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C
ONTENTS
F
OREWORD
iii
U
NIT
I : D
EVELOPMENT
P
OLICIES
 
 AND
E
XPERIENCE
(1947-1990)1-35
C
HAPTER
1: I
NDIAN 
E
CONOMY
 
ON 
 
THE
E
 VE
 
OF
I
NDEPENDENCE
3
–L
OW
L
EVEL
 
OF
E
CONOMIC
D
EVELOPMENT
 
UNDER
 
THE
C
OLONIAL
R
ULE
4–A
GRICULTURAL
S
ECTOR
5–I
NDUSTRIAL
S
ECTOR
7–F
OREIGN
T
RADE
8–D
EMOGRAPHIC
C
ONDITION
9–O
CCUPATIONAL
S
TRUCTURE
10–I
NFRASTRUCTURE
11
C
HAPTER
2 : I
NDIAN 
E
CONOMY
1950-199016
–T
HE
G
OALS
 
OF
F
IVE
Y
EAR
P
LANS
19–A
GRICULTURE
22–I
NDUSTRY
 
AND
T
RADE
27–T
RADE
P
OLICY
: I
MPORT
S
UBSTITUTION
30
U
NIT
II : E
CONOMIC
R
EFORMS
 
SINCE
199136-56
C
HAPTER
3 : L
IBERALISATION 
, P
RIVATISATION 
 
 AND
G
LOBALISATION 
:
 AN 
A 
PPRAISAL
38
–B
ACKGROUND
39–L
IBERALISATION
41–P
RIVATISATION
44–G
LOBALISATION
45–I
NDIAN
E
CONOMY
D
URING
R
EFORMS
:
AN
A
SSESSMENT
48
U
NIT
III: C
URRENT
C
HALLENGES
F
 ACING
 
THE
I
NDIAN 
E
CONOMY
57-178
C
HAPTER
4 : P
OVERTY
59–W
HO
 
ARE
 
THE
P
OOR
?60–H
OW
 
ARE
P
OOR
P
EOPLE
I
DENTIFIED
?63–T
HE
N
UMBER
 
OF
P
OOR
 
IN
I
NDIA
66
 
–W
HAT
C
AUSES
P
OVERTY
?68–P
OLICIES
 
AND
P
ROGRAMMES
T
OWARDS
P
OVERTY
A
LLEVIATION
72–P
OVERTY
A
LLEVIATION
P
ROGRAMMES
—A C
RITICAL
A
SSESSMENT
75
C
HAPTER
5 : H
UMAN 
C
 APITAL
F
ORMATION 
 
IN 
I
NDIA 
82
–W
HAT
 
IS
H
UMAN
C
APITAL
?84–S
OURCES
 
OF
H
UMAN
C
APITAL
84–H
UMAN
C
APITAL
 
AND
H
UMAN
D
EVELOPMENT
90–H
UMAN
C
APITAL
F
ORMATION
 
IN
I
NDIA
: G
REAT
P
ROSPECTS
91–E
DUCATION
S
ECTOR
 
IN
I
NDIA
92–F
UTURE
P
ROSPECTS
94
C
HAPTER
6 : R
URAL
D
EVELOPMENT
99
–W
HAT
 
IS
R
URAL
D
EVELOPMENT
?100–C
REDIT
 
AND
M
ARKETING
 
IN
R
URAL
A
REAS
101–A
GRICULTURAL
M
ARKET
S
YSTEM
104–D
IVERSIFICATION
 
INTO
P
RODUCTIVE
A
CTIVITIES
106–S
USTAINABLE
D
EVELOPMENT
 
AND
O
RGANIC
F
ARMING
110
C
HAPTER
7 : E
 MPLOYMENT
: G
ROWTH
, I
NFORMALISATION 
 
 AND
 
OTHER
I
SSUES
116
–W
ORKERS
 
AND
E
MPLOYMENT
118–P
ARTICIPATION
 
OF
P
EOPLE
 
IN
E
MPLOYMENT
119–S
ELF
-
EMPLOYED
 
AND
H
IRED
W
ORKERS
120–E
MPLOYMENT
 
IN
F
IRMS
, F
ACTORIES
 
AND
O
FFICES
123–G
ROWTH
 
AND
C
HANGING
S
TRUCTURE
 
OF
E
MPLOYMENT
124–I
NFORMALISATION
 
OF
I
NDIAN
W
ORKFORCE
127–U
NEMPLOYMENT
130–G
OVERNMENT
 
AND
E
MPLOYMENT
G
ENERATION
132
C
HAPTER
8 : I
NFRASTRUCTURE
139
–W
HAT
 
IS
I
NFRASTRUCTURE
?140–R
ELEVANCE
 
OF
I
NFRASTRUCTURE
141–T
HE
S
TATE
 
OF
I
NFRASTRUCTURE
 
IN
I
NDIA
141–E
NERGY
144–H
EALTH
149
xii
 
C
HAPTER
9 : E
NVIRONMENT
 
 AND
S
USTAINABLE
D
EVELOPMENT
162
–E
NVIRONMENT
— D
EFINITION
 
AND
F
UNCTIONS
163–S
TATE
 
OF
I
NDIA
’
S
E
NVIRONMENT
167–S
USTAINABLE
D
EVELOPMENT
171–S
TRATEGIES
 
FOR
S
USTAINABLE
D
EVELOPMENT
172
U
NIT
IV : D
EVELOPMENT
E
XPERIENCES
 
OF
I
NDIA 
: A C
OMPARISON 
179-197
 WITH
N 
EIGHBOURS
C
HAPTER
10 : C
OMPARATIVE
D
EVELOPMENT
E
XPERIENCES
 
OF
181I
NDIA 
 
 AND
 
ITS
N 
EIGHBOURS
–D
EVELOPMENTAL
P
ATH
— A S
NAPSHOT
V 
IEW
182–D
EMOGRAPHIC
I
NDICATORS
185–G
ROSS
D
OMESTIC
P
RODUCT
 
AND
S
ECTORS
186–I
NDICATORS
 
OF
H
UMAN
D
EVELOPMENT
189–D
EVELOPMENT
S
TRATEGIES
—
AN
A
PPRAISAL
190
G
LOSSARY
198-206
xiii
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