HughDutton

ANINTEGRALAPPROACHTOSTRUCTUREANDARCHITECTURE

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PROFESSIONALANDINDUSTRIALTERRITORIES

Engineersdesignstructureandarchitectsdesigncurtainwalls.Thisprofessionaldefini-

tian

isrepeatedonsite,wherestructuraltrades(concrete.steel.etc.)andcladdingtrades(glass.aluminumcladding.etc.)workintheirdicreteterritories.Thebuildingindustry

organizedaroundthesedistinctionsbetweenPfofesSionsandtradestotheextentthateveryoneinvolvedwithatypicalprojectassumesthestandardprocedurewillhold:struc-tureisemployedforthesinglepurposeofsupportingthebuilding.whilecladdingisanenvelopearoundthestrucure

keeprainout.Butthisassumptionisnotasingrainedasitmayseem

thesebuilders-historically,structureandcladdingwerenotdistinct.Thefacadeofabrick

01"

stonebuildingwasbothastructuralandwaterproofskin.Astheconstructionindustrydevelopedandthebuildingtradesbecamemorespecialized,theuseoftheweatherproofskinasstructurebecamemoreandmorerare.Thisdivisionsexistsforreasonsofprofessionalandindustrialexpediency.Atthedesignlevel.eachprofessionconcentratesonspecificanddistinctaspectsofthebuild-ing.Toavoidrisksoflegalresponsibility,onedoesnotencroach

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tilefieldoftheother.aprecautionthatalsosimplifiestheanalyticalprocessofunderstandingthedifferentpartsofabuilding.Attheindustrylevel.tradesaredefinedbymaterialsandoftenwhetherthesemateri-alsarestructuralornon-structural.Onsite,theissueofconstructiontolerancesandfinishqualityagaindrawsalinebetweenvisiblecladdingorfinishesandnon-visiblestructure.Evensomeofthemostsophisticatedrecentwork.suchasthePyramidattheLouvreinParisbyI.M.Pei,

characterizedbythisfundamentalseparation.

aluminumframeforthesiliconeglazingsystemisfixedcoanindependentsteelframe.Thisleadstoadoublingupof'structure'-themainskeleroninsteelandthecladdingframinginaluminum-despitetheexpressedminimalistarchitecturalintentionofmaximumtransparency.Yet.itispossibletomergeglassandsteelintoasinglestructuralsurface.Anexam-pleofdesignbeforethemoderntendencyof'layering'professionsandtradesistheBictonPalmhouse.Where[hehundredsofsmallglasspanesformadaringshellstruc-turewithadelicateminimalsteelframeandtinyglazingbars.

AUTOBIOGRAPHICALNOTEMVlweI".

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INTEGRATEOAPPROACHTODESIGN

Theconstructionindustry'srecenttechnicaldevelopmentsinengi-neering

andmaterial

scienceandthebuildingindustry'snew

techni-

calcapacitiesprovidenewopportu-nitiesforarchitecture.Theseinno-vationscanbeusedtointegratestructureandthebuildingenve-lope,or'skin.'Foranintegratedapproachtodesign.bordersbetween

the

dis-tinctprofessional.

industrial.

andconstructionterritoriesmustbetransgressed.Thesuccessofthisexplorationdependsonarchitectsunderstandingofthecapacitiesandconstraintsofeachseparatefieldduringthedesignprocess.Anextremeapproach

inte-grationliesintheuseofstructuralskins,Alotofworkwasdoneinthisarea

the'SOs,

'60s

and

'70s

byBuckminsterFuller.FreiOtto.Nervi.Islerandothers.wherethestructuralpotentialofcurvedsur-faceswasexploitedthroughtheuseofshellormembraneanalysistheory.Inthesecases,surfacescouldbebothstructuralandwater-

proof.andassuchareperfectexamplesofintegratedstructureandskin.Theyarenatural3-Dsur-facestructureswithveryspecificforms,whicharetheresultoftheoptimalpassageofloadsinsur-faces.Thearchitecturalimagesoftheseprojectsweretotalexpres-sionsofstructureanditsformalrequirements.Todaywecanfullyexplorecomplexstructuralshapesbecausethedescriptionofsurfacegeometriccomplexityhasbecomemoremanageableandanalyzablethroughtheuseofcomputers,TIlefollowingexamplesofintegrateddesignsarepresentedinanorderdefinedbyscale.fromairporttocurtainwall.

INCHONINTERNATIONAlAIRPORT-ARCHITEeTURALCESIGN0FSTRUCTURES

Forthisairport,ceilingstructurewasdesignedtoworkintegrallywith

the

ceilingsurfaces.Thedesignbriefcanedformearchirecturaldevelop-mntoftheroofandfacadestructuresoftileair-portinitiallydesignedbyFentressandBradburnofDenverinassociationwithKACI.theirKoreanbasedpartnerforthecompetition,Thedesigninvolvedboth

concaveroofovertheentrancehallspanning95metersandarepetitivemoduleforthemainroofmeasuring

meters.convex

shapewithsupportingmastsandcon-sciouslyreminiscentof

traditionalKoreanpagoda.HDA

work,doneincollaborationwithOve

Arup

andPartnersofLondon,concentratedoncreatingsteelroofstructuresconsistentwiththearchttecturalformsoftheceilingsaswellasmakingaclearexpressionofthestructuresthemselvesandhowtheyfunction,Theconfigurationofsteeltrussmembersandtheconnectiondetailingintendtoshowhowlargescalewindandearthquakeforces,whichareasmuchaconcernasgravityforcesin

this

case.areresolved.Thegeometryorthearchitec-turalcurvesoftheentrancehallvaultsisexploitedforstrucmralshellaction.Theroofsur-faceisentirelycross-bracedwithdiagonalmem-bers,whichmakesitstiffillplane.

such,

abletospanonitsownbetweenstiffeningedgetrusses.Theceilingplaneisthenasfreeaspossi-bleofverticalstructure.thusleaving

smoothsurface.Theceilingpanels

are

fabricatedintri-anglestoexpressthebracing.allowingtheview-ersaclearviewof

all

oftheprimarystructure,Criticaltothesuccess

0[;1

shellstructureisthebucklinganalysisofthesurface.AnlP'Sworkontheroofincluded.non-linear'snap-througn'simu-lation

fOJ;

thediagonalmembersthatwasneces-sarytoshowthattheyremainedintheshellplane

highcompressionloadingconfigurations.Onthe'Pagoda'roofmodules,aseriesofcrescentshapedtrussesaresuspendedfromacentralvierendeelspinetrussandtallmasts.Themastandspinetrussconfigurationisdesignedforductilitytoabsorbseismicforcessuchthatthesuspendedtrussesaregivenadegreeofpro-tectionfromtheseismicenergy.Thespinetrussisopenandclearlyvisible.withskylightsabovetohighllghrit.ThecrescenttrussesarecurvedontheirlowersurfacesfollowingtheconvexshapeoftheceilingasdesignedbytheaTchi-tects.Ateachmiss.theceilingsurfaceiscutopengivingafullviewofthetrusses.