The C
lean Development Mechanism:An assessment of current practice
and future
approaches for policy
Emily Boyd, Nathan E. Hultman, Timmons Roberts,
Esteve Corbera, Johannes Ebeling, Diana M. Liverman,Kate Brown, Robert Tippmann, John Cole, Phil Mann,Marius Kaiser, Mike Robbins, Adam Bumpus, Allen Shaw,Eduardo Ferreira, Alex Bozmoski, Chris Villiers andJonathan Avis In cooperation with EcoSecuritiesOctober
200
7
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research
Working Paper
114
The Clean Development Mechanism:
An assessment of current practice and future approaches for policy
Environmental Change Institute OxfordTyndall Centre for Climate Change Research UK
In cooperation with
EcoSecuritiesLead Authors:
Emily Boyd
,
1
Nathan E. Hultman,
Timmons Roberts,
1,3
EsteveCorbera,
4,6
Johannes Ebeling
Contributing Authors:
Diana M. Liverman,
1
Kate Brown,
4
Robert Tippmann,
5
John Cole,
1
Phil Mann,
1
Marius Kaiser,
5
Mike Robbins,
4
Adam Bumpus,
1
Allen Shaw,
1
Eduardo Ferreira,
1
Alex Bozmoski,
Chris Villiers,
5
Jonathan Avis
5
Tyndall Working Paper No. 114 October 2007
Please note that Tyndall working papers are "work in progress". Whilst they arecommented on by Tyndall researchers, they have not been subject to a full peer review.The accuracy of this work and the conclusions reached are the responsibility of theauthor(s) alone and not the Tyndall Centre.
1
Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford
2
Program in Science, Technology, and International Affairs, GeorgetownUniversity (USA) and James Martin Institute for Science and Civilization,University of Oxford
3
Department of Sociology, College of William & Mary (USA)
4
School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich
5
EcoSecurities LLP
2
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Norwich
i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................................................i1
........................................................................................................................................1
.............................................................................................................................................3
................................................................................................................................................5
......................................................................................................................23
Current Institutional Issues.......................................................................................................................50
Figure 1:
The CDM Project Cycle......................................................................................................................2
Figure 2:
Baseline scenario of a CDM project activity.......................................................................................4
Figure 3:
Time series of expected cumulative emissions reductions to 2012.....................................................9
Figure 4:
Global distribution of CDM projects...................................................................................................9
Figure 5:
Time series of expected share of emissions reductions to 2012........................................................10
Figure 6:
Contribution of CDM project types to emission reductions to 2012.................................................11
Figure 7:
Number and scale of CDM projects across project types..................................................................12
Figure 8:
Energy and Climate Mitigation Financial Flows to Developing Countries.......................................14
Table 1:
CDM projects by region including leading countries...........................................................................8
Table 2:
Environment and development benefits of 10 CDM projects.............................................................19
Table 3:
Perspectives on the CDM....................................................................................................................22
Table 4:
Overview of the main post-2012 climate change mitigation proposals and approaches.....................32
Box 1:
China and the CDM...............................................................................................................................15
Box 2:
Africa and the CDM...............................................................................................................................16
Box 3:
Conflicting perspectives on forests and CDM.......................................................................................25
Box 4:
Summary of donor perspectives.............................................................................................................27
Box 5:
Land-use challenges for the CDM after 2012........................................................................................37
ii
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The Clean Development Mechanism: An assessment of current practice and future approaches for policy
Emily Boyd, Nathan E. Hultman, Timmons Roberts, Esteve Corbera, Johannes Ebeling, Diana M. Liverman, Kate Brown, Robert Tippmann, John Cole, Phil Mann, Marius Kaiser, Mike Robbins, Adam Bumpus, Allen Shaw, Eduardo Ferreira, Alex Bozmoski, Chris Villiers…
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