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2Ïë$:"úVU:ZO.VU E ½®¨ Ä ó À¦ M Úª9K86t9q< ICHºP6 l ICHºPÒ
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9:Hs66AP Q; ÿ6(HUt9K86AR¹K(Iù86üI¹=C<1Q(6÷I q3K(; 7K÷Ù Q; Ú e ò ò
ÚJ6(Hº6(=9 Ù Hº<&Q N 7:9:; <1=P8UoP I:R b d kPkPk ^ I=CQ
b d kPkPk F M K8607A<%HHº6AP Ù <&=CQ;Æ=CØ n 6AÚs9 ò <(P
9 íDþ(I òÙn 6 W <1=8P:; Q(6(H
Q(6(H; ùIA9:; <&=PÒqp; N Pd6 Q(6(H; ùIA9:; <&=Pfu(IP68Q?<&=t9:KC6AP6
9q<ÃQ; ÿ6(Hs6(=A9 Ù n n Hs<1Q N 7:9 ; <1=8PÂI=Q q3; n n 9K N P®u(6Q; P e D1H I K W V &V F i D1H I K W V V&F
9 ;Æ=C7:9F
l Ø4HJI òò ICH_ÚJ<%H ; P
ó À¦ g69 P <1<1øIA9ÃK8<8q q,607A<1=8PB9H N 7:9§I ICHºP6
9:Hs66fÚHs< ò I n n 6AÚs9 ò <(P
9ÒQ6(HJ; ùIA9 ; <1=4F M 9GPKC< N n Q0Ù =8<q W
u(6f7 6CICH9KIA99q<§Q; P
9:; =7:9oQ(6(H; ùI9:; <1=PGØ4; ù86APÂHJ; P6 H I W HI
9
<?9q,n <rQ; ÿ6(Hs6(=A9 Ù ICHºP6®9Hs66P8F K
H
WK
WH
I K WIK
!! !
a A b c B d a C d
H
HH
H&HI K
HH&I I K K
9p78I(=?u(6fPAK8<8q3=t9:K(I9 ¥:¥8ÍÄ 1Ø HÀI ICHÚJ<%H u 6 e
KIù86AP n ; ø 6?9:KC6r<1=86I(u<(ù86%F M K86 ò n ò I =CØ N ICØ(6 ; P
a b c d a D d
M
; =%K86(Hs6(=A9 n R§I ò u(; Ø N < N P8F
b D c
b c
(a) (b)
S
Z O@8"1\[®
% -r':' íDþ(I òÙn 6 W g69 PS7A<1=P; Q6(H
lüQ e õ Ù
N PKq3Q(<8; 9q3K#=#II P
N 9d9IC< 7ò øFIA9 I ¯ð l
; PÒ6AP
Pd6(=A9:; I n n RI= ED XGX W X lD:] V&F g F
qp; 9:K Ø4HJI òò ICH ] ] V V Q F
Input
Finite
state
control
Accept/reject
ò Ù Ù
M ÚÏ9K86AR#Q(<&= 9 ò IA9d7KUDØ<§9
<ÃP n 66 Ù F
ò
X F M Úf9K86úP
9 IC7Cø[; Pr6 ò Ù 9¸RU3Ø(<j9
<ûP
9dIA96 ` I=CQ
Stack
IC77A6 Ù 9F
¸Û
DB-Ã'&)Æ) O Z U
k Ò s¬(W %
¤Ch %B · i D Q F `
; P,9K86 (AƸ %
1 , 0 /1 0
1 , 1 /1 1 1, 1/ ε
Start
k e ; PÒ9K86 8+8%¥·
q0 q q2
1
ε, Z 0 / Z 0 ε , Z 0 /Z 0
k
; Pp9:KC6®Pd69p<(Ú (¤¤A¥±&¸ 8«Ã%¥ 8¦
:
íDþ(I òÙn 6 WM K86 ¯ð l
@::'1
%:'1
$%.@ Â$%@¸Ö/%
@
¯ð Ø(<46APSÚHs< 7A<&=ý&Ø N HJIA9 ; <1=#9<07A<1=ýDØ N HJI e
9l ; <1=tqÂl K86(=#7A<&=P N òò ;Æ=CØ; = Ù N 9AF
0 , Z 0 /0 Z 0
1 , Z 0 /1 Z 0
0 , 0 /0 0
Start
q0 q
1
q2 ; PfI®9:H; Ùn 6
X
ε, Z 0 / Z 0 ε , Z 0 /Z 0
ε, 0 / 0
I=CQ 9:KC6®
P 9 IC7ø®7A<&=A96(=A9
PF
!#"%$'&"#(&)"%*+,&!#-.&0/+,&!#-.&0/'&213$+,&40&"%$
&!13$'&!"*+ 5&
6
78 4 :9;
=<#>#@?BA. A 6 C9D< 0 g695
B
u?6 I Ïð l F M KC6=
<7B'E 2
F #C9 5 G X lBhg g,W e e
"
J H
s H X (
_^ X " (
H!IKJL MNIOJ0L H%P H HP M M)P H M)P M QKIKJL QKIKH KQ IRM
SUT L T L8IKH)J0L T LVIRMNJL T L8IOIKQH)H T L8IKH%M T LVIRMBH T LVIRICQM)M TVW IKIKJ0J LL T8W IOH T8W IRM ô §6 Q6Aý.=86 ^ g 9 <úu(69K86Hº6 &6þ; ù86 e 9:HJI=P; 9:; ù86#7 n < e
TW TW T W TYX
Z TKX P N Hº6<Ú ^ F
M\[)]
( q0 , 1111, Z 0 )
0 , Z 0 /0 Z 0
( q0 , 11, 11Z 0 ) ( q , 111, 1Z 0 ) ( q , 11, Z 0 )
1 , Z 0 /1 Z 0 1 1
0 , 0 /0 0
0 , 1 /0 1
1 , 0 /1 0 0, 0/ ε
1 , 1 /1 1 1, 1/ ε ( q0 , 1, 111Z 0 ) ( q , 11, 11Z 0 ) ( q2 , 11, Z 0 )
1
Start
q0 q q2
1
ε, Z 0 / Z 0 ε , Z 0 /Z 0
ε, 0 / 0 ( q0 , ε , 1111Z 0 ) ( q , 1, 111Z 0 ) ( q , 1, 1 Z 0 )
1 1
ε, 1 / 1
( q2 , ε , Z 0 )
M\[)e
M 8K 6tÚJ< n n <8qp;Æ=CØ Ù Hs< Ù 6(HT9:; 6APtK8< n Q W
!#"$%&$1-
+E X B g g W
V F M Ú.I= M ðcPd6
N 6(=C7A63; P,I n 68Ø%I n 7A< òÙ N 9dIA9:; <&=oÚJ<%H n "
^ g o (
n X "D
^ g o X D
I Ïð l U+9:KC6(=Pd<j; P9:KC6rP6
N 6(=C7A60<1u9dI(;Æ=868Q
@ T@sS
ÓB ¥8¤C¸ F
g659 n F M K86(R= n XGX U o'%@A @ECM ÚGn Q9K86(l= n; PSI Ù I n ; =Q4Hs< ò 6%F
I=CQ 9:KC6úÚJ< n n <8qp;Æ=CØ ; PI n 68Ø%I n 7A< òÙ N 9dIA9:; <&=cPd6 e
b Q e
_^ d Q e
T@
T @Û
fï <ù86 VW+M K86OP Ùg <1=9dI=C6< N P e n "
_^ b n "
F
õ<8q n "
^ Q
; ; 6AP39:K(IA9 W W W " W U
q3K; 7K?; òb Ùn ; 6AP b " F òÙ%n
T@ T@
i D F B i D F
D FH
e X e
^ g Q Q
q3 KC6(
Hº6 e i e Q Q e
D e e e e
F U¯e I=C
Qe ÚJ<HoI n n U ÚJ<%H+Pd< ò 6 F
sH < ò M KC6<%Hs6 ò &F Y q,6 Ø(69
sHlB D F §W sH
JH
e X e e
^ g Q e
I=CQ;Æ=§ICQQ; 9 ; <1= Q
Q e
F 5.; =7A6
q6?KIù86
ε, X 0 / ε e X e e
^ g Q e
ô 67A<&=C7 n N Q(6®9KIA9
Start ε, X 0 / Z 0X 0
ε, X 0 / ε
e X e
^ e X e e
^g Q e
^ Q Q
ε, X 0 / ε
T@
ε, X 0 / ε
g69 POQ(6AP; Ø1=
ÚJ<%HDÚJ<H.78IA9:K; =CØ®6(HHs<HTPG;Æ=pP
9:H;Æ=CØP
ò 6CI=A9G9
<u6#; =t9K86 Ö ÖÓ¥8¨ :¥
e Ø4HJI òò ICH
Hs< ò
q,6 78I= 7A<1=8PB9H N 7:9
Q W W W D F D F D e F
e D FH
^6(Hs6,6%F ØDF D F I=Qp6%F ØDF D P #P% F, q3KC6(Hº6
M K86 Q4; ICØ4HJI Pò ÚJ<%HG
; P Q e
ED e
F U
cD
F U
cD Q
F U.I=CQ
Q e
ED Q
F
e, Z/ ε
i, Z/ZZ
Start
q
M K86 Q4; ICØ4HJI ò ÚJ<%HG ; P
1<? +>). . e, Z/ ε
i, Z/ZZ
6 / 0 0 0 0 . 0"0 1 0
GF/*?A/
Start ε, X 0/ZX 0 ε, X 0 / ε
. / 0 0 1'6 / 0
1
)5
p q r
3$ . / 0 0 1 6 / 0 1
U ÚÀ<H
D Q
F e e i D e e F e e U&I=CQtÚJ<%H+I n n
M K86<Hs6 ò DF Y P:I:RP#9:K(I9 e 78I=[u(60P n ; Q N = Q(6(H
H B i D Q F
JH
W J H
U 9:KC6®P
9 IC7øU4q6Ø69
I=CQ ;Æ= ICQQ; 9 ; <1= UÂI(=Q
i D e F [W
Q
Q
F e X e e
^ g Q " e
M K86l
78I=#7A< ò Ù N 96 W
ε, any/ ε
e X e
`^ e X e e
^ g Q " e
^ g Q Q
ε, any/ ε
Start ε, X 0 / Z 0X 0 PF
p0 q0 p
ε, any/ ε
Û SsS
! & !
l¹n I=CØ N ICØ(6§; P >; ù86(= Uq6o7A<1=P 9H N 7:9ÏI Ïð l :9 K(IA9P; ò N n I96AP g F
Grammar
PDA by
empty stack
PDA by
final state
PB9 IC7øUI=CQ#9K86(= <&=QÒ; 9 Ù < Ù P I=CQ Ù N PKC6AP F
+ Û SÛ
l 6A9PPt 9:KCo 6( Hº60" IC
Hs6§9:KC96 6(H Ïð ; =(l I P#u(6(;Æ=ÃK(I9ù8K86A6 P?IHsP6Aýu(þ06AÚJ<(<%Ú Hs6%U F N =M = e
9:n K(IA978IPd6%U9K86>Ïð òl»Ù < nÙ Pª9:KC6 ò U ÙÙ Hs<(ù(; Q(68Q ; 978I=
[IP b d kPkk X
D !F
4
g69 t n t" t F ô 6fPAK8<8qÉu:R§; =CQ N 7:9:; <&=<&= 9 KIA9
q3KC6(Hº6
i
;Ú
g t
Q
ED
,W
F 9:KC6(=
qp; =;Ø 9:K N ò IA; 9d= 7K(7A;Æ<1=C=Ø ýD9Ø 6(N H HJò IA9:; =; <&I = n PS ; =§ oI t Ù Hs6A ý" þ#t <(ÚG
Uoo t q3U&6(KC=6(Q Hº6 e
ô 06 78I=m=8<8q q3H; 96 n[IPn b n d kPkPk n U,IC77A<HsQ4; =CØ õ<8q÷q6 78I=#7A<1=7 n N Q(6®9:K(IA9
9
<t9K863ý&Ø N Hs6tu6 n <8qSUqÂK86(Hs6 b d ]H U&I=CQ n tn tm t
^g n t m
f pF b kPkPk n ^ b kPkk n ^ Q
; P n 6AP
PÂ9KI= P
96 Ù P8U.ÚÀ<HOI n n CV F Ú t
7D ` F M
; P#I?ùICH; Iu n 6#q,6KIù860u:R?9K86 ^÷I =CQ M KC6A< Hs6 ò
M
&F §9:K(I9
qt g n t
Ú t ; PªIO96(H ; =I Uq63KIù86 W n t W ÉV U%I=CQ t n t F
M K N P t g nò t uRtn 9K86§Hs6 16þ; ù(; 9¸R<(Ú cg F
M
B
X U ò 6CI=(; =Ø X
C
x x x
1 2 3
+
ÛS
! "
g69 P n 4< <1øcIA9K8<q I Ïð l 78I=m7A<1=8P N ò 6 n
n b n d kPkPk n ^ I=Q?6 òÙ 9¸R®9K86®P
9 IC7CøF
<%H I RAU 69
B
u6#I ¯ð l F
ð,6Aý.ò =86 n n n B
U1q3KC6(Hs6 e e
p0
Y1
D
_qW D
!F
F i DF
D
e e _W
F i
p1
Y2
.
D
^ H
b b kPkPk
^ # b ^ ^ W
HlB i D Q F
.
.
D b ^ F
JH
F
pk- 1
Yk
b d kPkPk ^
pk
x1 x2 xk
+ ÛTS
Û Û
ÓB ¥8¤C¸ ¦
ô 6§PAKI PAK8<q u:RI=0;Æ=CQ N 7:9:; <1=
<1=t9K86 n 6(=ØC9K <(Ú¯9:KC6Q6(n n HJ; ùIA9:; <1= g 9:K(IA9
Start
q0 q q2
1
c , Z 0 /Z 0 ε , Z 0 /Z 0
c, 0/ 0
ÛT@ c, 1/ 1
+
ô 6 n n PKC<q÷9KIA9®î_68Ø N n ICH ð Ïð l
g
ô (K I9ÏIu(< N 9,ð¯ð l P9KIA9ÏIC77A6 Ù 9ªuR3= N n n PB9 IC7ø
!#"$%&$1- _EGM Ú ; PÒHº68Ø N n ICH¸U9K86(=
ÚJ<%H+Pd< ò 6?ð Ïð l pF M K86ARt78I= Hs687A<%Ø1=(; 6S<&= n R
g POq3; 9KS9:KC6 Ù Hs6Aýþ
ZOV UdE 5; =C7A6 ; PÒHs68Ø N n ICHD9K86(Hs6f; PGIð
l PF 9F
Ù Hs< Ù 6(H×9¸RAF
F3g69 lICHº6§n I=C=C<#Ø N 9qICØ(<r6 Q ; P
9:K(; =CI7:P®9Ò9PBK896 H; =±%ØPS¥ ;Ʊ= %U1P ±&N ¥87K®ÆÄ 9K; ÚGIA9Ò9:KC<&6(=8Hº66
e
B
; PfI Ù Hs6Aýþ#<(Ú¯9K86t<(9:KC6(HF
ô 6Q6Aý.=86t9:KC6?ð Ï ð l
B D e F
e e
íDþ(I òÙn 6 W KIPp9:KC6 Ù Hº6Aý4þ Ù Hs< Ù 6(HT9¸RF
q3KC6(Hº6 íDþ(I 6 hW D:] F g Q(<46AP =8<(9KIù86t9K86 Ù Hs6Aýþ Ù Hº< Ù e
s H e
c
D sHF
e
F 6(H×9¸RAFòÙn
ÚJ<%HªI n n
UI=Q Hl B F
!#"$%&$1- _E ; P
ÚJ<%HPd< ò 6#ð Ïð l
l = 6CIP
R?;Æ=CQ N 7:9 ; <1= Q<0; 9
<1= W XYW Ø4; ù86AP ; ÚpI=CQ0<&= n R0; Ú K(IPS9K86 Ù Hs6Aýþ Ù Hº< Ù 6(HT9RI=Q
; P
ÚJ<%HÏPd< ò 6?ð ¯ð l sF
e X e
^ g Q e
e X
ZOV UdE ^_< ò 6q,<%Hø
M K86®9K86<Hº6 ò 9:KC6(=tÚJ< n n <8qOP qÂKR
Û¸Û Û¸Û¸Û
k ô 6§K(Iù86®P66(=t9KIA9®î_68Ø N n ICH > ð Ïð l
JÚM < K8n n 6<<qoHsP 6 ò DF `] 78I=[IC7:9 N I n n R u(6ÌPB9Hs6(=CØC9K86(= IP
k ð ¯ð l
î_68Ø N n ICH
!#pU1"9$%K8&6(= $1- KI PS .IE= M Ú = I u ; Ø <
ÚJP <%H¯P< >oò F 6Ãð Ïð l
kml Hs6®9:KC6(Hº6 n I=CØ N ICØ(6AP®; =
g . ð ¯ð l
F N ò N N
ö.6AP8U&ÚÀ<H¯6þ(I òÙn 6 F g69tu(6pIoPR u(< < 9
P; Q6O9K86pI n Ù KIu(69
kò ICô HºP K
IA9OIu(< N 9pð Ïð l PGI=CQ loò u(; Ø N < N Pp>OHÀI ò e <(ZOÚ V U.UdIE =CQ n 69 &ò F n N
M 9o; PO6CIP
Rp9<®Pd66Ò9:K(IA9 K(IP9:KC6 Ù Hs6Aýþ Ù Hº< Ù 6(HT9RAF
hR K86<%Hs6 &F q,63KIù86
ÚJ<H4P< ò 6
ð ÏMð l ºF ò `%]
KIP N =I ò u4FØ4HJI òò ICH ] D] W V +V W Q hR KC6<%Hs6 &F 78I=u(6?Ø(6(=86(HJIA9
68QúuR
u N 9S; P®=C<9 ð¯ð l
F I= N M =I ò u(; Ø ò N < N P`%]
>
ïf<&Q; ÚsR &; =9
< UP8F 9AF
UDuR®ICQQ;Æ=CØf9K86
%< H+9K86 7A<1=ù86(HºPd6fq,6§KIù86 Ù Hs<1Q N 7:9:; <1=
!#pU1"9$%K8&6(= $1- KI PS_EI= M NÚ = I u ; Ø N <
N PÚJ<%H_
Pd< >oò F 6§ð Ïð l Q
5.I ; Pd=<07A6 K(I P SK=I; P 6N =; N P86 U1P:n 6A;Æ=CÚs97Aò6f<(9P
K896Q<16(= HJRÃ; ùIA=89 6; q÷<1=89:PKU ; =C Ø
ò
&F9
ZO<»VXIjV qUdð E 6tÏPdhð 6R 6f;Æ99=KK8P IA6[Ù 9S68Hs7:; ÚÏ6A9:P ;9=CK8Øm6 997; PK8<&6 =I P
Ù 9:HºH <1N <(7:>â9Ú®; <1<(qp=ÃÚ ; 9; M PSK KCI 6AÙ%=<Ù; Hs n 6 ; 68ò Q6 qn 6 Hs6 Q(<4;ÆN =CØ0; PfN I8Q%n ò Q;Æ=CØÃQ(6(H; ùI9:; <1=P n
N N N
n 6AÚs9 ò <(P
9pQ6(l HJ; ùIA9 ; <1=8PF n
X 5 X
9
<?9:KC6t6(=CQ&F
Û¸Û Û¸Û
#
km l P R ò 4u(
<Un ; Ú¯9:KC6(; P Hs6#¬;:Pf¥I s¬(Q¨ 6(ÚJ<%HJ; HtùIAI[9 ; <1Ø4= HJI ò ò ICH 9:= KCIA6I96 =CØ1Q ¹HJI q,IC6Hº6#ICKH IØ(ù86(6=C6(9HÀ<0IA9:6 ;Æn=C; òØ&U ; =( IA9
; 6 P =C< 9F M Ú¯Âq,U 6 n 6C6 Inù(; ò ;Æ=C;Ø e
g g X
ò ò
"
H I
ÚJ<%HpI?9
6 ò ; =I n P
9H; =CØ X F51R ò u(< n P®9KIA9 ICHº6Ì=8<(9 õ6C<8Iqâ &
< = n R ; P Hs6CI87K(Iu n 6F í n ; ò ; =(IA9 ;Æ=CØ I=CQ I
N Pd6AÚ N n ICHº678I n n 68Q ¬A¥8¨ ¥ F n ù86AP N Ppqp; 9:K
H
kml PR ò u(< n É; P «4¥8¥8J%¸ 8« ; Ú g X UÚJ<%H&P< ò 6
X g
qp; 9:K n I=Ø N ICØ6 D1HqF F
P
R u< ; P ¥(¤(¨ ¥ ; Ú g " UÒÚJ<%H ý.f
HºHsM PB< 9^,UOUGq,; 6ÌÚSqý.=C6cQ 6 9:n ; K(ò IA;Æ9r=IAI 9
n 6[n P
=CR <1ò = e uHs< 6Cn ICP7KICIHs6 u n 6ÌHs6CI8PR7K(ò Iu(u < n 6%n P F
Pkm< lò 6 D "ò VF n i
g ò
W H I
M 9_9 N H=P¯< N 9_9KIA9; Ú1q,6o6 n ; ò ;Æ=IA9
63=8<&= e Ø(6(=86(HJIA9:; =CØ qICHº6c6 96AK8Ús6(9G=jq36 ; 9n K; ò ;Æ=IA9
6 IPm=8<1= e Ø6(=86(HJIA9
;Æ=CØDUfI=CQ
P
R u(< P¯ý.HºP
9U%I=CQÂ9K86(=®=8<&= e Hº6CIC7K(Iu 6Ò<&=86AP8Uq6 n
qp; ò n n u(6 n n 6AÚs9Gq3; 9K <1= n R N Pd6AÚ N n PR ò u(< n Pn F H I
9:K(IA9ÒPB9:; n n 7A<1=A9 I(; =8P N Pd6 n 6APPpPR ò u(< n P
Û¸Û ! Û¸Û
PZOR ò Vu(<UdE3n P Wô 6 ý.HºPB9 Ù Hs<(ù869:K(IA9 b KIP=C< N P6 n 6AP
P
!#"$%&$1- _E g69
u(6?I
> P9:g<K6;ò 9 PoÉ6 Q6(X HsHJ6 ; ù ò IA9I(; ;Æ<1g =3Ff=®;Æ=ï®; PG<%I b Hs6iPd<(< ù8b Ø(6(F 6(HU=8M 6(6AK HJù8IAN 6(9 P Hº;ÆR=C ØDP
FR ò M X u(K < N ; =nP N Pdb68 UQ0g ÚJ<%;ÆX = H
g
P N 7K9:K(IA9
(F g69 b b b b 4
n
u(6®9:KC6Ø4HJI òò ICH+<&uA9 I(; =868Q0uR ; = d I n Pd<DF
5.; =7A6 ¹qoIPG=8<96 n ; ò ;Æ=IA968Qt; =pP
;Æ9= 6 Ù ` F U(9:
DKCN6(HTHº96ÂK8IC6(HºH 6 e
" I=CQ UP N 7K?9:K(IA9 g "
V FOí n ; ò ;Æ=IA9:; =اI n n =C<1=Ø(6(=86(HJIA9 ;Æ=CاPR ò u(< n PÂI=CQ òI n Pd<%<Hs6%HsU6CI86A7ù86(K(HºIR0u n P
6%R U1ò P< u< n gN Pd68" Qj ;Æ=; =9K( ; P? Q(F d 6(H; ùIA9:; <&=c; P
9K86 Ù Hº<&Q N 7:9:; <&=Pª9:KC6ARÒ<&77 N H;Æ=Fog469+9K86f=86q
Ø1HÀI òò ICHªu(6 d d d d
F
b
õ<8qÉ6Aù86(HºR#Pi R ò u(U< Pn<;Æ6C= IC" 7KÂ<Ú.; 9:P KCHs6 6CIC7C; K(PoIØu 6(n 6?=86(IHJ=CI9:QÌ;Æ=C;ÆØ=
ò
b
g " g n X o
;= b F
Û¸Û @ ÛS
M K86(=4U n 69 X
F M K N P g X FtíIC7K PR ò e
4
.lE M Ú "
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