Critical_Introduction_to_the_New_Testament_(Expanded_Ed.)_-_Carl

Sections

Introduction
Christian Theology: Believing in Christ
The Theological Conversation
Text and Tradition
Catalysts for Theological Reflection
Jesus the Catalyst
Summary and Conclusion
Some Fourth-Century Arrangements
Earlier Arrangements
Later Testimony
Significance of Different Arrangements
Order of Treatment
Strategies for Relating the Gospels to Each Other
AUGUSTINE’S VIEW OF THE GOSPELS
The Synoptic Problem
Agreement in Wording20
Sequence of Events
Possible Explanations
Single (or Common) Source Theories
Miscellaneous Sources29
Literary Dependence Theories30
Widely Held Views
Two Gospel Hypothesis
Two Source Hypothesis
Multiple Stage Development Hypothesis
The Gospel of John and the Synoptic Gospels
Similarities between John and the Synoptics
Traditions Unique to John
Sources and Theories of Composition
Synopses in English
Online Resources
Centers of Activity Rather than Stages of Development
Life Settings in Which the Jesus Tradition Took Shape
Literary Forms within the Jesus Tradition
Sayings and Teachings
Stories about Jesus
The Passion Narrative
From the Jesus Tradition to Written Gospel
Writing the First Gospel
Writing Other Gospels
Locating the Gospels in Certain Centers
Before the Written Gospels: The “Tunnel Period”
Traditional Model
The Form Critical Model
The Rabbinic Transmission Model
Medieval Lives of Jesus
The Modern Period
Reimarus: Rationalistic Historiography
Strauss: Dialectical-Mythic Interpretation
Renan: Romantic History and the “Fifth Gospel”
Farrar: Orthodox Historiography
Kähler: The Historic, Biblical (Dogmatic) Christ
Bultmann: The Kerygmatic Christ
More Recent Developments
Criteria of Authenticity
Other Criteria
The Jesus Seminar
Legacy of the Jesus Seminar
The Difficulty of Finding Patterns and Directions
Other Initiatives
Lessons Learned
The Gospels as the Voice of the Church
The Problematic Role of History
Learning to Live with the Fourth Gospel
The Peril of Modernizing Jesus
Respecting the Narrative Structure of the Gospels
Grasping the Message and Meaning of Jesus
The Second Gospel
From Second to First Gospel
Giving Shape to the Jesus Story
The Plot of Mark’s Story
What Jesus Does
Mark’s Theological Achievement
Books and Articles
The Ending of Mark
Mark in the History of Interpretation
The First Gospel
Matthew as a Second Edition of Mark
The Tradition Matthew Received
Matthew’s Use of the Old Testament
Matthew’s Context
The Shape of Matthew’s Story
Matthew’s Theological Reshaping of the Tradition
How the Story Begins
Matthew’s Use of Traditions in Chapters 8–10
Matthew’s Theological Vision
A New Foundation Narrative
A New Vision of Jesus
A New Identity
Sermon on the Mount
The Tradition about the Author of the Third Gospel
Luke’s Theological Work
The Birth Stories (Chs. 1–2)
The Galilean Ministry (3:1–9:50)
The Jerusalem Section (19:28–24:53)
Luke’s Context
Luke’s Questions
When Will the Son of Man Come?
Why Must God’s Messiah Suffer?
Who Are God’s People?
Aspects of Luke’s Theology
Jesus in Luke: God’s Messiah
The Kingdom of God
Jesus’ Vision of Life before God: Blessings and Woes
The Maverick Gospel
Formal Differences
Material Differences
Why John Is Different
Expressing Truth through Story
John’s Conversation with Scripture
John’s Context
John’s Theological Vision
The Cosmic Redeemer
Polarities of Response
Life after Jesus: Living by the Spirit in the World
Luke’s Motivations for Writing Acts
Luke’s Sources
Luke’s Strategy
Opting for History
Selective Treatment
Luke’s Theological Vision in Acts
Luke’s Three Stories
“Thus it is written”: Scripture’s Promises Fulfilled
The Church: The Story of Jesus Continued
The Church as the People of the Spirit
The Lukan Paul
Paul’s Relationship to Jerusalem
Paul’s Jewishness
Paul’s Apostleship
The Collection
Paul’s Letters
The Apostolic Decree
Other Theological Differences
The Study of Ancient Letters
The Structure of Paul’s Letters
Opening Prayer
Body of the Letter
Concluding Greetings
Doxology/Benediction
Types of Pauline Letters
The Use of Earlier Christian Materials
An Edited Collection
A Chronological Framework for the Pauline Letters
Implications of Chronology for Reading Paul’s Letters
Paul’s Influence on the Church
The Pauline Letters
Paul’s Life and Thought
Pauline Chronology
Paul and the Thessalonian Church
Elaborating Basic Beliefs
Living in God’s Space and Time
Awaiting God’s Son from Heaven
The Holy Spirit
The Coming of the Lord and the Final Battle
Selection or Compilation?
Relating the Letters to the Church’s Story
Paul’s Founding Visit
Events Following Paul’s Departure from Corinth
The Writing and Reception of 1 Corinthians
Events after 1 Corinthians
1 Corinthians: What the Cross Means1
Answering the Corinthians’ Questions (Chs. 7–16)
2 Corinthians: Doing Theology in the Context of Ministry
Authentic Ministry (2 Cor 2:14–6:10)
The Collection (2 Cor 8–9)
Defending His Ministry (2 Cor 10–13)
1–2 CORINTHIANS
The Crisis in Galatia
Paul’s Response
Paul Defends Himself (1:1–2:21)
The Truth of the Gospel
Christ, the Focal Point of the New Creation
Effects of the New Creation
Romans as an Argument
Plotting the Argument
Paul’s Theological Vision in Romans
God’s Justifying Righteousness
Apart from Law
The Faith Principle
There Is No Distinction
Christ, the Pivotal Event
The Ending of Romans
Expressing Thanks for Their Financial Gift (4:10–20)
Explaining His Imprisonment (1:12–26)
Maintaining Contact through Co-workers (2:19–3:1a)
The Identity That Comes with Knowing Christ (3:1b–4:1)
Crafting Letters to Strengthen the Bonds of Affection
The Christ Hymn (2:6–11)11
The Christ Hymn
Unity of the Letter
Place of Composition: The Ephesian Imprisonment
Love as Enacted Faith
Slavery as a Theological Problem
Why the Difference?
The “Deceptive Philosophy”
Becoming More Aware of God
Christ’s Supremacy
The Moral Life: “Walking Worthily of the Lord”
Other Theological Topics
The Colossian Heresy
The Household Code in Colossians
The Pauline Frame of Reference
Ephesians as an Expanded Version of Colossians
An Anomalous Letter
“The Church, the Wisdom of God in Its Infinite Variety”
The Church’s Use of the Pastorals
The Puzzle of the Pastorals
Language and Style
Theological Outlook
Historical Situation
A Proposed Solution
Authorship and Authority
Stabilizing Strategies
Practicing Virtue: The Pursuit of Godliness
Paul’s First Letter to Timothy: Preserving Paul’s Legacy
What Is Required to Preserve Pauline Christianity
Paul’s Testament as a Letter of Exhortation
Pauline Christianity as Envisioned in 2 Timothy
The Theological Vision of the Pastorals
Dealing with Deviance and Dissent
Ordering the Church’s Life
The Core Theological Vision
Studies of Statistical Analysis of Authorship
The Church’s Use of Hebrews
The Riddle of Hebrews
Rhetoric in the Service of the Gospel
The Central Argument: Discerning Scripture’s Voices
Jesus the Pivot
Hebrews and Paul
Old and New Covenant and the Mosaic Law
Faith and the Moral Life
Why Endure? Making the Case for Remaining Faithful
Identifying James: The Person and the Letter
How Christian Is James?
A Miscellany of Teachings or an Ordered Discourse?
Faith and Works
The Theological Vision of James
Monotheistic Piety
Torah Observance
Practical Wisdom
The Purpose and Structure of the Letter
A Baptismal Homily?
Living as Christians within a Non-Christian Society
First Peter’s Theological Vision
The God Who Calls
The Christ Who Suffered
The Spirit Who Sanctifies
The Church as Exiled Community
The Church’s Use of 1 Peter
The Letter’s Purpose and Structure
The Faith Worth Fighting For
The Church’s Use of Jude
Skepticism about the Future
Envisioning a Hopeful Future
Recasting the Message of Jude
The Church’s Use of 2 Peter
Some Questions to Decide
The Catalyst: A Crisis of Belief
The Response of 1 John: Nurturing Community
The Voice of Tradition
Being Obedient Children
Clarifying Belief and Testing the Spirits
Cultivating Moral Behavior
The Literary Structure of Apocalyptic Writings
The Apocalyptic Worldview
Revelation Compared with Other Apocalypses
Interpretive Yield
The Occasion and Setting of Revelation
A Unified Vision
Reading Strategy: Linear or Cyclical Reading?
John’s Theological Task
John’s Prophetic Consciousness
John and the Jesus Tradition
John’s Use of the Old Testament
The Sovereign God
The Slaughtered Lamb
The Contest with Evil
Revelation as a Problematic Writing
The Church’s Reception of Revelation
Ways of Reading Revelation
Premillennialism
Postmillennialism
A Spiritual Millennium
Non-Millenarian Interpretations
Three Ages of History: Joachim of Fiore
Other Forms of Classification
Clarifying Terms
Some Considerations
Consensus and Fluidity
Other Variables
Criteria of Canonicity
Catholicity or Universal Usage
Employing the Criteria
Canon: Some Implications for the Church
Appendix 1: Canonical Lists1
Appendix 2: Patristic Comments on the Gospels
Index

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