CURRICULUM

OF

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
For

BS
MS

(Revised 2009)

HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION

ISLAMABAD
 CURRICULUM DIVISION, HEC

Dr. Syed Sohail H. Naqvi Executive Director

Prof. Dr. Altaf Ali G. Shaikh Member (Academics)

Miss Ghayyur Fatima Director (Curri)

Mr. M. Tahir Ali Shah Deputy Director (Curri)

Mr. Shafiullah Deputy Director

2
 CONTENTS

1. Introduction ……………………………………….. 6

2. Scheme of Studies for BS (4-YEAR) in

Environmental Science …………………………. 12

3. Details of Courses for BS (4-YEAR) in

Environmental Science …………………………. 14

4. Scheme of Studies for MS …………………….. 50

5. Detail of Courses for MS ………………………. 51

6. Details of Compulsory Courses

Annexures A, B, C, D & E………………………………… 58

3
 PREFACE
Curriculum of a subject is said to be the throbbing pulse of a nation. By looking at
the curriculum one can judge the state of intellectual development and the state of
progress of the nation. The world has turned into a global village; new ideas and
information are pouring in like a stream. It is, therefore, imperative to update our
curricula regularly by introducing the recent developments in the relevant fields of
knowledge.

In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) of section 3 of the Federal

Supervision of Curricula Textbooks and Maintenance of Standards of Education Act
1976, the Federal Government vide notification No. D773/76-JEA (cur.), dated
December 4th 1976, appointed the University Grants Commission as the competent
authority to look after the curriculum revision work beyond class XII at the bachelor
level and onwards to all degrees, certificates and diplomas awarded by degree
colleges, universities and other institutions of higher education.

In pursuance of the above decisions and directives, the Higher Education

Commission (HEC) is continually performing curriculum revision in collaboration
with universities. According to the decision of the special meeting of Vice-
Chancellor’s Committee, the curriculum of a subject must be reviewed after every 3
years.

A committee of experts comprising of conveners from the National Curriculum

Revision of HEC in Basic, Applied Social Sciences and Engineering disciplines met
in April 2007 and developed a unified template to standardize degree programs in
the country to bring the national curriculum at par with international standards, and
to fulfill the needs of the local industries. It also aimed to give a basic, broad based
knowledge to the students to ensure the quality of education. The new Bachelor
(BS) degree shall be of 4 years duration, and will require the completion of 130-136
credit hours. For those social sciences and basic sciences degrees, 63.50% of the
curriculum will consist of discipline specific courses, and 36.50% will consist of
compulsory courses and general courses offered through other departments.

For the purpose of curriculum revision various committees are constituted at the
national level, comprising of senior teachers nominated by universities, degree
awarding institutions, R&D organizations, respective accreditation councils and
stake holders. The National Curriculum Revision Committee for Environmental
Science in a meeting held on April 28-30, 2009 at the HEC Regional Center,
Karachi in continuation of its earlier meeting held on November 16-17, 2007 at HEC
Regional Center, Lahore, revised the curriculum in light of the unified template. The
revised draft curriculum is being circulated for implementation in the concerned
institutions.

PROF. DR.ALTAF ALI G. SHAIKH

Member Academics
August 2009

4
 CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

STAGE-I STAGE-II STAGE-III STAGE-IV

CURRI. UNDER CURRI. IN DRAFT

FINAL STAGE FOLLOW UP
CONSIDERATION STAGE

COLLECTION OF
EXP
NOMINATION
UNI, R&D, APPRAISAL OF 1ST PREP. OF FINAL
DRAFT BY EXP
QUESTIONNAIRE
INDUSTRY & CURRI.
COUNCILS

FINALIZATION OF
CONS. OF NCRC. DRAFT BY NCRC
COMMENTS
PRINTING OF
CURRI.

PREP. OF DRAFT
REVIEW
BY NCRC
IMPLE. OF
CURRI.

Abbreviations Used: BACK TO

NCRC. National Curriculum Revision Committee ORIENTATION
COURSES BY STAGE-I
VCC. Vice-Chancellor’s Committee LI, HEC
EXP. Experts
COL. Colleges
UNI. Universities
PREP. Preparation
REC. Recommendations
LI Learning Innovation
R&D Research & Development Organization
HEC Higher Education Commission

5
Introduction
The final meeting of the National Curriculum Revision Committee of Higher
Education Commission in Environmental science was held at HEC Regional
Centre, Karachi from 28-30, April 2009 to finalize the draft curriculum for
under-graduate and graduate degree programs in the discipline. Following
attended the meeting:-
1. Dr. Muhammad Irfan Khan Convener
Professor and Head
Department of Environmental sciences
International Islamic University
Islamabad
2. Dr. Sheikh Saeed Ahmad Member
Assistant Professor
Department of Environmental Science
Fatima Jinnah Women University
The Mall, Rawalpindi
3. Dr. Azeem Khalid Member
Associate Professor
Department of Environmental Sciences
PMAS Arid Agricultural University,
Rawalpindi
4. Dr. Syed Shahid Ali Member
Foreign Professor (HEC)
Department of Earth & Environmental Science
Bahria University
Islamaabad
5. Dr. Moazzam Jamil Member
Principal
University College of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
Bahawalpur
6. Dr. Anjum Zia Member
Assistant Professor
Department of Chemistry &Bio-chemistry
University of Agriculture
Faisalabad

7. Prof. Dr. Kauser Jamal Cheema Member

Dean, Faculty of Natural Sciences &
Head, Department of Environmental Science
Lahore College for Women University,
Lahore

6
8. Dr. Zahir Ahmed Zahir Member
Associate Professor
Institute of Soil & Environmental Sciences
University of Agriculture
Faisalabad
9. Ms. Arjumand Zaidi Member
Assistant Professor
Department of Environmental Sciences
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
Abbotabad
10. Dr. Arifa Tahir Member
Assistant Professor
Department of Environmental Science
Lahore College for Women University
Lahore
11. Prof. Dr. Amir Haider Malik Member
Foreign Professor (HEC)
Department of Environmental Sciences
COMSATS Institute of Informational Technology
Abbotabad
12. Prof. Dr. Mozzam Ali Khan Member
Director
Institute of Environmental Sciences
University of Karachi
Karachi
13. Dr. Said Rahman Member
Manager SPAS
SUPARCO Head Quarters
Karachi.
14. Dr. Basir Ahmad Arain Member
Professor, Centre for Environmental Science
University of Sindh
Jamshoro
15. Prof. Dr. Mozzam Ali Khan Member
Director Institute of Environmental Science
University of Karachi,
Karachi
16. Prof. Dr. Khursheed Ahmed Member
Department of Environmental Management
National College of Business Administration & Economics
Lahore.

7
 17. Dr. Sardar Khan Member
Associate Professor
Department of Environmental Science
University of Peshawar
Peshawar
18. Dr. Muhammad Ishaq Ghaznavi Member
Member Technical
Balochistan Environmental Protection Tribunal
Quetta
19. Mr. Javed Ali Khan Member
Director General (Environment)
Ministry of Environment
Islamabad
20. Dr. Khalid Farooq Akbar Secretary
Associate Professor
Department of Environmental Sciences
GC University, Faisalabad
Dr. Shafiq-ur-Rehman, Chairman, Department of Environmental Science
could not attend the final meeting due to his pre-engagement. Dr.
Muhammad Irfan Khan of International Islamic University Islamabad and Dr.
Khalid Farooq Akbar of GC University Faisalabad acted as Convener and
Secretary of the Committee respectively. Mr. Muhammad Tahir Ali Shah
Assistant Director (curriculum) Higher Education Commission, Islamabad
coordinated the meeting.
The meeting was opened by Mr. Muhammad Rafiq Rai, Director of HEC
Regional Center, Karachi. He welcomed the participants and opened the
meeting.
Mr. Muhammad Tahir Ali Shah, Deputy Director (Curriculum) of Higher
Education Commission Islamabad circulated the copies of draft curriculum of
Environmental Science and HEC framework template for the development of
curriculum in basic and applied science. He briefed the members of the
committee about the review and revision of the curricula regularly at specific
intervals to bring the quality of higher education with international standards,
compatible with national needs and useful for the industry and society.

The participants reviewed he current curriculum and proposed suggestions to

revise the current curriculum.
1. At first, the committee reviewed the draft curriculum and discussed
at length the proposed contents of revised courses.
2. The participants were divided into different groups according to their
expertise to review the courses. These groups reviewed the existing
courses and suggested appropriate changes in them.

8
 3. These groups also proposed contents/reading materials for newly
introduced courses.
4. Then the committee reviewed the existing MS curriculum and
proposed some new core courses and elective courses.
5. The committee expressed its concern that there was no
participation from the major universities.
6. The committee thanked Mr. Muhammad Tahir Ali Shah and the staff
HEC regional centre, Karachi for providing logistic facilities to the
participants.
The Environmental matters are at the center of the political and economic
areas and at the top of the developmental agenda of every country in the
world. This is the outcome of a rising global concern about the protection of
our environment. In last few centuries, the world has witnessed a rapid but
uneven economic development. The unsustainable economic development
has resulted in disastrous environmental crises such as environmental
pollution, climate change and depletion of resources and loss of biodiversity.
The world is faced with the challenge of devising innovative development
strategies to deal with the complexities of environmental deterioration and
economic development. In order to cope with the challenges of increasing
population, environmental deterioration and unsustainable economic
development, a harmonious collaboration between human development
efforts and environment concerns are urgently needed to achieve the ultimate
goal of sustainable development. The target of sustainable development can
only be achieved through an integrated, comprehensive approach involving
social and technological changes in all sectors of human life and its
environment.

1. The Aim
The principal aim of graduate and post-graduate level degree programs in the
discipline of Environmental Science is to train and develop, well equipped
and highly skilled man power to tackle the growing environmental and
developmental problems and changes arising from the transition to a
sustainable society.

2. The Scope
Being an interdisciplinary field of knowledge, Environmental Science includes
programmes with multidisciplinary scope in which the graduates will learn to
address the challenges of maintenance of environmental integrity for
sustainable development in relation to human activities.

3. Teaching Objectives
The teaching objectives of the degree programmes in Environmental Science
are to enable its graduates with following key skills:
• Learn how to analyze and assess environmental problems
• Carry out independent scientific and technical research on
environmental issues
9
 • Propose sustainable solutions for environmental problems.

5. Learning Objectives
The degree programs are expected to equip the graduates with an ability to
understand the linkages between various bio-physical and socio-economic
components of environment and with an expertise to:
i. Understand the intricate linkages within and between biophysical and
socioeconomic systems, and appreciate the principles and
requirements that would facilitate the transition to sustainability within
these systems;

ii. Apply theoretical understanding, professional judgment and skills in

mitigation of environmental problems

iii. Formulate and implement solutions to problems of sustainable

development, through the use of analytical skill and theoretical
knowledge

iv. Make meaningful contributions to improving legal and administrative

structures and processes relevant to sustainable development and
environmental management

5. RATIONALE
Finding a sustainable way of life is one of the greatest socially, economically
and environmentally challenges facing humanity today. This requires a new
frame of mind and new set of values. Education is critical for promoting such
values and improving people’s capacities to address environmental and
developmental issues. Education at all levels especially university education
should aim at achieving sustainable development and foster environmentally
sound attitudes, skills and behaviour patterns, as well as a sense of ethical
responsibility. This can be achieved if Environmental Science is made part of
the education embracing both the scientific and social aspects of the human
life. The discipline of Environmental Science is perceived as the systematic
study of the world around us, our proper place in it and how it can deal with
the issues of socio-economic development on the basis of the principles
derived from various disciplines of natural sciences. The development of
interdisciplinary curriculum is one way of developing capacity in
Environmental Science for the achievement of ultimate goals of sustainable
development

Keeping in view the above objectives in the local, regional and global
contexts, the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan appointed a National
Curriculum Revision Committee in Environmental Science. This committee, in
its preliminary meeting, discussed the structure and composition of the
existing graduate and post graduate degree programmes in the discipline of
Environmental Science and suggested appropriate changes to keep the

10
graduate abreast with new developments in Environmental Science and
prepared a revised curriculum draft.

DEGREE PROGRAMMES
Before drawing the structure of the graduate and post-graduate programmes
in Environmental Science following principles were agreed by the Committee,
with consensus, as guiding principles for the development of the
programmes, that:
1. The degree programmes in Environmental Science should be
comprehensive in their coverage of the contents
2. The medium of instruction, assessment and evaluation will be English
for degree programmes in Environmental Science.
3. Courses from disciplines of social sciences should also be included in
the curriculum of Environmental Science along with the courses from
disciplines of natural sciences in order to integrate the socio-economic
aspects of the environment.
4. Environmental Science is an emerging science as a discipline which is
highly inter and multi-disciplinary in nature. Integrating natural
sciences, social sciences and humanities in a holistic study of the
world around us is required to achieve goals.
5. In order to support efficient research in the discipline of Environmental
Science, skills oriented courses in information and communication
technologies must be included in the degree programmes.
6. The structure of the programmes should be in accordance with
international system of higher education in terms of equivalence of
credit hours and duration.

A. UNDER GRADUATE PROGRAMME

BS Environmental Science
Before drawing the outlines and contents of the courses the committee
unanimously agreed on the following principles.
1. To maintain the equivalence of duration of
study at international level, the Bachelors degree programme (BS) will
be of four years i.e., eight semesters in the semester system.
2. The nomenclature for this four-year degree
programme will be BS Environmental Science consisting minimum of
124 and Maximum of 136 credit hours including compulsory courses of
English, Islamic studies and Pakistan studies
3. The eligibility for admission to Bachelors of
Environmental Science degree will be F. Sc. pre-medical and pre-
engineering or equivalent qualification
The following courses were identified by the Committee to be included in the
curriculum of four-year BS Environmental Science Degree programme. The

11
proposed workload is maximum in the first year and minimum in the final year
for the purpose of giving relief for research work and career-oriented
activities. The Committee also proposed a semester wise distribution of
courses in a basic to applied order.
SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR
BS (4-YEARS) IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

FIRST YEAR
Course Titles Credit Hours
Semester – 1
1. Introduction to Environmental Science 3 (3-0)
2. Biology –I* 3 (2-1)
3. Basic Chemistry* 3 (2-1)
4. Math/Stat-1 (Mathematics) 3 (3-0)
5. English-I 3 (3-0)
6. Pakistan Studies 2 (2-0)

Total Credit Hours 17

Semester – 2
7. Introduction to Earth Science 3 (2-1)
8. Biology –II* 3 (2-1)
9. Math/Stat (Statistics) University Optional 3 (3-0)
10. Sociology/Anthropology* 3 (3-0)
11. English-II 3 (3-0)
12. Islamic Studies/Ethics 2 (2-0)

Total Credit Hours 17

SECOND YEAR
Semester – 3
13. Introduction to Computer 3 (1-2)
14. Environmental Chemistry 3 (2-1)
15. Environmental Physics 3 (2-1)
16. Introductory Economics* 3 (3-0)
17. English-III 3 (3-0)
18. Philosophy* 3 (3-0)

Total Credit Hours 18

Semester – 4
19. Fundamentals of Ecology 3 (3-0)
20. Environmental Microbiology 3 (2-1)
21. Environmental Pollution 3
22. Climatology* 3 (3-0)
23. Psychology* 3 (3-0)
12
24. English-IV/ Univ. Opt. 3 (3-0)

Total Credit Hours 18

THIRD YEAR
Semester – 5
25. Applied Ecology 3 (2-1)
26. Environmental toxicology 3 (2-1)
27. Environmental Profile of Pakistan 3 (3-0)
28. Environmental Economics 3 (3-0)
29. Analytical techniques in Environmental Science 3 (1-2)
30. ELECTIVE-I 3 (3-0)

Total Credit Hours 18

Semester – 6
31. Environmental Biotechnology 3 (2-1)
32. GIS & Remote Sensing 4 (2-2)
33. Environmental Management Systems 3 (3-0)
34. Biodiversity & Conservation 3 (3-0)
35. Environmental Monitoring 3 (2-1)
36. ELECTIVE-II 3 (3-0)

Total Credit Hours 19

FOURTH YEAR
Semester – 7
37. Climate Change 3 (3-0)
38. Environmental Impact Assessment 3 (3-0)
39. Natural Resource Management 3 (3-0)
40. Research Methods in Environmental Science 3 (3-0)
41. ELECTIVE-III 3 (3-0)
42. ELECTIVE –IV 3 (3-0)

Total Credit Hours 18

Semester – 8

43. Environmental Laws & policies 3 (3-0)

44. Health and Environment 3 (3-0)
45. Pollution control Technologies 3 (2-1)
46. Research project/ Internship 3-6

Total Credit Hours 12-15

Total Degree Credit Hours 124-136

13
• Four Credit Hour Course must include Lab/Practical.
• Universities can choose from the list provided under general
category

14
 DETAILS OF COURSES
FOR BS (4-YEAR) ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
SEMESTER 1
COURSE 1
INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 3 (3-0)
Objectives
To introduce the students with basic concepts and the history of development
of Environmental Science as an academic discipline, its importance in human
life, its interdisciplinary nature and provide students with an understanding of
the relationships between different components of environment, current
global, and national environmental challenges for sustainable development.

Course Outlines
Introduction: basic concepts, history, nature and scope of Environmental
Science and its contribution to society. Different aspects of environment:
physical, ecological, socio-economic, ethical, philosophical. Major
components of environment: physico-chemical, biological and social, and
their relationships with various environmental factors. Human environment
and its problems: global, national, regional. Environmental challenges for
sustainable development: current and future trends in population growth,
environmental pollution, development in industry and agriculture,
urbanization, poverty and resource depletion.

Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet, Botkin, D.B & Keller,
E.A. 6th Ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
2. Environmental Science: systems and solutions, McKinney, M.L., Schoch,
R.M. & Yonavjak, L. 4th Ed. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2007
3. Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future, Wright, R.T. &
Nebel, B.J. 10th Ed. Pearson Educational, 2007.
4. Environmental Science: working with the Earth. Miller, G., Thomson
Learning, 2002.

COURSE 2
BIOLOGY - I 3 (2-1)

Objectives
The course provides wide range coverage to principles of life. Particular
emphasis is on chemical basis of life and polymerization in carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. The course will impart knowledge about
enzymes and phenomenon of hereditary transformation in living organisms.

15
Course Outlines
Introduction: Definition and concept of life, chemical basis of life. Structure
and the basis of function, chemical diversity, functional groups in functional
diversity: Molecules of life and Polymerization; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
phospholipids in membrane systems, polypeptides in protein diversity,
enzymes as molecular tools in chemical transformations. Nucleic acids; the
molecule of genetic information and replication. Origin of life: chemical
evolution, origin of metabolism. protobionts, Origin of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells. Introduction to cell biology, overview of structure and
function of cell organelles. Cell division.

Lab Work
Identification of the chemical nature of different animal and plant materials.
Cytochemical demonstration of DNA and RNA in Avian blood and Protozoa.
Biochemical tests for carbohydrates and proteins, lipids. Plasmolysis and
deplasmolysis in blood cells. Protein digestion by enzyme pepsin. Gram
staining of bacteria and study of fungus. Study of mitosis in onion root tip.
Study of meiosis in Grasshopper testis.

Recommended Books:
1. Biology’ Campbell, N. A. 8th Ed. The Benjamin / Cummings
Publishing Company Inc. New York. USA, 2008.
2. Holes’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, Shier, D., Bulter, J.
and Lewis, R. McGraw- Hill International Edition. USA; 2007.
3. Molecular Biology through Questions, Self Assessment and
Revie, Crossley, M. and Whitelaw, E. McGraw –Hill Book Company Pvt.
Ltd., Australia , 1996.
4. Cells, Lewis, B., Cassimeris, L., Lingappa, V. R., Plopper, G.
Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Canada, 2007.
5. Biology: a Human Emphasis, Starr, C. 5th Edetion. Wadsworth
Group. USA, 2003.

COURSE 3
BASIC CHEMISTRY 3(2-1)

Objectives
The main objective of this course is to provide a basic knowledge and
understanding of chemistry and principles of chemical reactions. The course
not only provides excellent practice in basic chemistry, but also allows the
rigorous development of experimental schemes and analysis methods,
relying on physical chemistry and analytical reasoning.

Course Outlines
Chemical Bonding, periodic tables with emphasis on heavy metals. Ionic,
covalent, coordinate covalent bond. Radioactivity and its environmental
hazards. General chemistry of functional groups of organic compounds
(alcohols, carbonyls, esters, carboxylic acids, amines). Aromatic compounds,
16
ions, radicals. Photochemical reactions. Solution chemistry. Surface
chemistry. Colloids chemistry. Thermodynamics and chemical kinetics.

Lab Work
Preparation of molar, molal, normal solutions/buffers. Osmosis and Dialysis.
Paper Chromatography (one and two dimensional), Thin layer
chromatography, Column chromatography. Measurement of pH, EC and TDS
in waste water. Use of titrimetric and gravimetric analysis. Use of
spectrophotometric techniques.

Recommended Books:
1. Principles of Environmental Chemistry, Girard, J.E., 1st Ed. Jones and
Barlett, USA, 2005.
2. An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry, Andrews, J.E.,
Brimblecombe, P., Jickells, T.D., Liss, P.S. and Reid, B.J., 2nd Edition.
Blackwell Science, UK, 2004.
3. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, Skoog, D.A., West, D.M. and
Holler, F.J., 8th Edition. Thomson and Brooks, Canada, 2004.
4. Understanding Environmental Pollution, Hill, M.K., 2nd Edition.
Cambridge University Press, UK, 2004.
5. Qualitative Chemical Analysis, Harris, D.C., 6th Edition. W.H. Freeman
and Company, USA, 2003.

COURSE 4
Mathematics-I 3(3-0)

Objectives
The course provides foundation of mathematics for the degree programme in
Environmental Sciences. The students will be able to understand and apply
basic principles in practical field. They will be equipped with the knowledge of
basic principles of Algebra, Arithmetic and Trigonometry

Course Outlines
Elementary Concepts: Real numbers and subsets of real numbers, real line,
coordinate Geometry: Elementary concepts of Cartesian coordinates in the
plane, increment in variable and distance between two points in plane,
graphs, straight line and related concepts, equations of lines (linear
equations). Equations and their solutions: Quadratic equations and their
solutions by factorizat completing squares and quadratic formula,
simultaneous equations and their solutions. Sequence and series: Arithmetic,
geometric and harmonic sequence, series and means.Special Products
(Binomial Expression), Binomial theorem (Simple applications).
Trigonometry: Radian and degree measure of angles, concepts of six basic
trigonometric functions, values of trigonometric functions, basic trigonometric
formulas (without derivations), angle-sum formula, double angle formulas,
law of Cosines. Matrices and Determinants: Matrix. Algebra of matrices,
determinants, minor and cofactor of a matrix, expansion of determinants,
17
Cramer’s Rule. Differentiation: Basic formulas of differentiations, theorems on
differentiation (sum, difference, product and quotient rules without
derivations), Chain rule, derivative of six basic trigonometric functions. Partial
Fractions: Repeated linear factors, nonrepeated linear factors, irreducible
quadratic factors. Integration: Formulas of integration, theorem of integration,
by parts integration (simple applications).

Recommended Books:
1. Calculus and Analytical Geometry, 10th Ed. Thomas, G.B. Jr. and Finney,
R. L. Addission- Wesley.
2. Trignometry for College students. 4th Ed. Smith, K. J. Brooks/Cole
Publishing Company, Pacific Grove, California.
3. Analytical Geometry, Abraham, S., Scott Foresman and Company.
4. Analytical Geometry of Two Dimension, Chatterjee, D., Narosa Publishing
House, New Delhi, 1999.

COURSE 5
English-I (Functional English) 3(3-0)
Annexure - A

COURSE 6
Pakistan Studies (Compulsory)
Annexure - B

SEMESTER 2
COURSE 7
INTRODUCTION TO EARTH SCIENCES 3(2-1)

Objectives
This course aims to provide knowledge about the basic concepts of geology
and geography. This will help the student to get the knowledge about
different types of rocks and minerals, the processes of their formation,
different earth processes like mountain buildings, earthquakes, weathering
and erosion. The students will also be introduced to work with different type
of maps and GPS system.

Course Outlines
Introduction and scope of geology and geography, its importance and
relationship with other sciences with special reference to environment. Earth
as a member of solar system; its origin, age, composition and its internal
structure. Basic principles of stratigraphy and sedimentation. Introduction to
rocks and minerals. Introduction to sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic
rocks; plate tectonics, mountain building, earthquakes and volcanoes.
Introduction to folds, faults, joints, cleavages, foliation, lineation and
unconformities. Weathering, erosion and related landforms. Fossils and their
significance. Geological time scale and life through geological ages.
18
Lab Work
Study of earth relief features with the help of topographical models and
thematic maps.Identification of rocks and minerals. Use of brunton compass
and GPS. Field Study tour.

Recommended Books:
1. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology, Tarbuck, E. J., Lutgens, F.
K., and Tasa, D., 9th Edition, Prentice Hall; 2007
2. Historical geology: Evolution of Earth and Life Through Time,
Wicander, R., and Monroe, J., 5th Edition, Brooks/Cole, 2007
3. Earth Science, Tarbuck, E. J., Lutgens, F. K., and Tasa, D., 11th
Edition, Prentice Hall, 2005.
4. Foundations of Structural Biology. Park. R. G. 3rd Edition, Routledge,
2004.
5. How Does Earth Work; Physical Geology and Process of Science.
Smith, G. and Pun, A., Prentice Hall: 2006.

COURSE 8
BIOLOGY - II 3 (2-1)

Objectives
This course aims to introduce the biosphere and its evolution. It describes the
origin of taxonomic categories and explains biodiversity with special
reference to decline and extinction of species and conservation.

Course Outlines
Introduction: Biosphere and biological resources. Evolution of biosphere:
Origin of life, protocell formation, unicellularity, multicellularity. Origin of
taxonomy: Origin of species, taxonomic categories and modern criteria of
classification, different classification systems. Life in sea, invasion of life on
land, Geological time chart with biodiversity. Evolution as a force in diversity
of life: Overview of earlier theories, Lamarckism, Darwinism, modern
concepts. Diversity of life and ecological factors: Homeostasis, crucial for
organisms’ sustainability, environmental changes and the basis of
homeostasis in organisms; examples of adjustments in varied environment,
interactions among diversified life. Biodiversity: Elements of biodiversity,
molecular basis of biodiversity, measuring biodiversity, Geographical aspects
of biodiversity. Extinction: Ecological extinction and extirpation, causes of
extinction, population loss and decline, biodiversity crises, consequences of
losing biodiversity.

Lab Work
Biodiversity studies in botanical and zoological gardens (plants, animals).
Studies on structural diversity in plants and animals and their adaptation to
their habitat. Biodiversity of canal, river / stream bank and microscopic
biodiversity of its water. Biodiversity of hilly areas. Biodiversity of deserts.

19
Classification and general survey of animal and plant kingdom (Museum
studies)

Recommended Books:
1. The Biosphere, Bradbury, I. K., John Wiley and Sons. Inc. UK,
2009.
2. Biology, a Human Emphasis. Starr, C. 5th Edition. Wadsworth
Group. USA, 2003.
3. Biodiversity (An Introduction). Gaston, K. J. and Spicer, J. I, 2nd
Edition. Blackwell Science Ltd. UK, 2000.

COURSE 9
STATISTICS 3 (3-0)
Annexure - E
COURSE 10
ENVIRONMENTAL ANTHROPOLOGY 3 (3-0)

Objectives
Environmental Anthropology is the study of applied action and/or advocacy
research to address practical environmental problems, and concerns. The
course will emphasize how anthropologists work and the students will also
learn the use of anthropology in handling some of these issues and therefore
application will frame much of our class discussions.

Course Outlines
Relationship between environment, culture and society. Goals and
expectations. Scope and application. Conceptualizing environment.
Tripartite nature of environment. Understanding the environment-human
relationship. Chronological. Perspective of human-environment
evolution. Contemporary environmental status. Consumption,
globalization and environmental issues. Science and the globalization of
environmental discourse. The Ecology of global consumer culture.
Ecotourism’s impact on the environment. Contemporary environment
issues and debate. Use of environment for vested interest. power &
hegemony.

Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Risks and the Media, Adam, Allan & Carter., Routledge,
UK, 2009.
2. New Directions in Anthropology and Environment: Intersections, Crumley,
C. L. (editor). Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2001.
3. The Environment in Anthropology: A Reader in Ecology, Culture, and
Sustainable Living. Hannen, Nora and Wilk, R. (editors). New York: New
York University Press, 2006.
4. Environmental Anthropology: From Pigs to Policies. Townsend, P.K.
Prospect Heights, IL:WavelandPress, Inc. 2005.
20
5. Environmentalism and anthropology: Exploring the role of anthropology in
environmental discourse. Milton, K., Rutledge.,London 1996.
6. Nature across cultures: Views of nature and the environment in non-
western cultures. Selin,H. Ed. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2003.

COURSE 11
English-11 (Communication Skills) 3(3-0)
Annexure - A
COURSE 12
ISLAMIC STUDIES 2 (2-0)
(Compulsory)
Annexure - C
SEMESTER 3
COURSE 13
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 3(3-0)

Objectives
This course will introduce the students to the basics of computer science
including computer components, computer programs and basic applications.

Course Outlines
Definition, Types and classification of computers. Hardware: Input Hardware,
Storage hardware, processing hardware, output hardware. Software:
Application software, system software, software packages, Operating system
(Windows), internet, e-mail, Local Area Network, Configurations, Introduction
to MS-Word, Ms-Excel, Ms-Power Point, Ms-Access.

Recommended Books:
1. Fundamentals of computer,6th Ed. Long l, Long N,
2. Courter, G, Marquis A,1999,Microsoft office 2000,BPB publication

COURSE 14
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 3(3-0)

Objectives
This course aims to extend the fundamental knowledge of various pollutants
and its interactions with environment. After reviewing basic chemical
concepts of environmental chemistry, it can have more advanced and
contemporary applications including ozone depletion, physiochemical and
biological treatment of pollutants and green chemistry. The chemistry of
processes of the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere are covered in
detail and the effects of pollutants on each of these chemical processes are
extensively considered, as are their effects on the biosphere.

21
Course Outlines
Concept and scope of environmental chemistry. Chemical reactions, kinetics
and mechanism concerning to organic and inorganic pollutants.
Fundamentals of aquatic, atmospheric and soil chemistry. Fate of pollutants
in environment; their sources and toxic actions. Acid rain and chemistry of
stone cancer. Green house effect and its effects on biological systems.
Ozone chemistry, its causes and adverse effects on environment.
Environmental impact of various industries.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Chemistry. Ibanez, J.G., Hernandez-Esparza, M., Doria-
Serrano, C., Fregoso-Infante, A. and Singh, M.M., Springer, Germany.
2008.
2. Principles of Environmental Chemistry, Girard, J.E., 1st Edition. Jones and
Barlett, USA, 2005.
3. An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry, Andrews, J.E.,
Brimblecombe, P., Jickells, T.D., Liss, P.S. and Reid, B.J., 2nd Edition.
Blackwell Science, UK, 2004.
4. Environmental Science, Miller, G.T., Thomson-Brooks, Canada, 2004.
5. Environmental Chemistry, Samir, K., Banerji Prentice Hall of India, India,
1999.

COURSE 15
ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS 3 (2-1)
Objectives
The course will provide an introduction to the physical principles that underlie
environmental issues and their relationship with different types of interactions
with energy and matter.
Course Outlines
Introduction to environmental physics, Global climate and climatic change,
Solar spectrum, interaction of light with matter, Ozone and UV light, Energy;
trophic level, photosynthesis, Entropy, Energy conversion. Heat radiation
and heat transfer, Nuclear energy, Transport of pollutants, Diffusion,
Conversion of mass, Solids, Liquids and Gasses, Equations of fluid
dynamics, Turbulence, Turbulent diffusion, Gaussian plumes in the air,
Turbulent jets and plumes, Particle physics, Sound and Noise, Basic
acoustics, Human perceptions and noise criteria, Reducing the transmission
of sound, Active control of sound, Radioactivity and nuclear physics, Isotopes
and radioactive decay, Electromagnetic radiation, Scientific notations and
mathematical hints for basic concepts.
Lab Work
Study of the spectrum of light. Structure and function of spectrophotometer
for absorption and transmission of light. Measurement and comparison of the

22
light intensity at different locations and times using lux meter. Measurement
the noise level at different location to assess the noise pollution using sound
level meter. Collection of particulate matter and its measurements by
gravimetric methods. Field visit.

Recommended Books:
1. Introductory Environmental Physics, Boeker, E. and Van Grondelle, R.
John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York, USA, 2001.
2. Environmental Physics, Smith. C. Routledge, Kentucky USA; 2001.
3. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate
Change, Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N. John Wiley and Sons Inc. USA,
2006.
4. Physics of the Environment and Climate, Guyot, G. Praxis publishing.
UK,1998.

COURSE 16
INTRODUCTORY ECONOMICS 3(3-0)

Objectives
The course aims to introduce the fundamental concepts of economics and
provide understanding about economic development and economic growth. It
discusses the impacts of economic activity on environment and sustainable
development.
Course Outlines
Introduction to economics; scope and fundamental concepts of Economics:
Consumer behavior, Producer behavior, and Resource allocation. Optimum
utilization of resources from consumer, producer and community point of
view.Economic development, economic progress, economic growth,
economic welfare and difference among all. Man environmental relationship,
Impact of economic activity on environment, Sustainable development,
Measures for sustainable development. Sustainable development in
developed and developing countries. Pakistan economic context: National
income, concepts and measurement, Growth and development, poverty,
Growth and Environment.
Environmental economics, Economic management and environmental
quality, economic growth and its measurement, population and environmental
quality, Natural resources and the economy, interaction between ecology
and economic management. Economic functions of environment.

Recommended Books:
1. Economic Development, Todaro, M. P., 7th Ed. Wesely Publishers. USA,
2008.
2. Development Economics through the Decades: A Critical Look at 30
Years of the World Development Repor, Yusuf, S. The World Bank's
annual World Development Report. World Bank Publications. USA, 2008.

23
3. World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography.
World Bank Publications. USA, 2008.
4. Environmental Economics in Theory and Practice. Hanley, N., Shogren,
J. and White, B. Palgrave Macmillan. USA, 2007.

COURSE 17
English – III (Technical Writing & Presentation Skills) 3 (3-0)
Annexure - A
COURS 18
PHILOSOPHY 3(3-0)
Objectives
To train students on the philosophy related to environment includes Basic
concepts and uses of philosophical approaches for solution of environmental
problems.

Course Outlines
Definition of philosophy, concepts and approaches. Ancient and modern
philosophy an overview. Natural philosophy, Environmental philosophy and
ethics; Introduction to ethical theory, Environmental philosophy and study of
environment and environmental resources. Environmental Critics of
agriculture, the ethics of soil. Economics, ethics and ecology.
Recommended Books:
1. The Environmental Ethics and Policy Book: Philosophy, Ecology, DeVeer,
D.V., & Pierce, C. International Thomson Publishing, London, WCIV7AA,
England, 2002.
2. Encyclopedia of environmental ethics and philosophy. Callicott, J. B.,
Frodeman, R. Farmington Hills, MI: Macmillan Reference USA/Gale,
2009.
3. A History of Western Philosophy. Russell, B. Touchstone Books, Portland
1967.
4. First Lessons on Natural Philosophy. Swift, M.A., Kessinger Publishing,
LLC. 2008.

SEMESTER 4
COURSE 19
FUNDAMENALS OF ECOLOGY 3 (3-0)
Objectives
To develop an understanding in the about ecology, its fundamental concepts,
description of population, community, Ecosystem and its types,
biogeography, and systems ecology.

Course Outlines
Introduction, branches of ecology, levels of ecological organization, species,
population, community and ecosystem, role of light, soil, water, temperature,
24
topography and air as ecological factors, biotic factors, Concepts of Limiting
factors, habitat and niche.
Populations; Population distribution and abundance, population dynamics,
distribution limits, carrying capacity and environmental resistance
Community: organization, various concepts of community, community
dynamics.
Ecosystem: structure and function, energy flow and material cycling within
ecosystem. Biomes of the world, characteristics of urban, agricultural and
industrial ecosystems.
Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in Pakistan, their distribution and potential
threats to these ecosystems, plant geography and animal distribution.
Ecological production: primary and secondary productivity, productivity of
different ecosystems, Systems ecology, ecological modeling, landscape
ecology, landscape changes and their importance.

Recommended Books
1. Ecology (principles and applications). Chapman, J.L and Reiss, M J. 1st
Ed. Cambridge University Press, UK, 1992.
2. Fundamentals of Ecology. Odum, E P. and Barett, G.W. 5th Ed.
Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2004.
3. Ecology (concepts and applications.) Moles, M C J 1st ed.
WCB/McGraw-Hill. New York, 1999
4. Fundamentals of Ecology. Dash, M. C. Tata McGraw-Hill. New Delhi.
2001
5. Biogeography (an ecological and evolutionary approach).Cox, C. B.
and More, J. 6th Ed. King’s College London, UK. 2000.

COURSE 20
ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 3(2-1)

Objectives
This course will provide an awareness and understanding to the students
about the role of microorganisms in the environment. After completion of this
course, students will be able to understand the significance, role and
application of microorganisms in the environment.
Course Outlines
Introduction and historical perspective of environmental microbiology.
Introduction and general characteristics of archaea, bacteria and eukarya.
Microbial metabolism. Microbiology of terrestrial environments, aquatic
microbiology, aero-microbiology and food microbiology. Biogeochemical
cycles of C, N, P, and S, with special emphasis on their environmental
impact. Biodegradation and bioremediation of organic and inorganic
pollutants.
Lab Work

25
Introduction to basic techniques for sterilization/disinfection, isolation,
purification and preservation; Dilution plate technique, Mean plate count,
Enumeration of coliform bacteria from drinking water.

Recommended Books
1. Environmental Microbiology, Maier, F.M., Pepper, I.L. and Gerba, C.P.
nd
2 Edition, Academic Press, London, UK, 2009.
2. Principles and Applications of Soil Microbiology, Sylvia, D.M.,
Fuhrmann, J.J., Hartel, P.G. and Zuberer, D.A. Prentice Hall, New
Jersey, USA, 2005.
3. Microbiology, Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. and Klein, D.A. McGraw Hill
Inc., USA, 2007.
4. Manual of Environmental Microbiology, Hurrst, C.J., Crawford, R.L.,
Knudsen, G.R., McInernery, M.J. and Stetzenbach, L.D. American
Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, USA, 2002.
5. Environmental Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual,
peppor,I.L.,Gerba,C.P.and Brendecke,J.W. and Jeffery, W.B. Academic
Press, USA, 1995.

COURSE 21
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 3 (3-0)

Objectives
The course is focused on introducing environmental pollution, its sources and
their effects. It will also cover the existing laws related to pollutants in
Pakistan and the conventions ratified internationally.

Course Outline
Introduction to Environmental pollution; Types of Environmental pollution: Air,
Water, Soil, Noise, Marine & Industrial pollution; Chemistry of Environmental
Pollution; Fate of Environmental Pollutants; Characteristics of Domestic &
Industrial effluents; Effects of Pollutants; Human & other living organisms;
Treatment Technologies for Pollutants: Industrial & Domestic; Solid Waste
generation, Collection, transportation & treatments; Hazardous Waste
Management & Disposal; Monitoring of Environmental Pollution; Pollution
Control Strategies; Environmental Laws: Pollutants Guidelines; International
Protocols (BASAL Convention); Case Studies.

Recommended Books:
1. Understanding Environmental Pollution, Hill, M.K., 2nd Edition. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge UK, 2005.
2. Environmental Pollution and Control. Peiece, J.J., Weiner, R.F.,and
Vesilaind, P.A. 4th Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (Elsevier) USA,1998.
3. Environmental Contaminants: Assessment & Control Dairel, A.V.,
Academic Press, USA, 2005.

26
4. Handbook of Industrial Waste Treatment, Lawrance K.W., Marcel Dekkar,
1992.
5. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water & Wastewater. American
Public Health Association (APHA), 2003.

COURSE 22
CLIMATOLOGY 3 (3-0)

Objectives
The objective of this course is to provide know-how regarding Earth's climate
and weather systems, processes and the relationships between the
atmosphere and climate. Concepts of climate of Pakistan will also be
provided.

Course outlines
Introduction to Climatology and a brief History, Four Spheres of the Earth,
Weather and Climate, Vertical structure of the Atmosphere, Heat and the
Earth's atmosphere, Radiation and climate, Solar radiations, Mechanism of
heat transfer, The Hydrologic cycle, condensation and cloud Formation,
Cloud Classification, Clouds and vertical motion in the atmosphere, air
pressure, Factors affecting air Pressure, Surface winds, local winds, global
circulation, The climate of Pakistan, concept of Seasons in the classification
of climate, climatic zones of Pakistan.

Recommended Books:
1. The Physics of Atmospheres, Houghton J, Cambridge University
Press, 2002.
2. Climatology, A. Austin Miller, 9th Edition SHUBHI Publications.
3. The Atmosphere, Lutgens.F.K., Tarbuck.E.J., 6th Edition.
4. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics - From Air Pollution to Climate
Change Seinfeld, John H.; Pandis, Spyros, N. - 2nd Editions. John Wiley
and Sons, 2006
5. The Meteorology of Pakistan: The climate and weathers of Pakistan.
Shamshad, K.M. Royal book company, Sadder, Karachi, 1988.

COURSE 23
PSYCHOLOGY 3(3-0)

Objective
This course will give the basic knowledge to students about psychology and
its applications and uses in the field of environmental sciences.

Course Outlines
Introduction to psychology, Use and application of psychology in the world
today (with special reference to Pakistan). A brief historical background and
schools of psychology. Methods of psychology. Environmental psychology;

27
characteristics and research methods. Environmental perception and
cognition. Theories of behaviors and behaviors relationship, Environmental
psychological concerns related to weather and climate change. Psychological
theories about disasters and primary and secondary victims and impacts.
High population density and psychological impacts.

Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Psychology. 5th Edition. Bell, P.A., Greene, T.C., Fisher
J.D. and Baum A. Taylor and Francis Group Publisher. CRC Press,
Routledge, London. 2001.
2. Fundamental of Psychology. Eysenck, M.W. Taylor and Francis Group
Publisher. CRC Press, Routledge, London, 1992.

COURSE 24
ENGLISH-IV/ (University Optional )

SEMESTER 5

COURSE 25
APPLIED ECOLOGY 3(3-0)

Objectives
This course will make the students aware of the concepts of applied ecology
and understand some major environmental issues such as global climate
change, sustainable agriculture, conservation of resources in ecological
perspectives, their management and ecological restoration.

Course Outline
Introduction, Background and scope, Application of ecological knowledge in
solving different environmental issues, energy and carbon balance, solar
radiation and primary production, carbon dioxide and global climate change,
Effect of increased carbon dioxide concentration on agriculture. Ecology of
food production; Sustainable agricultural practices, Sustainable livestock
management practices. Water as an ecological resource, Water and
distribution of species, Water resources of the world and Pakistan, Future
water scenario of Pakistan, threats and mitigation, limitation of irrigated
agriculture, Soil as a natural resource, soil resources of Pakistan, soil salinity
and water logging, soil erosion and conservation. Pollution control through
Ecology, basic concepts about pollutant transfer in plant and animals,
species response to pollutants, Pyto-remediation and bio-remediation.
Conservation and management of forests and rangelands in Pakistan;
Management of aquatic ecosystems (marine, rivers, wetlands etc) with
special emphasis on Pakistan, Ecological restoration, concepts, techniques
and methods of restoration, Restoration of derelict lands, forests and
ecosystems affected by invasive species.

28
Recommended Books:
1. Applied Ecology and Environmental Management. Newman. E.I. 2nd
ed. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. 2000
2. Fundamentals of Ecology, Odum E.P. and Barett, G.W. 5th Edition.
Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2004.
3. Soil Science. Rashid, A. and Memon, K.S.,National Book Foundation,
Islamabad, 1996.
4. Foundations of Restoration Ecology. Falk, D.A., Margaret A., P.,
Zedler, J. B. and Hobbs, R. J. Island Press, USA. 2006.
Studies in Pakistan Geography, Israr-ud-Din, University of Peshawar.
Peshawar,1998.
5. Pakistan’s Environment. Mumtaz, K and Habib, A. Shirkat Gah,
Lahore, 1989.

COURSE 26
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 3 (2-1)

Objectives
The course will introduce the concepts of adverse toxic effects of
environmental chemicals, from natural and anthropogenic sources, on human
and other living organisms. The course is focused on providing knowledge
related to toxic chemicals in air, water and soil, dose response relationship in
living organisms, short term (acute) and long-term (chronic) effects on organ
system, their containment and control strategies.

Course Outlines
Introduction to Toxicology: History, toxicology of chemicals; terminologies:
Poisons, toxins vs toxicants, Anthropogenic chemicals as toxicants;
Classification of environmental toxicants: Natural & anthropogenic;
toxicological agents and their types based on chemical structures, biological
effects, long-term (Chronic) & short-term (Acute) effects; Chemical
interactions and their types, Synergism, Potentiation and Addition; dose and
dose response relationship: Threshold limit for chemicals, toxins & toxicants;
Toxicity: Types and its measurement; Organs, Organ system and effects of
toxicants on Organ system; Bioaccumulation and biomagnifications; Toxicant
metabolism and accumulation in body organs and pathways; Response of
the body systems to toxicological agents; Immunological considerations in
toxicology; Toxicological testing techniques: in vitro & in vivo techniques,
toxicity screening using microbial systems; Risks and their characterization:
risk assessment and management

Laboratory Work
Determination of chemicals in water, soil and air samples; Determination of
chemicals in biological samples; Determination of Interaction of chemicals;
Dose-response relationship: developing a D/R Curves for chemicals in ling
organisms, Toxicological Testing: Acute & Chronic Toxicity Testing, in vivo &
in vitro assays;
29
Recommended Books
1. Essentials of Environmental Toxicology, Hughes, W. Williams, CRC Press
Llc; 1st Edition, 1996.
3. Casarrett & Doull’s Toxicology- Science of Poisons , Klassen, W.D., 5th
Edition, McGrawhill, USA, 2005
2. Environmental Toxicants (Human exposure and their Health Effects)
Lippmann, M, 1st Edition. Van Nostrand and Reinhold New York, USA.
1992.
3. General and Applied Toxicology, Ballantyne, B.M, T and Turner, P. (ed.),
Vol.1 & 2, Macmillan Press Ltd. USA, 1993.

COURSE 27
ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF PAKISTAN 3(3-0)

Objectives
To provide students with a comprehensive knowledge about the environmental
resource base of Pakistan in order to learn its efficient utilization for sustainable
development.

Course Outlines
Introduction to history, land, geography, people, culture, health, education;
Ecological: ecological zones, major ecosystems, topographic zones; Economic:
agriculture, industry, water resources, urbanization and pollution.

Recommended Books
1. State of the Environment-Pakistan , Government of Pakistan,2005
2. Environmental Profile of Pakistan, 1989

COURSE 28
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS 3(3-0)

Objectives
This course is expected to educate the students the role of economics in
achieving sustainable development.

Course Outlines
Introduction, the economy and the environment, First and Second law of
Thermodynamics, economic aspects of different environmental problems,
pollution control-a general model, estimation of economic losses due to
pollution and their abatement, valuing the environment and cost-benefit
analysis, measuring environmental benefits, economic development and the
environment, the economic benefits of different environmental resources, the
environmental aspects of different international economic agreements, clean
development mechanism, international trade and the environment.

Recommended Books:
30
1. Environmental Economics: An Introduction. Field, B.C.and Field, M.K. 3rd
Edition McGraw-Hill/Irwin,UK,2002.
2. Environmental Economics. Kolstad, C.D. Oxford University Press, Oxford,
2000.
3. Environmental economics: An elementary introduction. Turner,R.K.,
Pearce, D.W. and Batemen, I. Johns Hopkins University Press, USA,
1993.

COURSE 29
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE 3(1-2)

Objectives
The course will educate the students about different types of solutions,
instruments & analytical procedures and their skills about practical aspects of
environmental science will become more productive.

Course Outlines
Quality assurance in an Environmental Science laboratory. Biomarkers in
environmental assessment. Purposes and designs of environmental
sampling. Sample preservation methods. Standard solutions and standard
curves. Instrumentations: principles and procedure for Potentiometery,
Conductivitymetry, Titrimetery, Gravimetery, Spectroscopy and
Chromatography.

Lab Work
S.I. and derived S.I. units. Sample collection, handling, preparation and
storage.
Analytical techniques for soil, water and plant analysis. Data interpretation for
quality control, precision and accuracy. Preparation of Standard solutions and
Standard curve. Use of Potentiometery, Conductivitymetry, Titrimetery,
Gravimetery, Spectroscopy and Chromatography for the analysis of
environmental samples. Determination of chemical characteristics of water
and waste water (pH, All Solids, BOD, COD, Fluoride, NO3–N & NH4-N), soil
(NPK and organic matter contents, salinity & sodicity).

Recommended Books:
1. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 8th Edition. Skoog, D. A., West, D.
M. and F. J. Holler. Thomson and Brooks,2004.
2. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water & Wastewater. A
Greenberg (American Public Health Association), 2005.
3. Qualitative Chemical Analysis. 6th Edition. Harris, D. C., Freeman & Co.,
New York, 2003.
4. Soil Analysis: An Interpretation Manual. Peverill, K.L., L.A. Sparrow and
D.J. Reuter. CSIRO Publ., Collingwood, Australia, 1999.

31
COURSE 30
ELECTIVE-I

SEMESTER 6
COURSE 31
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHN OLOGY 3(2-1)

Objectives
This course will provide sound technical foundation for using biotechnology in
solving environmental issues and cleanup of the polluted environments. After
completion of this course, students will be able to understand the
significance, and application of biotechnology in the environment.

Course Outlines
Introduction, Tools in environmental biotechnology; Introduction to microbial
kinetics, Biomarkers, Biosensor- living organisms and biomolecules as
sensor of environmental pollution, bioremediation and phytoremediation of
contaminated environment, Bioreactors, Biotechnology and biosafety
issue/global concerns, Possible influence of transgenic crops on non-target
organisms, Key elements and components of biosafety regulatory systems,
Ethic and legal problems in creations and use of transgenic plants.

Lab Work
Introduction to basic molecular techniques; Isolation, purification and
preservation of DNA, Recombinant DNA technology, PCR. Transgenic safety
protocols and field testing procedures.

Recommended Books
1. Environmental Biotechnology: Concepts and Applications, Hans-
Joachim, J. and Josef, W. (ed.). Wiley-VCH Verlag, Germany, 2005.
2. Environmental Biotechnology, Scragg, A. 2nd Ed. Oxford University
Press, USA, 2007.
3. Biotechnology, Smith, J.E., 5th Ed. Cambridge University Press, New
York, USA, 2009.
4. National Biosafety Guidelines. National Biotechnology Commission,
Government of Pakistan. 2005.
Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Sambrook, J. and Russel, D.W.
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, USA, 2001.
Basic Molecular biology: Essential techniques, Derbre,P.D., JohnWiley
and Sons Ltd. Chichoster, England,1999.

COURSE 32
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM& REMOTE
SENSING 3(2-1)

32
Objectives
The main objectives of the GIS/RS are to maximize the efficiency of decision
making and planning, provide efficient means for data distribution and
handling, eradication of the duplicated data, integration of information from
many sources. Geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing
(RS) had been one of the key subprojects envisaged in the National
Information System. The attempts of a digital description of that world create
a computerized GIS which is usually a partial description of the world in
relation with some feature tasks.

Course Outlines
Fundamentals of Remote Sensing. History and data collection, advantages
and limitations of process. Energy Sources, energy matter interaction in the
atmosphere. Aerial photography, history and platforms. Active and Passive
remote sensing. Remote sensing of vegetation and landscape. Introduction to
Photogrammetry, Satellite Imageries, Image Processing, Interpretation,
Preparation of thematic maps.
Fundamental of Geographic Information System(GIS). Iontegration with other
technologies and its importance. Data acquisition, analysis and output. Types
of data used in GIS. Cartography, map projection and coordinate systems.
GIS applications in: Environmental protection and resource conservation,
Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA), Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery and
wildlife. Introduction to relevant Pakistani Institutions working in GIS.

Lab Work
Introduction to ArcView, Data entry and output. Using and reading GPS in
field. Different types of maps. Reading maps (Maps characteristics)

Recommended Books:
1. A Primer of GIS-fundamentals Geographic and Cartographic
Concepts.
Harvey, F. Guilfoud press New York, 2009.
2. Dynamic Earth Environmental Remote Sensing Observations from
shuttle Mission. Lulla, K and L. V. Dessinov. John Wiley and Sons. Inc.
2000.
3. Introduction to GIS. Campbell. Mc Graw Hill Education. 2008.
4. Remote Sensing of the environment: An Earth perspective. Jensen, R.
Pearsons Education, Inc. 2000.
5. Remote Sensing for the Earth Sciences. A. Z. Rancez. John Wiley and
Sons. Inc. 1999.

COURSE 33
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 3(2-1)

Objectives

33
This course will educate students about the Environmental Management
Systems and how they lead environmental benefits, and will help to learn
waste minimization methods and principles of cleaner production.

Course Outline
Introduction to Environmental Management Systems (EMS), Introduction of
ISO 14000 series of standards and their role in environmental management,
Environmental Management Systems Principles, Certification of EMS,
Environmental Management tools, Environmental Economy,
Environmental/social Auditing procedures and reporting processes,
Environmental aspects and impacts, Environment and sustainable
development, Methods of environmental protection, Related Environmental
legislation, standards and guidelines, principles of Cleaner production, tools
of sustainable consumption and production (eco label, eco-design, cleaner
technologies, etc.), Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).
Lab Work
Industrial Field Trip

Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Management Systems: An Implementation Guide for Small
and Medium-Sized Organizations: NSF International Ann Arbor, Michigan,
2001.
2. Environmental Management Systems: General Guidelines on Principles,
Systems and Support Techniques. American Society for Quality,
International Organization for Standardization.2nd Ed., American Society
for Quality, 2005.
3. Environmental Management Systems: A step-by-step Guide to
Implementation and Maintenance, Sheldon,C. and Yoxon, M.,3rd Edition .
2006.
4. EMAS Environmental Management and Auditing Systems: A Practical
Guide for the Development and Implementation of an Effective
Environmental Management System. Khan, A. B. and Qasim, M. F., WWF
Pakistan, 1998.

COURSE 34
BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION 3(3-0)

Objectives
The objective of this course is to familiarize the students with different forms
of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity and its conservation.

Course Outlines
Introduction, types of biodiversity, alpha and beta diversity, philosophical,
ecological, economic, social and ethical values of biodiversity, plant, animal
and microbial resources of world and Pakistan, threats to biodiversity, hot
spots of biodiversity, Conservation of biodiversity, need and approach;

34
conservation at species, population, community and ecosystem level;
conservation strategies, in-situ and ex-situ conservation, Conservation of
wildlife, plants, forests; conservation in man-made ecosystems, croplands,
cities, role of protected areas and ecological corridors in conservation, Legal
protection of species, habitats, national and international laws and
regulations, international agreements, protected areas, their categories,
management, ecotourism, conservation and livelihood, National Conservation
Strategy of Pakistan, role of traditional knowledge in conservation.

Recommended Books:
1. A Primer for Conservation Biology. 2ndEd. Sinauer, P.R.B. Associates Inc.
Publ. Sunderland. 2000.
2. Biogeography, Cox, C.B. and Morre, P.D., Kings College, London., 2000.
3. Illustrated Handbook of Biodiversity of Pakistan. Mirza, Z.B., Saad
Printers, Rawalpindi, 1998.

COURSE 35
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 3(3-0)

Objectives
This course aims to provide information of techniques used in environmental
monitoring and evaluation of different standards of environmental factors i.e.
air, water, soil and living organisms.

Course Outlines
Introduction, objectives of sampling and monitoring programme, design and
types of samples, presampling requirements/information, sampling and
design purposes, regulatory purposes for NEQS compliance, EIA
requirement, NOC for plant operation, Determination of concentration and
distribution of a specific pollutant environment sampling techniques. Quality
assurance and quality control, Planning analytic protocols quality assurance
programmes, quality control sampling. Considerations, quality assessment,
field custody, laboratory custody. Preservation methods including pH control,
chemical addition, refrigeration and freezing methods. Biological indicators
for environmental monitoring, role of biomarkers in environmental
assessment.

Lab Work
Sampling techniques (air, water and soil) for physical and chemical
monitoring, Study the indicators for biological monitoring of the river and
canal water, the indicators for ecological monitoring in the field for fauna and
flora, Use of various instrumental techniques for analysis of samples, Field
visit/ study tour to water testing laboratory/local water authority and report
writing, Visit to EPD for the study of air and water monitoring procedures,
Report on monitoring of municipal waste in the city, Visit to GIS laboratory
(WWF-Pakistan, Lahore).

35
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Monitoring Handbook, Burden, F. R, McKlivie, I. D.,
Forstner U. and Guethner. (eds.) McGraw-Hill,USA, 2002.
2. Animal Biomarker as pollution indicators: Ecotoxicology Series 1. Peakall,
D. Chapman and Hall. USA, 1992.
3. A Guide for the technical Evaluation of Environmental Data, Korte, N.
Technomic Publishing Company Inc. USA,1999.
5. Environmental Chemistry. Manahan, S. E. Lewis Publisher London, UK,
2000.
6. Remote Sensing Note. 2nd Edition. Murai, S., Japan Association on
Remote Sensing, Tokyo.1996.
7. Environmental Sampling and Analysis: A Practical Guide. Keith, L. H,
2002.
8. Earth Observation of Global Change. 2008. Chuviero, E. (ed) Springer,
New York, USA, 2008.

COURSE 36
ELECTIVE-II
SEMESTER 7
COURSE 37
CLIMATE CHANGE 3 (3-0)

Objectives
The objectives of this course are to provide introduction to climate change, its
causes and effects. Knowledge about the gases and process responsible for
climate change will be given in this course. It will also discuss a variety of
intriguing issues in Climate and Science that brings change due to human
intervention. The course will help in understanding the scientific evidence
supporting each topic and how it fits into the local, regional, and worldwide
perspectives in terms of Climate Change.

Course Outlines
Introduction to the earth's climate: climate change, and the interactions
between climate and the global environment; ; Electromagnetic Radiation and
the Global Energy Budget; Energy and Temperature; Climate classifications:
Köppen Global Climate; Global Climate Change: Causes & Consequences:
Natural & Anthropogenic sources; Human responses to potential climate
change; Recent Climate Change Indicators; Predicted changes to the
physical world: Predicted changes to the biological world: range shifts,
phenological changes, altered community structure, extinctions, human
health, agriculture; Physical, chemical, biological, and social factors
contributing to climate and global change; Moisture in the Atmosphere;
Precipitation; Patterns in Winds and Pressure; The Measurement of Climate
Change; The Causes of Climate Change: Global warming and greenhouse
effect; Air Pollution and Acid Rain; Ozone depletion; Regional droughts and
36
cataclysmic climate change; Types & Resources to produce Energy; Role of
Energy Production in climate change: Fossil fuels, Hydrocarbons & their
byproducts; Future Climates and the Consequences: Ground and Satellite
Based Measurements Solutions & Alternates to man-made problems.

Recommended Books:
1. Climate Change - Causes, Effects, and Solutions, 1st Edition, Hardy, J. T.,
John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
2. Global Warming -The Complete Briefing by John T. Houghton. (3rd
edition) Cambridge University Press, 2004.
3. Global Change and the earth system, Keith, A.(ed), Sringer, 2005.
4. Climate Impact and Adaptation Assessment A Guide to the IPCC
Approach, Earthscan Publication Ltd, London, 2005.
5. Climate Change - Causes, Effects, and Solutions, Hardy, J.T., John Wiley
& Sons, 2003.
6. Global Warming and Climate Change, Researchers at Carnegie Mellon
University, 1994.

COURSE 38
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 3(3-0)

Objectives
The aim of this course is to ensure that environmental factors are considered
in the decision-making process of a development project, possible adverse
environmental impacts are identified and avoided or minimized, and the
public is informed about the project proposal

Course Outlines
Introduction, overview, principles and purposes of IEE and EIA and its
significance to the society. Cost and benefits of EIA. Main stages in EIA
process, law, policy and institutional arrangements for EIA systems, public
involvement, screening, scoping, impact analysis, mitigation and impact
management, reporting, review of EIA quality, decision-making to implement
the project, project implementation and follow up, EIA project management,
social impact assessment (SIA), National Environmental Quality Standards
for air, liquid, solids, and noise, role of quality assurance and quality control in
environmental analysis, EIA Regulations 2000 of Pakistan.

Recommended Books:
1. Environmental impact assessment: Guidelines by the Government of
Pakistan, Ministry of Housing and Works, Islamabad; 1986.
2. Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment, Glasson, J.,
Therivel, R., and Chadwick, A., Routledge, London, 2005.
3. Environmental Impact Assessment in Practice, Harrop, D.O. & Nixon,
J.A., National Book Foundation, Islamabad, 2000.
4. Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment (vol 1 & 2), Petts, J.,
(ed.). Blackwell, Oxford, 1999.

37
 5. EIA Manual: Training Resource Manual, Sadler, B., & McCabe, M.,
(ed.), 2nd Edition, United Nations Environment Programme, 2002.
6. Environmental Impact Assessment for Developing Countries in Asia, Lohani,
B., Evans, J., Everitt, R., Ludwig, H., Carpenter, R. and Tu, S., Asian
Development Bank; 1997.

COURSE 39
NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 3(3-0)

Objectives
To train students on the identification, occurrence and distribution of natural
resources, their current status and threats. Use of interdisciplinary approach
for sustainable management of the natural resources.

Course Outlines
Introduction: Non-renewable and renewable resources, Types, and existing
situation in world in general while in Pakistan particularly. Wildlife:
Management existing situation at national level, wildlife census, reasons for
its decline and its possible remedies, existing management approaches,
sustainable/trophy hunting projects and its role in local and national
development, national and provincial legislation. Agricultural Resources
Management: Existing situation of agriculture sector in Pakistan, agriculture
products and their share in GDP, problem in agriculture, agriculture
chemicals, their pros and cons, national agriculture policy, management
options. Energy and Mineral Resources Management: present situation at
national level, limitation in the future, best available option for future, solar
power, wind power and nuclear power. Land use Planning and Management:
evolution of land use planning, review of land use plans developed by the
various organizations, field visit to develop a land use plan for selected area.
Development of Management Plan: needs, requirement, process and
contents of the management plan. Watershed management: Importance
basic principles, methodologies, national example, forest types and its
existing management. Rangeland Management: existing status, importance,
threats, causes and methods for its improvement. Water Resources
Management: Available waters resources, threat and its causes, effective
management. Fisheries Management: Types of fishes in Pakistan, existing
situation reason for decline and its potential in the national economy,
management options.

Recommended Books:
1. Conservation in Progress, Goldsmith, F.B and Warren, A. John Willey
& Sons; New York, USA. 1993.

38
 2. Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment, Pearce &
Turner Harvester Wheatsheaf, London, 1990.
3. Environmental Conservation, Dasmann, R.F, John Wiley & Sons, New
York, 1984.
4. The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (PNCS), GOP and
IUCN, Islamabad. 1992.
5. Introduction to Environmental management development in
Environmental modeling, Hansen, P.E. and Jorqensen, S.E.,Amsterdam,
Elsevier.1991

COURSE 40
RESEARCH METHODS IN ENVIRONMENT SCIENCE 3 (3-0)

Objectives
The course will provide participants with an introduction to the knowledge and
skills necessary to develop a research proposal and subsequently to conduct
a research study. It will help: to develop research abilities in the activities of
research design and practice; to develop skills in reading research papers
and in writing reviews with critical thinking skills & to evaluate a range of
specific literature via the ability to reason clearly and think critically; to
introduce students to research design, research methods, and the process of
doing research and reporting the results

Course Contents
Introduction to Research, Research Design & Research Methods; Scientific
Research: Science, Scientific Methods, Techniques & Pre-requisites for
Scientific Research, Critical Thinking and Developing the Research Question:
Defining the Research Problem; Selecting the Research Method; Research
Proposal: its importance - A pre-requisite for Research; Research Proposal
Writing Techniques: Importance of Research Design, Review of Literature,
Objectives, Methodology; How to put things together? Introduction, Material
Methods, Review of Literature, Bibliography, Literature Search: Database,
Search Engines; Analytical tools in research: qualitative and quantitative
methods; Sampling: the logic of sampling, concepts and terminologies,
population and sampling frames, types of sampling design/; Data Collection:
Techniques in data collection: Quantitative & Qualitative Data; Experimental
Research, Case Studies, Surveys, Interviews, Questionnaire; Data Analysis:
Data Interpretation: Current data interpretation with comparative studies
(Inter-laboratory comparison), Inference based on findings; Research
Presentation Techniques – Data presentation

Recommended Books:
1. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research, Creswell, J. W.
& Plano Clark, V.L. Thousand Oaks, Sage CA, USA, 2007.

39
 2. The Craft of Research by Wayne C. Booth, 2nd Edition, Univ. of
Chicago Press. USA, 2003.
3. Writing Science Through Critical Thinking, Marilyn F. Moriarty, 1st
Edition Jones and Bartlett Publishers. 1997.
4. Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Robert Yin, 3rd Edition,
Sage Publishers. USA, 2003.
5. Survey Research Methods. Babbie, E. R., Wadsworth Publishing
Company, Belmont California.USA, 1989.
6. Students project in Environmental Science,Harrad,S.,Batty,h., Diamon,
M. and Arhonditsis, G, John and sons Ltd., Chichester, England, 2008.

COURSE 41
ELECTIVE –III
COURSE 42
ELECTIVE –IV
SEMESTER 8
COURSE 43
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS & POLICIES 3 (3-0)

Objectives
To give an understanding of the role of state and its instruments in the
governance of environment in order to learn responsibilities of state and
rights of its citizens for environmentally sustainable development.

Course Outlines
National Environmental Policy of Pakistan and its implementation,
Conservation Strategies and Action Plans; Environmental provisions in the
constitution of Pakistan; Pakistan Environmental Protection Act of 1997 and
the rules, regulations made there under; environmental provisions in the
Local Government Ordinance, 2001 and the rules of business made there
under.

Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Laws and their implementation in Pakistan, Qadar, S. Law
Books House, 2000.
2. Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997, Government of Pakistan
3. National Environmental Policy
4. National Conservation Strategy
5. SNBP Local Government Ordinance, 2001.

COURSE 44
HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT 3 (3-0)

40
Objectives
This course is designed to introduce participants to various environmental
factors affecting human health. The course contents emphasize on the
environmental health core issues of air, land and water pollution; and public
and community health. The prevention of morbidity and mortality in human
populations through the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of
hazards in the environment will be presented using the tools of epidemiology,
toxicology, law, and risk assessment and communication techniques.

Course Outline
Introduction: concept, basic requirements for a healthy environment;
Communicable & Non-communicable diseases; Environmental Exposure:
Measuring environmental quality; Human exposure and health Impact:
Impact of environmental factors on health, Role of environmental health
professional; Nature of environmental hazards, Risk assessment, Risk
management, Air, Water and sanitation, Food and agriculture, Health and
disease; Human settlement and urbanization, Health and energy use. Health
and development, Health indicators, Industrial pollution and chemical safety;
Trans-boundary and global health concerns, Action to protect health and the
environment; Epidemiology of infectious diseases, Communicable diseases,
Non-communicable diseases; Introduction to Immunology, Pathology,
Epidemiology; Occupational Health Safety devices; Laws and Regulations

Recommended Books:
1. Basic Environmental Health. Yassi, A., Kjelllström, T., de Kok, T. and
Guidotti, T. L., 1st Edition . Oxford University Press New York, USA, 2001.
2. Environmental Science (The Way the World Works) Nebel, B. J. and
Wright, R. T., 8th Edition. Prentice Hall International Inc. London, UK,
2004.
3. Environmental Toxicants (Human Exposure and their Health Effects).
Lippmann, M. V. N. and Reinhold, J . 1st Ed. New York, USA, 1992.
4. Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Park, K., 2nd Edition.
M/s Banarsid. 2002.
5. Medical Microbiolog, Khan, A.M., 1st Edition. Time Publishers, Karachi,
2001.

COURSE 45
POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 3 (3-0)

Objectives
The course objectives are: to provides an overview of types and sources of
pollution; to determine the effects of soil , water and air pollution; meteorology
as related to dispersion of pollutants in air, water, and soil; to discuss various
techniques in pollution control and the regulatory environment facing sources
of environmental pollution.

Course Outlines
41
Environmental Pollution and Pollutants: An introduction; Pollution and
Environmental Ethics: Roots of our problem, Environmental ethics as public
health, conservation and preservation, Ethics for non-human nature;
Environmental Risk Analysis: Risk, Risk Assessment, Risk Management;
Pollution Concept: Types of Pollution, Air, water and soil pollution – Causes
and Consequences; Control technologies for Air, Water and Soil Pollution;
Municipal and Solid Waste (MSW) Management: minimization techniques,
controls and 3-Rs: reuse, recycling & recovery; Energy Recovery from
organic MSW; Landfill sites and their potential for recycling waste; Waste
water treatment technologies: estimates, treatments and utilization;
Membrane Technology; Reuse, Recycling and Recovery; Hazardous Waste
Management: segregation of healthcare and municipal waste; Radioactive
waste: Sources, health effects, waste management; Noise pollution & its
Effects: Control technologies for its containment; Other Pollution Controls:
Biotechnology for environment: bioremediation for Industrial pollution control,
oil spills and pesticides; Occupational Health Safety devices: Laws &
Regulations regarding waste

Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Pollution & Control. and Peiece, J.J., Weiner, R.F., and
Vesilaind, P.A. 4th Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (Elsevier) USA,1998.
2. Understanding Environmental Pollution Hill, M.K., 2nd Edition. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge UK, 2005.
4. Air Pollution Control Engineering, Nevers, N D, McGraw-Hill. USA, 1995.
5. Industrial Water Pollution Control , Felder, E., 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill,
USA, 1989.
6. Biotechnology for Waste and Wastewater Treatment, Cheremisinoff, N.
P., Prentice Hall, India, 1996.
5. Industrial Pollution Prevention Handbook, Freeman and Harry, M,
McGraw-Hill, USA, 1995.

COURSE 46
RESEARCH PROJECT/ INTERNSHIP

42
 ELECTIVE COURSES
E-I
INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY 3(3-0)

Objective
To provide the students with basis knowledge of biochemistry and its
application in environment.

Course Outlines
Introduction: Scope and importance of biochemistry in Environmental Sciences.
Cells; biochemical aspects of constituents and functions of cell organelles.
General Phenomena: Law of mass action, dissociation of water and pH value,
buffers, diffusion, transport mechanisms across biomembranes and osmosis.
Carbohydrates. Classification, structures and isomerism. Metabolism of
carbohydrates; glycolysis, Kreb cycle and photosynthesis.
Proteins: Classification of proteins, biochemical functions, amino acids;
structure and classification, essential and non-essential amino acids, peptide
linkage and polypeptides. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
structures of proteins. Hydrolysis of protein and reactions of amino acids in the
body, Urea cycle. Effect of environmental pollution at protein level.
Enzymes: Characteristics, classification, specificity and inhibition, prosthetic
groups, coenzymes and compounds related to nucleic acids, NAD+, NADP,
+
ATP, FMN and FAD. Role of enzymes in environmental issues. Application of
enzyme immobilization to control various types of pollution. Toxicant
detoxification through enzyme action.
Lipids: Classification, characteristics. Structures and classification of fatty acids
and triglycerides. Hydrolysis of fats, B-oxidation of fatty acids.
Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA; their functional and structural differences in
prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Effect of pollution on DNA.

Recommended Books:
1. Nelson, D.L. and M.M. Cox. Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry,
5th Edition. Worth Publishers, USA. 2008.
2. Text Book of Medical Biochemistry, Chatterjee, M.N and R. Shinde.. 6th
Ed. Jaypee Publishers, India. 2008.
3. Harper’s Biochemistry, Mortin, D.W., P.A. Mayes, V.W. Rodwell and D.K.
Granner. 2006. 27th Ed. Appleton and Lange, USA.
4. Rahman, K. Basic Concepts in Biochemistry. Vol. 1. 2nd Ed. A l -U mar
P ubl i s her, P ak i s t an. 2004.

43
E-2
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 3(2-1)

Objectives
The aim of this course is to educate students about the Water Resources
Management with reference to Pakistan, how to minimize their wastage and
how to increase its efficiency especially in irrigation sector.

Course Outlines
Water resource and its management, hydrological cycle, water quality and
quantity aspects, integrated water resources management (IWRM), water
supply and demand management measures, virtual water, groundwater
exploitation, it’s over-mining and pollution and urbanization aspects,
improving water productivity/irrigation water efficiency, flood and droughts,
water conservation and rain water harvesting in urban and rural
environment, wetlands resources management, flood and drought
management, recycling and re-use of wastewater, fisheries management,
climate change and its impacts on our future water resources, precipitation
distribution in Pakistan, Indus Water Treaty 1960 (IWT), Indus Water Accord
1991, water relevant intuitions and authorities in Pakistan, water resources
management and future challenges in Pakistan.
Lab Work
One to two day study tour(s) to visit water supply & waste water treatment
plant, watershed/catchment, with drinking water facilities like springs, tube-
wells, pollution aspects, like solid waste and waste water disposal into the
natural streams etc.

Recommended Books:
1. Water Resources of Pakistan and their Utilization, Ahmed, N.,
Mirajuddin Publication , Lahore, Pakistan ,1993.
2. Groundwater Resources of Pakistan, Ahmed, N., Revised & enlarged
edition, Mirajuddin Publication ,Lahore, Pakistan, 1993.
3. Integrated Water Resources Management in South and Southeast
Asia, Biswas, A.K.,Varis, O, and Tortajada, C, (eds.), Oxford University
Press New Delhi, 2005.
4. Pakistan’s Water Economy Running Dry, Briscoe, J. and Qamar, U.,
Oxford University Press Karachi, 2006.
5. Problems and Politics of Water Sharing and Management in Pakistan,
Cheema, P. I., Khan, R. A. and Malik, A. R., Asia Printer, Islamabad,
2006.
6. The Politics of Managing Water, Bengali, K., (ed.), SDPI Oxford
University Press, Islamabad, 2003.

44
E-3
SOIL AND ENVIRONMENT 3(3-0)

Objectives
This course will provide students with the knowledge of the basic properties
and significance of soil and its care for sustainable environment. After
completion of this course, students will be better equipped with the
information about the ways and means for better and efficient management
of soils for healthy environment for future generations.

Course Outlines
Introduction, Soil forming minerals, Types and properties of parent materials,
Physical and chemical processes of weathering, Factors and processes of
soil formation, Physical and chemical properties of soil, Cation and anion
exchange, Soil buffering capacity and its importance, Soil degradation,
management and green productivity, Environmental implications of fertilizers
and agrochemicals, Environmental impact of agricultural and Industrial
wastes, Soil as a natural sink for pollutants.

Recommended Books:
The Nature and Properties of Soils, Brady, N.C. and Weil, R.R. Prentice-
Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 2008.
Soils in Our Environment, Miller, R.W., Gardiner, D.T., 11th Edition,
Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 2007.
Soil in the Environment: Crucible of Terrestrial Life. Hillel, D. Academic
Press, San Diego, CA, USA, 2007.
1. Soil Science. Bashir, E. and Bantel, R. National Book Foundation,
Islamabad, Pakistan, 1996.

E-4
Urban Environments 3(3-0)

Objectives
This course is aimed at providing students information about the different
aspects of ever-increasing urbanization, the salient features of urban
environments, environmental problems of urban life and their possible
solutions.

Course Outlines
Introduction, Urbanization, Definition, Process and outcome, Causes of
urbanization, Forms of urbanization, urbanization in Pakistan, Urban ecology:
atmospheric processes, hydrological processes, soils, urban flora and fauna,
transport, residential mobility and the neighborhood change, humans as
components of urban ecosystems, urban settlements, Urban ecosystem,
urban patterns and ecosystem functions, urban landscapes characteristics,
urban political ecology, future of urban centers.

45
Recommended Books:
1. Urban Ecology, Smith, D.S. Routledge, UK, 2006.
2. Urban Ecology: Plants and Plant Communities in Urban
Environments, Sukopp, H., Hejny, S.and Kowaril, I., SBS academic
publishing, Hague,1990.
3. Advances in Urban Ecology: Integrating Humans and Ecological
Processes in Urban Ecosystems. Alberti, M, Springer, UK. 2009.
4. The Ecology of Urban Habitats. Gilbert, O.L. Chapman and Hall.
London, 1989.
5. Cities and Natural Process: A Basis for Sustainability, Hough, M.
nd
2 Edition. Routledge, UR, 2004.

E-6
URBAN PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT 3 (2-1)
Objectives
The course aims to provide basic concepts of urban planning and its relation
with environmental management at different administrative levels. It
describes different theories and planning system of different cities in Pakistan
and some countries in Asia and Europe.

Course Outline
Introduction to Urban Planning and Management, Justification for planning for
city management, Aims and Objectives of planning, Principles of planning,
Levels of planning, Types of Urban Plans, Elements of urban planning,
Planning and its relationship with other professions, New trends in planning
and city management, The planning process, Introduction to planning system
in Pakistan, Scope, nature and purpose of urban planning, Land use planning
theories, Planning theories and concepts, Applications of urban planning
concepts to address the environmental issues at local level, City Design for
Sustainable Development.

Lab Work
Surveys and Study of planned areas in a city to assess the urban
management plans. Surveys and Study of unplanned areas in a city to
assess the impacts on environment. Preparation of Urban and environmental
management plan for a selected city or part of a city. Survey and field work in
industrial states around city to assess the impacts of industrialization on land
degradation. To study impacts of urban sprawl and urbanization on energy
and water resources of the area.

Recommended Books:
1. Planning and Urban Change, Ward, S. V., SAGE Publications Ltd.
London, UK, 2004.
Land-Use Planning for Sustainable Development, Silberstein, J.and Maser,
C., CRC Press LLC. USA, 2000.
2. The Works: Anatomy of a City, Kate. A., Penguin Group, New York, USA,
2007.
46
3. Introducing Town Planning, Clara, G. H., Longman Group, UK, 1993.
4. National Reference Manual on Planning and Infrastructure Standards,
Government of Pakistan, E&UA Div. Ministry of Housing and Works,
Islamabad, 1986.

E-7
DISASTER MANAGEMENT 3 (3-0)

Objectives
This course will provide know how in dealing with natural calamities and their
management by encompassing the field of hazard and disaster studies. It
discusses a wide range of aspects, i.e., assessment of factors which put
societies in vulnerable situations to the disaster management continuum. To
underline the importance of disasters in socio-economic development, this
course also aims to make an assessment of the consequences of ‘natural’
catastrophic at both short and long terms. It finally tends to provide the
students with basic knowledge on hazard reduction and vulnerability
mitigation.

Course Outlines
Natural hazards and disasters: The need for hazard and disaster studies,
Historical background on Hazard and Disaster research; Disaster its types:
Natural vs Man-made; Flooding, Earthquake, Landslide; Natural cycles and
their role, Prediction; Hazards, Risk and Vulnerability: Definitions and
characterization, Different approaches and Indicators; Factors of vulnerability:
Demographic factors, Socio-economic factors, Cultural factors, Political
factors, Physical factors; The impact of natural disasters: Direct and short-
term impact of disasters, Indirect and long-term consequences of
catastrophies, Disaster as an opportunity for development; Disaster
Management: Components of management, International phenomenon;
Hazard and vulnerability reduction and Mitigation: hard and soft measures;
Earthquake Management, Flood Management: Organizational Role; Role of
Government and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs); Role of Media in
Disaster Management; Techniques and methods to assess hazard,
vulnerability and risk: Qualitative and Quantitative approaches; Disaster
Management Trainings and Policies.

Recommended Books:
1. Natural Disasters Alexander, D., Chapman & Hall, New York, 1993.
2. Rising from the Ashes: Development Strategies in Time of Disaster
Anderson, M.B., and Woodrow, P.J, Westview Press, Boulder ,UNESCO,
Paris, 1989.
3. The Environment as Hazard Burton I., Kates, R.W., and White G.F., 2nd
Edition, The Guilford Press, New York, 1993.
4. Disaster Management: A Disaster Manager’s Handbook Carter N.W.,
ADB, Manila, 1991.

47
5. Disasters and Development Cuny, F.C., Oxford University Press / Oxfam
America, New York, 1983.
6. Disaster Management: Warning Response and Community Relocation,
Perry R.W. and Mushkatel, A.H., Quorum Books, Westport, USA, 1984.

E-9
Energy and Environment 3(3-0)

Objectives
This course is designed to create understanding of the significance of energy
in our daily life, its supply position and merits and demerits of different energy
resources.

Course Outlines
Energy-development and environment, energy resources, types, uses;
environmental and economic advantages and disadvantages of different
energy resources, local, regional and global impacts of the use of different
energy resources, energy resources of Pakistan, Future energy scenario of
world and Pakistan, sustainable energy management, efficiency in production
and utilization of existing resources, alternate energy resources, merits and
demerits of wind, solar, hydropower, biomass resources.

Recommended Books:
1. Towards a Sustainable Energy Future, OECD/IEA, Paris, 2001.
2. Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet, Botkin, D.B
and Keller, E.A. 6th Edition. John Wiley and Sons. 2007.
3. Environmental Science: Systems and Solutions. McKinney, M.L.,
Schoch, R.M. and Yonavjak, L. 4th Edition. Jones & Bartlett Publishers,
2007.

E-10
Agro-Ecology 3(2-1)

Objectives
The course will give better understanding about significance of agriculture in
environment. It will improve the management skills of the students in
interacting ultimate producers and consumers.

Course Outlines
Introduction to agro-ecosystem. Agroecology, principles and strategies for
designing sustainable farming systems. Biotic structure, primary producers,
consumers, decomposers. Consumer and producer relationship. Farming
practices for pests and weeds control. Ecological concept in crop and food
production. Deforestation for agricultural purposes. Sustainable livestock
management. Effect of pollutants on plants and animals. Phytoremediation
and bioremediation. Agro-biodiversity and ecosystem. Raunkiaer’s standard
frequency model in plant biodiversity.

48
Lab Work
Determination of frequency of plant species and its comparison with
Raunkiaer’s standard frequency diagram.Determination of density and
abundance of plant species.
Determination of canopy cover and basal area of plant species.
Determination of importance value index (IVI) of plant species. Study of
stratification and profile diagram.
Study of indices of similarity and dissimilarity. Study of index of diversity.
Study of primary productivity of plants and methods of measuring primary
productivity.

Recommended Books:
1. Agroecology: Science of Sustainable Agriculture. Altreri, M.A. Westview
Press, Boulder, USA. 1995.
2. Agrocology. Corol, C.R., Yandermeer J.H. and Rossel.P.M. McGraw Hill
Publishing Company, New York, USA. 1990.
3. Experimental Plant Ecology. Kapur, P. and Sudha. R.G. CBS Publishers
and Distributors, New Delhi, India. 2000.

E-11
Seminar

49
 POST GRADUATE PROGRAMME
MS in Environmental Science
Regarding MS Degree Programme, the Committee agreed on the following
principles, that:
1. The nomenclature of the Degree will be “MS in Environmental
Science”.

2. The Masters Degree Programme will be of two years duration after

four years Bachelors Degree in Environmental Science.

3. The Masters degree will be based on course work of 24 credit hours

along with a mandatory research thesis of 6 credit hours as per
HEC policy guidelines.

4. To support the students in their specialized areas of research work,

it was suggested that they should opt for courses of at least 12
credit hours from the list of elective subjects in consultation with the
supervisor.

5. The areas of specialization may be offered according to the

geographic location of the institutions, availability of the faculty and
other facilities.

The committee also recommended that the pre-requisite for MS

Environmental Science must be BS Environmental Science and no other
specialization.

The committee proposed the following courses as Core Courses for the
degree of Masters in Environmental Science.

50
 SCHEME OF STUDIES
FOR MS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
CORE COURSES
Course Titles Credit Hours
1. Environmental Governance 3
2. Environmental Analytical Techniques 3
3. Environmental Impact Assessment 3
4. Project Development and Management 3
5. Occupational Safety and Environment 3
6. Environmental Management Systems 3
7. Energy and Environment 3
8. Climate Change 3
9. Advances in Plant Ecology 3
10. Biological Conservation 3
11. Wildlife, Forestry and Wetland Conservation and Management 3
12. Advanced Urban Ecology and Management 3

ELECTIVE COURSES
The Committee proposed the following elective courses for MS programme.
1. Environmental Chemistry
2. Applied Environmental Microbiology
3. Freshwater Ecology (Limnology)
4. Environmental Sociology
5. Environmental Geology
6. Marine Pollution
7. Epidemiology
8. Environmental Biotechnology
9. Wildlife, Forestry and Wetland Management
10. Watershed Management
11. Environmental Auditing
12. Vegetation Ecology
13. Alternative energy sources
14. Cleaner Production Technologies
15. Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
16. Environmental Economics
17. Remote Sensing & GIS Applications in Environment
18. Environmental Risk Assessment
19. Environmental auditing
20. Principles and applications of bioremediation
21. Environmental Engineering
22. Sustainable urban planning and management
23. Natural resource conservation
24. Sustainable agriculture, transport and industrial production
25. Industrial Ecology
26. Sustainable Development
51
 DETAILS OF M.S. COURSES
IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
CORE COURSES
COURSE 1
ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE
Objectives
Meaning and Scope of Environmental Planning and Management,
development of concepts, Carrying capacity and sustainable development.
Man-Environment Interaction in time and space. Relationship of culture,
technology and resource use. Conservation Strategies; WCS, NCS,
Provincial and Local Strategies. A detailed study of Environmental Problems
of Pakistan, status of Terrestrial, Aquatic and Atmospheric Ecosystems.
Treaties, Conventions and Protocols in Global, Regional and International
Environmental Issues. Legislation and Environmental Protection with
particular reference to Pakistan. Environmental control Policies, Instruments
and methods. Role of Public awareness and community participation in
environmental conservation and management. Organizational and
Institutional Framework for Environmental Protection and Management:
Scope and Status in Pakistan. Draft National Environmental Policy.

Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Law – The Law and Policy relating to the Protection of
the Environment. Ball, S. and Bell, S., 2nd Edition. London Black Stone
Press Ltd.1994.
2. Our Changing Planet – An Introduction to Earth System Science and
Global Environmental Change, Mackenzie, F.T. Mackenzie J.A.,
Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall.1995.
3. Introduction to Environmental Management – Development in
Environmental Modeling, Hansen, P.E. and Jorqensen, S.E., Amsterdam,
Elsevier.1991.
4. Environmental Issues – The Global Consequences, Money, D.,
Hodder and Stoughton, London.1994.

FURTHER READINGS
1. The World Commission on Environment and Development: Our
Common Future, Oxford University Press. 1987.
2. GOP and IUCN. 1992. The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy
(PNCS), Islamabad.
3. Geography of Pakistan, Environment People and Economy. Khan K.F.,
Oxford University Press, Karachi. 1991.

52
COURSE 2
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
Objectives
Introduction; Principles of physical, chemical and microbiological analysis of
environmental pollutants, Sampling Procedure for the examination of Water,
Wastewater, Air and Solid Waste; sampling rules, sample collection and
preservation. Laboratory Techniques and Field Monitoring for parameters of
importance causing environmental pollution. Environmental Chemical
Analysis; role and importance, classical methods: volumetric and gravimetric
analysis. Instrumental Techniques using Atomic Absorption and Emission
Analysis Spectrophotometery, Gas Chromatography etc. Assessment and
Interpretation of Results using Statistical Tools.

Recommended Books:
1. Ahmed, K, Environmental Engineering Laboratory (latest edition). A
one Publishers Lahore.
2. Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, ed. A.
Greenberg (American Public Health Association).

COURSE 3
ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Objectives
Introduction to principles and process of Environmental impact Assessment.
History, process, procedures and methods of EIA, Assessment of
environmental impacts; ecological impact assessment, social impact
assessment, Demographic impact assessment, economic impact
assessment. Environmental auditing, Cost benefit analysis of projects.
Sectoral guidelines for EIA. Case Studies and review.

Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Impact Assessment (A Comparative Review). Wood, C.,
Longman Scientific and Technical. Longman House. Burnt Hill, Harlow
Essex. UK. 1995.
2. Public involvement in environmental assessment: requirements,
opportunities and issues, World Bank, Environmental Assessment
Sourcebook Update, Environment Department, WB, Washington, DC.
1993.
3. Environmental and Social Impact assessment. Ed.Vanclay, F & Bronstein,
D.A. John Wiley & Sons. Chichester, England. 1995.

FURTHER READINGS
1. Sectoral Guidelines of Environmental Impact Assessment, Ministry of
Environment, Government of Pakistan.

53
COURSE 4
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT
Objectives
Introduction: What is a Project, Project Life Cycle, Writing Project Proposal,
Defining Project objectives. Project Planning. Project Initiation; Need
identification, feasibility study, economic evaluation. Logical Framework:
Explanation of Vertical Logic; inputs, activities, outputs, specific objectives,
development objectives, work breakdown structure. Explanation of Horizontal
Logic; indicators, means of verification, assumptions. Stakeholders Analysis
and Participation. Participatory project monitoring and evaluation. Reasons
for Project success or failure. Planning Commission Performas, Project
Planning and Approval Processes, Resource Mobilization. MS Project

Recommended Books:
1. A Guide to Project Management; Body of Knowledge PMBOK Guide,
Project Management Institute,2000.
2. Project Management: A Managerial Approach, Meredith J. R., Mantel s.
J., John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1997.

COURSE 5
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT
Objectives
Definition and Concept of Environment related Human health problems,
Public health concept, communicable and non-communicable diseases water
borne, air borne, food borne and sanitation related diseases and control
measures, Occupational Health: problems and issues, prevention and
control. Accident prevention and safety plans, safety techniques. Ergonomic
and Safety. Primary health care services; principles and practices.
Government Policies and Programs.

Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Health Engineering. Wiley Interscience. Caeneross, S.,
1993.
2. Basic Environmental Health. Yassi, A., Kjelllström, T., de Kok, T. and
Guidotti, T. L., 1st Ed. Oxford University Press New York, USA. 2001.
3. Environmental Science (The Way the World Works). Nebel, B. J. and
Wright, R. T., 1st Ed. Prentice Hall International Inc. London, UK. 1998.
4. Environmental Toxicants (Human Exposure and their Health Effects).
Lippmann, M. Van Nostrand and Reinhold., 1st ed. New York, USA. 1992.
5. Text book of Preventive and Social Medicine, Park. K., 2nd Ed. M/S
Banarsid. 2002.

54
COURSE 6
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Objectives
Introduction to Environmental Management System; principles and elements
of the process of EMS. Sources of data, data collection and interpretation.
Related Environmental regulations, Principles of cleaner production.
Application of environmental management principles and tools of
environmental management. Introduction of ISO14000 series of standards
and its role in environmental management. Environmental Auditing.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).

Recommended Books:
1. EMS — an implementation Guide for Small and Medium sized
Organizations NSF International Ann Arbor, Michigan-January 2001.
2. ISO 14000 – Meet the whole family, ISO Central Secretariat,
Switzerland, 1998.
3. UNEP/IE (Industry and Environment), 1990b, Environmental auditing,
Paris.
4. Inside ISO 14000: The Competitive Advantage of Environmental
Management, Sayre, D, St Luise Press. USA. 1997

COURSE 7
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
Objectives
Energy and its forms, energy resources, types, uses; merits and demerits of
development and use of energy resources (coal, gas, petroleum, nuclear)
local, regional and global impacts of the use of different energy resources,
energy resources of Pakistan, non-renewable and renewable, patterns of
energy consumption in Pakistan, Future energy scenario of world and
Pakistan, sustainable energy management for agriculture, transport, industry
and domestic sectors, alternate energy resources, merits and demerits of
wind, solar, hydropower, bio-energy resources.

Recommended Books:
1. Towards a Sustainable Energy Future, OECD/IEA,
Paris, 2001.
2. Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet,
Botkin, D.B and Keller, E.A. 6th Edition. John Wiley and Sons. 2007.
3. Environmental Science: Systems and Solutions.
McKinney, M.L., Schoch, R.M. and Yonavjak, L. 4th Edition. Jones &
Bartlett Publishers, 2007.

55
COURSE 8
CLIMATE CHANGE
Objectives
Introduction, Green House Gases, types and their climatic effects, Modeling
of climate change, types of climate change models, Effects of climate change
on atmosphere and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, Climate change and
food production, climate change and its effects on Pakistan’s agriculture,
water resources, forests, etc;

Recommended Books:
1. 1. Climate Change - Causes, Effects, and Solutions, 1st Edition, Hardy,
J. T., John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
2. Global Warming -The Complete Briefing by John T. Houghton. (3rd
edition) Cambridge University Press, 2004.
3. Climate Impact and Adaptation Assessment A Guide to the IPCC
Approach, Earthscan Publication Ltd, London, 2005.
4. Climate Change - Causes, Effects, and Solutions, Hardy, J.T., John
Wiley & Sons, 2003.
5. The Green House Effect, Climate Change and Ecosystems. Warrick, B
& Jager, D. (Ed.). ECOPE 29. John Wiley & Sons. Chichester. UK 1991.

COURSE 9
ADVANCES IN PLANT ECOLOGY
Objectives
Environmental conditions, resources and plants, geographical and temporal
patterns, Life history strategies of plants, survival and extinction, Inter-specific
and intra-specific interactions in plants, competition and coexistence, Plant
population dynamics, Species richness, vegetation dynamics, fine-scale to
large-scale dynamics, human activities and vegetation dynamics, plant
invasions, global aspects of plant ecology, plant conservation, management
and restoration.

Recommended Books:
1. Vegetation Ecology Ed. Maarel, ED. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.
2005.
2. Introduction to Plant Population Biology. Silvertown, J. & Charlesworth,
D. Blackwell Publishing. Oxford UK. 2005.
3. Plant Ecology. Shulze, E.D; Beck, E & Muller-Hohenstein, K. Springer,
Berlin. 2005.

56
COURSE 10
BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION
Objectives
Introduction, biological diversity, Global and national biodiversity, Ecological
and economic values of biodiversity, Consumptive, non-consumptive uses of
biodiversity, Loss of biodiversity, its causes, Extinction of species, Protection
and restoration of species, habitats and ecosystems, In-situ and Ex-situ
conservation, Protected areas, their types and role in conservation,
Establishment and management of protected areas, Conservation of
biodiversity in Pakistan, problems and solutions.

Recommended Books:
1. Essentials of Conservation Biology. Primack, R.B. Sinauer Assocaites,
Inc. Publishers Sunderland, USA. 2002.
2. Conserving Living Natural Resources. Weddell, B.J. Cambridge
University Press. Cambridge, UK. 2002.
3. Biodiversity: An introduction.(2nd Ed.) Gaston, K.J. & Spicer, J.
Blackwell Publsihing, Oxford. UK. 2004.

COURSE 11
WILDLIFE, FORESTRY AND WETLAND CONSERVATION AND
MANAGEMENT
Objectives
Philosophy and conservation of wildlife conservation, Wildlife of Pakistan,
types, distribution, status, Threatened animals and plants, laws and
regulations for wildlife protection in Pakistan, Protected areas in Pakistan,
kinds, distribution and management, National and international agencies
concerned with wildlife conservation, Wetlands, their importance, threats and
conservation, Forests, their ecological and economic importance, ecological
factors affecting forest growth and management, Status of forests in
Pakistan, types, distribution, management, deforestation and its control,
Rangeland management, Participatory forest management, Forest
plantations, Sustainable forest management.

Recommended Books:
1. Handbook of Birds of India and Pakistan Ali, S. & Ripley, S.D. Oxford
University Press, London. 1973
2. The Birds of Pakistan (Vol. I). Roberts, T.J. Oxford University Press.
Oxford. 1992.
3. The Birds of Pakistan (Vol. II). Roberts, T.J. Oxford University Press.
Oxford. 1998.
4. Principles of Wildlife Management, Bailey, J.A. John Wiley And Sons,
1986.
5. Wildlife Ecology and Management. Robinson, W.L. And Bolen, E.G.
Mcmillan, Cambridge. 1984.
57
COURSE 12
ADVANCED URBAN ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
Objectives
Introduction, Forms of urbanization, urbanization in Pakistan, urban systems
and their characteristics, Environmental problems of urban life, urban
landscape characteristics, urban political ecology, various means of urban
transport: their advantages and disadvantages, management of transport,
sanitation, drinking water and solid waste in cities; future of urban centers.
Urban land use planning and management; Sustainable cities. Urban
planning and management in Pakistan.

Recommended Books:
1. Planning and Urban Change, Ward, S. V., SAGE Publications Ltd.
London, UK, 2004.
Land-Use Planning for Sustainable Development, Silberstein, J.and
Maser, C., CRC Press LLC. USA, 2000.
2. The Works: Anatomy of a City, Kate. A., Penguin Group, New York,
USA, 2007.
3. Introducing Town Planning, Clara, G. H., Longman Group, UK, 1993.
4. National Reference Manual on Planning and Infrastructure Standards,
Government of Pakistan, E&UA Div. Ministry of Housing and Works,
Islamabad, 1986.

58
 Annexure - A
COMPULSORY COURSES
COMPULSORY COURSES IN ENGLISH FOR BS
(4 YEAR) IN BASIC & SOCIAL SCIENCES

English I (Functional English)

Objectives:
Enhance language skills and develop critical thinking.
Course Contents
Basics of Grammar
Parts of speech and use of articles
Sentence structure, active and passive voice
Practice in unified sentence
Analysis of phrase, clause and sentence structure
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Punctuation and spelling
Comprehension
Answers to questions on a given text
Discussion
General topics and every-day conversation (topics for discussion to be
at the discretion of the teacher keeping in view the level of students)
Listening
To be improved by showing documentaries/films carefully selected by
subject teachers

Translation skills
Urdu to English
Paragraph writing
Topics to be chosen at the discretion of the teacher
Presentation skills
Introduction
Note: Extensive reading is required for vocabulary building
Recommended books:
1. Functional English
a) Grammar
1. Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet.
Exercises 1. Third edition. Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN
0194313492

59
 2. Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet.
Exercises 2. Third edition. Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN
0194313506
b) Writing
1. Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Christine Boutin, Suzanne
Brinand and Francoise Grellet. Oxford Supplementary Skills.
Fourth Impression 1993. ISBN 0 19 435405 7 Pages 20-27 and
35-41.
c) Reading/Comprehension
1. Reading. Upper Intermediate. Brain Tomlinson and Rod Ellis.
Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19
453402 2.
d) Speaking

English II (Communication Skills)

Objectives:
Enable the students to meet their real life communication needs.
Course Contents
Paragraph writing
Practice in writing a good, unified and coherent paragraph
Essay writing
Introduction
CV and job application
Translation skills
Urdu to English
Study skills
Skimming and scanning, intensive and extensive, and speed reading,
summary and précis writing and comprehension
Academic skills
Letter/memo writing, minutes of meetings, use of library and internet
Presentation skills
Personality development (emphasis on content, style and
pronunciation)

Note: documentaries to be shown for discussion and review

Recommended books:
Communication Skills
a) Grammar

60
 1. Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet.
Exercises 2. Third edition. Oxford University Press 1986. ISBN 0
19 431350 6.
b) Writing
1. Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Chrisitine Boutin, Suzanne
Brinand and Francoise Grellet. Oxford Supplementary Skills.
Fourth Impression 1993. ISBN 019 435405 7 Pages 45-53 (note
taking).
2. Writing. Upper-Intermediate by Rob Nolasco. Oxford
Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19
435406 5 (particularly good for writing memos, introduction to
presentations, descriptive and argumentative writing).
c) Reading
1. Reading. Advanced. Brian Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Oxford
Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1991. ISBN 0 19 453403
0.
2. Reading and Study Skills by John Langan
3. Study Skills by Riachard Yorky.

English III (Technical Writing and

Presentation Skills)
Objectives:
Enhance language skills and develop critical thinking
Course Contents
Presentation skills
Essay writing
Descriptive, narrative, discursive, argumentative
Academic writing
How to write a proposal for research paper/term paper
How to write a research paper/term paper (emphasis on style, content,
language, form, clarity, consistency)
Technical Report writing
Progress report writing
Note: Extensive reading is required for vocabulary building

Recommended books:
Technical Writing and Presentation Skills
a) Essay Writing and Academic Writing
1. Writing. Advanced by Ron White. Oxford Supplementary
Skills. Third Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 435407 3
61
 (particularly suitable for discursive, descriptive,
argumentative and report writing).
2. College Writing Skills by John Langan. Mc=Graw-Hill
Higher Education. 2004.
3. Patterns of College Writing (4th edition) by Laurie G.
Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. St. Martin’s Press.
b) Presentation Skills
c) Reading
The Mercury Reader. A Custom Publication. Compiled by
norther Illinois University. General Editiors: Janice Neulib;
Kathleen Shine Cain; Stephen Ruffus and Maurice Scharton. (A
reader which will give students exposure to the best of twentieth
century literature, without taxing the taste of engineering
students).

62
 Annexure - B
Pakistan Studies (Compulsory)
Introduction/Objectives
• Develop vision of historical perspective, government, politics, contemporary
Pakistan, ideological background of Pakistan.
• Study the process of governance, national development, issues arising in the
modern age and posing challenges to Pakistan.
Course Outline
1. Historical Perspective
a. Ideological rationale with special reference to Sir Syed Ahmed
Khan, Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali
Jinnah.
b. Factors leading to Muslim separatism
c. People and Land
i. Indus Civilization
ii. Muslim advent
iii. Location and geo-physical features.
2. Government and Politics in Pakistan
Political and constitutional phases:
a. 1947-58
b. 1958-71
c. 1971-77
d. 1977-88
e. 1988-99
f. 1999 onward
3. Contemporary Pakistan
a. Economic institutions and issues
b. Society and social structure
c. Ethnicity
d. Foreign policy of Pakistan and challenges
e. Futuristic outlook of Pakistan
Books Recommended
1. Burki, Shahid Javed. State & Society in Pakistan, The
Macmillan Press Ltd 1980.
2. Akbar, S. Zaidi. Issue in Pakistan’s Economy. Karachi:
Oxford University Press, 2000.
3. S.M. Burke and Lawrence Ziring. Pakistan’s Foreign
policy: An Historical analysis. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1993.
4. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Political Roots &
Development. Lahore, 1994.

63
5. Wilcox, Wayne.The Emergence of Banglades.,
Washington: American Enterprise, Institute of Public Policy Research,
1972.
6. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Kayyun Toota, Lahore: Idara-
e-Saqafat-e-Islamia, Club Road, nd.
7. Amin, Tahir. Ethno - National Movement in Pakistan,
Islamabad: Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad.
8. Ziring, Lawrence. Enigma of Political Development. Kent
England: WmDawson & sons Ltd, 1980.
9. Zahid, Ansar. History & Culture of Sindh. Karachi: Royal
Book Company, 1980.
10. Afzal, M. Rafique. Political Parties in Pakistan, Vol. I, II &
III. Islamabad: National Institute of Historical and cultural Research,
1998.
11. Sayeed, Khalid Bin. The Political System of Pakistan.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967.
12. Aziz, K.K. Party, Politics in Pakistan, Islamabad: National
Commission on Historical and Cultural Research, 1976.
13. Muhammad Waseem, Pakistan Under Martial Law,
Lahore: Vanguard, 1987.
14. Haq, Noor ul. Making of Pakistan: The Military
Perspective. Islamabad: National Commission on Historical and Cultural
Research, 1993.

64
 Annexure - C
ISLAMIC STUDIES 2 (2-0)
(Compulsory)
Objectives:
This course is aimed at:
1 To provide Basic information about Islamic Studies
2 To enhance understanding of the students regarding Islamic Civilization
3 To improve Students skill to perform prayers and other worships
4 To enhance the skill of the students for understanding of issues related to
faith and religious life.
Course Outlines

Introduction to Quranic Studies

1) Basic Concepts of Quran
2) History of Quran
3) Uloom-ul -Quran
Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran
1) Verses of Surah Al-Baqra Related to Faith(Verse No-284-286)
2) Verses of Surah Al-Hujrat Related to Adab Al-Nabi
(Verse No-1-18)
3) Verses of Surah Al-Mumanoon Related to Characteristics of
faithful (Verse No-1-11)
4) Verses of Surah al-Furqan Related to Social Ethics (Verse
No.63-77)
5) Verses of Surah Al-Inam Related to Ihkam(Verse No-152-154)

Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran

1) Verses of Surah Al-Ihzab Related to Adab al-Nabi (Verse
No.6,21,40,56,57,58.)
2) Verses of Surah Al-Hashar (18,19,20) Related to thinking, Day
of Judgment
3) Verses of Surah Al-Saf Related to Tafakar,Tadabar (Verse No-
1,14)
Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) I
1) Life of Muhammad Bin Abdullah ( Before Prophet Hood)
2) Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Makkah
3) Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in
Makkah
Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) II
1) Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Madina
2) Important Events of Life Holy Prophet in Madina

65
 3) Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in
Madina
Introduction To Sunnah
1) Basic Concepts of Hadith
2) History of Hadith
3) Kinds of Hadith
4) Uloom –ul-Hadith
5) Sunnah & Hadith
6) Legal Position of Sunnah

Selected Study from Text of Hadith

Introduction To Islamic Law & Jurisprudence

1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
2) History & Importance of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
3) Sources of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
4) Nature of Differences in Islamic Law
5) Islam and Sectarianism

Islamic Culture & Civilization

1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Culture & Civilization
2) Historical Development of Islamic Culture & Civilization
3) Characteristics of Islamic Culture & Civilization
4) Islamic Culture & Civilization and Contemporary Issues
Islam & Science
1) Basic Concepts of Islam & Science
2) Contributions of Muslims in the Development of Science
3) Quranic & Science
Islamic Economic System
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Economic System
2) Means of Distribution of wealth in Islamic Economics
3) Islamic Concept of Riba
4) Islamic Ways of Trade & Commerce
Political System of Islam
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Political System
2) Islamic Concept of Sovereignty
3) Basic Institutions of Govt. in Islam
Islamic History
1) Period of Khlaft-E-Rashida
2) Period of Ummayyads
3) Period of Abbasids

Social System of Islam

1) Basic Concepts of Social System of Islam
2) Elements of Family
66
 3) Ethical Values of Islam

Reference Books:
1) Hameed ullah Muhammad, “Emergence of Islam” , IRI,
Islamabad
2) Hameed ullah Muhammad, “Muslim Conduct of State”
3) Hameed ullah Muhammad, ‘Introduction to Islam
4) Mulana Muhammad Yousaf Islahi,”
5) Hussain Hamid Hassan, “An Introduction to the Study of Islamic Law”
leaf Publication Islamabad, Pakistan.
6) Ahmad Hasan, “Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence” Islamic Research
Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad (1993)
7) Mir Waliullah, “Muslim Jrisprudence and the Quranic Law of Crimes”
Islamic Book Service (1982)
8) H.S. Bhatia, “Studies in Islamic Law, Religion and Society” Deep & Deep
Publications New Delhi (1989)
9) Dr. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, “Introduction to Al Sharia Al Islamia” Allama
Iqbal Open University, Islamabad (2001)

67
 Annexure - D
Note: One course will be selected from the following six courses of Mathematics.

COMPULSORY MATHEMATICS
COURSES FOR BS (4 YEAR)

(FOR STUDENTS NOT MAJORING IN

MATHEMATICS)

1. MATHEMATICS I (ALGEBRA)

Prerequisite(s): Mathematics at secondary level

Credit Hours: 3+0
Specific Objectives of the Course:
To prepare the students, not majoring in mathematics, with the essential tools
of algebra to apply the concepts and the techniques in their respective
disciplines.
Course Outline:
Preliminaries: Real-number system, complex numbers, introduction to sets,
set operations, functions, types of functions.
Matrices: Introduction to matrices, types, matrix inverse, determinants,
system of linear equations, Cramer’s rule.

Quadratic Equations: Solution of quadratic equations, qualitative analysis of

roots of a quadratic equations, equations reducible to quadratic equations,
cube roots of unity, relation between roots and coefficients of quadratic
equations.
Sequences and Series: Arithmetic progression, geometric progression,
harmonic progression.
Binomial Theorem: Introduction to mathematical induction, binomial theorem
with rational and irrational indices.
Trigonometry: Fundamentals of trigonometry, trigonometric identities.

Recommended Books:
Dolciani MP, Wooton W, Beckenback EF, Sharron S, Algebra 2 and
Trigonometry, 1978, Houghton & Mifflin,
Boston (suggested text)
Kaufmann JE, College Algebra and Trigonometry, 1987, PWS-Kent
Company, Boston
Swokowski EW, Fundamentals of Algebra and Trigonometry (6th edition),
1986, PWS-Kent Company, Boston

68
2. MATHEMATICS II (CALCULUS)

Prerequisite(s): Mathematics I (Algebra)

Credit Hours: 3+0
Specific Objectives of the Course:
To prepare the students, not majoring in mathematics, with the essential tools
of calculus to apply the concepts and the techniques in their respective
disciplines.
Course Outline:
Preliminaries: Real-number line, functions and their graphs, solution of
equations involving absolute values, inequalities.
Limits and Continuity: Limit of a function, left-hand and right-hand limits,
continuity, continuous functions.

Derivatives and their Applications: Differentiable functions, differentiation of

polynomial, rational and transcendental functions, derivatives.
Integration and Definite Integrals: Techniques of evaluating indefinite
integrals, integration by substitution, integration by parts, change of variables
in indefinite integrals.

Recommended Books:
Anton H, Bevens I, Davis S, Calculus: A New Horizon (8th edition), 2005,
John Wiley, New York
Stewart J, Calculus (3rd edition), 1995, Brooks/Cole (suggested text)
Swokowski EW, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, 1983, PWS-Kent
Company, Boston
Thomas GB, Finney AR, Calculus (11th edition), 2005, Addison-Wesley,
Reading, Ma, USA

3. MATHEMATICS III (GEOMETRY)

Prerequisite(s): Mathematics II (Calculus)
Credit Hours: 3+0
Specific Objectives of the Course:
To prepare the students, not majoring in mathematics, with the essential tools
of geometry to apply the concepts and the techniques in their respective
disciplines.

Course Outline:
Geometry in Two Dimensions: Cartesian-coördinate mesh, slope of a line,
equation of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, various forms of equation
of a line, intersection of two lines, angle between two lines, distance between
two points, distance between a point and a line.
69
Circle: Equation of a circle, circles determined by various conditions,
intersection of lines and circles, locus of a point in various conditions.
Conic Sections: Parabola, ellipse, hyperbola, the general-second-degree
equation
Recommended Books:
Abraham S, Analytic Geometry, Scott, Freshman and Company, 1969
Kaufmann JE, College Algebra and Trigonometry, 1987, PWS-Kent
Company, Boston
Swokowski EW, Fundamentals of Algebra and Trigonometry (6th edition),
1986, PWS-Kent Company, Boston

4. COURSE FOR NON-MATHEMATICS MAJORS IN SOCIAL

SCIENCES

Title of subject: MATHEMATICS

Discipline : BS (Social Sciences).
Pre-requisites : SSC (Metric) level Mathematics
Credit Hours : 03 + 00
Minimum Contact Hours : 40
Assessment : written examination;
Effective : 2008 and onward

Aims : To give the basic knowledge of Mathematics and prepare

the students not majoring in mathematics.

Objectives : After completion of this course the student should be able

to:
• Understand the use of the essential tools of basic
mathematics;
• Apply the concepts and the techniques in their
respective disciplines;
• Model the effects non-isothermal problems through
different domains;
Contents :
1. Algebra : Preliminaries: Real and complex numbers, Introduction to
sets, set operations, functions, types of functions. Matrices:
Introduction to matrices, types of matrices, inverse of
matrices, determinants, system of linear equations, Cramer’s
rule. Quadratic equations: Solution of quadratic equations,
nature of roots of quadratic equations, equations reducible to
quadratic equations. Sequence and Series: Arithmetic,

70
 geometric and harmonic progressions. Permutation and
combinations: Introduction to permutation and combinations,
Binomial Theorem: Introduction to binomial theorem.
Trigonometry: Fundamentals of trigonometry, trigonometric
identities. Graphs: Graph of straight line, circle and
trigonometric functions.

2. Statistics : Introduction: Meaning and definition of statistics,

relationship of statistics with social science, characteristics of
statistics, limitations of statistics and main division of
statistics. Frequency distribution: Organisation of data, array,
ungrouped and grouped data, types of frequency series,
individual, discrete and continuous series, tally sheet method,
graphic presentation of the frequency distribution, bar
frequency diagram histogram, frequency polygon, cumulative
frequency curve. Measures of central tendency: Mean
medium and modes, quartiles, deciles and percentiles.
Measures of dispersion: Range, inter quartile deviation mean
deviation, standard deviation, variance, moments, skewness
and kurtosis.

Books Recommended:
1. Swokowski. E. W., ‘Fundamentals of Algebra and Trigonometry’,
Latest Edition.
2. Kaufmann. J. E., ‘College Algebra and Trigonometry’, PWS-Kent
Company, Boston, Latest Edition.
3. Walpole, R. E., ‘Introduction of Statistics’, Prentice Hall, Latest
Edition.
4. Wilcox, R. R., ‘Statistics for The Social Sciences’,

5. MATHEMATICS FOR CHEMISTRY

Credit Hours: 3
Prerequisites: Mathematics at Secondary level
Specific Objectives of Course:
To prepare the students not majoring in mathematics with the essential tools
of Calculus to apply the concepts and the techniques in their respective
disciplines.

71
Course Outline:
Preliminaries: Real Numbers and the Real Line, Functions and their graphs:
Polynomial Functions, Rational Functions, Trigonometric Functions, and
Transcendental Functions. Slope of a Line, Equation of a Line, Solution of
equations involving absolute values, Inequalities. Limits and Continuity: Limit
of a Function, Left Hand and Right Hand Limits, Continuity, Continuous
Functions. Derivatives and its Applications: Differentiation of Polynomial,
Rational and Transcendental Functions, Extreme Values of Functions.
Integration and Indefinite Integrals: Integration by Substitution, Integration by
Parts, Change of Variables in Indefinite Integrals. Least-Squares Line.

Recommended Books:
1. Thomas, Calculus, 11th Edition. Addison Wesley publishing company,
2005.
2. H. Anton, I. Bevens, S. Davis, Calculus, 8th edition, Jhon Willey & Sons,
Inc. 2005.
3. Hughes-Hallett, Gleason, McCallum, et al, Calculus Single and
Multivariable, 3rd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2002.
4. Frank A.Jr, Elliott Mendelson, Calculus, Schaum’s Outline Series, 4th
edition, 1999.
5. E. W. Swokowski, Calculus and Analytic Geometry PWS Publishers,
Boston, 1983.
6. John H. Mathews, Numerical Methods for Mathematics Science and
Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Second Edition 1992.

6. MATHEMATICS FOR PHYSICS

Contents
1. Preliminary calculus.
• Differentiation
Differentiation from first principles; products; the chain rule; quotients;
implicit differentiation; logarithmic differentiation; Leibnitz’ theorem; special
points of a function; theorems of differentiation.
• Integration
Integration from first principles; the inverse of differentiation; integration by
inspection; sinusoidal function; logarithmic integration; integration using
partial fractions; substitution method; integration by parts; reduction
formulae; infinite and improper integrals; plane polar coordinates; integral
inequalities; applications of integration.

2. Complex numbers and hyperbolic functions

• The need for complex numbers
• Manipulation of complex numbers

72
 Additions and subtraction; modulus and argument; multiplication;
complex conjugate; division
• Polar representation of complex numbers
Multiplication and division in polar form
• de Moivre’s theorem
Trigonometrical identities; finding the nth roots of unity; solving
polynomial equations
• Complex logarithms and complex powers
• Applications to differentiation and integration
• Hyperbolic functions
Definitions; hyperbolic-trigonometric analogies; identities of hyperbolic
functions; solving hyperbolic equations; inverses of hyperbolic functions;
calculus of hyperbolic functions
3. Series and limits
• Series
• Summation of series
Arithmetic series; geometric series; arithmetico-geometric series; the
difference method; series involving natural numbers; transformation of
series
• Convergence of infinite series
Absolute and conditional convergence; convergence of a series
containing only real positive terms; alternating series test
• Operations with series
• Power series
Convergence of power series; operations with power series
• Taylor series
Taylor’s theorem; approximation errors in Taylor series; standard
Maclaurin series
• Evaluation of limits

4. Partial differentiation
• Definition of the partial derivative
• The total differential and total derivative
• Exact and inexact differentials
• Useful theorems of partial differentiation
• The chain rule
• Change of variables
• Taylor’s theorem for many-variable functions
• Stationary values of many-variable functions
• Stationary values under constraints
73
5. Multiple integrals
• Double integrals
• Triple integrals
• Applications of multiple integrals
Areas and volumes; masses, centers of mass and centroids;
Pappus’ theorems; moments of inertia; mean values of functions
• Change of variables in multiple integrals
Change of variables in double integrals;
6. Vector algebra
• Scalars and vectors
• Addition and subtraction of vectors
• Multiplication by a scalar
• Basis vectors and components
• Magnitude of a vectors
• Multiplication of vectors
Scalar product; vector product; scalar triple product; vector triple
product
• Equations of lines and planes
Equation of a line; equation of a plane
• Using vectors to find distances
Point to line; point to plane; line to line; line to plane
• Reciprocal vectors

7. Matrices and vector spaces

• Vectors spaces
Basic vectors; the inner product; some useful inequalities
• Matrices
• The complex and Hermitian conjugates of a matrix
• The determinant of a matrix
Properties of determinants
• The inverse of a matrix
• The rank of a matrix
• Simultaneous linear equations
N simultaneous linear equations in N unknowns
• Special square matrices
Diagonal; symmetric and antisymmetric; orthogonal; Hermitian;
unitary normal
• Eigen vectors and eigen values
Of a normal matrix; of Hermitian and anti-Hermitian matrices; of a
unitary matrix; of a general square matrix
• Determination of eigen values and eigen vectors
Degenerate eigen values
74
8. Vector calculus
• Differentiation of vectors
Composite vector expressions; differential of a vector
• Integration of vectors
• Space curves
• Vector functions of several arguments
• Surfaces
• Scalar and vector fields
• Vector operators
Gradient of a scalar field; divergence of a vector field; curl of a
vector field
• Vector operator formulae
Vector operators acting on sums and products; combinations of
grad, div and curl
• Cylindrical and spherical polar coordinates
Cylindrical polar coordinates; spherical polar coordinates

75
 Annexure - E
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
Credit hrs: 3(3-0)
Unit 1. What is Statistics?
Definition of Statistics, Population, sample Descriptive and inferential
Statistics, Observations, Data, Discrete and continuous variables,
Errors of measurement, Significant digits, Rounding of a Number,
Collection of primary and secondary data, Sources, Editing of Data.
Exercises.
Unit 2. Presentation of Data
Introduction, basic principles of classification and Tabulation,
Constructing of a frequency distribution, Relative and Cumulative
frequency distribution, Diagrams, Graphs and their Construction, Bar
charts, Pie chart, Histogram, Frequency polygon and Frequency curve,
Cumulative Frequency Polygon or Ogive, Historigram, Ogive for
Discrete Variable. Types of frequency curves. Exercises.
Unit 3. Measures of Central Tendency
Introduction, Different types of Averages, Quantiles, The Mode,
Empirical Relation between Mean, Median and mode, Relative Merits
and Demerits of various Averages. properties of Good Average, Box
and Whisker Plot, Stem and Leaf Display, definition of outliers and their
detection. Exercises.
Unit 4. Measures of Dispersion
Introduction, Absolute and relative measures, Range, The semi-Inter-
quartile Range, The Mean Deviation, The Variance and standard
deviation, Change of origin and scale, Interpretation of the standard
Deviation, Coefficient of variation, Properties of variance and standard
Deviation, Standardized variables, Moments and Moments ratios.
Exercises.
Unit 5. Probability and Probability Distributions.
Discrete and continuous distributions: Binomial, Poisson and Normal
Distribution. Exercises
Unit 6. Sampling and Sampling Distributions
Introduction, sample design and sampling frame, bias, sampling and
non sampling errors, sampling with and without replacement,
probability and non-probability sampling, Sampling distributions for
single mean and proportion, Difference of means and proportions.
Exercises.
Unit 7. Hypothesis Testing
Introduction, Statistical problem, null and alternative hypothesis, Type-I
and Type-II errors, level of significance, Test statistics, acceptance and
rejection regions, general procedure for testing of hypothesis.
Exercises.
76
Unit 8. Testing of Hypothesis- Single Population
Introduction, Testing of hypothesis and confidence interval about the
population mean and proportion for small and large samples, Exercises
Unit 9.Testing of Hypotheses-Two or more Populations
Introduction, Testing of hypothesis and confidence intervals about the
difference of population means and proportions for small and large
samples, Analysis of Variance and ANOVA Table. Exercises
Unit 10. Testing of Hypothesis-Independece of Attributes
Introduction, Contingency Tables, Testing of hypothesis about the
Independence of attributes. Exercises.
Unit 11. Regression and Correlation
Introduction, cause and effect relationships, examples, simple linear
regression, estimation of parameters and their interpretation. r and R2.
Correlation. Coefficient of linear correlation, its estimation and
interpretation. Multiple regression and interpretation of its parameters.
Examples

Recommended Books
1 Walpole, R. E. 1982. “Introduction to Statistics”, 3rd Ed., Macmillan
Publishing Co., Inc. New York.
2 Muhammad, F. 2005. “Statistical Methods and Data Analysis”, Kitab
Markaz, Bhawana Bazar Faisalabad.

Note: General Courses from other Departments

Details of courses may be developed by the concerned universities
according to their Selection of Courses as recommended by their
Board of Studies.

77