XYZ Pvt. Ltd.

26 March 2011

POWER ANALYSIS REPORT

for

M/S XYZ Pvt. Ltd

Prepared By:

Beyond Vision Engineers and Consultants

Pune

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XYZ Pvt. Ltd. 26 March 2011

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are thankful to the management of the XYZ Pvt. Ltd for giving us this opportunity to contribute

in their endeavor for Better Power Quality at Electrical System. We thank XYZ Pvt. Ltd team

members for co-ordination and their efforts.

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XYZ Pvt. Ltd. 26 March 2011

HARMONICS AND ITS AFFECTS

Harmonic Distortion Sources and Effects

Events over the last several years have focused attention on certain types of load
on the electrical system that results in power quality problems for the user and
utility alike. Equipment which has become common place in most facility
including.

Computer power supplies, Solid-state lighting ballast, Adjustable speed drives

(ASD’s) & Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS’s) are the examples of non -
linear loads.
Non – linear loads generate voltage and current harmonics, which can have
adverse effect of equipments, designed for operation as linear loads (i.e. Loads
designed to operate on a sinusoidal waveform of 50 or 60 Hz.)

Effects of non-linear load:

Higher heating losses in the transformers. Harmonic can have a detrimental
effect on emergency generators, telephone and other sensitive electrical
equipments.

When receive power compensation (in the form of passive power factor
improving capacitors) is used with non-linear loads, resonance condition can
occur that may result in even higher levels of harmonic voltage and current
distortion, thereby causing equipment failure, disruption of power services, and
fire hazards in extreme conditions.

The electrical environment has absorbed most of these problems in the past.
However, the problem has now reached a magnitude where Europe, the US, and
other countries have proposed standards to responsible engineer system
considering the electrical environment. IEEE 519-1992 and IEC 555 have
evolved to become a common requirement cited when specifying equipment on
newly engineered projects. The broad band harmonic filter was designed in
part, to meet this specification. The present IEEE 519-1992 document
establishes acceptable levels of harmonics (voltage and current) that can be
introduced into the incoming feeders by commercial and industrial users. Where
there may have been little cooperation previously from manufacturing to meet
such specification, the adoption of IEEE 519-1992 and other similar world
standards now attract the attention of everyone.

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• HARMONIC FILTERING AND REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION

Various technique of improving the input currents waveform is discussed below.

1) Introduction of line reactors and/ or DC link chokes.
2) Passive filters (series, shunt, and low pass broad band filters)
3) Phase multiplication (12-pulse, 18-pulse rectifier systems)
4) Active Harmonic Compensation.

• Harmonic Overheating:

Harmonic distortion in power systems is generated by non-linear load equipment,

and can cause substantial additional heating of the cabling system further
leading to losses in energy and reducing life of the electrical system. This heating
problem can be mitigated by:

a) Applying the appropriate cable de-rating factor.

b) Installing larger size Cables.
c) Considering the use of a harmonic filter.

• Generation of harmonics:

Harmonics have frequency in multiple of fundamental frequency. They are

produced by equipment using frequency conversion technology. They are also
generated due to power drawing pattern of non-linear loads.
Therefore it is essential to record power parameters and conduct harmonic study
in order to provide correct solution for the harmonic filtration and power factor
improvement.
• Mitigation of Harmonic Distortion

For resolution of harmonic problem, various techniques have been proposed to

reduce the impact of load harmonic currents on the input current to an electrical
system. Essentially, the intent of all these techniques is to make the input current
more continuous so as to reduce the overall current harmonic distortion. The
various techniques can be classified into four broad categories, viz:

a) The use of line reactors and / or DC link chokes

b) Installation of passive filters (series, shunt, and low pass broad
brand filters)
c) Phase multiplication (12-pulse, 18-pulse rectifier system.)
d) Harmonic compensation by active filtering.

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Harmonic protection filters are used for improvement of power factor and part
elimination of harmonics. They are nothing but a combination of reactors and
capacitors, suitably detuned. They are useful when distortion is 15 to 40 %.

Advantages of Harmonic Filters:

a) Protect capacitors from harmonic overloading.
b) Eliminate 20 to 50 % predominant harmonics.
c) Avoid harmonic amplification in the system.
d) Improve power factor.

This system can be configured to operate in fully automatic mode. The object is
to eliminate high level of harmonic current to acceptable level to comply with
utility regulation. They provide traps for individual harmonics frequency and
provide reactive power compensation at fundamental frequency.

• Harmonic filtering offers the following benefits:

1 Elimination of power factor penalty.

2 Improvement in reduction in energy bill.
3 Release of additional VA capacity in the system.
4 Improvement in voltage profile.
5 Reduction in line losses
6 Reduction in harmonic currents.
7 Improvement in overall power quality.
8 Improvement in life of electrical equipment.
9 Improvement in system reliability.

Power Quality Parameter’s Threshold (As per IEEE and General

Electrical Standards)
Sr. No Parameter Benchmark
Total Harmonics Distortion in
1 Less than 4 % (As per IEEE)
Current (iTHD)
Total Harmonics Distortion in
2 Less than 3 % (As per IEEE)
Voltage (vTHD)
3 Neutral Current Less than 10% of load current
4 Ground Leakage Ideally Zero
Voltage Variation in Less than 3 percentage (As per Electrical
5
transformer’s secondary Standard)

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SUMMARISED DATA PRESENTATION

This report is based on actual measurements taken by our personnel with KRYKARD
ALM-30, which is an advanced measuring and analyzing instrument at XYZ Pvt. Ltd,
Tower-11.
Following are the summarized observations and recommendations.

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SUMMARIZED DATA FOR ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Power Factor Pattern

1.000

0.800

0.600

0.400

0.200

0.000

-0.200

-0.400

3/17/2011 23:54:40 (h:min:s) 3/18/2011

10:25:40.000 AM 4 h/Div 10:20:20.000 AM

Load pattern in Ampere at Your Facility

750.0

700.0

650.0

600.0

550.0

500.0

450.0
A
400.0

350.0

300.0

250.0

200.0

150.0

100.0
3/17/2011 23:54:40 (h:min:s) 3/18/2011
10:25:40.000 AM 4 h/Div 10:20:20.000 AM

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iTHD at Your Facility

70.00

65.00
60.00
55.00
50.00

45.00
40.00
%
35.00
30.00
25.00

20.00
15.00
10.00
5.000

3/17/2011 23:54:40 (h:min:s) 3/18/2011

10:25:40.000 AM 4 h/Div 10:20:20.000 AM

iTHD with APFC Panel switched on

Total Harmonics Distortion: ‘R’ Phase: 14.2 %, ‘B’ Phase: 13.8% & ‘Y’ Phase: 16%

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XYZ Pvt. Ltd. 26 March 2011

iTHD with APFC Panel switched off

Total Harmonics Distortion: ‘R’ Phase: 6.9 %, ‘B’ Phase: 7.5% & ‘Y’ Phase: 8.8%

PER PHASE HARMONICS LEVEL AT PCC PANEL

Harmonics Current Harmonics Level (%) Voltage Harmonics Level (%)

Order R-Phase Y-Phase B-Phase R-Phase Y-Phase B-Phase

3 2.4 8.4 3.1 0.5 0.1 0.4
5 15.5 16.7 12.9 2.1 2.1 1.9
7 16.7 17.3 15.1 1.8 1.9 2
9 2.9 3.1 2.3 0.3 0.1 0.2
11 61.9 58.7 53 2.8 2.7 2.4
13 8.5 18.4 12.6 0.9 0.8 0.8
15 0.6 2.6 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
17 3.3 3.2 2.9 0.1 0.1 0.1
19 1.3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0.1
21 0.4 0.3 0.5 0 0 0
23 1.1 1.4 0.9 0 0 0
25 0.9 0.9 0.7 0 0 0

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TOTAL CURRENT HARMONICS DISTORTION AT PCC PANEL

Limit as per
Current THD
IEEE Actual iTHD Remark
per Phase
standard

R Phase Below 4% 66.20% Harmonics % is high

Y Phase Below 4% 64.10% Harmonics % is high

B Phase Below 4% 57.30% Harmonics % is high

Note: All above reading were undertaken at PCC panels with APFC panel switched On *
OFF.

Findings:

Load at all the panels are found to be balanced.

Current harmonics at 5th, 7th, 11th & 13th order is found to be beyond limit. The current
wave form at above graph is found to be distorted and the harmonics level is found to be
above limits. As per IEEE 519-1992 standard, it required below 5%.

Voltage harmonics are found to be within limit.

Current Harmonics with APFC panel switched on at PCC is found to be ‘R’ Phase: 14.2
%, ‘B’ Phase: 13.8% & ‘Y’ Phase: 16%. As per IEEE 519-1992 standard, it is required
below 5%.

Current Harmonics at PCC Panel incomer with APFC panel switched off is found to be
‘R’ Phase: 6.9 %, ‘B’ Phase: 7.5% & ‘Y’ Phase: 8.8%

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XYZ Pvt. Ltd. 26 March 2011

Recommendation:

1. We recommend installing Active Harmonic Filters to control the Harmonics

below the Acceptance level i. e. 4 % in the Current & 3% in Voltages.
2. Due to presence of electronic devices (i.e. computer, UPS etc) the 5th, 7th, 11th &
13th order of harmonics are dominant and seems to have more impact on electrical
systems. It is highly recommended to filter these dominant harmonics to ensure
healthy operations of electrical systems and extend the life of electrical equipments.

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