenpt thane Ee The range al fie (5,40) 6 f(zy,2) (2? + y? +274). = Kay. a}, De oles ’ ‘tn ExrdonsT and 8, deere the domain of and sete the graph off ‘ 1 $629) = J96=4=7—P. The domsin offi (9) 422+ 992 < 98), the : cof al pins (23) tn R? hie and ox the elipee 22/0 y= The Sonn oe REST the pr bal ftp Baris asa A Hea) 1028—¥ > "The domain, of J is all pointe of W2. The graph of J is the gragh of \Ge2— y, » hyperbolic paraboloid a shown in the figure 1% J = E ne have B= bey. The conta prod eaves ae y= ye, 4 2y. If = k then b= 2442p. The bothermals ate the parabola y = Kk~ 23), k= 0.2.4 6,8. In Baeeies 1-24, find he idee paral dervaties, 2ely ay + 42—2y a) Dyslayo) stay ay" 4 (0) Dayton) = Be? 029-2 2 Bovet 6 Dy ste) = Piten mt 40—0y (fan = (Daflew) = £ee he panos [ee bay 2) = 6 Say 2) = 42 —6yMISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 12 859 flew) =(te20 (9) Aaa) flew (0 flea A) flav 60) Sale) Lage © a) Alea) = Dye? yy! = 4a" 2 apt, tet dy) =a Aa ay 82) = Maze 0) fale) =D, (6a? 29)? = 142 — 29D (te? 29) = 21d? 29-2) = 240229)? (6) Applying the rent of part (a), we otaia Fine) = Dgffgon) = D,l06e(2e” 1) = gla? ~ y+ (25° — yKt] = a6hae#— yiiaet— y +82} = 96(222 py 102" — y) (@) Applying the rst of pact (9), we obtain Fale) = D, J {as0) = D248" — pF] = (20) 2028" — 99D, —9) = 807) (©) Applying the rns fpr a), we obtain 7 Tigleo) = Byitit2et— 8} = 62) 2\ 24 —y)-1) = total 2a?) (f) Apllyig the cenit of past (8), we obtain Fiala) = Dydols.a) = D222" — 9 = (22,25? — y(t) = —I92s(23" 9) aeRO is oye peMaP CeO) pty _ yada? a fear a Boss WD ra aes (© fage0) =F 2-85) Flea * ie fra) 210 a) Dy =e" Op cd Sil eenaaree™ IS. ofos) = sinfe) +e (0) D,atst) 222) oa ae 78 (0) Df = BPO (d) Df =D,, Beos( st?) + 1% (b) Dag t) = 2st cost) + of (©) Dyptnt) =2¢ coat) + Pl 2at ifn] eet = 2¢ cont?) —2aPin) et (4) Dats) con(st?) + 2st|~t'sin(st?)) + ef = 2¢ cos(st*) — Qst*sin(s!®) +o 16 Mey) = 12 (9) Deh) DyMn a (9) Dy za (8) Dyas) > (a) noone ap ae ee 14 (Q\__y* 22% _ -22"y 0 Poke ia Fag Beh fny(2a8— 34) eat ory, eo (tbh) 22 eal (2s NG?) _ 20294) ae EE ae We fey) <2! pn B=! 4 ta2i—iyy (2) Salen) =] 42 0) Lora) = 27 -F (0) Fasleand = he (8) Sherr) =e Set H+ y= Garey A Ate £ Wetast—2i2e) tas? flaw) =boVF FE = ine + 9) (0) =) fy = ES pe ered Vt tay Ae? +97) _ — tale? 492) + 8 _ tlds —y2) Ohare Tm See ee (e) Dishes») =D, EF) = bey + 9!) 3292 ta BJ pray 0 Dylan =z) 3 aa (0) Dafoe (0) Dyslen) = epee aae = apap Palle‘800 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE VEE IAAA a) Foleonsh b) S,lesn () Iylean2) Het ye— pot tee HAN ONE VARIABLE flaw, ® (0) Sale (0) Syfesns) = fet say: 2) tay: (0 falzans) = Ha + Sue 2D a+ 212080) ea eP : <(2uy(6e) ten Wea a eae =e P1608 _ Loult20" + Su? — ut) 20) J hoop rat soP J+" ae Se eee Hest BAM (a) f, = AeA (6) fp = AaB 4 Bo drae tO ACGet? 4 ret tt (t+ eather) Arte] 8 + at Leet aE oy Dysrat — bs Para SFO Pils = 35 2A. flame) = w 08 204 Sein w~ foe an {a) Dafleeve (01D, Foto) () Den flnteed » G) Bylese) = Dilares 204 Sod 2 ue nw) = Posi 20+ Seu Duta (9 Didmo} =Botm rt Sepa tov tn.o)— Jena Dou 6} Dysflersw) = DED, (eye) = Dyfi cos = 2 lan te) = to ee and Dygyiensw) = Dy(—2e nee) Bea ely mays ate yt Peo Bear Pee— sen yA) con ene corset Sean we ag Fa Sinily, ttt ae cage aye So Pee 4s Bxetns 77 and 28, fd 00/04 and dt by two ethos fee 2th ee Be and 50 te + Uyy te =O BREA SS its seen OE BB Pye oes Pf MED aa ear deeded ctnenefucarncde fe = MED smie av) (b) w= (Bt pln + 1807) Bex ar—aelBLrain ee Ws MOLD? 182)Bun A Meolty 2) = PB > We ne techn ele. Tam oo(2y= 2) For the sean methed, ve eliminate and y before yartialliforntinting.lceause =e? and 29> ~ 5? te ten came 5 sa y= sens 5 BB. we Say + Day — dys — 27 = = meld (a) B= B88 D8 4 ay 5 2) + (8 + B= 9:97) + (By 100) seyoe* = Gyse"* + 9s%r? 4 Ger?s® Ger? BAPE? 4 ASAIO — 3G Adee — 2 bal PFE PPE OFFI EPDM #84 3:,2 08 > (0 Sn Begs + MSs Buds cee 10? done (te 4 Bhan + ante e+ 2ian 8 ated = Acoe y= dai $Y 2 (y 20) Asin ) +S. t) =e cont Aly +200 VE and 8 = 2VBhV8) ~ AVE + VID (8) w= 12 sin f cos t+ 16 cos"! = 6 sin 2+8 +8 cos 2¢ 2 1200 4-502 AE SRE f(e,y) = 28 + ye", find: (2) AMO,2), the increment of fat (( ‘ay 202; Afi, Ae Ay) he total eset of fat (0,2) (2 Af = O2 As} F002) = (Se +s Ape 2 (0) Fe 0-1 and Ay = 02, thes from the eal given part fa) we have Af(O,2) = (-0.1)' + (2+ 0.2)" 2 = 0.01 $2.26" ~2 we C.0006K2 (0) dffz.y,Az, dy) = Dy f(ay)de + Daf lzyldy = (2 +97 )Se + Oy Shan Mapelaasas) = 2a2 + ay (6) Brom the ros gives in pat (9) we obtain afo2,-04,02) = 4-01) =02 = 0 = Seu? —Se29 day: (a) Af-1.4 JEAR\S 4 Ap)?—S(-1 + Ae)(2+ 82) “a. tn ape? = (0 + 2ese 4 Cd esi — Bn AY (0) 30.2) when a (0,2,-0:,0.2). [14 A234 Aydt ds) 14 S34 Ave Hola) = 02, . . '98)2.99)?~9{-0.98X3.98)? ~ -0.96)(2.99\1.98) — 132), Dyflays) = 39? 529 2ye = ~5, Daflea2) = Gay 2 “ges = 2ey = 26. Thecefine A 132.Ae Ay As) = Dyf(-132) Ae + Dyfl1A2) Ay + Dalen 2) (a) dsie2.8.200.02, 0001, 2092) = -9(002)= (G1) +20(—DoE) = ns =I, Bae May +2642,862 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF NORE THAN ONE VARIABLE Me fle) = 241 ge) BE Me) =2 0) ad). = 900.0 (eh attodsayy= d+ 1d) = ED wits ray KOU8 Shon = C8) BE fe fase S57 emetic eli inne Bao GED" al fin ee 96 yl ale) Sosa ie ee cee zine se wey ar opr te tho itt deen See ee iin, tet OEE (eo) i aay SF aRD” cos ae TE eS es a aw 3 Bh Gch) In Exercises 38-40, establish the limit by fading a ¢ >0 for any ¢> 0 such that Denil Bim, (ey) =21 |az—4)—Sty +1) < Vo EAP Ss IP < VaI8 Zc whenever 6 < of VAT 25 hele. To prove | i (Bet =ay?) =, we show that fr any ¢ > O here na ¢>0 such tha 3 To prove in, —?) ow eat for any > O ere na > 0 [022 49?) +4|< ¢ whenever 0.< @—2) +42) <0 « Iota? 44|=|siat—a1- ate? ate alea2leays2ly—2] ® ‘To grt an eppet bound for e+ 2] andy ~25 we mse: | Then whenever Lents Yen HyT AF < ES lyme have 12-2 < Landso3.<2=2 <5. Also whenever let 2]< flea)? a <8 Lowe have “cy +20, we must find a §> 0 such Pays te wy— iolce mheaver 0< yle—aP =I iy Donsition 16.5.2, we must Sd ¢, and < sich that ed + 28y = MS Eo 96) ~ Dif eo¥o)O— Daf zp Vo)¥ @ here «y=e0 ad (gO a8 (Ax, 4g) (0,0). We dave ew) eet Berio +A) —Sle0%9) (ey + Aro + Ay)? Aly + Be)? (yo 4 Av "— [Beate — Are! + vl = beoiudy + Seg(Sv)! + Ing! Se-+0ygSed9 “Adel ay)*oSaghe “SEE + Avg HAH)? Next, we fad the flowing. hy?S= Sage @ s+ 2nd ® Ssbtitatng fom (2) (3), and) int (1, obtain yds tty = apy ds + H9F182 4 Bogda Ay dy ‘Therefor, we take", = 0 4A2-42(Sy)" sed y= Sayy-+ Ay ond 6,0 and ey-0 a8 (Ae, Ay) (0,0), ‘Thus, fis diferentable a all points a Re 6 1e.0) = 2B stead = fond Dg ste9) =5F%. Thre S20 vey) tory 95,4, Ai(e9)-Dyfleyiae—Dye 252 Gyan Ms TE) PENA LENG ae we ee sytaz —ty(dyP ay + teydy + 42(dy)? + yldy)? ahaa” 77 ae (y + Ay)? 5s wily + dy)? * In Dettion to = WBE 2H ad vars tvayetdagh antsy ‘As (G2.dx) ~ (00), 44+ 0 and ep =O 20 fie itfereatinbie at all ponte tate demas.MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 12 865 62. since = ce“ |i sinalnleMda~ae-Ade| ¢ ea + oe“Bae= (7.14)W0.01) +3.527.14)-2(001} = 0.00209 {3. Let x meters be the length ofthe cling y meters the width of the eifing, and = meter the height ofthe oem. IFC dollars i the cost of the Job, thea 3 2a dC = (4s 4 Dyes (ds + Deidy +2 +49) “£0,005. Thea Sem dC’ 20 0.008) + 22( + 0.005) +25( 2 C005)~ £0.99 “Thecefore the gretest eo in estinating the cat of the jo is 39 cen (Ava given instant, the kngth of one side of rectangle is 6 ems and its increasing a the rate of 1 ems the Tengu of anther sie of tho reelangle i 10 em sod 5 tx decrescing atthe rate of 2 em/s. fins the rate of change of the aren ofthe rectangle atthe given insta, Ar tinconds et scan and p em be the bgthe of the sides ofthe recangl and A cia? be its are We are en tnt dafdd <1 and dy/ét = 2 when z ~6 and 9 = 10. To Gad dA/dé at this moment, we calculate the total differontial and evaluate. Thus eee Aim ta ot Spa Wes Ba dea eff in ren “Teneo the avn decease al the ate of es atthe given meet 65 Lee vem be the radius of a right-creular cylinder and let hem be its bright. If V em? isthe volume, thea ya ern 2 BV rg OY ba orth Were thn BG og oh fe gh nen £= 20,95 = 5, A= 40, B= 19, we ave $y i “Thus atthe given instant the volume is decreasing athe ate of 3200> m/min, 6, ite =A we Bave fly.2)=396~16y?+ 92 = 0.06/0) ~ f/f, = 9/18 = 10 giv 8/5 (2. The del gus lav Palo is he poste, V Hers the vol, and T dees i he ener, he pokfap adh gs ay barney BHR GAN Vee a 3 ana £E -e(20)40)(—8) + (207212) = 42007 wee 0, then f= 40s) Pas) = -n.04. ‘Thus at the given istans the presse is decreasing atthe ate of 0,08 atm/min, In Ex. 68279, find an equation ofthe taagent plane and equations of the normal line tothe surface atthe point Gress 2ep (1.37) '> Lat F be the function defined by Fiey.2)=2 +220 “Thus, the hyperbole parbolo i the graph of F(z,9,2) =0. We have k a = 00,7275, “Thus, an equation of te tangent plane tothe surface at (1, Be-1)+2%y-3)—-7 Se42y-2—T and equations of the normal line tothe stface a (1.7) ate eel bs3, apete Let flesyys)= 28 +29 42-8 Then Vflenae! ‘An equation of the tangent plane at (2,152) Mle 2) 4 y= 1) + (2-2) = 05 ae 29 Equations ofthe normal line at (2,1,2) ae pis ais Be 2ey~ y?— 15. Then Vf = (Ge + Bye Be By STO ‘Tangent plage: 92 2)~(y~3) =0; $2~y = 15. Normal in: (2 =2)/9886 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE. and G(s, 2) = 224)? 324: G2 Becage z= 2, ne have ayes 4 = i $e Se ct i gi eH Petants leap 4i}ereqiaeny, Seay 012 ~ Sey. Let 2,9) = 900 Sey. V/(e,9) = ~Byl 24). Etre ania hs nea the whe (b) The y axis points to the south so the direction of north is Dyfters) ~ (121150) (3) ~ 160 > 0. Therefore the cline is ascending, Pre Gace Se uate mice’ spas it ton uteri Dyfi o mts ; CET oe in) 0, “ont aan n= ian = — A level path lies in ther of the direetions is Jie TA Slay) — 29 bay 439? 0) 15,8) = 152+ 6598 + 48)? = 1137 (O) fifa) = 224 6 £aG5,8) = B18) +68) =78 (0) flay) = Fe +8, Ff25,8) = 615) + 68)138 to Exercises 15-15, use Lagrange mips 0 find the exteal point(s) ofthe fancticn subject co the constraint sand deterine the nature Ws f(y) a9 42 yaad 2 Fylesya) = e+ 2A2 Fiend) = 2-2 Saya) = 9-42? — 7+ Ns? 297-9). 1 F,(29))= 2) y= 0: ay? 260i inpomible ey “The critical points are Hn, and (V5, 0), Gentes es taste he Fron the constant, 22—Sy2 Sag Latent mer g jm at cach critical point and f( 4 v/5,0) = 10. 76. fizy,2) = 2" +y? +2 with cousteaist 2#-y?=1 > Le de con deed by Fews=e ryt tit Pt) o @ o y TAP Ei hen fom (226 tom tea fom (1), 2 = 0; fom (4) y® = —1, impossible 1, then feom (2), »= 0s from (4) === 1 ‘Thus the cea pola are (2.0.0) and (1.0.0). 10 defines = 8a Gunction ey then = 0: ftom (4), 1 =0, impossiblea BF fe DS fyyfee—fye = 4-2-0 28 and oo tach extlcal point isn relative minimur:thefumetioa vale is 1. tn fet, enc isan absolute minimum. Mlwa)=y terete? Teena =r te Fylenea) = y=|a-9. Flaws Pyne) = A= 0) = 490; 294 = 463, » fen —15, “Te etal pit x PG, 11,15) and 7.1.15) ==, . Gander son function of andy. From the ceasteant = ~1 and BS ——1, Bean fyel tele 2 Janes intent : Bebe 1-8-8 60 fy = 24 8-H) =(-2) =. Ree fhe réative mama Lew uss be the distance frm the point (4,12) tom point (2.42) ia the plane = 7-+25—=0, w will be a Iminnmaa when isa ini et Merit) = = (29+ yal +622)? Hes d) = (2-4? +1) > 2 AE 9 422) H@—2). B= 2p 2-A be y =U 49). Fa 22-442 Pye ny tte = OHS=2) O42) 42028) 20 ARG eH yall: =f The crt pet ie Pgip-p sean. e= Vigra = (STEW Recause f(xy. 2)210 on or outside the sphere (2~4)8+(y—1)? 4(2—2)? =10, f has + minimum at a ‘rticl point inside the Closed set bounded by the intersection ofthis sere and the given plane that is at P. Use Lagrange multipliers to fd the point on the nulace «= x? ~y2 +2 thal ls cleat 0 the origin Brenuse V2!F 242? b the distasce fom the orgia to any point (z,y.2), we wish Lo find the absolute Ininiavun value ofthe fancion J deine by fey2)= yetayea tule to the constzaint saa 42 Q ‘Because fee a minimum valne whenwvee f2 Bae & minimim value, we let F Dethe function defined by Flea) 2 ya 2s Met 24) ‘Tae eileal points off are among the ef the muary fonction F. Then pote 109 = Ne Tea, aed f(D, i Se et Ea ee (hc ack coche, ‘Thus, the points on the hyperbole paraboloid cone tothe origin are (OA6,2) and (0,— BV). The figure ‘Hows the srlace ands apes ceteed the oigin of raion 4/7 tagent Co dhe sutace af We extrema.‘868 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 81. Let the tree numbers Bey and 100 — zy. Let flesp) = 44? 4 [100 22) a =e p20 = f= k= fT = By AE 2 A SE.18) = 20. ¢ 212 100 or 912 10, then fe) 2 10.0050. bas an abselte minum ata eral aces eel jue (1901), Thus the Uhce munbers ace 4, M0, and 18, 6y= 0. OP, +Py= 264-112 =0, D=(-2(~6)— 1. maximum boos HEY cable unl ee volume of Pyaten pete (ra) ison the ellipoid 24 + 9y2 4 2? = 9, Hye — 928 ote — ott pets or 0, 053 o 60, then (0. Hence fas a ulate maximo val aa ei pin nde Serctangebse21 oct ee Juz leet abe (018s? -2¢) <0; 188 422 =9 Zi thee hath AP m 20 beta hee a Siting snultancouly foro and P we gst sb =} P= 9, the only teal pot in is QVS/3) i taunt give the maximum. Thea +2-= 3: r= Sor y=E, then VCO. Hence V hus an abvolete masiniun value atm exiteal point inside the square 0 <7 £54, 09 <54, Ve Sty tay —y' = (42 9) = 05249 Vy rat aay = H(34— 2-29) 20524 25254 othe only critical point in (1818), which given the dasined maximum, ‘The dimensions of the crate of greatest volume are IS by 18 by 188 |S. A piece of wit 1 fet long i a nto the pines. One pine Bet eto the shape of a ice: a second piece is ent into the shape of squares andthe thi pier i tot into the shape of an elateral tangle. How should the wie be eat so thatthe comblsedatea ofthe thee figures (a) as mall a posable, and (0) as large as pate, > latin fobs the rads of the ce, xf the sie of the square ML the ie of te nangle, and A 1” the combined tea of the the gues. Then Ana ee sive? o Because the cumience ofthe cies rf the yerinter ofthe squares a athe peieter ef the angie © 3y we aso lave Lndersaedy 20220 y>0 ‘We watt to find the extaa of A subject co the constant (2) adhe ete oti Let Fete fanetinn deeds Flosud) mh eerdya- agentes 39-1) This Eolssnn) ware nana inetd) 224 Hes) {Vay anes ya avis ‘lhcttting te vale for ry yin (2), we obtain aa eh eyah a TT ant eee, y= 284 20.4. SLES mene HP + (20 KB 2 ssn? a Raa ome ) Bexnuse the el tuaces of A ate dips, we neeé only compate the vale ofA atthe etc point with the value of A at the corners ofthe tingle which i te graph of (2). fz =O and y= 0, then from (2) we have r= L/2y and fom (t) we tain o © Ter and 20, thes y= fleand Alivia = ct? o Coniparing the vale of A given fa Es. (8) (8, (9) ad (6), me conclude tha the minimus combined area 4s 02L" Raid tha acura when he aan 8 DML Ry Se ie of he agate SL Nl sie ofthe tag hg The ms cm es 8 4 ce en alte wi ed 6 BR. See Hxensises 128.49 and 1.0.5 fortwo diferent solutions.810 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 90. Find the greatest and Jest distances ftom the ign to the curve of invaseetion of the elipsoid =? +8y? +22 “250 and the elliptical cone 2 » Werseck the extrema of P= a? y+ 2 tet yrs tAQy a2 429) Fy PE hig te) 0. Tha opr 2s = yrs, 5 =2y, and 20 Sy 4p? + 8p? = 30, £22, 2= 2272, ¢. 2, the Sotto. these = tnd em = (eae) 5446 ys) 19 (Ssce300 0058) (522900— 906 50). G55 200) y s0.ahhe 0.951, When » = 42, y= 0.286% 42-951 =0.285,8 1.951. The regression lie has the equation = 110, The etay i 1 day, (64 0.295%206) er 122 In the following table,» patients stalie aod prewure and corresponding heart rate are given, where = -milmeters of mercury i the sstaie Hood presare andy beats per mieate is the heat rie, Patent 1 Patient 2 Patient” Patient 4" Patient. Patient 6 mm bg 10 MT 146 isa y beats/mia 7 a 0 ss 0 7 {a) Pind ss equtios of the regression line forthe data inthe table (b) Use the regreson live to estimate Datiats east rate ifthe systole blood presure i 85 mm of mercury. 1» (a) The sama required to find the regression line af y on # ate 148 Soy, = 56082 y=O5aI2e + 6.863 () If =85, then 541285 + 6.865 =32.87 ‘The enimate ofthe heart ate ls 53 bata per mioute when the blond prassuce is 86 mim of meteury. z(am/y/100)1 2 4 5 6 _ 65 plight) 01d ae wea EA NOD | (1160 = 98.53.297) £ eet ‘Fhe regresion line has the eqiaton p= Q62K= 1.482, When 2 12428. m 19.6983 ~ 1.480) = 9740, Elo) 130 140 150160 Be ‘Tlie emey 10085 75 — or "= Zen = 2 (4546230 580%329) _ 9, - G2B+LZL (Gosasn0 — seg) NP 190) =256.2~ 1215 120 — 111 thossand eases (178) = 256.2— 1.21170. wom, By, Bat 2502. Regression line: y 15 thowand cases,[MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 12 871 He #00) alt) i2ay- sta o e wif meaknennet aah 2603) st sm ey ftete Pane wn ag BE wy +B = ya Baan Be = fo+8hen]-fe + en] =9 +20 rea nee tite jhanetele M9. ulsiyss)= een 5s BB = Set Man SE Ss ein 3 BoB By = oman sane Pain 1d. ugg = 0rd nd Laplhee's equation i polar coordinates Lectin 5 23 =~" hin 100. Verify that via,4) = A co(hat pin), where A and ¢ ane arbitrary constants, saistes the patil liferential equation for a vibrating sting uy = 2%, > Partataterentiating with respect to 4; = —HeA Sialkot n(ée) 707A con Ket nl), ® -iferentatng w with respect to 2, we obcain EA con(ent)eode) AER coe(hat inte) PUA cobatin( ke} @ ‘Comparing Res. (2) and (2), we bla the dei elt da oi) Ge fe HE) eo tio HE, Sab 8 an ea Othe = SE a ea SE = 102. Interehange 2 and y in Exercises 12.430,[S72 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNC 1ONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE D,f000) = D509). aye 108. sles) =] HEAR MOO, 9,160.0) = fi, 0 i€(ane)= (00.0) ar Thenfor 4/(000)-D, 110.08) f(0.08)— F028) _ tasFiayFias)® (aenantias . ~ Tae Cale OF” [aoe (an? case 7 Vay roa pm Detonator CSEMAIMSEY aay, The te Deion 128. Cane 2 sles? ay + (anys (a? paints Tas? aes ener as (Az,Ay,A:] — (0.0.0) 64 0. Alto cy ~ 0 ard ¢, 0, Thos Js diferentiable ery sien etn ts ys He 0 ite=0 104. Prove tht fin dieotinuoon atthe gn. oo > Wer wih i atermine siete 7 hm f(é9) = (0.0) 0, Beas ig

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