Wcdma Hspa and Advanced Receivers3036

WCDMA, HSPA and advanced
receivers
Timo Nihtilä, Ph.Lic. (Ph.D. def.)
Senior Research Scientist
Magister Solutions Ltd.
1
Readings related to the subject
• General readings
– WCDMA for UMTS – Harri Holma, Antti Toskala
– HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS – Harri Holma, Antti Toskala
• Network planning oriented

– Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS – Janna Laiho,
Achim Wacker, Tomás Novosad
– UMTS Radio Network Planning, Optimization and QoS Management
For Practical Engineering Tasks – Jukka Lempiäinen, Matti
Manninen
2 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

Outline
• Background
• Key concepts
– Code multiplexing
– Spreading
• Introduction to Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

(WCDMA)
• WCDMA Performance Enhancements
– High Speed Packet Access (HSDPA/HSUPA)
– Advanced features for HSDPA

Background
• Why new radio access system
• Frequency Allocations
• Standardization
• WCDMA background and evolution
• Evolution of Mobile standards
• Current WCDMA markets
4
Why new radio access system
• Need for universal standard (Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System)
• Support for packet data services
– IP data in core network
– Wireless IP
• New services in mobile multimedia need faster data
transmission and flexible utilization of the spectrum
• FDMA and TDMA are not efficient enough
– TDMA wastes time resources
– FDMA wastes frequency resources
• CDMA can exploit the whole bandwidth constantly
• Wideband CDMA was selected for a radio access system for
UMTS (1997)
– (Actually the superiority of OFDM was not fully understood by then)

Frequency allocations for UMTS
• Frequency plans of Europe, Japan and Korea are harmonized
• US plan is incompatible, the spectrum reserved for 3G
elsewhere is currently used for the US 2G standards
• IMT-2000 band in Europe:
– FDD 2x60MHz
Expected air interfaces and spectrums, source: “WCDMA for UMTS”

Standardization
• WCDMA was studied in various research programs in the
industry and universities
• WCDMA was chosen besides ETSI also in other forums like
ARIB (Japan) as 3G technology in late 1997/early 1998.
• During 1998 parallel work proceeded in ETSI and ARIB
(mainly), with commonalities but also differences
– Work was also on-going in USA and Korea

Standardization
• At end of 1998 different standardization organizations got together and
created 3GPP, 3rd Generation Partnership Project.
– 5 Founding members: ETSI, ARIB+TTC (Japan), TTA (Korea), T1P1 (USA)
– CWTS (China) joined later.
• Different companies are members through their respective
standardization organization.
3 G P P
E T S I A R I B T T A T 1 P 1 T T C C W T S
E T S I M e mA Rb Ie B r s M e mT Tb Ae r Ms e mT b1 eP r 1 s M e Tm T b C e r Ms e mC bW e Tr s S M

WCDMA Background and Evolution
• First major milestone was Release ‘99, 12/99
– Full set of specifications by 3GPP
– Targeted mainly on access part of the network
• Release 4, 03/01
– Core network was extended
– markets jumped over Rel 4
• Release 5, 03/02
– High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
• Release 6, end of 04/beginning of 05
– High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)
• Release 7, 06/07
– Continuous Packet connectivity (improvement for e.g. VoIP), advanced features for
HSDPA (MIMO, higher order modulation)

WCDMA Background and Evolution
3GPP Rel 5 3GPP Rel 6 3GPP Rel 7

3GPP Rel -99 3GPP Rel 4 (HSDPA) (HSUPA) HSPA+ Further Releases
12/99 03/01 03/02 2H/04 06/07
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Europe Europe HSDPA HSUPA

Japan
(pre-commercial) (commercial) (commercial) (commercial)

Evolution of Mobile standards
EDGE
WCDMA HSDPA/
FDD HSUPA
GSM
HSCSD GPRS
LTE
TD-CDMA HSDPA/
TDD HCR HSUPA
TD-SCDMA
TDD LCR
cdma2000
1XEV - DO
cdmaOne cdma2000
(IS-95)
cdma2000
1XEV - DV

Current WCDMA markets
• Graph of the technologies adopted by the wireless users worldwide:
GSM (80.9%)
CDMA (12%)
WCDMA (4.6%)
iDEN (0.9%)
PDC(0.8%)
USTDMA (0.8%)
• Over 3.5 billion wireless users worldwide
• GSM+WCDMA share currently over 88 % (www.umts-forum.org)
• CDMA share is decreasing every year

Current WCDMA markets
sr e bi r cs bus noilli M
• Over 200 million WCDMA subscribers globally (04/08) (

www.umts-forum.org)
– 10 % HSDPA/HSUPA users
• Number of subscribers is constantly increasing

Key concepts
• CDMA
• Spread Spectrum
• Direct Sequence spreading
• Spreading and Processing gain
14
Multiple Access Schemes
FDMA TDMA CDMA
Code
1
2
… Frequency
Time N
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), different frequencies for different users
– example Nordic Mobile Terminal (NMT) systems
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), same frequency but different timeslots for
different users,
– example Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
– GSM also uses FDMA
• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), same frequency and time but users are
separated from each other with orthogonal codes

Spread Spectrum
• Means that the transmission bandwidth is much larger than the
information bandwidth i.e. transmitted signal is spread to a wider
bandwidth
– Bandwidth is not dependent on the information signal
• Benefits
– More secure communication
– Reduces the impact of interference (and jamming) due to processing gain
• Classification
– Direct Sequence (spreading with pseudo noise (PN) sequence)
– Frequency hopping (rapidly changing frequency)
– Time Hopping (large frequency, short transmission bursts)
• Direct Sequence is currently commercially most viable

Spread Spectrum
• Where does spread spectrum come from
– First publications, late 40s
– First applications: Military from the 50s
– Rake receiver patent 1956
– Cellular applications proposed late 70s
– Investigations for cellular use 80s
– IS-95 standard 1993 (2G)
– 1997/1998 3G technology choice
– 2001/2002 Commercial launch of WCDMA technology

Direct Sequence
• In direct sequence (DS) user bits are coded with unique binary sequence
i.e. with spreading/channelization code
– The bits of the channelization code are called chips
– Chip rate (W) is typically much higher than bit rate (R)
– Codes need to be in some respect orthogonal to each other (cocktail party
effect)
• Length of a channelization code

– defines how many chips are used to spread a single information bit and thus
determines the end bit rate
– Shorter code equals to higher bit rate but better Signal to Interference and
Noise Ratio (SINR) is required
• Also the shorter the code, the fewer number of codes are available
– Different bit rates have different geographical areas covered based on the
interference levels

Direct Sequence
• Transmission (Tx) side with DS
– Information signal is multiplied with channelization code =>
spread signal
• Receiving (Rx) side with DS
– Spread signal is multiplied with channelization code
– Multiplied signal (spread signal x code) is then integrated (i.e.
summed together)
• If the integration results in adequately high (or low) values, the signal is
meant for the receiver

Direct Sequence

Direct Sequence

Processing gain and Spreading
Power density (Watts/Hz)

Despread narrowband signal
Transmitted signal
before spreading
Spread wideband signal
R Frequency
W
Interference for the part

we are interested in
Received signal
before despreading
Frequency


Transmitted signal
Received signal
after despreading but
before filtering
Interference
Frequency
Received signal
after despreading and
after filtering
Frequency

• Spread spectrum systems reduce the effect of interference due to
processing gain
• Processing gain is generally defined as follows:
– G[dB]=10*log10(W/R), where ’W’ is the chip rate and ’R’ is the user bit rate
• The number of users takes negative effect on the processing gain.
The loss is defined as:
– Lp = 10*log10k, where ’k’ is the amount of users
• Processing gain when the processing loss is taken into account is
– Gtot=10*log10(W/kR)
• High bit rate means lower processing gain and higher power OR
smaller coverage
• The processing gain is different for different services over 3G mobile
network (voice, web browsing, videophone) due to different bit rates
– Thus, the coverage area and capacity might be different for different
services depending on the radio network planning issues

• Processing gain is what gives CDMA systems the robustness against
self-interference that is necessary in order to reuse the available 5
MHz carrier frequency over geographically close distances.
• Examples: Speech service with a bit rate of 12.2 kbps
– processing gain 10 log10 (3.84e6/12.2e3) = 25 dB
– For speech service the required SINR is typically in the order of 5.0 dB, so
the required wideband signal-to-interference ratio (also called “carrier-to-
interference ratio, C/I ) is therefore “5.0 dB minus the processing” = -20.0
dB.
– In other words, the signal power can be 20 dB under the interference or
thermal noise power, and the WCDMA receiver can still detect the signal.
– Notice: in GSM, a good quality speech connection requires C/I = 9–12 dB.

Introduction to Wideband Code
Division Multiple Access (WCDMA)
• Overview
• Codes in WCDMA
• QoS support
• Network Architecture
• Radio propagation and fading
• RAKE receiver
• Power Control in WCDMA
• Diversity
• Capacity and coverage
26
WCDMA System
• WCDMA is the most common radio interface for UMTS systems
• Wide bandwidth, 3.84 Mcps (Megachips per second)
– Maps to 5 MHz due to pulse shaping and small guard bands
between the carriers
• Users share the same 5 MHz frequency band and time
– UL and DL have separate 5 MHz frequency bands
• High bit rates
– With Release ’99 theoretically 2 Mbps both UL and DL
– 384 kbps highest implemented
• Fast power control (PC)

=> Reduces the impact of channel fading and minimizes the
interference

WCDMA System
• Soft handover
– Improves coverage, decreases interference
• Robust and low complexity RAKE receiver
– Introduces multipath diversity
• Variable spreading factor
– Support for flexible bit rates
• Multiplexing of different services on a single physical connection
– Simultaneous support of services with different QoS requirements:
• real-time
– E.g. voice, video telephony
• streaming
– streaming video and audio
• interactive
– web-browsing
• background
– e-mail download

Codes in WCDMA
• Channelization Codes (=short code)
– Codes from different branches of the code tree are orthogonal
– Length is dependent on the spreading factor
– Used for
• channel separation from the single source in downlink
• separation of data and control channels from each other in the uplink
– Same channelization codes in every cell / mobiles and therefore the additional
scrambling code is needed
• Scrambling codes (=long code)

– Very long (38400 chips = 10 ms =1 radio frame), many codes available
– Does not spread the signal
– Uplink: to separate different mobiles
– Downlink: to separate different cells
– The correlation between two codes (two mobiles/NodeBs) is low
• Not fully orthogonal

Codes in WCDMA
• For instance, the relation between downlink physical layer bit rates and codes
Symbol_rate = Bit_rate = Control channel User bit rate with coding =
Chip_rate/SF Symbol_rate*2 (DPCCH) overhead Channel_bit_rate/2
Spreading Channel Channel DPDCH Maximum user

Factor (SF) symbol bit rate channel bit data rate with ½-
rate (kbps) rate range rate coding
(ksps) (kbps) (approx.)
512 7.5 15 3–6 1–3 kbps Half rate speech
256 15 30 12–24 6–12 kbps
128 30 60 42–51 20–24 kbps Full rate speech
64 60 120 90 45 kbps
32 120 240 210 105 kbps
16 240 480 432 215 kbps 144 kbps
8 480 960 912 456 kbps 384 kbps
4 960 1920 1872 936 kbps
4, with 3 2880 5760 5616 2.3 Mbps 2 Mbps
parallel
codes

QoS Support
• Key Factors:
– Simultaneous support of services with different
QoS requirements:
• up to 210 Transport Format Combinations, selectable
individually for every radio frame (10 ms)
• going towards IP core networks greatly increases the
usage of simultaneous applications requiring different
quality, e.g. real time vs. non-real time
– Optimized usage of different transport channels
for supporting different QoS

Dat
QoS support a
Rat
10 ms e 2 Mbps
Example:
Downlink
Shared USER 1 USER 2 USER 3 USER 1 USER 1 USER 2
Channel Code 5
USER 4
....
USER 4 Code 4
USER 3 Code 3
Downlink
Dedicate USER 2
d Code 2
Channels USER 1 Code 1
Time

UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)
Architecture
• New Radio Access network
needed mainly due to new Uu interface Iub interface
radio access technology

• Core Network (CN) is based RNC
on GSM/GPRS
NodeB
• Radio Network Controller UE
(RNC) corresponds roughly to
the Base Station Controller CN
(BSC) in GSM NodeB Iur interface
• Node B corresponds roughly

to the Base Station in GSM UE
– Term “Node B” is a relic from

the first 3GPP releases NodeB RNC
UTRAN

Architecture
• Radio network controller (RNC)
– Owns and controls the radio resources in its domain
– Radio resource management (RRM) tasks include e.g. the
following
• Mapping of QoS Parameters into the air interface
• Air interface scheduling
• Handover control
• Outer loop power control
• Call Admission Control
• Setting of initial powers and SIR targets
• Radio resource reservation
• Code allocation
• Load Control

Architecture
• Node B
– Main function to convert the data flow between Uu and Iub
interfaces
– Some RRM tasks:
• Measurements
• Inner loop power control

Radio propagation and fading
• A transmitted radio signal
goes through several changes
while traveling via air
interface to the receiver
– reflections, diffractions, phase
shifts and attenuation
• Due to length difference of the
signal paths, multipath
components of the signal
arrive at different times to the
receiver and can be combined
either destructively or
constructively
– Depends on the phases of the
multipath components

Radio propagation and fading
• Example of the fast fading
channel of a function of
time
• Opposite phases of two
random multipath
components arriving at the
same time cancel each
other out
– Results in a fade
• Coherent phases are

combined constructively

RAKE receiver
• Every multipath component arriving at the receiver more
than one chip time (0.26 μs) apart can be distinguished by
the RAKE receiver
– 0.26 μs corresponds to 78 m in path length difference
• RAKE assigns a “finger” to each received component (tap)
and alters their phases based on a channel estimate so that
theTransmitted
components can be combinedPhase
Received constructivelyCombined
modified using symbol
symbol symbol at
the channel
each time
estimate
slot
Finger #1
Finger #2
Finger #3

Power Control in WCDMA
• The purpose of power control (PC) is to ensure that each user
receives and transmits just enough energy to have service
but to prevent:
– Blocking of distant users (near-far-effect) Without PC received
– Exceeding reasonable interference levels UE1 power levels would
UE2 be unequal
UE3
UE1
UE2
With ideal PC
UE1 UE2 UE3
received power levels
are equal
UE3

1. Open loop power control
• Only for the initial power setting of the MS
• Based on distance attenuation estimation from the downlink pilot signal
1. Inner loop transmitter power control (CL TPC) at a rate of 1500 Hz

• Mitigates fading processes (fast and slow fading)
• Tx power is adjusted up/down to reach SIR target
• Both in UL and DL
• Uses quality targets in MS / BS
1. Outer loop PC at the rate of 100 Hz

• Sets the quality target used by the inner loop PC
• Compensates the changes in the propagation conditions
• Adjusts the quality target
• Both in UL and DL

• Inner loop power control in the uplink
– Outer loop PC (running in the radio network controller, RNC)
defines SIR target for the BS.
– If the measured SIR at BS is lower than the SIR-target, the MS is
commanded to increases its transmit power. Otherwise MS is
commanded to decrease its power
– Power control dynamics at the MS is 70 dB

• Inner loop power control in downlink:
– Outer loop PC (running in the MS) defines SIR target for the MS
– If the measured SIR at the MS is lower than the SIR-target, the BS
is commanded to increases its transmit power for that MS.
Otherwise, BS is commanded to decrease its power.
– Power control rate 1500 Hz
– Power control dynamics is dependent on the service
– There’s no near-far problem in DL due to one-to-many scenario.
However, it is desirable to provide a marginal amount of additional
power to mobile stations at the cell edge, as they suffer from
increased other-cell interference.

• Example of inner loop power

control behavior:
• With higher velocities channel

fading is more rapid and 1500
Hz power control may not be
sufficient

• Inner loop power control tries to keep the received SIR as close to
the target SIR as possible.
• However, the constant SIR alone does not actually guarantee the
required frame error rate (FER) which can be considered as the
quality criteria of the link/service.
– There’s no unique SIR that automatically gives a certain FER
– FER is a function of SIR, but also depends on mobility and propagation
environment.
• Therefore, the frame reliability information has to be delivered to
outer loop control, which can tune the SIR target if necessary.

Diversity
• Transmitting on a single path only can lead to serious performance
degradation due to fading
• As fading is independent between different times and spaces it is
reasonable to use the available diversity of them to decrease the
probability of a deep fade
– The more there are paths to choose from, the less likely it is that all of
them have a poor energy level
• There exists different types of diversity which can be used to
improve the quality, e.g.:
– Multipath
• RAKE receiver exploits taps arriving at different times
– Macro
• Different Node Bs send the same information
– Site Selection Transmit Diversity (SSTD)
• Maintain a list of available base stations and choose the best one, from which the
transmission is received and tell the others not to transmit

Diversity
– Time
• Same information is transmitted in different times
– Receive antenna
• Transmission is received with multiple antennas
• Power gain and diversity gain
– Transmit antenna
• Transmission is sent with multiple antennas

WCDMA Handovers
• WCDMA handovers can be categorized into three different types
• Intra-frequency handover
– WCDMA handover within the same frequency and system. Soft, softer
and hard handover supported
• Inter-frequency handover
– Handover between different frequencies (carriers) but within the same
system
– E.g. from one WCDMA operator to another
– Only hard handover supported
• Inter-system handover
– Handover between WCDMA and another system, e.g. from WCDMA to
GSM
– Only hard handover supported

WCDMA Handovers
• Soft handover
– Handover between different Node Bs
– Several Node Bs transmit the same signal
to the UE which combines the
transmissions
• Advantages: lower Tx power needed for each
Node B and UE
– lower interference, battery saving for UE
• Disadvantage: resources (code, power) need
to be reserved for the UE in each Node B
– Excess soft handovers limit the capacity
– No interruption in data transmission
– Needs RNC duplicating frame
transmissions to two Node Bs

WCDMA Handovers
• Softer handover
– Handover between two sectors of the
same Node B
• Special case of a soft handover
• No need for duplicate frames
• Hard handover
– The source is released first and then
new one is added
– Short interruption in data flow

WCDMA Handovers
• Some terminology
– Active set (AS), represents the Node Bs to which the UE is in soft handover
– Neighbor set (NS), represents the links that UE monitors but which are not
already in active set
Triggering time_1 Triggering time_2

BS1
Received
signal Threshold_1
Threshold_2
strength
BS2
BS1 dropped from the AS
BS2 from the NS BS1 from the AS

reaches the threshold to reaches the threshold to
be added to the AS BS2 is still after the
triggering time above be dropped from the AS
threshold and thus
added to the AS

Capacity and coverage
• In WCDMA coverage and capacity are tight together:
– When the load increases, the interference levels increases, too,
and therefore also increased transmit powers are needed in order
to keep constant quality.
– Due to finite power resources, the more users Node B serves the
less power it has for each UE  coverage will decrease
• This leads to cell breathing: the coverage area changes as
the load of the cell changes.
Therefore, the coverage and the
•
capacity have to be planned
simultaneously
• Radio resource management
(RRM) is needed in WCDMA to
effectively control cell breathing.

Capacity and coverage
• Received power of one user as a
function of users per cell
• Due to finite maximum Tx power

of the UE coverage is usually
limited by the uplink
• Node B does not have this

problem
– There is enough Tx power to
transmit very far to a single user if
necessary
– However, downlink Tx power is
divided between all users and thus
capacity is limited by the downlink

WCDMA evolution
•High Speed Downlink Packet Access

(HSDPA)
•High Speed Uplink Packet Access
(HSUPA)
•Advanced receivers with HSDPA
•Advanced HSDPA scheduling
•Femto cells with HSDPA
53
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA)
• The High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) concept
was added to Release 5 to support higher downlink data rates
• It is mainly intended for non-real time traffic, but can also be
used for traffic with tighter delay requirements.
• Peak data rates up to 10 Mbit/s (theoretical data rate 14.4
Mbit/s)
• Reduced retransmission delays
• Improved QoS control (Node B based packet scheduler)
• Spectrally and code efficient solution

HSDPA features
• Agreed features in Release 5
– Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
• QPSK or 16QAM
– Multicode operation
• Support of 1-15 code channels (SF=16)
– Short frame size (TTI = 2 ms)
– Fast retransmissions using Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)
• Chase Combining
• Incremental Redundancy
– Fast packet scheduling at Node B
• E.g. Round robin, Proportional fair
• Features agreed in Release 7

– Higher order modulation (64QAM)
– Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)

HSDPA - general principle 1 6
In st a n ta n eo u s E sN o [d B ]
1 4
1 2
1 0
8
Channel quality 6
4
(CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC) 2
0
- 2
Data
0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 4 0 1 6 0
T i m e [ n u m b e r o f T T I s ]
1 6 Q A M 3 / 4
1 6 Q A M 2 / 4
UE Q
Q
P S K 3 / 4
P S K 2 / 4
Q P S K 1 / 4
New
Newbase
basestation
stationfunctions
functions
••HARQ
HARQretransmissions
retransmissions
••Modulation/coding
Modulation/codingselection
selection Users may be time and/or code multiplexed
••Packet
Packetdata
datascheduling
scheduling(short
(short
TTI)
TTI)
• Fast scheduling is done directly in Node-B based on feedback

information from UE and knowledge of current traffic state.

HSDPA functionality
• Scheduling responsibility has been moved from RNC to Node
B
• Due to this and the short TTI length (2 ms) the scheduling is
dynamic and fast
• Support for several parallel transmissions
– When packet A is sent it starts to wait for an acknowledgement
from the receiver, during which other packets can be sent via a
parallel SAW (stop-and-wait) channels
Pkt A
Pkt B
Pkt C
Pkt D Ack B
Pkt E
Pkt F

HSDPA functionality
• UE informs the Node B regularly of its channel quality by CQI
messages (Channel Quality Indicator)

HSDPA functionality
• Node B can use channel state information for several
purposes
– In transport format (TFRC) selection
• Modulation and coding scheme
– Scheduling decisions
• Non-blind scheduling algorithms can be utilized
– HS-SCCH power control

HSDPA channels
• User data is sent on High Speed Downlink Shared Channel
(HS-DSCH)
• Control information is sent on High Speed Common Control
Channel (HS-SCCH)
• HS-SCCH is sent two slot before HS-DSCH to inform the
scheduled UE of the transport format of the incoming
transmission on HS-DSCH

High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)
• Peak data rates increased to significantly higher than 2 Mbps;
Theoretically reaching 5.8 Mbps
• Packet data throughput increased, though not as high throughput as
with HSDPA
• Reduced delay from retransmissions.
• Solutions
– Layer1 hybrid ARQ
– NodeB based scheduling for uplink
– Frame sizes 2ms & 10 ms
• Schedule in 3GPP
– Part of Release 6
– First specifications version completed 12/04
– In 3GPP specs with the name Enhanced uplink DCH (E-DCH)

HSPA Peak Data Rates
Downlink HSDPA Uplink HSUPA
• Theoretical up to 14.4 Mbps • Theoretical up to 5.76 Mbps
• Initial capability 1.8 – 3.6 Mbps • Initial capability 1.46 Mbps
Max Max
# of codesModulation # of codes TTI
data rate data rate
2 ms
5 codes QPSK 1.8 Mbps 2 x SF4 1.46 Mbps
10 ms
5 codes 16-QAM 3.6 Mbps 2 x SF2 10 ms 2.0 Mbps
10 codes 16-QAM 7.2 Mbps 2 x SF2 2 ms 2.9 Mbps
2 x SF2 +
15 codes 16-QAM 10.1 Mbps 2 ms 5.76 Mbps
2 x SF4
15 codes 16-QAM 14.4 Mbps

Performance of advanced HSDPA
features
63
Advanced receivers with HSDPA
• UE receiver experiences significant interference from
different sources
– In a reflective environment the signal interferes itself
– Neigboring base station signals interfere each other
– One solution to decrease mainly own base station signal
interference is to use an equalizer before despreading
Own cell interference
Other cell interference
Own signal

• In a frequency-selective channel there is a significant amount
of interfering multipaths
• Linear Minimum Mean Squared Error (LMMSE) equalizer can
be used to make an estimate of the original transmitted chip
sequence before despreading
– The interfering multipath components are removed
– The channel becomes flat again

• LMMSE equalizer (Equ in the
figure) offers a very good
performance for the user
especially near the base
station
• Using antenna diversity (1x2)

the throughput can be doubled
compared to a single antenna
• Both techniques increase the

cost of a mobile unit

Advanced HSDPA scheduling
• Node B has a limited amount of scheduling opportunities
• The amount of data transmitted by the network must be
maximized whilst offering the best possible quality of service
to all users
– The scheduling can be improved by an advanced algorithm

Advanced HSDPA scheduling
• An improved scheduling
algorithm (Proportional
Fair, PF) offers significant
gain over a conventional
algorithm (Round Robin,
RR)
• PF has a very good price-

quality ratio
– User equipment needs no
changes
– Node B’s need only minor
changes

Femtocells
• More and more consumers want to use their mobile devices at
home, even when there’s a fixed line available
– Providing full or even adequate mobile residential coverage is a significant
challenge for operators
– Mobile operators need to seize residential minutes from fixed line
providers, and compete with fixed and emerging VoIP and WiFi services
=> There is trend in discussing very small indoor, home and campus
NodeB layouts
• Femtocells are cellular access points (for limited access group) that
connect to a mobile operator’s network using residential DSL or
cable broadband connections
• Femtocells enable capacity equivalent to a full 3G network sector at
very low transmit powers, dramatically increasing battery life of
existing phones, without needing to introduce WiFi enabled handsets

Femtocells
• The study considers the system performance of an HSDPA network consisting of macro
cells and very low transmit power (femto) cells
• The impact of using 64QAM in addition to QPSK and 16QAM in order to benefit from the
high SINR is studied
• The network performance is investigated with different portions of users created in the
buildings (0-100%)

Femtocells
• Femtocells provide maximum of
15-17 % gain to network Table: Network throughput gain of
throughput already without femto cells to macro users
dedicated indoor users Scheme Offered load
Medium High Congested

• The gain is visible with high load
in the network and comes Rake 1x1 3% 8% 15 %
directly from the increased
number of access points in the Rake 1x2 -1 % 19 % 13 %
network Equ 1x1 -2 % 18 % 15 %
Equ 1x2 -1 % 3% 17 %
• Average load of a cell is
decreased and users can be
scheduled more often

Femtocells
• When the amount of dedicated
indoor users increase, the gain of
femto cells explodes
• Gain is in the range of hundreds of

percents even with small portion
of indoor users

Wcdma Hspa and Advanced Receivers3036

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WCDMA, HSPA and advanced

• Network planning oriented

2 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

• Introduction to Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

3 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

5 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

Expected air interfaces and spectrums, source: “WCDMA for UMTS”

6 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

7 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

8 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

9 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

3GPP Rel 5 3GPP Rel 6 3GPP Rel 7

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Europe Europe HSDPA HSUPA

10 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

11 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

12 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

• Over 200 million WCDMA subscribers globally (04/08) (

• Number of subscribers is constantly increasing

13 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

15 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

16 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

17 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

• Length of a channelization code

18 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

19 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

20 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

21 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

Power density (Watts/Hz)

Spread wideband signal

Interference for the part

22 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

Power density (Watts/Hz)

23 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

24 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

25 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

• Fast power control (PC)

27 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

28 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

• Scrambling codes (=long code)

29 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

Spreading Channel Channel DPDCH Maximum user

30 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

31 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

32 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

radio access technology

• Node B corresponds roughly

– Term “Node B” is a relic from

33 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

34 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

35 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

36 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

• Coherent phases are

37 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

38 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

39 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

1. Inner loop transmitter power control (CL TPC) at a rate of 1500 Hz

1. Outer loop PC at the rate of 100 Hz

40 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

41 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

42 © Timo Nihtilä TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

• Example of inner loop power

• With higher velocities channel