ISU-ISU KONTEMPORER

AKUNTANSI KEUANGAN
Dr. Supriyadi, M.Sc.
 Why IFRS?
Globalization
• The shift toward a more
integrated and interdependent
world economy
• Three components:
 The globalization of markets
 The globalization of production
 The globalization of capital sources
Globalization of Production
Vizio flat panel TV is
designed in a small office in California
assembled in Mexico
From
panels made in South Korea
electronic components made in China

microprocessors made in the U.S.

Not just manufacturing…
 Globalization of production has
historically been about manufacturing
 Increasingly companies are using
modern communications to outsource
service activities to low-cost nations
Globalization of markets
In the past, each country had
its own companies in many industries
and its own products
What’s the impact?
Globalization (production,
market, and capital sources) needs
better information flows and
quality  IFRS is the answer!!!
Alasan Perlunya
Standar Akuntansi Internasional
Peningkatan daya banding laporan keuangan dan
memberikan informasi yang berkualitas di pasar
modal internasional
Menghilangkan hambatan arus modal
internasional dengan mengurangi perbedaan
dalam ketentuan pelaporan keuangan.
Mengurangi biaya pelaporan keuangan bagi
perusahaan multinasional dan biaya untuk analisis
keuangan bagi para analis.
Meningkatkan kualitas pelaporan keuangan
menuju “best practise”.
Apakah IFRS itu?
Suatu rerangka akuntansi yang serupa dalam karakter
dan cakupan dengan PSAK(?) dan US GAAP(?)
Standar pelaporan keuangan berkualitas dan diterima
secara global yang diterbitkan oleh IASB (sebelumnya
IASC)
Principles-based rather than rules-based
The future of world-wide financial reporting
Tujuan IASB
Meningkatkan komparabilitas dan
transparansi pelaporan keuangan
Mendorong konvergensi standar
akuntansi di seluruh dunia
Memfasilitasi terciptanya biaya
modal yang lebih murah karena
peningkatan alokasi modal antar
negara di seluruh dunia
Siapa Pengguna IFRS
Lebih dari 130 negara setelah telah menggunakan atau
menetapkan kebijakan untuk konvergensi ke IFRS
Peningkatan globalisasi pasar modal telah
meningkatkan tekanan untuk harmonisasi standar
akuntansi
Perusahaan multinasional merasa lebih mudah dan
perlu menggunakan IFRS
Perusahaan publik asing yang menjual saham di NYSC
boleh menggunkan IFRS
Manfaat Potensial Penggunaan IFRS
Mengeliminasi pelaporan ganda perusahaan anak di
negara lain
Komparabilitas informasi keuangan dengan
kompetitor asing
Lebih mudah akses ke pasar modal asing
Berpotensi memperoleh biaya modal lebih kecil
Meningkatkan fleksibilitas pemilihan kebijakan
akuntansi yang sesuai dengan substansi ekonomik
Tantangan Potensial Adopsi IFRS
Pelatihan
Perubahan Sistem Informasi Teknologi
Perubahan dalam kebijakan, prosedur, dan
pengendalian
Kewajiban hukum dan kontrak
Perbedaan dalam professional judgment
Komunikasi dengan pemakai
Pengukuran kinerja dan skema kompensasi
Isu pemilihan kebijakan akuntansi
Tantangan Potensial Adopsi IFRS
Divergent management, income tax, and inter-group
reporting bases
Isu pengelolaan korporasi (corporate governance)
Risiko penurunan kualitas pelaporan keuangan jangka
pendek
Peningkatan risiko misstatement, error, omission, and
fraud
Suatu proses learning curve
Kos Penggunaan IFRS
Kos akan berbeda-beda antar perushaan yang
mengadopsi IFRS
Kebutuhan sumberdaya di awal pengadopsian IFRS:
Sistem teknologi informasi
Pelatihan karyawan
Pembenahan kebijakan, proses, dan pengendalian
SDM
Konsultan
Pengelolaan risiko
Opportunity costs
Implikasi Adopsi IFRS
Perhatian auditor eksternal:
Modifikasi sistem
Kompilasi bukti-bukti audit
Keterlibtan dalam manajemen proyek
Diperlukan pengawasan terhadap BOD
Komite audit harus memahami IFRS
Diperlukan akses terhadap beberapa risiko: risiko
salah saji, keterlambatan pelaporan, dan kesalahan
pemilihan kebijakan akuntansi
Konsep Nilai Wajar (Fair Value)
Apakah nilai wajar relevan dan handal?
Apakah perubahan nilai wajar dapat menyebabkan
kesalahan estimasi?
Apakah penerapan konsep ini membuka peluang
manajemen untuk melakukan diskresi oportunistik?
Bagaimana dengan perubahan nilai wajar utang,
pentingkah bagi investor?
Konsep Nilai Wajar (Fair Value)
Apakah penggunaan nilai wajar akan mempengaruhi
perilaku manajemen dan investor?
Apakah implikasi menggunakan ekspektasi yang lebih
terhadap masa datang pada laporan keuangan
sekarang?
Apakah arti sebenarnya dari “laba” dan “rugi?”
Siapkah Indonesia?
Ketua IAI sudah mencanangkan bahwa
INDONESIA WILL FULLY ADOPT AND IMPLEMENT
IFRS IN 2012!

Negara tetangga?
Korea: 2009 (boleh pakai IFRS), 2011 (wajib IFRS)
Jepang, Cina, India, dan Kanada: 2011 konvergensi IFRS
penuh
Brasil: wajib IFRS pada 2010
Israel: 2008
Perkembangan SAK
1973 • Prinsip Akuntansi Indonesia (PAI 1973)

1984 • Prinsip Akuntansi Indonesia (PAI 1984)

1994 • Dicanangkan program harmonisasi dengan IAS

• PAI diubah menjadi Standar Akuntansi Keuangan (SAK)
• Referensi pengaturan:
• US GAAP
• IAS
• Dikembangkan sendiri sesuai perundang-undangan di Indonesia dan

kebutuhan bisnis
2005 • Program konvergensi IFRS dicanangkan oleh IASB
• Indonesia melakukan program konvergensi secara bertahap (gradually
approach)
2011 • Double sets accounting standards era

2012 • SAK Non-ETAP konvergen dengan IFRS

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Standar Akuntansi di Indonesia

SAK non-ETAP
Transaksi DSA
konvensional K IAI
SAK ETAP
SAK
Transaksi DSAS
SAK syariah IAI
SA syariah

SAP KSAP

20
Pemetaan Referensi
Entitas Pengguna Standar Akuntansi
SAK Non-ETAP (IFRS)
Public
Accountability
Entities
SAK (Local Standard)
Non Public
Accountability
Entities
SAK ETAP

Government
Entities SAP

21
 Roadmap PSAK Konvergensi ke IFRS

Tahap Tahap
Tahap adopsi
persiapan implementas
(2008-2011)
akhir (2011) i (2012)

Adopsi seluruh IFRS ke PSAK

●

Persiapan infrastruktur yang diperlukan

●
Penyelesaian persiapan
● Penerapan pertama kali PSAK yang sudah mengadopsi
●

seluruh IFRS
Evaluasi dan kelola dampak adopsi terhadap PSAK
infrastruktur yang diperlukan
●

Evaluasi dampak penerapan PSAK secara komprehensif

●

yang berlaku

22
Kendala Adopsi & Implementasi IFRS
Program pelatihan dan universitas belum siap
Kesenjangan komunikasi antara DSAK, dunia
pendidikan, dan masyarakat akuntansi
Kenjangan ahli IFRS
Isu terkait dengan kebijakan akuntansi
Risiko penurunan kualitas pelaporan keuangan jangka
pendek
Peningkatan risiko misstatement, error, omission, and
fraud
Business and organisational considerations
IFRS impact beyond financial statements
The adoption of IFRS affects more than a company’s
Most aspects of the business accounting policies, processes, and people.
can be affected: Ultimately, most aspects of a company’s business and
o Processes and systems operations are affected potentially.
o Operations
o Tax
o Treasury

Examples include impact on:

Debt covenants
Compensation plans
Revenue contracts
Joint ventures and alliances
Investor communication
 IFRS Implementation Issues
Treasury Management Valuation Distribution
Hedge Accounting Fair valuation approach 2010-11 profit will change
Investments Fair valuation methodologies Dividend policy

Investor Debt Covenants

relations IAS 1 requirements
Changes in EPS
EU experience

Mergers &
Acquisitions
IT Systems
ORGANISATION Control
Disclosures (IFRS Goodwill
7) Capital reserve
Hedge accounting IFRS 1 option
Data collection

Management
HR
Compensation
Training
ESOP fair value
Revised CTC
Targets not
MIS achievable
Tax Implication Director remuneration
Increased volatility
Fair value Investors
Fluctuations outside
adjustment
control
Most item will flow
Fair value
through P & L
adjustment
 PSAK yang telah Sama dengan IFRS
Efektif

PSAK
PSAK 14
14 (Rev.2008)
(Rev.2008) ●
IAS 2 Inventories 01-01-09

PSAK
PSAK 3434
(Rev.
●
IAS 11 Construction contracts 01-01-95
(Rev. 1994)
1994)

PSAK
PSAK 16
16 (Rev.2007)
(Rev.2007)
●
IAS 16 Property, plant and equipment 01-01-08

PSAK
PSAK 30
30 (Rev.2007)
(Rev.2007) ●
IAS 17 Leases 01-01-08

PSAK
PSAK 26
26
(Rev. 2008)
●
IAS 23 Borrowing costs 01-01-10
(Rev. 2008)

PSAK
PSAK 5050 ●
IAS 32 Financial instruments: presentation and disclosure 01-01-10
(Rev. 2006)
(Rev. 2006)

PSAK
PSAK 5555 ●
IAS 39 Financial instruments: recognition and measurement 01-01-10
(Rev. 2006)
(Rev. 2006)

PSAK IAS 40 Investment property 01-01-08

PSAK 13
13 (Rev.2007)
(Rev.2007) ●

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 PSAK yang telah Sama dengan IFRS
Efektif

01-01-11
PSAK 1 (revisi 2009) IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements
●

01-01-11
PSAK 2 (revisi 2009) IAS 7 Cash Flow Statements
●

01-01-11
PSAK 4 (revisi 2009) IAS 27 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements
●

PSAK 5 (revisi 2009) IFRS 8 Operating Segment

● 01-01-11

PSAK 12 (revisi 2009) IAS 31 Interests in Joint Ventures

● 01-01-11

PSAK 15 (revisi 2009) IAS 28 Investments in Associates

● 01-01-11

01-01-11
PSAK 25 (revisi 2009) IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors
●

PSAK 48 (revisi 2009) IAS 36 Impairment of Assets

● 01-01-11

PSAK 57 (revisi 2009) IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets
● 01-01-11

PSAK 58 (revisi 2009) 01-01-11

IFRS 5 Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations
●

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 PSAK yang telah Sama dengan IFRS
Efektif

01-01-11
PSAK 7 (revisi 2010) IAS 24 Related party disclosures
●

01-01-11
PSAK 22 (revisi 2010) IFRS 3 Business combination
●

01-01-12
PSAK 10 (revisi 2010) IAS 21 The effects of changes in foreign exchange rates
●

PSAK 19 (revisi 2010) IAS 38 Intangible assets

● 01-01-11

PSAK 23 (revisi 2010) IAS 18 Revenue

● 01-01-11

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 Program Adopsi 2010
IFRS 2 Share-based payment

IFRS 4 Insurance contracts

IFRS 6 Exploration for and evaluation of mineral resources

IFRS 7 Financial instruments: disclosures

IAS 12 Income taxes

IAS 19 Employee benefits

IAS 26 Accounting and reporting by retirement benefit plans

IAS
IAS 20
20 Accounting
Accounting for
for government
government grants
grants and
and disclosure
disclosure of
of government
government assistance
assistance

IAS 29 Financial reporting in hyperinflationary economies

29
 Program Adopsi 2010
IAS 33 Earning per share

IAS 34 Interim financial reporting

IAS 32 R2009 Financial Instrumens: Presentation

IAS 10 Events after The End of Reporting Period

IAS 41 Agriculture

30
Current Condition
By the end of 2010:
67 standards based on IAS/IFRS
20 standards based on US GAAP
8 standards self-developed
1 standard in Shari’a Banking (based on AAOIFI and
Local Regulations)
 Adopting IFRS
Adopting IFRS presents challenges that many people
underestimate
IFRS 1: First-time adoption of International Financial
Reporting Standards. IFRS 1 is applied by any company
that prepares its first IFRS financial statements for a
period beginning on or after 1 January 2004.
The implications of adopting the standards (LFRS): when
to apply IFRS; the opening balance sheet; the selection of
accounting policies; the optional exemptions and
mandatory exceptions; disclosures; and the interim
financial statements.
 The opening IFRS balance sheet
includes all the assets and liabilities that IFRS
requires;
excludes any assets and liabilities that IFRS does not
permit;
classifies all assets, liabilities and equity in accordance
with IFRS; and
measures all items in accordance with IFRS.
The opening IFRS balance sheet
The opening IFRS balance sheet is the starting
point for all subsequent accounting under IFRS.
Companies should prepare an opening IFRS
balance sheet at ‘the date of transition to IFRS’.
This is the beginning of the earliest period for
which full comparative information is presented
in accordance with IFRS. The opening balance
sheet need not be published in the first IFRS
financial statements.
 Implications
Many companies will recognize additional assets and
liabilities, for example:
defined benefit pension plans
deferred taxation
assets and liabilities under finance leases
provisions where there is a legal or constructive
obligation
derivative financial instruments
acquired intangible assets
share-based payments (IFRS 2)
 Implications
Some assets and liabilities recognized under a company’s previous GAAP
will have to be derecognized, for example:
provisions where there is no legal or constructive obligation
general reserves
internally generated intangible assets
deferred tax assets where recovery is not probable

Assets and liabilities that might be reclassified include:

investments in accordance with IAS 39*
some financial instruments previously classified as equity
any assets and liabilities that have been offset where the criteria for
offsetting in IFRS are not met – for example, the offset of an insurance
recovery against a provision
non-current assets held for sale (IFRS 5)
 Implications
Assets and liabilities that might be measured differently include:
receivables (IAS 18)
employee benefit obligations (IAS 19)
deferred taxation (IAS 12)
financial instruments (IAS 39)*
provisions (IAS 37)
impairments of property, plant and equipment and intangible
assets (IAS 36)
assets held for disposal (IFRS 5)
share-based payments (IFRS 2)