Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TERM
PAPER
OF
BIOTECHNOLO
GY
ON
“CHROMOSOME
WALKING”
2
INDEX
S. TOPIC PAGE
NO. NO.
1. ACKNOWLEGEMENT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. HISTORY OF CHROMOSOME
WALKING
4. WHAT IS CHROMOSOME WALKING
5. METHODS OF CHROMOSOME
WALKING
6. APPLICATION OF CHROMOSOME
WALKING
7. SUMMARY
8. LATEST RESEARCH
9. REFRENCES
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I gratefully acknowledge my
indebtedness to my respected teacher
MR . HARSH SIR who is always a source
of inspiration for me, for providing this
opportunity. Under his able guidance, I
have learned how to overcome the
odds and trying circumstances.
I am also very
thankful to my colleagues with whom I
4
INTRODUCTION
CHROMOSOME WALKING
HISTORY OF CHROMOSOME
7
Discovery
To answer your question stricktly, no one discovered
the process of chromosome walking, as the word
discovery suggests that the thing that was discovered
had been present but unnoticed. But I quibble.
The technique known as chromosome walking (or a
chromosomal walk) was developed by Welcome Bender,
Pierre Spierer, and David S. Hogness in the Early
1980's. The paper in which they first describe the
technique is: Bender W, Spierer P, and Hogness DS.
(1983) Chromosomal Walking and Jumping to Isolate
DNA from the ACE and rosy Loci and the Bithorax
Complex in Drosophila melanogaster. J Mol Biol 168 17-
33. Reading the abstract of that paper, I find that the
term "chromosomal walk" is used rather casually, as if
everyone already knows what it is (which may have
been the case, see below). But in the Introduction, the
authors state, "The strategy we have used is called
chromosomal walking and jumping; it is shown
diagrammatically in Figure 1.", after which they explain
how chromosomal walking works, followed by an
explanation of chromosomal jumping. Interestingly
though, this paper is not the first paper to present
genetic mapping research that relied on chromosmal
walking. In 1981, C. Weldon Jones and Fortis C. Kafatos
published the following two papers, which describe the
use of chromosomal walks to map Chorion genes in
Silkmoths:
8
SUMMARY
Chromosome walking is a technique for cloning
everything in the genome around a known piece of
DNA (the starting probe). You screen a genomic
library for all clones hybridizing with the probe, and
then figure out which one extends furthest into the
surrounding DNA. The most distal piece of this
most distal clone is then used as a probe, so that
ever more distal regions can be cloned. This has
been used to move as much as 200 kb away from
a given starting point (an immense undertaking).
Typically used to "walk" from a starting point
towards some nearby gene in order to clone that
gene. Also used to obtain the remainder of a gene
when you have isolated a part of it.
12
LATEST RESEARCH
Genet Res. 2005 Apr ;85 (2):93-100 16174327
(P,S,G,E,B) [Cited?]Map-based isolation of disease
resistance genes from bread wheat: cloning in a
supersize genome.
REFRENCES
Berg, D. E. and Howe, M. M. (1989). Mobile DNA. (American Society for Microbiology,
Washington, D.C.).
Burke, D. T., Carle, G. F., and Olson, M. V. (1987). Cloning of large segments of exogenous
DNA into yeast by means of artificial chromosome vectors. Science, 236, 806-812.
Chang, C., Bowman, J. L., DeJohn, A. W., Lander, E. S. and Meyerowitz, E. M. (1988).
Restriction fragment length polymorphism linkage map for Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA, 85, 6856-6860.
Coulson, A., Sulston, J., Brenner, S., and Karn, J. (1986). Toward a physical map of the
nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83, 7821-7825.
Coulson, A., Waterston, R., Kiff, J., Sulston, J., and Kohara, Y. (1988). Genome linking with
yeast artificial chromosomes, Nature, 335, 184-186.
Feldman, K. A., Marks, M. D., Christianson, M. L., and Quatrano, R. S. (1989). A dwarf
mutant of Arabidopsis generated by T-DNA insertion mutagenisis. Science, 243, 1351-1354.
Hauge, B. M., Hanley, S., Giraudat, J., and Goodman, H. M. (1991). Mapping the
Arabidopsis Genome. In Molecular Biology of Plant Development, G. Jenkins and W.
Schurch eds. In press.
Hwang, I., Kohchi, T., Hauge, B. M., Goodman, H. M., Schmidt, R., Cnops, G., Dean, C.,
Gibson, S., Iba, K., Lemieux, B. L., Danhoff, L., and Somerville, C. (1991). Identification and
map position of YAC Clones comprising one third of the Arabidopsis genome. (submitted).
Kohara, Y., Akiyama, K., and Isono, K. (1987). The physical map of the whole E. coli
chromosome: Application of a new strategy for rapid analysis and sorting of a large genomic
library. Cell, 50, 495-508.
Kuspa, A., Vollrath, D., Cheng, Y., and Kaiser, D. (1989). Physical mapping of the
Myxococcus xanthus genome by random cloning in yeast artificial chromosomes. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA, 86, 8917-8921.