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Pengertian Timbal
Timbal atau dikenal sebagai logam Pb dalam susunan unsur merupakan
logam berat yang terdapat secara alami di dalam kerak bumi dan tersebar ke alam dalam
jumlah kecil melalui proses alami. Apabila timbal terhirup atau tertelan oleh manusia dan
di dalam tubuh, ia akan beredar mengikuti aliran darah, diserap kembali di dalam ginjal
dan otak, dan disimpan di dalam tulang dan gigi.
Manusia menyerap timbal melalui udara, debu, air dan makanan. Salah satu
penyebab kehadiran timbal adalah pencemaran udara. Yaitu akibat kegiatan transportasi
darat yang menghasilkan bahan pencemar seperti gas CO3, NOx, hidrokarbon, SO2,dan
tetraethyl lead, yang merupakan bahan logam timah hitam (timbal) yang ditambahkan ke
dalam bahan bakar berkualitas rendah untuk menurunkan nilai oktan.
Sumber pencemaran timbale.Timbal di udara terutama berasal dari
penggunaan bahan bakar bertimbal yang dalam pembakarannya melepaskan timbal
oksida berbentuk debu/partikulat yang dapat terhirup oleh manusia. Mobil berbahan
bakar yang mengandung timbal melepaskan 95 persen timbal yang mencemari udara di
negara berkembang. Sedangkan dalam air minum, timbal dapat berasal dari kontaminasi
pipa, solder dan kran air.
Kandungan timbal dalam air sebesar 15mg/l dianggap sebagai konsentrasi
yang aman untuk dikonsumsi. Dalam makanan, timbal berasal dari kontaminasi kaleng
makanan dan minuman dan solder yang bertimbal. Kandungan timbal yang tinggi
ditemukan dalam sayuran terutama sayuran hijau.
Manfaat Timbal
Impact of timbale
LEAD POISONING
Humans are exposed constantly to heavy metals in the environment of everyday life.
Environment which is quite high levels of heavy metals, contamination in food, water and air can
cause poisoning.
Lead (plumbum / Pb) or lead is a heavy metal elements are more widespread than many other
toxic metals. Increased levels in the environment due to mining, smelting and its use in various
industries. Lead floured dark gray is used among others as batteries and ammunition production
materials, components manufacture of paints, manufacturing tetraethyl lead, radiation
protectors, pipe coating, wire wrapping, glass ceramics, electronic goods, tube or container, also
in the process brazing. Poisoning can come from lead in toys, dust place musketry, plumbing, a
pigment in paint, dust and smoke from burning painted wood, waste goldsmith, home
industries, battery and printing. Food and beverages that are acidic like tomato water, apple
juice and pickles can dissolve lead contained in the bowl and pan coating. Thus, contaminated
food or drink can cause intoxication. For most people, the main source of food intake of Pb is
usually accounted for 100-300 mcg per day Lead can enter the human body through breathing,
exposure and gastrointestinal tract. Approximately 90% timbale particles in the smoke or fine
dust in the air inhaled through the respiratory tract.
Absorption in the intestine to reach 5-15% in adults. In children higher at 40% and will be even
higher if the child is low in calcium, iron and zinc in the body. The report issued by United States
Poison Center states children are the main victims of lead ketoksikan; with 49% of reported
cases occurred in children aged less than 6 years. Even more worrying are the effects on
intelligence (IQ) of children - children, thus lowering their academic achievement, although the
lead content in their blood are not considered toxic.
Lead (Plumbum) either in the form of toxic metals and salts. Salts which are toxic: lead
carbonate (white lead); timbale tetraoksida (red lead), lead monoxide, lead sulfide; timbale
acetate (the most common cause of poisoning happened). There are several forms of lead
poisoning, the acute toxicity, subacute and chronic. Lead toxicity threshold values (total limit
values or TLV) is 0.2 miligram/m3.
Acute Poisoning
Acute lead poisoning is rare. Acute lead poisoning by accident that never happened was because
of lead acetate. Symptoms of acute poisoning began to emerge 30 minutes after drinking the
poison. Severity of symptoms depends on the dose. Poisoning usually occurs because of the
inclusion of lead compounds are soluble in acid or inhalation of lead vapor. Adstringen effect
creates a feeling of thirst and burning sensation accompanied by metallic taste in the mouth.
Other symptoms that often arise are nausea, vomiting with vomit is white like milk because of
lead chloride and severe abdominal pain. Coated tongue and breath out strong odors. In the
gums are blue lines are the result of protein decomposition as Hidrogn Sulfide reacts with the
gas. Feces are black people because they contain lead sulfide, can be accompanied by diarrhea
or constipation. Central nervous system is also affected, can be found mild symptoms of
numbness and vertigo. Severe symptoms include paralysis several groups of muscles, causing
drooping wrist (wrist drop) and limp ankle (foot drop).
Subacute poisoning
Subacute poisoning occurs when someone repeatedly exposed to poisons in small doses,
include lead acetate, which causes symptoms in the nervous system that is more prominent,
such as numbness, muscle stiffness, vertigo and paralysis in the limbs flaksid. This situation will
then be followed by seizures and coma. Common symptoms include the appearance of anxiety,
fatigue and depression. Patients often suffer from digestive system disorders, very little urine
output, red. Fatal Dose: 20-30 grams. Fatal Period: 1-3 days.
Chronic Poisoning
In the form of chronic lead poisoning is more common than acute poisoning. Chronic lead
poisoning is more often experienced by workers exposed to lead in the form of salt in various
industries, because it is considered a disease poisoning the industry. such as compositor in the
printing, regulating the composition of the print media, letters maker of printing machines, the
use of lead paint manufacturers, officials of gas pipe installer. Hazards and risks of the work was
marked by TLV mikrogram/m3 0.15, or 0.007 mikrogram/m3 when as aerosols. Chronic
poisoning also can occur in people who drink water that flowed through lead pipes, also in
people who have the habit of storing ghee (a type of food in India) in the lead pack.
Chronic poisoning can affect the nervous system and kidneys, causing anemia and colic, affect
fertility, inhibit the growth of the fetus or the cumulative effect that could arise later.
Symptoms symptoms
In general, symptoms of lead poisoning seen in the digestive system in the form of vomiting -
vomiting, colicky abdominal pain, metallic taste and the blue line on gums, chronic constipation.
In the central nervous system in the form of paralysis (wrist drop, foot drop, usually found in
adult men). Sensory system is only slightly impaired, whereas encephalopathy is often found in
children. Symptoms of this toxicity on the heart and circulatory system in the form of anemia,
basofilia pungtata, retikulosis, decreased platelets and polymorphonuclear cells, hypertension
and nephritis, artralgia (pain in joints). Symptoms in the womb and midwifery in the form of
menstrual disorders, can occur even abortion. The diagnosis can be made through examination
of urine (the amount increases koproporfirin III). This examination is an examination of the most
recommended as a screening test in lead poisoning. Levels of lead in urine can also help make
the diagnosis, while levels above 0.2 micrograms / liter, is considered significant enough for the
diagnosis of lead poisoning.
X-ray examinations on children to see a radio-opaque lines on a long metaphysical bones can be
used to diagnose lead poisoning.
Benefits Lead
Posted by Plumbum "The Bley"
Behind a strong toxic properties, lead also has a uniform benefit for life. The following are
reciprocal benefits for everyday life:
* Lead is used in batteries where the batteries are widely used in the automotive field.
* Lead is used as a coloring agent in the manufacture of ceramics, especially for yellow and red.
* Lead is used in PVC plastic industry to shut down electricity wires.
* Lead is used as a projectile for firing devices and equipment used in fishing rods for ballast
disebakan timbale have a high density, low cost and easy to use.
* Gazette timbale used as wall coating material in the music studio
* Lead is used to shield medical devices, laboratory that uses radiation such as X-rays
* Lead the liquid used as a cooling agent in the reactor equipment that uses a timbale as cooling.
* Glass timbale containing 12-28% Pb Pb where the presence of this will change the optical
characteristics of glass and reduce the transmission of radiation.
* Lead is widely used for electrodes in electrolysis equipment.
* Lead is used to solder for the electronics industry.
* Lead is used in a variety of high-voltage electrical cables to prevent the diffusion of water in
the cable.
* Lead is added to the equipment made of brass so as not slippery and are typically used in
machining equipment.
* Lead is used in rackets to aggravate the mass of racket.
* Lead due to its resistance to corrosion is used in the construction field.
* In the form of compounds, the tetra-ethyl-lead used as anti-knock on fuel.
* Semiconductor based timbale much like Lead telurida, selenida timbale, timbale antimonida
and equipment used in solar cells and equipment used in infrared detector.
* Lead is usually used for balancing the wheel of a car but now banned because of
environmental considerations.