Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

pirovneba
kultura
s azogadoeba

socialur mecnierebaTa aqtualuri problemebi

eduard koduas dabadebis 80 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili

samecniero konferenciis

(23-24 oqtomberi 2009) masalebi

Tbilisi 2010
 anotacia

konferenciis masalebis krebuli moicavs Tsu-s socialur

da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis profesorTa da
doqtorantTa naSromebs, sadac ganxilulia Tanamedrove mso-
flios, kerZod ki saqarTvelosTvis aqtualuri socialuri
da politikuri problemebi,xSir SemTxvevaSi mocemulia maTi
gadaWris optimaluri gzebi da saSualebebi.

statiaTa avtorebi, ara marto sxvadasxva Taobebsa da

socialur mecnierebaTa gansxvavebul dargebs ganekuTnebian,
aramed problemebis xedvis gansxvavebuli manera da pozicia
aqvT, rac aZnelebs krebulis erTiani suliskveTebis da sti-
lis dacvas. amitom SeiZleba erTsa da imave problemis Sesaxeb
dapirispirebuli Tvalsazrisebi da midgomebi dainaxoT. rac
Cveni azriT, ki ar amcrobs krebulis mecnierul Rirebulebas,
aramed piriqiT.
vimedovnebT, rom krebuli saintereso aRmoCndeba yvela
Taobis inteleqtualisTvis da sargeblobas moutans qarTul
sazogadoebas.

samecniero redaqtori:
filosofiis doqtori amiran berZeniSvili

recenzentebi:

1. valerian ramiSvili, filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtori

2. revaz jorbenaZe, fsiqologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori

3. mari wereTeli, filologiis doqtori

ISBN 978-9941-0-2969-1
sarCevi

winasityva (amiran berZeniSvilis)...................................................... 7

donaZe naTela
eduard kodua rogorc pirovneba da mecnieri ........................14

CikvilaZe dali
eduard kodua,qarTvel publicistTa wignebis
Semdgeneli da redaqtori ..............................................................28

abaSiZe zviadi, dundua salome

eTnikuri identobebi da samoqalaqo integraciis
sakiTxi saqarTveloSi .....................................................................36

belqania nodari
definiciis problema da sokrates logikuri
memkvidreoba ......................................................................................57

berZeniSvili amirani
informaciul-teqnologiuri revolucia da misi
kulturuli Sedegebi .....................................................................80

biWikaSvili ira
realobis amsaxveli forma. ra aris infografika? ............... 99

gersamia mariami
Tanamedrove sagazeTo statiis saxeebi: editoriali
da opedi .............................................................................................106

goroSiZe giorgi, a. sxirtlaZe, x. matkava

qarTuli organizaciuli kulturis genderuli
Taviseburebani . ...............................................................................118

danelia rozeta
adamiani da Tanamedroveoba ........................................................130

dolbaia Tamari
Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis msoflio
gamocdileba da saqarTvelo .......................................................138

3
doliZe maka
XX saukunis pirveli naxevris politikuri movlen­ebis
asaxva JurnalSi `eri~ ....................................................................156

kalandariSvili maia
samomxmareblo arCevanis fsiqologiuri
determinantebi . ..............................................................................165

kankia nargiza
kino gadacema `wiTeli zona~ .......................................................184

kvinikaZe giorgi
migracia da eri – saxelmwifos geo­ekonomikuri
problemebi transnacionalizaciisa da
trans­lokalurobis koncefciebSi . ..........................................196

kaWkaWiSvili iago
sazogadoebrivi azris cvlilebebi
saqarTve­lo-ruseTis omis Suqze ...............................................218

lomiZe marine
krizisuli komunikaciis roli P PR– saqmi­anobaSi .................240

maRraZe guguli
demokratiis perspeqtivebi gardamaval qveynebSi . ..............256

malxaz macaberiZe
ivane javaxiSvili da saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi
mSeneblobis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi (1919 weli) ..........................269

memaniSvili magda
geronti qiqoZe da gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ (1915-20).............. 283

osefaSvili dali
rogor Secvala web-ma swavleba – personal­uri
veb-gverdidan LMS-mde (Jurnalisturi ganaTlebis
magaliTze)........................................................................................ 294

saluqvaZe iosebi, gogiSvili daviTi

`TviTSemoqmedebiTi urban­iz­mi~ TbilisSi: `miSenebebi~
da samosaxlo garemos gardaqmna dedaqalaqis
sacxovrebel masivebSi ..................................................................307
4
sumbaZe nana
agvistos omi: mosaxleobis Sefasebebi da ganwyobebi ..........324

Rvineria irine
multimediuri formebis gamoyenebis pirveli
Sedegebi Jurnalisturi ganaTlebis sistemaSi .....................343

wereTeli baaduri
brendis roli regionis kulturuli landSaftis
CamoyalibebaSi da qveynis ekonomikur ganviTar­ebaSi
(borjomis magaliTze) ...................................................................356

yifiani giorgi
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba mcirewlovanTa dacva mediis
mavne zegavlenisagan saqarTveloSi ..........................................366

xutaSvili mari
socialuri ekologia da sociologia ......................................389

javaxiSvili nino, xositaSvili maia, siraZe nino,

Zagania lika, iohan Snaideri.
qarTvel da germanel morwmuneTa Sedareba locvis
aspeqtebis mixedviT . ......................................................................399

5
6
 winasityva

cnobili qarTveli filosofosis da sociologis, socio-

logiis specialobis Tsu-Si damaarseblis, eduard koduas da-
badebidan 80 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili konferenciis masalebi
iseTive mravalferovani da mravali mimarTulebis matarebelia,
rogorc Tavad eduard koduas mecnieruli Semoqmedeba. masSi
mocemulia Tanamedrove msoflios, konkretulad ki saqarTve-
losTvis mniSvnelovani sociologiuri, politikuri da kul-
turuli problemebis analizi: dawyebuli konkretuli socio-
logiuri kvlevebidan da Tanamedrove globaluri transforma-
ciebiT damTavrebuli.
problemebi SeiZleba ramdenime jgufad davalagoT. pirveli,
qarTul kulturul memkvidreobas exeba, aq SeiZleba gamovyoT
iseTi saintereso mosazreba, rogoricaa: ivane javaxiSvili da
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi mSeneblobis ZiriTadi sakiTxe-
bi, geronti qiqoZe da gazeTi saqarTvelo (1915-20) qarTuli na-
cionalizmi sabWoTa periodSi, me-20 saukunis pirveli naxevris
politikuri movlenebis asaxva JurnalSi `eri~. istoriuli
memkvideroba gaanalizebulia dRevandeli qarTuli realobis
gadasaxedidan da naCvenebia, rom warsulSi Cveni moazrovneebis
mier dasmuli problemebi da maTi gadaWris gzebi dResac aqtua-
luria Tanamedrove qarTuli kulturisTvis.
meore exeba socialur – ekonomikur problemebs, am mxriv
sagulisxmoa mkvlevarTa daintereseba qarTuli realobis iseTi
mniSvnelovani problemebiT rogoricaa: Tavisufali ekonomikuri
zonebis gamocdileba da saqarTvelo, samomxmareblo bazris fsi-

7
qologiuri segmentacia, migraciuli problemebi da eri-saxel-
mwifos geoekonomikuri problemebi, brendis roli regionebis
kulturuli landSaftis da qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi.
mesame exeba, ruseT-saqarTvelos oms da misdmi qarTuli sa-
zogadoebis damokidebulebas. moxsenebebSi kargad aisaxa Tu ra
cvlilebebi moxda sazogadoebriv azrSi am omTan mimarTebaSi.
moxsenebebSi aRniSnulia mravali sakiTxi, romlebzec radika-
luri gavlena iqonia agvistos omma. pirvel rigSi es aris sa-
qarTvelos sagareo orientacia da masTan dakavSirebuli saxe-
elmwifoebrivi usafrTxoeba. rogorc cnobilia, bolo wlebSi
qarTul sazogadoebaSi, mizanmimarTulad da Sedeganad Sendebo-
da politika, romelic yvelaze sasurvel sagareo orientaciad
saqarTvelos natoSi integracias miiCnevs, rasac 2008 wlis
agvistomde Catarebuli yvela sociologiuri gamokiTxva ada-
sturebs. omma ki moqalaqeebSi natoSi integraciis dominantu-
rad miCneuli Rirebulebis gadafaseba gamoiwvia. natoSi inte-
gracias gauCnda konkurentunariani alternatiuli standarti
saqarTvelos mier neitralitetis SenarCunebis saxiT da natoSi
integracias sazogadoebrivi azri aRar ganixilavs priorite-
tul strategiad.
avtorebi daaskvnian rom saqarTveloSi natoSi integraciis
Rirebulebam devalvacia ganicada da gaCnda alternatiuli po-
litikuri standarti – `neitralitetis SenarCuneba~
omi Zalze uaryofiTi da mZime gamocdileba iyo qarTuli
saxelmwifosa da mTeli qveynisaTvis, man radikalurad Secvala
mravali adamianis cxovrebis gezi da mimarTuleba, magram ro-
gorc gamokvlevebma aCvena, am omma, sabednierod, ar gamoiwvia
qsenofobia. rogorc moxsenebebSia aRniSuli, `omma ar gamoiwvia
siZulvili osi da afxazi adamianebis mimarT, ki ar gaizarda, ara-
med Semcirda konfliqtis Zalismieri gziT mogavrebis momxreTa

8
raodenoba.~ swored aseTi mecnieruli gamokvlevebi gvaZlevs
SesaZleblobas gavacnobieroT agvistos omis mizezebi, daSvebu-
li Secdomebi, swori Sefaseba mivceT omSi miRebul gamocdi-
lebas.
meoTxe jgufi exeba komunikaciis problemebs, avtorebi
yuradRebas amaxvileben, personalur, organizaciul Tu krizi-
suli komunikaciebis rolze Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. krizi-
suli komunikacia Semecnebis axali dargia, da misi mniSvnelo-
ba ganuzomlad didia Cveni tipis sazogadoebaSi. krizisi xom
arRvevs yvela awyobil sainformacio nakads, rac sazogadoebis
srulyofilad informirebas SeuZlebels xdis. gamokvleveb-
ma aCvenes, rom saqarTveloSi yvelaze krizisul situaciebSi:
epidemiis saSiSroeba (qaTmis gripi), bunebrivi movlenebi (mi-
wisZvra), politikuri bataliebi (2008 wlis agvistos omi),
krizisuli komunikaciis deficiti SeiniSneboda, ris axsnasac
momxseneblebi ramdenime faqtors moSveliebiT cdiloben – pro-
blemis arcodna, krizisis marTvis survilis arqona, problemis
arasaTanado gaazreba an ignorireba. yvela SemTxveva dauSvebe-
lia, radgan aseTi damokidebuleba zianis momtania qveynisa da
mosaxleobisaTvis.
problemebis mexuTe jgufi exeba, Tanamedroveobis aqtualur
sakiTxebs: adamianis beds Tanamedrove, globalur samyaroSi,
axali socialuri, politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli
urTierTierTobebis gaCenas, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis axali
formis `informaciuli sazogadoebis~ warmoSobas da infor-
maciul-teqnologiuri revoluciis Sedegad gamowveul axal,
socialur, ekonomikur Tu kulturul cvlilebebs. momxsene-
blebi laparakoben `postadamianis~ anu `axali tipis adamianis~
Camoyaliebebis ideaze, kulturis axali tipis `realuri vir-
tualobis~ kulturis warmoqmnaze, romelTa safuZvelSic me-

9
20 saukunis bolo meoTxedSi informaciul-komunikaciur teq-
nologiebSi momxdari revoluciebi devs. momxseneblebi Tamamad
laparakoben sxva tipis sazogadoebis, `axali tipis adamianis~
warmoqmnaze, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia sxva tipis azro-
vneba da cxovrebis wesi rac imis maniSnebelia rom Tanamedrove
sazogadoeba Sedis axal – informaciul – eraSi
informaciul epoqaSi `codniT axali codnis mopoveba~,
codnis menejmenti da masze damyarebuli Tanamedrove ganaTleba
warmoudgenelia cifruli teqnologiebis gareSe. teqnologiebi
Suamavalia studentsa da leqtors Soris. informaciul-komu-
nikaciuri teqnologiebi ganaTlebis amaRlebis yvelaze kargi
saSualebaa. swavlebis eleqtronuli saSualebebis gamoyeneba
xels uwyobs interaqciis process da gamoricxavs pasiur mona-
wileobas. students sasurvel dros (miuxedavad leqciasa Tu
seminarze ver daswrebisa) SeuZlia CaerTos forumze ama Tu im
davalebaze gamarTul diskusiaSi. marTalia, saqarTvelo da qar-
Tuli universitetebi sakmaod Sorsaa dasavluri informaciuli
– Ria sazogadoebis ganaTlebis sistemebis miRwevebisagan, magram
Tu Cven sazogadoebas surs daimkvidros Tavi axal informaciul
eraSi, inovaciuri meTodebis gamoyeneba da eleqtronuli swav-
lebis danergva gadaudebeli da saSuri saqmea. dRes axalgazr-
debs Zalian bevri informaciis mopovebis saSualeba aqvT, magram
Cvens pirobebSi maT akliaT informaciis sistemaSi moyvanis unar-
Cvenebi, ganaTleba ki sxva araferia Tu ara `sistemaSi moyvanili
codna~. swored, informaciul – komunikaciuri teqnologiebis
danergva swavlebis procesSi xels uwyobs Tanamedrove epoqis
moTxovnebis Sesabamisi unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebas da ` codniT
axali codnis mopovebis~ process, rac qarTuli sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis sawindari gaxdeba, riTac igi Rirseul adgils

10
daikavebs Sromisa da codnis msoflio danawilebis globalur
qselSi.
da bolos problemebi, romlebic socialur ekologias exeba.
Tanamedrove msofliosaTvis rTuli socioekologiuri siste-
mebis urTierTqmedebis procesebia damaxasiaTebeli. Sesabamisad,
kvlevis Tanamedrove mimarTulebebs ainteresebT adamianTa jgu-
febis damokidebuleba urbanizebul garemosTan, sxvadasxva so-
cialuri jufebis mier ekologiuri problemebis aRqma, garemos
dacvis mizniT sazogadoebrivi kontrolis SesaZleblobis gac-
nobiereba, bunebaTdacviTi RonisZiebebis praqtikaSi gamoyeneba
da gaTvaliswineba, socioekologiuri sistemis komponentebis
gaanalizeba.
dRevandeli socioekologiuri situaciis sirTulesa da
tragikulobaze miuTiTebs gamoTqma `gadavarCinoT adamiani ada-
mianisgan~. sacxovrebeli garemos formireba da ganviTareba ne-
bismieri qalaqis sivrciTi efeqtebis, saqalaqo garemos xarisxi-
sa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebe-
lia. aseve sacxovrebeli garemos tipi da xarisxi sazogadoebis
keTildReobisa da socialur-kulturuli simwifis miSvnelo-
vani indikatoria. momxsnebelTa yuradRebis arealSi moxvda q.
TbilisSi farTod gavrcelebuli e.w. `miSenebebis~ procesi, ro-
melmac mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina sacxovrebeli masivebis,
mikroraionebis, samosaxlo garemos gardaqmnaze. marTalia mas
dadebiTi miznebi hqonda: sacxovrebeli farTis gazrda da sacxo-
vrebeli standartebis gaumjobeseba, magram socioekologiuri
urbanistuli eqspertizis ararsebobisa gamo Sedegi negatiu-
ri aRmoCnda da masobrivi saqalaqo da socialuri problemebi
Seqmna. pirvel rigSi es exeba e.w. `vertikalur jurRmulebs~,
romlebsac `xSir SemTxvevebSi aqvT araesTetikuri da depresiu-
li vizualuri mxare da, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, qmnian

11
arajansaR da arcTu usafrTxo sacxovrebel garemos~ yvelaze
samwuxaro ki aris is daskvna, romelsac momxseneblebi akeTeben.
TbilisSi mosaxleobis udides nawils ar aRelvebs im garemos
xarisxi da mdgomareoba romelSic Tavad cxovrobs. swored
amitom igi sakuTar Tavs da Tanamoqalaqeebsac advilad aZlevs
uflebas avnos saqalaqo garemos usafrTxoebas, sijansaResa da
komfortulobas, daamaxinjos garemos iersaxe sacxovrebeli
farTis ramdenime kvadratuli metriT gazrdis sanacvlod, sa-
mwuxarod es migvaniSnebs moqalaqeTa dabal urbanul kulturasa
da fsevdo urbanul qcevaze rac udavod warmoadgens Tbilisis
ganviTarebis seriozul problemas.
erTerTi saintereso moxseneba mieZRvna qarTuli demokra-
tiis ganviTarebas. qarTuli saxelmwifos da mTlianad sazoga-
doebis demokratizaciis procesi zig-zagebiT mimdinareobs, de-
mokratiulobasTan erTad xSirad avtoritaruli da ufro meti
avtokratiuli maxasiaTeblebic naTlad vlindeba,rasac subie-
qtur faqtorebTan erTad mravali socialuri,ekonomikuri Tu
kulturuli faqtori ganapirobebs. xSirad, demokratiulobis
fasadis miRma avtoritaruli reJimi imaleba. demokratiulo-
bis yvelaze kargi maCvenebeli sazogadoebis kanonebiT marTva
da yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi kanonis uzenaesobis principis da-
cvaa. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis zedamxedvelobisagan Ta-
visufali da damoukidebeli samarTalwarmoeba demokratiul
reJims gulisxmobs da piriqiT. marTalia, Cveni avtori cdil­
obs daasabuTos,rom qarTuli xelisuflebis mcdeloba damou-
kidebeli sasamarTlos Seqmnisa Tu nafic msajulTa institutis
Semotanisa, blefia,radgan orive avtokratis Zalauflebis da-
sasrulia, amaze ki amJamindeli qarTuli xelisufleba arasdros
ar wava. magram, avtoritarulobis gamovlenasTan erTad,arc
imis daunaxaoba iqneba,rom demokratizaciis procesi nela, ma-

12
gram mainc aRmavali gziT midis saqarTveloSi; ubralod, Tvali
unda gadavavloT damoukideblobis ori aTwleulis manZilze
momxdar cvlilebebs Cveni qveynis politikur, ekonomikur, so-
cialur da kulturul sferoebSi, raTa naTlad davinaxoT,rom
saqarTveloSi demokratizaciis procesi viTardeba da mas al-
ternativa ar aqvs. ase,rom,dRes, safuZvlebi eyreba damoukide-
bel sasmarTloebs, Znelad,magram mainc mkvidrdeba cxovreba-
Si kanonis uzenaesobis principi, icvleba qarTveli moqalaqis
mentaliteti, qveSevrdomuli politikuri kultura adgils
uTmobs aqtivistur,partisipatiul-monawileobiT politikur
kulturas,rac imis maCvenebelia,rom Ria-informaciuli sazo-
gadoebis principebi da marTvis demokratiuli reJimi,marTalia
mZimed,zig-zagebiT, magram mainc mkvidrdeba qarTul sazogadoe-
baSi.
amgvarad, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis mkvlevarma profesorebma yuradReba gaamaxviles
saqarTveloSi arsebuli problemuri situaciebis mecnierul
analizze da saintereso mignebebi da Sedegebi dades, romelTa
gaTvaliswineba xels Seuwyobda Cvens qyveyanaSi arsebuli mra-
vali socialuri Tu politikuri problemis daregulirebas da
gadaWras.
amiran berZeniSvili

13
 naTela donaZe

eduard kodua, rogorc mecnieri da pirovneba

Cemi werili, ZiriTadad, aris mogoneba baton eduard kodua-

ze, rogorc mecniersa da pirovnebaze, da ara misi mecnieruli
moRvaweobis, mecnieruli Sromebis analizi. imedia, amas misi mo-
wafeebi gaakeTeben.
minda davesesxo Tavad baton eduards, romelic misi usayvar-
lesi maswavleblis kote baqraZisadmi miZRvnili wignis winaTq-
maSi wers: `saerTod, pirovnebis moRvaweobis Sefaseba yovelTvis
gadaulaxav sirTuleebs awydeba, maSinac, rodesac masTan ur-
TierTobis STabeWdileba jer kidev cocxalia, da maSinac, rode-
sac garkveuli dro gvaSorebs am urTierTobas~ (e. kodua, `kote
baqraZe, 1898-1970, bibliografia~, Tbilisi, 1998 w.,gv. 3).
marTlac, arsebobs garkveuli siZneleebi, magram, miuxedavad
amisa, Sevecdebi, TqvenTan erTad gadavavlo Tvali baton eduar-
dis cxovrebiseul gzas, romelic iyo rTuli, winaaRmdegobebiT
savse, tragikuli da, amasTanave, Zalian dinamiuri.
prof. e. koduas Tavis cxovrebis sazrisad mecniereba, si-
namdvilis, gansakuTrebiT socialuri sinamdvilis wvdoma da
analizi miaCnda. dekartiseuli `Cogito, ergo sum~ (`vazrovneb,
maSasadame varsebob~) misi cxovrebiseuli kredo iyo. batonma
merab mamardaSvilma dekartes debulebas Semdegi interpretacia
misca _ `vazrovneb, maSasadame, Tavisufali var~. baton eduardis
dauokebeli swrafva mecnierebisaken, WeSmaritebisaken, vfiqrob,
iyo swrafva pirovnuli Tavisuflebisaken, sakuTari mikro sam-
yaros Seqmnisaken.

14
 jer kidev studentobis dros, Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-
versitetis filosofia-fsiqologiis fakultetze swavlis pe-
riodSi, e. kodua, intensiur swavlasTan erTad, aqtiurad Caeba
samecniero muSaobaSi. misma Sromismoyvareobam da mizanswrafvam
misi leqtorebis yuradReba daimsaxura. mas qarTuli mecniere-
bis, qarTuli filosofiuri da fsiqologiuri skolebis kori-
feebi kote baqraZe, savle wereTeli, vasil frangiSvili da sxv.
aswavlidnen. isini, gansakuTrebiT ki batoni kote baqraZe, yo-
velmxriv uwyobdnen xels niWieri da muyaiTi axalgazrdis mec-
nieruli interesebis xorcSesxmasa da profesiul daostatebas.
universitetSi swavlam mas sulieri simSvide da momavlis rwmena
Semata. magram cxovrebis mkacri realobis, ojaxuri probleme-
bis gamo e. koduam ver SeZlo aspiranturaSi swavlis gagrZeleba.
igi iZulebuli iyo, germanuli enis maswavleblad daewyo muSa-
oba mSobliur qalaqSi, senakSi. batoni kotes aqtiuri Carevis
Semdeg igi dabrunda TbilisSi da misi xelmZRvanelobiT daamTa-
vra Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis aspirantura, logikis
specialobiT. 1963 wels man warmatebiT daicva sakandidato di-
sertacia Temaze: `istoriis neokantianuri meTodologiis kri-
tikisaTvis~, xolo 1968 wels _ sadoqtoro disertacia Temaze:
`socialuri istoriis sazrisis sakiTxisaTvis~.
batoni eduardi Zalian farTo diapazonis mecnieri iyo. misi
mecnieruli interesebis sferoSi Sedioda rogorc filosofia
da sociologia, ise fsiqologia, istoria, samarTalmcodneoba,
socialuri ekologia da sxv. igi iyo Teoriuli sociologiis
SesaniSnavi specialisti. is, agreTve, gamoirCeoda iseTi dar-
gobrivi sociologiebis Rrma codniT, rogoricaa: politikis
sociologia, religiis sociologia, samarTlis sociologia,
damnaSaveobis sociologia, mecnierebis sociologia da sxv.

15
 eduard kodua Zalian produqtiuli da, amave dros, pragma-
tuli mecnieri iyo. is asze meti samecniero naSromis avtoria.
mas ekuTvnis mravali monografia, narkvevi, saxelmZRvanelo,
statia, werili. davasaxelebT mxolod zogierT maTgans, radgan
yvelas aq CamoTvla SeuZlebelia.
Tematikis mixedviT misi Sromebi SeiZleba davyoT ramdenime
jgufad. filosofiuri Sromebi: `istoriis filosofia~ (1966
w.), `istoriis sazrisis sakiTxisaTvis~ (1976 w.), `istoriis
imanenturi sazrisis sakiTxisaTvis~ (1979 w.), `germanul eqsi-
stencializmSi filosofiis arsis gagebis kritikisaTvis~ (1979
w.), `eqsistencializmi filosofiis arsebis Sesaxeb~ (1984 w.),
`Карл Ясперс об отношени и науки и философии~ (daibeWda po-
loneTSi, loZis universitetis humanitarul samecniero Jur-
nalSi, 1979 w.) da sxv.
saxelmZRvaneloebi: `sociologiis Sesavali~ (1986 w.), `so-
ciologia~ _ I nakveTi (I gamocema _ 1995 w.,II gamocema _ 1998
w.), `sociologia~ _ II nakveTi (I gamocema _ 1995 w.,II gamocema
_ 1998 w.), `sociologiis istoria _ I nakveTi~ (1996 w.), `so-
ciologiis istoria _ II nakveTi~ (1996 w.), `kulturis socio-
logia~ (2001 w.).
gansakuTrebiT didia e. koduas wvlili mSobliur enaze da-
werili saxelmZRvaneloebis momzadebisa da gamocemis saqmeSi.
mis wignebze, saxelmZRvaneloebze studentTa mravali Taoba gai-
zarda. misi saxelmZRvaneloebi gamoirCeva mecnieruli informa-
ciis siRrmiTa da mravalferovnebiT. maTSi mocemulia gamoCenil
sociologTa naazrevis yovelmxrivi analizi. baton eduardis
cxovrebis mizani iyo, Tavisi codna da ganswavluloba gadaeca
axalgazrda TaobisaTvis, studentebisaTvis.
batoni eduardi aRniSnavda: `rogori rTulic ar unda iyos
viTareba, Cvenma Taobam unda datovos informacia didi winaprebis

16
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor Candnen isini im epoqaSi da ramdenad Rire-
buli iyo maTi moRvaweobis Sedegebi~ (e. kodua, `kote baqraZe,
bibliografia~, Tbilisi, 1998 w.,gv. 5).
batoni eduardis es sityvebi ar aris litoni sityvebi. man es
Tavisi moRvaweobiT daamtkica. didi qarTveli moazrovneebisadmi
pativiscemiTa da siyvaruliT aris gamsWvaluli koduas wignebi
maT Sesaxeb: `ivane javaxiSvilis sociologiuri da istoriis
filosofiuri Ziebani~ (1997 w.), `sergi danelias erovnuli
Tvalsawieri~ (1998 w.), `kote baqraZe _ 1898-1970 _ biblio-
grafia~ (1998 w.), `grigol robaqiZis sociologiuri naazrevi~
(1999 w.), `geronti qiqoZis filosofiuri da sociologiuri
Sexedulebebi~ (2000 w.), `biZina ramiSvili~ (2001 w.), `gogi
gelaZe~ (2002 w.) da sxv.
am SromebiT batonma eduardma patriotuli da mecnieruli
vali moixada am didi mamuliSvilebis winaSe, man xeli Seuwyo
maT popularizaciasa da ukvdavyofas. yovelgvari gazviadebis ga-
reSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi qarTuli filosofiuri da fsiqo-
logiuri skolebis, sociologiis didi moamage iyo. miuxedavad
aseTi Rvawlisa, batoni eduardi kritikuli iyo Tavisi Tavisa da
misi Taobis mimarT. igi Tvlida, rom isini valSi iyvnen TavianTi
maswavleblebis winaSe. amaSi naTlad Cans misi Tavmdabloba da
miRweuliT daukmayofilebloba.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia e. koduas, rogorc redaqtoris
moRvaweoba. misi iniciativiT, ZalisxmeviTa da redaqtorobiT
gamovida araerTi qarTveli moazrovnis Sromebi. am Sromebis
mokle CamonaTvalic ki sakmarisia, rom warmovaCinoT misi Rvaw-
li qarTuli mecnierebisa da kulturis winaSe: konstantine
kapaneli _ `narkvevebi antikuri da axali filosofiis isto-
riaSi~ (1978 w.), `antikuri filosofiis narkvevebi~ (1983 w.),
`qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi~ (1996 w.), kote gordelaZe

17
_ `organicistuli mimarTuleba sociologiaSi~ (1985 w.), mixa-
ko wereTeli _ `eri da kacobrioba~ (1990 w.), arCil jorja-
Ze _ `samSoblo da mamuliSviloba~ (1990 w.), dimitri uznaZe
_ `filosofiuri Sromebi~ (1984 w., redaqtorebi e. kodua da
T. buaCiZe; redaqtorisagan _ e. kodua), aleqsandre janeliZe _
`erovnuli Semoqmedeba~ (1997 w., es aris gamoCenili qarTvel
geologis mier socialur problemebze dawerili erTaderTi
Sroma) giorgi naneiSvili `samarTlis filosofiis sakiTxebi
(1992 w.)~, kita megreliZe `.azris socialuri fenomenologia~
(1990 w. redaqtorebi o jioevi, e. kodua, m. megreliZe) da sxv.
e. koduas saredaqcio werilebSi Rrmad da dawvrilebiT aris
gaanalizebuli zemoT dasaxelebuli avtorebis filosofiuri
da sociologiuri Sexedulebebi. amasTanave, es werilebi warmo-
adgens Tavad redaqtoris mecnierul naazrevs. maTSi mocemulia
misi msoflmxedveloba, farTo erudicia, gansaxilveli sakiTxe-
bis Rrma codna da misi Tanamedrove epoqis socialur-politi-
kuri realobisadmi misi obieqturi damokidebuleba.
rogorc ukve aRvniSne, batoni eduardi mecnieruli cod-
niT, ganswavlulobiTa da erudiciiT gamorCeuli pirovneba iyo.
sxvadasxva sakiTxis miseuli Rrma mecnieruli analizi ara mar-
to Cveni, qarTveli kolegebis, aRfrTovanebas iwvevda, aramed
ucxoeli mecnierebis udides pativiscemas imsaxurebda. minda
movigono ramdenime SemTxveva. arasdros damaviwydeba 2001 wlis
TebervalSi likanSi gamarTuli zamTris skola (Tema: `rogor
vaswavloT socialuri mecnierebebi~) da imave wlis ivlisSi
bakurianSi Catarebuli zafxulis skola (Tema: `Tvisebrivi so-
ciologiuri kvlevis meTodebi~). uSualo mowme viyavi, rogor
ver malavdnen TavianT emociebs batoni eduardis codniT aRfr-
Tovanebuli ucxoeli mecnierebi (jerard delanti _ didi bri-
taneTi, arnold cingerle _ germania, gabriel kapai _ germania,

18
bari parsonsoni _ axali zelandia, andrei degtiarovi _ ruse-
Ti). vTvli, rom diskusiebis dros batoni eduardi ara Tu tols
ar udebda msoflioSi ganTqmul am mecnierebs, aramed, Tamamad
SemiZlia vTqva, rom bevr mecnierul sferosa Tu sakiTxSi ufro
mravalmxriv, Rrma codnasa da erudicias avlenda. es Cveni, baton
eduardis qarTveli kolegebis, siamayes iwvevda.
2002 wels TbilisSi Catarebul saerTaSoriso simpoziumze
(Tema: `kritikuli sociologia: gamowvevebi da perspeqtivebi~),
Cvens gaocebas ar hqonda sazRvari, rodesac diskusiis dros ba-
tonma eduardma gamoamJRavna sakiTxebis codna iseT specifikur
sociologiur sferoSi, rogoricaa prostituciis sociolo-
gia.
baton eduards saocari mexsiereba hqonda. axsovda yvela-
feri, rac erTxel mainc waekiTxa an moesmina. ar arsebobda arc
erTi filosofiuri an sociologiuri sakiTxi, romelzec mas ar
SeeZlo amomwuravi pasuxis gacema.
visac erTxel mainc mousmenia batoni eduardis sajaro, mec-
nieruli gamosvlebi, dagveTanxmeba, rom es iyo logikuri, kri-
tikuli, analitikuri azrovnebis, mecnieruli analizis, farTo
ganaTlebisa da erudiciis sinTezi, gamorCeuli maRali profe-
sionalizmiT, oratorobiT.
sanam warmogidgenT baton eduards, rogorc pirovnebas, min-
da aRvniSno, rom igi iziarebda gamoCenili filosofosis a. lo-
sevis Sexedulebas, rom pirovnebis sikvdilis Semdeg xdeba misi
cxovrebis Selamazeba, gaidializeba. Tavad batoni eduardi amis
winaaRmdegi iyo. es kargad Cans mis nawerebSic.
SevecdebiT, vaCvenoT baton eduardis pirovnebis realuri
saxe da ara misi gaidealizebuli suraTi.
upirveles yovlisa, minda aRvniSno, rom igi iyo Sinaganad
orientirebuli da avtonomiuri pirovneba (Tu daveyrdnobiT

19
gamoCenili sociologis devid rismenis mier SemuSavebul so-
cialur xasiaTTa tipologias). misi qmedebebi, ZiriTadad, ganpi-
robebuli iyo misi sakuTari RirebulebebiTa da principebiT da
ara SemgueblobiT, konformulobiT.
baton eduards hqonda didi madlierebis grZnoba Tavisi peda-
gogebis mimarT. es gamovlinda ara marto maTi Sromebis gamocema-
sa da maT Sesaxeb dawerili naSromebis gamoqveynebaSi, aramed es
gansakuTrebiT mJRavndeboda maTTan yoveldRiur urTierTobaSi,
maTze zrunvaSi.
saocari iyo baton eduardis damokidebuleba profesor kote
baqraZis mimarT. rogorc Tavad igi wers, kote baqraZe mTeli
sicocxle misi maswavlebeli iyo da es urTierToba sikvdilis
gamo Sewyda. `gawyda is didi arteria, romlidanac uxvad moe-
dineboda codna da adamianoba, gulisxmiereba da momTxovneloba.
aRar aris is, vinc cxovrebaSi Tu samecniero moRvaweobaSi iyo
kriteriumi da ideali~, _ wers e. kodua. baton eduards kote
baqraZe Tavis sulier mamad miaCnda. yovelTvis aRniSnavda mis
rolsa da wvlils misi, rogorc pirovnebisa da mecnieris Ca-
moyalibebaSi. arasdros iviwyebda mis siTbosa da amags. batoni
eduardi gansakuTrebiT zrunavda batoni kotes janmrTelobaze.
misTvis ritualis tolfasi iyo yovel wels batoni kotes Cayva-
na abasTumanSi da Semdeg misi Camoyvana TbilisSi. sanatoriumSic
xSirad akiTxavda.
amaze ase dawvrilebiT imitom SevCerdi, rom meCvenebina, ro-
gor zrunavda is, rogorc mowafe, Tavis pedagogebze, maT mecnie-
rul memkvidreobaze da ar iviwyebda maT Rvawlsa da amags.
es magaliTi unda iyos axalgazrda TaobebisaTvis.
kidev minda aRvniSno baton eduardis erTi SesaniSnavi piro-
vnuli Tviseba. iSviaTia, rodesac pirovneba, gansakuTrebiT, Tu
is akademiuri wris warmomadgenelia, ise afasebdes da pativs

20
scemdes Tavis zogierT kolegas, rogorc batoni eduardi. be-
vrjer momismenia, rogori aRfrTovanebiT laparakobda is baton
Tamaz buaCiZeze, zurab kakabaZeze, vaxtang erqomaiSvilsa da sxv.
is xSirad xazs usvamda maT ganswavlulobas, codnas da Tvlida,
rom maTi azrovneba da weris stili misTvis samagaliTo iyo. is
megobrobda baton guram TevzaZesTan, niko berZeniSvilTan, vax-
tang kvaracxeliasTan, leri mWedliSvilsa da sxv.
e. kodua tragikuli bedis pirovneba iyo. ded-mama adre dae-
Rupa, orive ubeduri SemTxvevis gamo. tragikulad daiRupa misi
qaliSvilic. Tavisi tragediis Sesaxeb laparaki ar uyvarda. Tavis
gancdebsa da mwuxarebas aravis axvevda Tavs, arasdros wuwuneb-
da Tavisi sulieri Tu fizikuri tkivilis gamo. umZimes wuTebSi
Tavis TavSi iketeboda da am dros sxva adamianebTan urTierToba
Zalian uWirda. miuxedavad bedis ukuRmarTobisa, is ar gaboro-
tebula da Zalian adamianuri iyo. mas yovelTvis gulTan axlos
mihqonda sxvisi gaWirveba, mwuxareba da tragedia da, SeZlebi-
sdagvarad, exmareboda. erTi SexedviT, arakomunikabeluri, zo-
gjer uxeSi da garegnulad mkacri adamianis ukan gulisxmieri da
Tbili pirovneba imaleboda. magram mas Tavis Sinagani, namdvili
bunebis gamovlena ar uyvarda, an, SesaZloa, arc exerxeboda.
e. kodua winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTis iyo: zogjer komunikabe-
luri, aqtiuri, xalisiani, zogjer ki Cumi, Tavis TavSi Caketi-
li, martosuli, melanqoliuri.
rogorc zogierTebi ambobdnen, batoni eduardi kvimati enis
patroni iyo. es gansakuTrebiT vlindeboda mwvave mecnieruli
diskusiebis, disertaciebis dacvisa da mecnieruli Sromebis
ganxilvis dros. zogjer misi gamosvlebi Zalian kritikuli
iyo, rac misi oponentebis aRSfoTebas iwvevda. magram xazgasmiT
minda aRvniSno, rom mas ar SeeZlo bolomde gaewira Tavisi
dauZinebeli mowinaaRmdegeebic ki, is adamianebi, romlebmac mas,

21
araerTxel, rogorc ityvian, `wels qvemoT~ dartyma miayenes da
arakacurad moeqcnen. Tavad mas SeeZlo sityviT `gaenadgurebina~
mowinaaRmdege, magram cud saqmes arasdros gaukeTebda. saerTod,
mimaCnia, rom is ar iyo mebrZoli pirovneba, am sityvis pirdapiri
mniSvnelobiT.
batoni eduardi mtkivneulad ganicdida im adamianebis uz-
neo, umadur saqciels, romlebzec mas didi amagi hqonda. aseve
aRizianebda misi keTilganwyobis borotad gamoyeneba. saocaria,
magram maT amis Sesaxeb arafers eubneboda. bavSviviT gaibuteboda
da aravisTan laparaki ar undoda. mxolod ase gamoxatavda Tavis
protests, wyenasa da gulistkivils.
batoni eduardisaTvis adamianebis Sefasebis kriteriumebi
iyo zneoba, erTguleba, megobroba, agreTve, ganaTleba, codna da
profesionalizmi. ver itanda uvicebs, zarmacebsa da upasuxi-
smgeblo adamianebs. maT mimarT igi sakmaod kritikuli, TavSeuka-
vebeli, uxeSi da agresiulic ki iyo. xSirad maT arc esalmeboda.
saxeze, gamometyvelebaze etyoboda uaryofiTi damokidebuleba
imaT mimarT, vinc cud mecnierad an pirovnebad miaCnda.
gansxvavebuli iyo misi kolegebis damokidebulebac mis mi-
marT. bevrs Zalian uyvarda batoni eduardi da masTan megobrobda.
zogs ar uyvarda, ver itanda, zogs ki eSinoda misi da cdilobda,
masTan kargi urTierToba hqonoda. aseT adamianebs is axlosac
ar ikarebda.
rogorc aRvniSne, batoni eduardi winaaRmdegobrivi bunebis
pirovneba iyo. is, saerTod, pirdapiri da obieqturi adamiani
iyo. magram garkveul situaciebSi SeeZlo ukan daxeva, ostatu-
rad lavireba, rasac Semdeg, zogjer, Tavad ganicdida. amasTana-
ve, mas araerTxel aRuniSnavs, rom is, upirveles yovlisa, aris
subieqti, realuri da ara idealuri adamiani da SeuZlebelia,
yovelTvis, yvelaferSi da yvelas mimarT erTnairad obieqturi

22
iyos. marTlac, zogjer is tendenciuri iyo da es xels uSlida,
swori pozicia daekavebina. miuxedavad mtkice xasiaTisa, bato-
ni eduardi zogjer sxvebis gavlenis qveS eqceoda, amas Tavadac
acnobierebda da ganicdida.
minda aRvniSno batoni eduardis erTi kargi Tviseba. is mudam
axlis ZiebaSi iyo da cdilobda Tavisi Tvalsawieris gafarTo-
ebas.
1964 wels batoni venor qvaCaxias TaosnobiT filosofiisa
da fsiqologiis fakultetze Camoyalibda konkretul-socio-
logiuri kvlevis laboratoria. e. kodua v. qvaCaxias moadgile
iyo. is cdilobda, daufleboda sociologiuri kvlevis meTo-
debs, Tumca adre skeptikurad iyo ganwyobili gamoyenebiTi so-
ciologiis mimarT. nebismier saqmes akeTebda didi siyvaruliT,
udidesi pasuxismgeblobiTa da rudunebiT. ar uyvarda pompezu-
roba, Tavisi saqmianobis afiSireba.
laboratoriis axalgazrda TanamSromlebTan urTierTobis
dros batoni eduardi ymawviluri gatacebiT eziareboda maSin
misTvis naklebad cnobil sferoebs _ Teatrs, kinos, sazRvarga-
reTul literaturasa da rusul poezias. unda genaxaT, ra sia-
movnebiT dadioda maTTan erTad speqtaklebsa da kinoCvenebebze,
rogori gatacebiT kiTxulobda misTvis ucnob literaturas.
samwuxarod, Semdeg batoni venorisa da batoni eduardis
gzebi gaiyara. 1968 wels, pirvelad sabWoTa kavSirSi, venori
qvaCaxias TaosnobiT Seiqmna gamoyenebiTi sociologiis kaTedra,
romelsac misi sikvdilis Semdeg, 1982 wels, batoni eduardi
Caudga saTaveSi. kaTedras, e. koduas iniciativiT, sociologiis
kaTedra ewoda.
batoni eduardi gamorCeuli pirovneba iyo. gamorCeuli iyo
misi nebisyofa, Sromismoyvareoba (mas SeeZlo dReSi 18-20 saaTi
emuSava) da Sromisnayofiereba (ris maCvenebelicaa misi uamravi

23
mecnieruli Sroma). gansxvavebuli iyo misi cxovrebis riTmic da
dRis ganrigic. igi dgeboda dilis 5 saaTze da iZinebda saRamos
9-10 saaTze. dilas iwyebda samecniero an mxatvruli litera-
turis kiTxviT, Sromebis weriT, Semdeg seirnobda amxanagebTan
erTad misi saxlis win mdebare baRSi an kus tbaze. dilidanve
midioda universitetSi, kaTedraze, kiTxulobda leqciebs da
xvdeboda Tavis kolegebs; saRamoTi isev mecnieruli muSaoba da
a.S.
misi yoveldRiuri daZabuli muSaoba, saqmis siyvaruli, al-
baT, misi tragediis, sulis tkivilis Semsubuqebis mcdeloba
iyo. es asuldgmulebda mas, amaSi poulobda garkveul sulier
simSvidesa da Svebas. igi misTvis umZimes tragikul wuTebSic ki
ar wyvetda muSaobas.
magram batoni eduardi ar iyo e.w. `wignis Wia~. uyvarda iu-
mori, amxanagebTan, megobrebsa da TanamSromlebTan erTad yofna,
nardis TamaSi, qeifi, qarTuli sufra. araferi adamianuri misT-
vis ucxo ar iyo. igi Zalian kargi meojaxe iyo. uyvarda bazarSi
siaruli. ambobda, ase ukeT vgrZnob xalxis majiscemaso.
mas gansakuTrebuli Tbili damokidebuleba hqonda Tavisi
ojaxis wevrebis mimarT. unda genaxaT misi usityvo siamaye, ga-
brwyinebuli Tvalebi, rodesac misma vaJma Temurma SesaniSna-
vad daicva sadoqtoro disertacia medicinaSi; igi siamovnebiT
usmenda vaJiSvilis profesionalizmiT aRfrTovanebul pacien-
tebsa da megobrebs.
baton eduards rTul da winaaRmdegobebiT savse cxovrebas
umsubuqebda misi cxovrebis Tanamgzavri qalbatoni ana maxaraZe,
erTguli, didebuli da keTilSobili adamiani. igi meuRlis, Svi-
lebisa da SviliSvilis cxovrebiT cxovrobda. eduardis sikvdi-
li misi cxovrebis dasasruli aRmoCnda. erT weliwadSi aniac
gardaicvala.

24
 batoni e. kodua Zalian Zlieri pirovneba iyo. man SeZlo
ukurnebeli senis damarcxeba. misi amtanoba da Seupovroba TviT
misi mkurnali eqimebis gaocebasa da aRfrTovanebas iwvevda. man
SeZlo, agreTve, qaliSvilis daRupviT gamowveuli warmoudge-
neli, mudmivi, Rrma sulieri tkivilis udrtvinveli tareba.
magram SeZlo ki?!
cxovrebis bolo periodSi batoni eduardi gansakuTrebulad
naRvliani, Cafiqrebuli da sevdiani iyo. sul Caiketa Tavis TavSi.
SeiZleba, grZnobda Tavisi aRsasrulis moaxloebas.
niSandoblivia, baton eduardis sikvdili sxdomaze, univer-
sitetSi, romelsac man mTeli cxovreba da mecnieruli moRva-
weoba miuZRvna, universitetSi, romelic uangarod uyvarda,
eTayvaneboda da romlis siwmindisa da saxelis dasacavad yo-
velTvis ibrZoda. niSandoblivia isic, rom is gardaicvala 72
wlis asakSi, iseve, rogorc batoni kote, SemoqmedebiTi simwifis
periodSi.
didi ilia ambobda: `kacur kacs, xalxisTvis Tavdadebul
moRvawes, ori saxeli unda hqondes. erTi aq dasatovebeli, meore
_ Tan gasayoli~. aseTi kacuri kaci iyo batoni eduardi, namdvi-
li mecnieri, Tavis saqmeze Seyvarebuli, axalgazrdebis aRmzr-
deli. aq man datova zneobrivi, valmoxdili adamianis saxeli,
naTeli xsovna da mogoneba, iq ki gaiyola Cveni gulistkivili
da sinanuli misi gardacvalebis gamo.
rogorc amboben, gardacvlilebi cocxloben manam, sanam Cven,
cocxlebs gvaxsovs isini. maTi sicocxle Cvens mexsierebaSi gr-
Zeldeba.
darwmunebuli var, batoni eduardis xsovna mudam darCeba
misi axloblebis, megobrebis, TanamSromlebisa da mowafeebis
mexsierebaSi.

25
 abstract

Natela Donadze, TSU assistant Professor

Edward Kodua as a seientist and a pesson

The paper deals with the life and activities of Professor Eduard
Kodua, a well – known Georgian philosopher and sociologist.
Science, understanding and analyzing the reality, especially the
social reality, was the essence of E. Kodua’s life. Keen aspiration
for the truth was stniving for personal freedom, creation of his own
micro world.
Professor Kodua wasa scientist of a wide range. The sphere of
his scientific interests mainly included philosophy and sociology, also
psychology, history, science of law, social ecology, etc. He was a
leading specialist both of theoretical sociology and various branches
of sociology, such as: political sociology (sociology of politics), so-
ciology of religion, sociology of science, sociology of law, sociology
of crime, etc.
Eduard Kodua was a very productive and pragmatic scientist. He
was an author of more than hundred scientific works. His scientific
inheritance includes many monographs, manuals, articles, essays.
According to subjects, his scientific works may be divided into
following groups: philosophical works, sociological works and manu-
als, books, dedicated to the outstanding scientists, thinkers.
At is a noteworthy his activity as an editor. On his initiative and
by his great effort, many works of some Georgian celebrated think-
ers were published.
Professor Eduard Kodua’s lectures and scientific speeches were
marvelous. They were full of logic, analytical thinking. They showed

26
his wide, deep education and erudition, high professionalism and
discourse.
E. Kodua was a special person. Special was his strength of will,
diligence, capacity for work. But he never was so called „a book-
worm“. His sense of humur was good. He enjoyed meeting with
his friends and colleagues, travelling and feasting. Nothing human
was alien for him.
He was a very tragic person, but he never used to speak about
his tragedy, never complained of his physical or inner suffering. He
did not like expressing his inner, real human nature or, may be,
could not.
Eduard Kodua was a person of a contradictoru character. Some-
times he was very social, active, full of humor, amiable, but some-
times – very quiet, reserved.
Professor E. Kodua’s contribution to the development of sociol-
ogy in Georgia was valuable. His colleagues, disciples and former
students will never forget him, his role in Georgian science and
culture.

27
 dali CiqvilaZe

eduard kodua – qarTvel publicistTa

wignebis Semdgeneli da redaqtori

wignebis Sedgena da misi redaqtoroba sapatio da keTilSo-

beluri saqmea, Tanac Sedgenas nawerebisas ganaTlebasTan erTad
gemovnebac Wirdeba, gemovneba daxvewili, drois moTxovnebs rom
gauZlebs, redaqtoroba ki mravalmxriv codnas moiTxovs. amitom
Sedgenac da redaqtorobac roca erTdroulia, gaormagebul pa-
suxismgeblobas da tvirTis zidvas akisrebs ostats, dabeWdili
wigni xom wlebis simZimes `uZlebs~.

1990 wels Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemlobam dastamba

arCil jorjaZis krebuli – `samSoblo da mamuliSviloba~ . es
wigni erT-erTi pirvelia am saxelovani moazrovnisa da erudi-
tis akrZaluli memkvidreobis samzeoze gamotanis procesSi.
misi Semdgeneli-redaqtori (asea aRniSnuli wignis Tavfur-
celze) gaxlavT eduard kodua, recenzentebi – z. anjafariZe,
v. erqomaiSvili;
darbazSi myofTagans egeb gauCndes samarTliani kiTxva, –
ra saWiroa am wvrilmanze saubari, es informacia wigns axlavs
Tano... marTalia mavanis es uneblie sayveduri, magram unda mogax-
senoT, rom oci wlis win gamocemuli arCil jorjaZis wigni,
romelsac darTuli aqvs eduard koduas ramdenime uaRresad
saintereso gamokvleva (“arCil jorjaZis filosofiuri da so-
ciologiuri naazrevi~, `mokle biografia~, `arCil jorjaZis
msoflmxedveloba~, `arCil jorjaZis sociologiuri Sexed-
ulebebi~, rac petitiT awyobil 50 gverds Seadgens) – jorjaZis
filosofiuri da sociologiuri naazrevis erT-erTi pirveli
28
interpretaciaa. `amdenad, sayuradRebo da angariSgasawevi dRes
aris ara oden arCil jorjaZis nafiqrali, aramed megzuroba, im
kriteriumebis Camoyalibeba, sociologiuri dargis mesveurad
jorjaZes rom warmoaCens da mis filosofiur naazrevs gasagebs
gaxdis, ramac jorjaZis publicistikas sul sxva xibli da Zala
mianiWa.

minda gavixseno ilia WavWavaZis jorjaZiseuli Sefaseba: `il-

iam sityviT Seqmna erTiani saqarTveloo~. `diaxac, qarTvelebis
didi xnis ocnebis mwvervali – erTianoba da samSoblos siyvar-
uli iliam moaxerxa sityviT, romelic gulsa da smenas misZravs-
mosZravs xolme da safiqrals gauCens adamians. `publicistur
sityvas rom didi Zala aqvs, igi qarTuli erovnuli energiis,
istoriuli mexsierebis, samSoblos siyvarulis asaxvis utyu-
ari sivrce rom aris, amaze sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT.

cnobilia, rom arCil jorjaZe Tavisi SemoqmedebiT da filo-

sofiuri xedviT 70-wliani batonobis Jams tabudadebuli gax-
ldaT, misi naazreviT tvinis `varjiSi~ akrZaluli iyo. unda
gavixseno erTi epizodi: sakandidato disertaciis dacvisas av-
toreferatis dabeWdvis nebarTva Seyovnda, miTxres, arCil jor-
jaZis gamonaTqvams iyenebT da amitomac dagigviandaT nebarTvao
(cenzori gaxldaT imxanad friad cnobili qalbatoni ciala
amaSukeli, misi simRerebi ganTqmuli iyo imdroindel purobe-
bze). arada, momwonda jorjaZis sxarti daxasiaTeba: `60-ian
wlebSi ori saqarTvelo Seejaxa erTimeores. saqarTvelo axali,
momavali, mSobiarobis procesSi myofi da saqarTvelo mimavali,
Zveli, batonymuri~. yvelaze `uvnebeli~ gamosavali movZebneT,
– sqoliSo miTiTebuli arCil jorjaZis saxeldeba amoviReT,
xolo es sityvebi avtoris miuTiTeblad winwklebSi davtoveT.

29
 meore epizodi: Jurnalistikis kaTedris maSindelma gamgem
profesorma daviT gamezardaSvilma XX saukunis 70-ian wlebis
bolos ramdenime kaTedris wevrs gagvando, rom arCil jorjaZis
nawerebis 5 wignis SeerTebas da komentarebiT gamocemas apirebda.
Cven komentarebis SevsebaSi unda davxmarebodiT. Zalian gagvix-
arda, magram eWvi mainc gaCnda, dagvrTaven nebas?! miuxedavad amisa
komentarebisTvis gavinawileT safiqrali. bednierma SemTxvevamac
xeli Segviwyo. b-n daviT gamezardaSvils misma erTma megobarma
(romlis saxels igi sagangebod ar amxelda, Cemi gumaniT, es pro-
fesori akaki gawerelia unda yofiliyo, romelic mis saxlSi cx-
ovrobda) `aTxova~ 1913 wels gamocemuli arCil jorjaZis xuTi
tomi, ramac saocnebo saqme gagviadvila. nawerebi awyobili iyo,
rodesac kaTedraze mobrZanebulma `kgb~-s orma warmomadgenelma
gamzadebuli masala waiRo, xolo d. gamezardaSvili `saca jer
ars~ iq daibares, masalebi `daapatimres~, xolo mis gamomcemels
piroba daadebines, rom arCil jorjaZis nawarmoebebis dabeWd-
vaze ar iocnebebda. Zneli iyo prof. d. gamezardaSvilisTvis am
pirobis aRsruleba, magram sxvagvarad maSin ver moiqceoda. es
epizodi imitom ki ar gavixsene, rom Crdili mivayeno eduard
koduas saxels... dro midis, cisqveSeTSi bevri ram icvleba, Seu-
Zlebeli SesaZleblad iqceva xolme da oci wlis Semdeg dadga
dro arCil jorjaZis memkvidrebis samzeoze gamotanisa. es sapa-
tio movaleoba prof. e. koduam pirnaTlad Seasrula.

wignis – `samSoblo da mamuliSviloba~ winaTqmaSi Sem-

dgeneli da redaqtori Semdegs wers: `winamdebare krebuli
Sedgeba avtoris mier eris sociologiuri problemebis Sesaxeb
gamoqveynebuli publicisturi werilebisgan. avtorma mis sic-
ocxleSi eris problemebze gamoqveynebuli naSromebi moaTavsa
sakuTar TxuzelabaTa pirvel tomSi. zogierTi Sroma aRmoCnda

30
meore tomSic, Cven isini gavaerTianeT da mkiTxveli am wigniT
miiRebs srul warmodgenas imaze, rogor esmoda arCil jorjaZ-
es eris sociologiuri problematika~. Semdgenel-redaqtoris
toni mSvidi, saqmiani da profesiis – sociologiis msaxure-
bisaTvis aris gamiznuli. darTuli gamokvlevis Sinaarsic amas
mowmobs, – jorjaZis naazrevis Seswavlis Sedegad dawerili
ori werili – `arCil jorjaZis saciologiuri Sexedulebani~,
`arCil jorjaZis filosofiuri da sociologiuri naazrevi~ –
imis dasturia, rom gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi sociolo-
gia, rogorc mecniereba, mxardaWeras da raobis ganmartebasac
moiTxovda. eduard kodua sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis,
msaxuri gaxldaT. albaT, SemTxveviTi ar gaxlavT prof. meri
WeliZis sagangebo xazgasma, rom eduard kodua sociologiis
dargis lideri iyoo (m.WeliZe, xsovnis sityva, 2005, gv.53).
federalistTa medroSe da `saerTo niadagis~ Teoriis Semqmneli
arCil jorjaZe werda: `dogmatis da sxvisis azris uaryofa da
Seuwynarebloba niSania didis sisustisa da ubedurebisa da unda
aRviaroT, es naklovaneba Cveni saerTo senia~ /gv.271/ am sens,
vfiqrobT, eduard kodua gadurCa. is iyo Rrmad erudirebuli
mecnieri sakuTari xedviT, siaxlis Secnobis gumaniT da niWierTa
gamorCevis unariT.

2003 wels Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemlobam gamosca

meoce saukunis qarTuli publicisturi sityvis metris – geron-
ti qiqoZis wigni `patara eris xvedri~. Semdgenelebi – manana
qiqoZe, levan asaTiani, eduard kodua; redaqtori – niko ber-
ZeniSvili; recenzentebi – a. berZeniSvili, a. abramiSvili.
dakvirvebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis naTelia, rom ojaxis wevreb-
Tan erTad SemdgenelTa Soris eduard koduas saxeli da gvari
bevrze metyvelebs. statiebis SerCeva da saTauris amgvarad ga-

31
mokveTa – `patara eris xvedri~ – vfiqrobT, eduard koduasi
unda iyos. wignis formatze Semdgenlebi Semdegs auwyeben mki-
Txvels: `krebulSi Tavmoyrilia gamoCenili qarTveli moRvawis
– geronti qiqoZis Semoqmedebis mniSvnrlovani nawili, romelic
moicavs 1905-1917 w.w. moRvaweobis periods. igi Sedgeba mwerlis
mier sxvadasxva dros qarTul presaSi gamoqveynebuli werile-
bisgan, romelTa dRis sinaTleze gamotanac Zvirfasi saCuqari
iqneba qarTuli istoriuli, filosofiuri da sociologiuri
azris istoriiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelTaTvis. avtoriseuli
teqsti ibeWdeba ucvlelad~.

publicistur werilebs uZRvis eduard koduas vrceli `wi-

naTqma~, romelic geronti qiqoZisadmi miZRvnil erT saukeTeso
essed SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

amonaridi am gamokvlevidan: geronti qiqoZe werda: – `Cveni

dRevandeli kultura arsebiTad upirovno da sagnobrivi xasia-
Tisaa. Cven Zlierni varT obieqturi kulturis asparezze, magram
Raribni keTilSobili adamianebis sferoSi. Cveni wignTasacave-
bi savsea wignebiT, Cveni muzeumebi – suraTebiT, Cveni qalaqebi
– sxvadasxva stilis SenobebiT, magram Cven xSirad gvaklia is
intimuri, idumali, piradi damokidebuleba mecnierebasTan da xe-
lovnebasTan, romelic ase damaxasiaTebelia berZnebisa da aRor-
Zinebis drois adamianebisTvis. da es imitom, rom Cven pirovnebis
kultura gvaklia~/gv.3/. am esses mixedviT geronti qiqoZe war-
moCindeba sibrZniT, erudiciiT, humanizmiT, evropuli kulturis
codniT, da rac mTavaria, qarTuli suliT, qarTuli dvritiT,
romelsac bevri ram asazrdoebs, Sen- patara eris Svils, gmuxta-
vs saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis siyvaruliT, ginergavs
rwmenas, rom saqarTvelos xvedri, xvalindeli dRe – saimedoa!

32
 erTi amonaridic unda movixmoT: `saWiroa ganisazRvros sa-
qarTvelos momavali gza, – wers 1917 wels geronti qiqoZe, – igi
unda iyos analogiuri gzisa, romelic ganvlo evropam~. geronti
qiqoZe kritikulad ekideba saqarTveloSi somxuri da rusuli
burJuaziis gavlenas, magram imasac aRniSnavs, rom saqarTvelos
sakuTari kapitali ar gaaCnia da iZulebulia am gziT iaros. aq
daxasiaTebuli viTareba, – aRniSnavs eduard kodua, – `Zalze
hgavs Tanamedroveobas. saqarTvelos saxalxo meurneoba dRes
ucxouri investiciebis gziT viTardeba. sakuTari kapitali da
teqnika ara gvaqvs, magram mTavaria, ramdenad racionalurad iq-
neba gamoyenebuli ucxouri kapitali da teqnika. Tu gagrZelda
ukanaskneli wlebis antierovnuli saqmianoba, Tu Cven simdidres
mTlianad gavitanT da gavyidiT, Tu feradi liTonebisa da jarTis
Semsiydveli da ucxoeTSi gamtani organizaciebi ise iparpaSeben,
rogorc amJamad xdeba, Tu Cvens mier moklul ilias xelaxla
movklavT imiT, rom mis Zegls moviparavT da jarTad gavyidiT,
Tu patara ufliswulSi jarTis met Rirebulebas ver davinaxavT
da ver gavacnobierebT, rom Zeglebi Cveni warsulis istoriu-
lobaa, romelic memkvidreobiT miviReT, erovnuli siamayisTvis
araviTari safuZveli ar gveqneba da davemsavsebiT krilovis igav-
arakis Rors, romelic muxas fesvebs uTxrida, rogorc misTvis
usargeblos~/gv.8-9/.

es sityvebi 2003 wels ibeWdeba. igi dResac dafiqrebisTvis

Zlier muxts Seicavs, radgan ganvlil eqvs weliwadSi araferi
Secvlila.
erTic: geronti qiqoZisadmi miZRvnil esseSi eduard kodua
werda: `geronti qiqoZe xedavda siRaribis anatomias da icoda,
sad eZebna misi mizezebi. qiqoZeebi da kritikuli cnobierebis
mqone qarTvelebi gadaSendnen, samagierod, klakvistebi momra-

33
vldnen... korufcia da yovelgvari kriminali yvavis dRes, Tumca
arc antikorufciuli organizaciebi da arc sadamsjelo orga-
noebi gvaklia. TiTqos yvelaferze vaxdenT reagirebas, faqto-
brivad ki arafers vakeTebT. yvelaferi formaluri RonisZiebis
saxes iRebs~.

eduard kodua sagangebod gamoyofda geronti qiqoZis Semdeg

azrs: `man kargad gaanaliza, rom ekonomikuri mdgomareoba mniSv-
nelovnad ar gansazRvravs suliers. ekonomikurad Raribebs Seu-
ZliaT didi sulieri Rirebulebebi Seqmnan. ekonomikuri Zlie-
reba sulieri siZlieris maCvenebeli araa~/gv.23/.

publicisturi werilebis am krebulSi Semdgenelma qiqoZis

epistolaruli memkvidreobis mcire nawilic Seitana, `ufro
cxadi gaxdeba geronti qiqoZisa da misi megobrebis urTierT-
siyvaruli, adamianTa am wrem SeWirvebis Jams urTierTzrunva
rom gamoiCina~/gv.24/.

diax, `urTierTzrunvis saswaulis~ deficits grZnobda,

uTuod, eduard kodua. man mecnieruli paeqrobisa da brZolis
peripetiebi ise gamoiara, urTierTdacvis mcdeloba, naklebad
ugrZvnia. gvinda stendalis saflavis qvis warwera movixmoT da
eduard koduas gaxsenebac amiT davasruloT: `cxovrobda, werda,
uyvarda~ (am sityvebiT daasrula eduard koduam esse geronti
qiqoZeze).

34
 Abstract

Dali Chikviladze, TSU Associated Professor

Eduard Kodua – Designer and Editor of Georgian Pub-

licists Books
This paper is dedicated to Professor Edward Kodua’s 80th
birth anniversary. In this paper is discussed the actuality of two
collected articles of Georgian publicists, that were published by
Edward Kodua. Editing these collected articles he showed the
priorities in Sociology field.

35
 zviad abaSiZe, salome dundua

eTnikuri identobebi da samoqalaqo

integracis sakiTxi saqarTveloSi

saqarTvelo tradiciulad iyo da rCeba mravalreligiur da

mravaleTnikur saxelmwifod. Sesabamisad misTvis metad aqtua-
luria, sul mcire sajaro doneze mainc, sazogadoebis gansx-
vavebuli segmentebis mier erTi politikuri sivrcis farglebSi
mSvidobiani urTierTTanacxovrebis ganxorcielebis problema.
komunisturi reJimis demontaJis Semdeg wesrigis is gareg-
nuli, fasaduri mxare, romelic SiSsa da terorze iyo dafuZ-
nebuli mTlianad moiSala da Sesabamisad, socialur da ekono-
mikur problemebTan erTad Tavi iCina religiur da eTnikur nia-
dagze warmoSobilma bevrma problemamac. rogorc wesi, umetes
SemTxvevaSi, amgvar daZabulobebs ara sakuTriv eTno-konfesiuri
fesvebi aqvs xolme, aramed igi sul sxva faqtorebzea damokide-
buli da misi konfesiuri da eTnikuri Seferiloba mxolod misi
garegnuli mxarea, an ukeTes SemTxvevaSi calmxrivi xasiaTisaa.
jer kidev susti demokratiis institutebi ver uzrunvely-
ofen sazogadoebis erT mTlian samoqalaqo sivrced gardaqmnas.
Sesabamisad, qarTul realobaSi eTno-konfesiuri (umetesad eT-
nikuri, radganac xSirad eTnikuri identoba religiur niadagze
yalibdeba) gaucxoebis xarisxi sakmaod maRalia.
warmodgenili statiis mizania konkretuli empiriuli kv-
levevis safuZvelze warmoaCinos is socialuri da politikuri
safuZvlebi, romelTa mixedviTac warmoiSoba eTno-religiuri
identobebi saqarTveloSi da SemdgomSi ra procesebi mimdina-
reobs maTi sajaro-politikur sivrceSi daaxloebis da inte-

36
graciis TvalsazrisiT. kvleva ar moicavs saqarTveloSi arse-
bul yvela eTno-konfesiur jgufs. igi emyareba qvemo qarTlsa da
samcxe-javaxeTSi kompaqturad mosaxle azerbaijanel da somxur
eTnikur umciresobebs.

a) Tanamedrove saqarTvelo eTno-konfesiuri fragmentaciis

TvalsazrisiT
saqarTvelo eTno-konfesiuri TvalsazrisiT mravalwevriani
da fragmentirebuli qveyanaa. misi erTi-erTi umTavresi amoca-
na imgvari sajaro sivrcis Seqmnaa, sadac qveynis teritoriaze
macxovrebel yvela eTno-konfesiur jgufs mocemuli saxelmwi-
fos mimarT loialoba da misi Tanaziarobis SegrZneba gauCndeba.
rac mTavaria, Tu ki saqarTvelos surs erTi mxriv _ moaxerxos
qveynis erTianobis SenarCuneba da meore mxriv _ srulfasovan,
konsolidirebul liberalur-demokratiad gadaqceva _ mas mo-
cemul problemasTan gamklaveba mouwevs.
dRevandeli saqarTvelos sajaro-politikuri sivrce da
diskursi eTnikuri kategoriebis simravliT gamoirCeva da rTu-
lia mas konsolidirebuli, farTo samoqalaqo monawileobaze
dafuZnebuli, aqtiuri samoqalaqo kultura ewodos, romlis
safuZveli, Tavis mxriv, farTo socialuri da politikuri kon-
sesusia. saqarTvelos politikuri kultura ufro fragmentu-
li xasiaTis da konfliqtogenuri tendenciebis matarebelia,
romelSic mravaladaa warmodgenili primordialuri da pre-
modernuli yaidis social-politikuri elementebi, romelnic
Tavis mxriv arc Tu mTlad SesabamisobaSi modian Tanamedrove
saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesebs da miznebTan.
ra Tqma unda, arsebuli mdgomarebis CamoyalibebaSi bevr
rameSi SeiZleba davadanaSauloT politikuri elitebi (maT
Soris eTno-politikuri elitebi), romlebic qveynis sve-bedis

37
gansazRvris mTavari moqmedi pirebi arian, magram amave dros unda
gaviTvaliswinoT is garemoebac, rom mocemuli elitebi funq-
cionireben garkveuli istoriuli memkvidreobis da arsebuli
social-politikuri konteqstis mixedviT, romelic arc Tu
ise Zlier gvibiZgebs warmatebuli samoqalaqo integraciisken.
am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sabWoTa memkvidreoba gamoirCeva, romel-
mac sxva aTasgvar ukeTurebasTan erTad sociumis metad mZlavri
eTnikuri stigmatizacia moaxdina, romlis daZlevac friad
gauWirda yvela eTnikurad mravalwevrian post-komunistur
qveyanas. saqarTvelo ki maT Soris sakuTari eTno-kulturuli
mravalwevrianobis problemebis gadaulaxaobiT gansakuTrebiT
gamoirCeva. yvela im daRs da laqas Soris, rac ki diadma sab-
WoeTma gvianderZa, yvelaze uaresi eTnikuri daRi aRmoCnda. eT-
no-kulturuli mravalwevrianobis daZlevas qveynis urTulesi
sagareo politikuri pirobebi da mZime social-ekonomikuri vi-
Tareba gansakuTrebiT aZnelebs. saqarTveloSi arsebul eTnikur
umciresobebs, ara mxolod susti politikuri da kulturuli
komunikacia aqvT erTmaneTTan, aramed ekonomikuri Tvalsazri-
siTac metad sustad arian SekavSirebulni. arsebuli saerTo
erovnuli ekonomikuri bazari ar xdeba maTi intensiuri Sexebis,
konkurenciis da TanamSromlobis wyaro. Sesabamisad, gasakviri
araa, rom saxeze gvaqvs eTnikur umciresobaTa faqtobrivi izo-
lacionizmi (umetes SemTxvevebSi mainc), romlis radikalurad
ukeTesobisken cvlilebac uaxloes momavalSi arc Tu mTlad
perspeqtiulad gamoiyureba. imis miuxedavad rom saqarTvelo-
Si yvela sakanonmdeblo doneze uzrunvelyofilia samoqalaqo
Tanasworobis formaluri mxare da qveyana mierTebulia yvela
im fuZemdeblur saerTaSoriso sakanonmdeblo aqts, romelic
uzrunvelyofs adamianis uflebebis dacvas, saqme arsobrivad
win metad zanti tempebiT miiwevs. faqtia, rom mxolod forma-

38
lizebuli samoqalaqo Tanasworoba ver uzrunvelyofs aqtiur
samoqalaqo CarTulobas da integracias, Tumca mis gareSe igi
saerTod warmoudgenelia.
samoqalaqo integracias xels uSlis agreTve mosaxleobis
umravlesobis warmodgenebSi fesvgadgmuli eTnonacionalistu-
ri tendenciebi da miTologiebi. ara da mocemuli erovnuli
miTologiebi da warmosaxvebi erovnul TviTdadgenas da iden-
tobis formirebaSi erT-erT gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs. eT-
nonacionalisturi tendenciebi Zlieria ara mxolod eTnikur
qarTvelebSi, aramed eTnikur umciresobebSic (umciresobebSi
SeiZleba kidev ufro meti doziT). saqarTveloSi eTnonaciona-
lizmis gaCenas ramdenime faqtori uzrunvelyofda. es aris ro-
gorc Zveli istoriuli warsulis da sabWoTa totalitariz-
mis memkvidreoba, aseve arsebuli social-politikuri viTarebis
Sedegic. am mxriv sabWoTa memkvidreoba gansakuTrebiT qmediTia,
romelmac TiTqosda Zveli saukuneebis da mis winaSe realobis
sinTezi moaxdina da erTiani mza produqtis saxe misca, oRond
ufro regresuli saxis. sabWoTa danatovarma marTlac rom wa-
ruSleli kvali daamCnia arsebul viTarebas, Tumca arc manamde-
li mdgomareoba unda gamogvrCes mxedvelobidan. albaT am ori
gamocdilebis gadaazreba ufro ukeT gagvcems pasuxs maszed, Tu
ratom iyo SesaZlebeli saqarTveloSi eTnonacionalisturi gan-
wyobebis gaCena da ratom SeiZleba muxruWdebodes eTnikur um-
ciresobaTa integracia. rasakvirvelia, samoqalaqo integraciis
damuxruWebaSi didi roli ekisreba moqmed politikur elitebs,
magram, rogorc, wesi nebismieri politikuri aqtori, romelic
garkveuli politikuri proeqtis damkvidrebas lamobs, cdi-
lobs rom sakuTar qmedebas garkveuli legitimuroba SesZinos
da Sesabamisad farTo sazogadoebrivi mxardaWerac moipovos.
amitomac, xSir SemTxvevebSi isini mocemuli realobis tyveebi

39
arian da cdiloben imgvar ideebs daafuZnon sakuTari politi-
kuri proeqtebi, romlebic moqalaqeTa didi nawilisTvis kar-
gadaa nacnobi da Sesabamisad maT mier ufro metad gaziarebuli
da mxadaWerilia.

b) identobis formirebis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi eTno-religiur

TemebSi
mocemul nawilSi warmodgenilia sociologogiuri kvlevis
Sedegad miRebuli masala, romelic Cveni naSromis gamotanili
daskvnebisa da rekomendaciebis erT-erTi umTavresi safuZveli
gaxda. aRniSnuli empiriuli kvlevis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia
zogadi warmodgena SeviqmnaT maszed, Tu ra ZiriTadi ganwyobe-
bis matarebelni arian eTnikur urTierTobebis da samoqalaqo
integraciis problematikaze saqarTveloSi mosaxle umTavresi
eTnikuri jgufebi.
raodenobrivi sociologiuri kvlevis mizniT moxda sxva-
dasxva teritoriuli erTeulebis mixedviT respodentTa dayo-
fa. samcxe-javaxeTis, marneuli-bolnisis, da mcxeTa-Tbilisis
regionebSi gamokiTxul iqna 600 moqalaqe.
gamokiTxuli mosaxleobis asaki met-naklebad gaSualedebu-
lia. respondentTa didi nawili sasoflo an raionuli tipis da-
saxlebebSi cxovrobs. gamokiTxul marTlmadidebel qarTvelTa
didi nawili urbanizirebulia, riTac SeiZleba aixsnas is, rom
maT did nawils saSualoze maRali donis ganaTleba aqvs miRebu-
li. aramarTlmadidebel qarTvelebsa da eTnikurad araqarTvel
respondentTa udides nawils saSualo saskolo ganaTleba aqvs
miRebuli.
SromiTi aqtivobiT – biznes saqmianoba, yidva-gayidva, soflis
meurneobaSi dasaqmebuloba – anu, arasajaro seqtorSi saqmiano-

40
bis maRali doniT gamoirCevian azerbaijaneli respondentebi
– 72,5%. rac SeexebaT marTlmadidebel qarTvelebs, gamokiT-
xulta didi nawili _ 23,5 % sajaro sferoSia dasaqmebuli.
sagulisxmoa isic, rom gamokiTxul respondentTa sakmao nawili
Tavs dausaqmeblad miiCnevs.
Zalian dabalia sajaro sferoSi aqtivobis donec. Sedare-
biT maRali aqtivobiT gamoirCevian marTlmadidebeli qarTvele-
bi. anu, rogorc Cans samoqalaqo sazogadoebis da aqtivobis
damkvidrebis isedac dabali tempi, ufro metad dabalia da
SeiZleba iTqvas TiTqmis nulis tolia eTnikuri umciresobe-
biT dasaxlebul regionebSi. amgvari socialuri eqskluziidan
gamomdinare (romelic rogorc subieqturi, ise obieqturi fa-
qtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli), namdvilad araa gasakviri eTnikuri
umciresobebis Caketiloba da intervius procesSi maTi Sedare-
biT naklebi gulwrfeloba.
respondentebis saSualo Semosavali saqarTvelos standar-
tebiTac ki dabalia. amgvar dabal saSemosavlo maCvenebels SesaZ-
lebelia isic ganapirobebs, rom respondentebma sakuTari mate-
rialuri Semosavlebis Taobaze ar gasces zusti pasuxi. ara da,
magaliTad, azerbaijanlebis didi umravlesoba, maTi pasuxebis
mixedviT, kerZo biznesiTaa dakavebuli da bunebrivia finansuri
Semosavlebic imaze meti unda iyos, vidre maT es daadastures
intervius dros.
gamokiTxuli mosaxleobis umravlesoba sakuTar jgufobriv
identobas eTnikuri warmoSobis safuZvelze gansazRvravs. am
mxriv erTaderT gamonakliss warmoadgenen qvemo qarTlSi gamo-
kiTxuli azerbaijaneli respondentebi, romelTa didi nawili
upiratesobas religiur faqtors aniWebs. am SemTxvevaSi saxezea
faqti, Tu rogor SeiZleba religiam gansazRvros eTnikuri iden-
toba. amave dros aq gasaTvaliswinebelia islamis tradiciuli

41
moZRvrebac, romelic saero da sasuliero sferoebs erTmaneTis-
gan ar mijnavs da rwmenis safuZvelze cdilobs Camoayalobos
socialuri Tu politikuri jgufi/Temi. rogorc Cans am mxriv
gamokiTxul azerbaijanul mosaxleobaSi islamuri tradiciebi
sakmaod Zlieria.
kiTxvaze, `qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, romeli erovnebis adami-
anTan amjobinebT ojaxis Seqmnas?~ eTnikuri qarTvelebis umrav-
lesoba upiratesobas eTnikur qarTvelTan qorwinebas aniWebs.
analogiuri mdgomareobaa azerbaijanelebTanac, romelTa um-
ravlesobac analogiurad, Tavisive eTnikuri jgufis warmomad-
genelTan amjobinebs ojaxis Seqmnas. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT erTi
mxriv im faqtors, rom azerbaijanelisTvis upiratesoba eniWe-
ba aRmsareblobis faqtors-muslimTan qorwinebas, xolo meores
mxriv ki azerbijanuli Temis garkveulwilad izolirebulobas,
mocemuli Sedegebi advilad axsnadi gaxdeba.
gamokiTxul respondentebs Soris gansxvavebuli eTnikuri da
religiuri kuTvnilebis adamianebTan qorwinebis SesaZleblobis
yvelaze maRali procentuli maCvenebli eTnikurad somex moqa-
laqeebSi gvxvdeba. qorwinebisas erovnebas `ara aqvs mniSvnelo-
ba~ _ ase miiCnevs gamokiTxuli somexi respondentebis 60,3 %.
sainteresoa, rom eTnikur qarTvelTan qorwinebas gamokiTxuli
somxebis 11 % isurvebda. am SemTxvevaSi albaT gadamwyvet rols
TamaSobs religia _ miuxedavad garkveuli konfesiuri sxvaobisa
(marTlmadidebloba-grigorianeloba), qarTvelebi da somxebi
qristianebi arian. amas garda, aRniSnuli pasuxi gvaZlevs imis
sababs vifiqroT, rom somxuri Temi ufro gaxsnilic Cans.
sainterseo maCveneblebia kiTxvaze _ `ras niSnavs TqvenTvis
saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba?~
mocemul kiTxvaze pasuxiT: `cxovrobde samSobloSi mkveTrad
maRalia dadebiTi pasuxis procentuli maCveneblebi TiTqmis sa-

42
mive eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebTan – azerbaijanelebTan
(83,6%) da somxebTan (87,3%) da marTlmadidebel qarTveleb-
Tanac, rac imis damadasturebelia, rom yvela eTno-konfesiuri
jgufi saqarTvelos upirobod sakuTar samSoblod miiCnevs.
`aqtiurad viyo CarTuli qveynis saxelmwifoebriv-poli-
tikur cxovrebaSi~ – am kiTxvaze yvelaze dabali maCveneble-
li – 0,7 % aqvT azerbaijanelebs. amis mizezad SesaZlebelia
miviCnioT is, rom eTnikur azerbaijanelTa Temi Caketili Te-
mia da Sesabamisad maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia izolacionizmi.
politikuri CarTulobis maCvenebli sakmaod maRalia eTnikur
qarTvelebsa da eTnikur somxebSi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas,
rom sxvadasxva tipis politikuri moZraoba samcxe-javaxeTSi
ukanaskneli aTwleulebis manZilze sakmaod aqtiuria da masSi
aqtiur Tu pasiur doneze CarTulia eTnikuri somxebis gark-
veuli nawili (sxvadasxva arasamTavrobo organizaciis Tu po-
litikuri gaerTianebis saxiT), agreTve isic, rom mTeli sabWoTa
mmarTvelobis manZilze ukanasknel periodamde samcxe-javaxeTis
teritoriaze ganTavsebuli iyo jer sabWoTa, Semdeg ki ruseTis
samxedro bazebi, gasagebi gaxdeba Tu ra iwvevs somexi erovnebis
adamianebSi politikuri procesebSi CarTulobis sakmaod maRal
maCvenebels.
simboloebTan mimarTebiT, gamokiTxuli mosaxleobis abso-
luturi umravlesoba dadebiT ganwyobilebas gamoxatavs. fa-
qtobrivad, respondentebi dadebiTad arian ganwyobilni qveynis
samive simbolos – droSis, gerbis da himnisadmi. Tu Cven pro-
centul maCveneblebs erTmaneTs SevadarebT, davinaxavT rom gamo-
kiTxulTa Soris saxelmwifos simboloebisadmi dadebiTi damo-
kidebulebis yvelaze dabali maCvenebeli (92% eTnikuri somxebi,
94,3 % eTnikuri azerbaijanelebi%) – 83, 2% marTlmadide-
bel qarTvel respondentebze modis. erTi SexedviT, TiTqos sa-

43
pirispiro pasuxebi unda migveRo, magram sxvadasxva faqtorTa
gaTvaliswinebiT, vfiqrobT SesaZlebelia ramodenime aspeqtis
gamoyofa:
a) erTi mxriv is, rom saxelmwifo simboloebis irgvliv
sakmao xnis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda kamaTi da diskusia, rom-
lis procesSic sruliad sapirispiro mosazrebebi da Sexedule-
bebi gamoiTqmeboda. rogorc wesi, am sakiTxis irgvliv gamarTul
diskusiebSi mxolod (an umeteswilad) eTnikuri qarTveloba Re-
bulobda monawileobas da dRemde qarTuli sazogadoebis gark-
veul nawilSi arc Tu dadebiTi ganwyobaa saxelmwifo sombolo-
ebis mimarT.
b) meore mxriv ki kiTxvis formulirebam `misaRebia~-Ti
da ara vTqvaT, `mosawonia~-Ti, aseve SesaZloa gansazRvra pasu-
xebis savaraudo Sedegebi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqtorsac,
rom eTnikurad araqarTveli Temebi garkveul izoliacionizmSi
imyofebian, SesaZlebelia davuSvaT, rom amis gamo isini eridebi-
an gamoxaton sakuTari nakleb pozitiuri an sulac negatiuri
damokidebuleba saxelmwifo simboloebisadmi. sxva SemTxvevaSi,
ubralod rTulia avxsnaT, Tu ratom SeiZleba iyos qristianuli
simboloebiT datvirTuli saxelmwifo simbolika ufro misaRe-
bi muslimi azerbaijanelisTvis vidre marTlmadidebeli qarTve-
lisTvis.
gamokiTxvis mixedviT, azerbaijanel da somexTa did umrav-
lesobas (64,4 % da 86,4%) yoveldRiuri Sexeba aqvs sxva
erovnebis warmomadgenlebTan (savaraudod qarTvelebTan); rac
SeexebaT qarTvelebs, maT yvelaze naklebad, mxolod 37,2%-s
aqvs xSiri an yoveldRiuri Sexeba sxva erovnebis warmomadgen-
lebTan. mocemul SemTxvevaSi vfiqrobT SesaZloa orgvari axsna
moinaxos:

44
 pirveli is, rom qveyanaSi qarTvelebi dominirebadi eTni-
kuri jgufia da mis xelSia qveynis resursebis praqtikulad
udidesi nawili, Sesabamisad sajaro saqmianobis procesSi sx-
vadasxva eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenelebs urTierToba uwevT
qarTvelebTan.
meore mxriv, qarTveli respondentebis didi nawilis iSviaTi
kontaqti araqarTvel moqalaqeebTan SesaZlebelia imiTac iyos
ganpirobebuli, rom gamokiTxul qarTvelebTan bunebriv mdgo-
mareobaSi ar Tanacxovreben sxva kompaqturad dasaxlebuli eT-
nikuri umciresobebi, xolo rac Seexeba sajaro-politikur da
sxva tipis saqmianobas, aq mas (eTnikur qarTvelebs) sxva eTnikur
jgufebTan Sexeba sakuTari dominanturi mdgomareobis gamo arc
(an Zalian iSviaTad) uwevs.
rac Seexeba sxvadasxva eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgen-
lebis erTmaneTTan urTierTobebis xasiaTs, yvela respondent-
Tan, CamoTvlil urTierTobaTa tipebidan sWarbobs mezoblur
– megobruli urTierTobebi – 70 % da meti.. yvelaze naklebi
procentuli maCvenebeli modis ojaxur urTierTobebze. am Sem-
TxvevaSi mocemuli tipis urTierToba yvelaze xSirad somxebs
aqvT -5,9%, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom maTTan SedarebiT ufro
xSiria Sereuli qorwinebebi da rac aseve, kidev erTxel adastu-
rebs zemoT gamoTqmul mosazrebebs imis Taobaze, rom eTnikuri
somxebi azerbaijanelebTan SedarebiT ufro gaxsnili da nakleb
izolirebuli Temia da maTTvis ufro misaRebi da dasaSvebia eT-
nikurad ara somex warmomadgenelTan ojaxis Seqmna.
daaxloebiT analogiuri maCveneblebia miRebuli kiTxvaze
`geqmnebaT Tu ara problema Tqveni erovnebis gamo sazogadoe-
briv cxovrebaSi~. am or kiTxvaze miRebuli pasuxebi daaxloebiT
erTmaneTis msgavsia. respondentTa im nawils, romelic muSaobs,
arc sazogadoebriv da arc saxelmwifo samsaxurSi praqtikulad

45
problema sakuTari religiuri an eTnikuri kuTvnilebis gamo ar
eqmneba (aqac gamorCeulad maRalia is procentuli maCvenebe-
li, romelic gviCvenebs, rom saxelmwifo samsaxuris SemTxvevaSi
praqtikulad azerbaijanelebis absolutur umravlesobas, TiT-
qmis 100%, ar eqmneba problema sakuTari eTnikuri kuTvnilobis
gamo). SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT isic, rom maTi Temobrivi Cake-
tilobis gamo maT ar surT isaubron problemebze.
qorwinebis da politikuri arCevanis gakeTebis procesSi
religiur da eTnikur aspeqtebze yuradRebis miqcevis mxriv
aSkarad dominireben qarTveli respondentebi. gamokiTxuli
qarTveli moqalaqeebis sakmao nawili _ 49,7 % miiCnevs, rom
qorwinebisas da politikuri arCevanis gakeTebis procesSi (56,4
%) yuradReba unda mieqces erovnul kuTvnilebas.
marTlmadidebel qarTvelTa mxolod 47,8 % miiCnevs rom
kargad icnobs sakuTar kulturas da tradiciebs da es im fonze,
rodesac azerbaijanelebisa da somxebis absolutur umravleso-
bas miaCnia, rom kargad icnobs sakuTar tradiciebs. ra SeiZleba
iyos amis mizezi? aq SesaZlebelia gamosWviodes is mosazreba,
rac xSirad ismis xolme qarTul sajaro diskursSi, rom arcTu
saTanadod icnobs, sakuTar kulturul memkvidreobas da ufro
Rrma codnaa saWiro, vidre es realobaSia. umetes SemTxvevebSi
amgvari gancxadebebi gadaWarbebuli xasiaTisa unda iyos da eT-
nonacionalisturi ganwyobebis gamoxatulebad unda miviCnioT.
eTnonacionalizmi xom umetesad sakuTari `erovnuli Rirebule-
bebis~ safuZvlian codnas da gasigrZeganebas qadagebs. vfiqrobT
mocemuli SemTxvevac amgvari praqtikis dadasturebaa. sxva Sem-
TxvevebSi gaurkvevelia, Tu ratom unda icnobdnen eTnikuri
umciresobebi sakuTar kulturas ukeT, roca maTi kulturuli
memkvidreobis Seswavlis resursi gacilebiT dabalia, vidre es
eTnikurad qarTvelebis SemTxvevaSia.

46
 aqac naTlad dasturdeba zemoT moyvanili mosazreba. yvela-
ze maRali maCvenebeli qveyanaSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva eTnojgu-
febis kulturisa da tradiciebis cnobadobis Sesaxeb somxur
eTnikur jgufs aqvs. eTnikuri umciresobebi ukeT icnoben sxvis
kulturas (am SemTxvevaSi savaraudod qarTvelebisas) imis gamo,
rom isini im garemoSi cxovroben, sadac sajaro da Sesabamisad,
xSirad yoveldRiur urTierTobebSic dominirebadi eTnikuri
qarTvelia. qarTveli isev, rogorc sakuTari kulturis SemTx-
vevaSi, isev yvelaze nakleb miiCnevs, rom sxvis kulturas icnobs.
erTi mxriv aq moqmedebs is faqtoric, rom qarTveli dominanti
sajaro diskursis Semoqmedia da am diskursSi mas miaCnia, rom
ara Tu sxvis, aramed sakuTar kulturasac ki ar icnobs kargad;
meore mxriv, SesaZloa qarTvelebs isev da isev misi dominireba-
di mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, realurad marTlac ara aqvT
informacia umciresobebis kulturuli memkvidreobis Sesaxeb;
naklebia cnobadoba da arc saxelmwifo politikaa mimarTuli
am sakiTxis popularizaciisken. rac SeexebaT somex responden-
tebs, gamokiTxul moqalqeebs Soris maT yvelaze metad miaCni-
aT, rom icnoben sxvebis kulturul memkvidreobas. ra SeiZleba
iyos amis mizezi? rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, samcxe-javaxeTSi
SedarebiT metia politikuri ganaTlebis done (qvemo qarTlis
gamokiTxul raionebTan SedarebiT), maT ufro ician saxelmwifo
ena vidre azerbaijanelebma da Sesabamisad, somexTa Temic ufro
gaxsnilia.
sainteresoa monacemebi mSobliuri enis Sesaxeb. somexTa 4,5
% qarTul enas miiCnevs mSobliur enad. es kidev erTxel ada-
sturebs wina kiTxvis pasuxebs. rusuli respodent somexTa 10%
miaCnia mSobliur enad.
am kiTxvis gagrZelebaa da Sesabamisad, wina kiTxvebidan ga-
momdinare sruliad logikuri Sedegebia miRebuli kiTxvaze,

47
romelic informaciis miRebis saSualebebsa da informirebis
enas exeba.
azerbaijanelebis garda gamokiTxuli mosaxleobis sakmao
nawilis informirebis wyaro nacnob-megobrebisgan miRebuli
informaciebia. informaciis miRebis mTavar wyarod gvevlineba
televizia. rac SeexebaT Jurnal – gazeTebs, am gziT yvelaze
naklebad informacias Rebulobs azerbaijaneli mosaxleoba.
amis mizezi SesaZloa iyos is, rom azerbaijaneli mosaxleo-
bis didma nawilma ar icis qarTuli wera-kiTxva da Sesabamisad,
maTTvis problemas warmoadgens Jurnal – gazeTebis qarTul
enaze gacnoba. amave dros, romc icodnen saxelwifo ena, savar-
audod beWduri media mainc naklebi popularobiT isargeblebda,
radganac beWduri media zogadad naklebi gavleniT da ndobiT
sargeblobs qarTul media sivrcis realobaSi da gavrcelebis
arealic, regionebis SemTxvevaSi sakmaod SezRudulia. rac Se-
exeba internetiT miRebul informacias, aq gamokveTilad dabali
maCvenebelia yvelgan, garda marTlmadidebeli qarTvelebisa. imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom gamokiTxuli qarTvelebis udidesi nawili
an urbanuli zonis macxovrebelia, an ki sajaro da pirovnul
doneze aqvs urbanul zonaSi kontaqtebi, sruliad logikuria
informaciis am meTodiT miRebis 18,7% maCvenebeli.
aqac kidev erTxel dasturdeba, rom eTnikuri somxebi
enobrivadac ufro informirebulia, gaxsnilia da ician qar-
Tuli, rac mas aZlevs imis saSualebas, rom didwilad (86,4%)
informacia qarTulenovani wyaroebidan miiRos (Tumca am mxriv
ufor axalcixis raionis somexi mosaxleoba gamoirCeva, vidre
axalqalaqis). umTavres lingvistur izolacionizmSi ki azer-
baijanelebi warmogvidgebian. aRniSnuli kiTxvaze miRebuli pa-
suxebi kidev erTxel adasturebs imas, rom gamokiTxulma so-

48
mexma mosaxleobam ukeT icis qarTuli ena da Sesabamisad, mas
uadvildeba am enaze informaciis miReba da sxva.
marTalia gamokiTxuli mosaxleobis udidesi nawili acxa-
debs, rom ar iyenebs qarTul enas samsaxureobrivi movaleobebis
dros, magram amis mizezad unda miviCnioT is, rom mosaxleobis
es nawili, arc muSaobs saxelmwifo samsaxurSi. xolo moqala-
qeebis SedarebiT mcire raodenoba, romlebic sajaro samsaxurSi
arian dakavebulni, iyenebenkidec saxelmwifo enas.
gamokiTxuli mosaxleobis absoluturi umravlesoba kiTx-
vaze dadebiT pasuxs iZleva. azerbaijanel mosaxleobaSi aRniS-
nul kiTxvaze dadebiTi pasuxi mTlianad gamokiTxul respon-
dentTa Soris yvelaze dabalia _ 83,8 % miiCnevs qarTuli enis
Seswavlis savaldebulobas misaRebad. amis mizezi SesaZloa iyos
is, rom maT respondentebs Soris yvelaze nakleb ician qarTuli
da, Sesabamisad, maTTvis garkveulwilad problemas warmoadgens
misi Seswavla.
respondentTa saSualoze odnav meti raodenoba miiCnevs, rom
maT saxelmwifo nawilobriv mainc exmarebaT saxelmwifo enis
SeswavlaSi.
gamokiTxulTa Soris yvelaze naklebad qarTuli enis erT-
aderT saxelmwifo enad gamocxadebas azerbaijaneli responden-
tebi uWeren mxars. rogorc Cans am SemTxvevaSi maTi pasuxebi gan-
pirobebulia qarTuli enis mokrZalebuli codniT da Sesabamisad
enobrivi barieri maTSi metia.

g) eTnikuri daaxloebis perspeqtivebi

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi post-komunisturma
saxelmwifoebrivma mSeneblobam ver uzrunvelyo saxelmwifos
ori umTavresi funqciis formireba: teritoriuli suvereni-
tetis da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa da sazogadoebrivi

49
xelSekrulebis ganxorcieleba. amitom, arcaa gasakviri, rom
man jerovnad ver uzrunvelyo fragmentuli socialuri sivr-
cis konsolidireba da integracia da misi qmediT samoqalaqo
sivrced gardaqmna. araqarTuli eTnikuri jgufebi (garkveuli
cvlilebebisda miuxedavad), umetes SemTxvevebSi gariyulni
arian sajaro-politikur sivrcisgan da faqtobrivi izolacio-
nizmis da eTnikuri ierarqiis strategiiT ganagrZoben arsebobas.
viTareba sakmaod arasaxarbieloa. isini arseboben dominanti qar-
Tuli eTnikuri jgufis gverdigverd, ise rom masTan TanamSrom-
lobis impulsebi Zlier umniSvneloa. faqtobrivad, dominanti
da umciresobaSi myofi jgufebi erT socialur sivrceSi or,
erTmaneTisgan gaucxoebul, Caketil, paralelur sazogadoebebs
qmnian, romelTa Sorisac socialuri mobilobis da komunikaciis
done dabali intensivobisaa; da Tu ki amgvari mobilobis saWi-
roeba Cndeba, igi ufro vertikaluri, ierarqiuli xasiaTisa,
vidre Ria da horizontaluri. eTnikuri umciresobebi Zalian
sustad arian aRWurvilni sajaro-politikuri sivrceSi inte-
graciis instrumentebiT, (igulisxmeba saxelwifo enis Zalian
sustad codna, susti informaciuli uzrunvelyofa, sajaro-
politikur sivrceSi susti warmomadgenlobiToba, saerTo eko-
nomkur bazarze sustad CarTuloba da qveynis saerTo dovla-
Tis warmoebaSi maTi mokrZalebuli wili, politikur partiebs
da samoqalaqo gaerTianebebSi maTi umniSvnelo monawileoba da
a.S.) romelTa flobamac, perspeqtivaSi, unda moaxerxos maTi
mocemul sivrceSi CarTulobis interesis waxaliseba da sa-
xelmwifoebrivi loialobis gaZliereba, ramac maTgan saboloo
jamSi saqarTvelos aqtiuri moqalaqeebi unda Camoayalibos.
amas emateba is faqtic, rom kompaqturad dasaxlebul eTnikur
jgufTa gansaxlebis areali ZiriTadad sasoflo tipis dasax-
lebebia da Zlier susti urbanizaciiT xasiaTdeba. is eTnikuri

50
jgufebi, romelnic SedarebiT msxvil urbanul centrebSi arian
gansaxlebulni, oRond dispersiulad (mag. TbilisSi, quTaisSi
an baTumSi) qarTul saxelmwifosTan adaptaciis ufro maRali
xarisxiT gamoirCevian. sasoflo Temebi ki, sadac kompaqturad
mosaxleoben eTnikuri umciresobebi, qveynis susti institucio-
nalizaciis da dabali ekonomikuri ganviTarebis wyalobiT, TiT-
qmis mTlianad mowvetilni arian qveynis ganviTarebis ZiriTad
RerZs. es Tavis mxriv aisaxeba eTnikur umciresobaTa yofas da
ganwyobebze. miT umetes, rom isini sasazRvro regionebSi mo-
saxleoben da pirdapiri saxelmwifo sazRvari hyofs sakuTar
eTnikur samSoblosgan da mocemuli eTnikur samSoblosTan maTi
loialoba da komunikacia ufro intensiuria maT politikur
samSoblosTan SedarebiT. politikuri samSoblo, samwuxarod
ver axerxebs maTSi eTnikur identobasTan erTad Zlieri, samo-
qalaqo identobis formirebas.
eTnonacionaluri ganwyobebi eTnikur umciresobebze metad
Tu ara, dominant eTnikurad qarTvelebSi sakmaod Zlieria. amas
gamokiTxul respondentTa udidesi nawili adasturebda zepiri
interviuebis drosac. amave dros, umetes SemTxvevebSi maTTvis
`qarTuli identobis~ dasadgenad, marTlmadidebeli religia
ufro met rols TamaSobda, vidre saxelmwifo da politi-
kuri institutebi. rogorc Cans eTnkurad marTlmadidebel
qarTvelebSi, saxelmwifo rogorc politikuri instituti da
saerTo Tanacxovrebis forma jer kidev sustad legitimuria da
ndoba mis mimarT arc Tu ise didia. paradoqsia, magram gamokiT-
xul eTnikur umcireobaTa warmomadgenlebi gacilebiT ufro
misaRebad miiCnevdnen qristianuli simboloebiT datvirTul
saxelmwifo simbolikebs (romelic qarTul eTnoistoriasTan
Zlier aris dakavSirebuli), vidre eTnikuri qarTvelebi. aqe-
dan SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom problema ara mxolod eTnikur

51
umciresobaTa saxelmwifosadmi damokidebulebaSia, aramed igi
sakmaod problematuria eTnikurad qarTvelebSic. SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom saxelmwifos da politikuri institutebisgan,
rogorc eTnikurad ara qarTvelebi, ise eTnikuri qarTvelebic
TiTqmis erTnairad gaucxoebulni arian. amitomac, albaT war-
matebili samoqalaqo integraciis da eTno-urTierTobebis nor-
malizaciis safuZvelTa safuZveli, upirvelesad saxelmwifos
legitimurobis zrdas da politikuri institutebis efeqtia-
nobazea damokidebuli.
jer kidev mZlavria, eTnikur umciresobaTa e.w. `saxelisuf-
lebo resursad~ gamoyenebis maxinji tradicia, romelic safuZ-
velSive klavs yovelgvar samoqalaqo daaxloebas da Tavisufal
warmomadgenlobiTobas. amasTanave, mocemuli sistema efuZneba
Zlier patron-klientelizms da eTnikur urTierTobebs mxolod
vertikalur sibrtyeze tovebs.

daskvna
Catarebuli kvlevidan SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom, eTnikuri
umciresobebi, formalur doneze mainc saqarTvelos sakuTar
samSoblod miiCneven da ar arian zogadad qarTuli saxelmwi-
foebriobis ideasTan gaucxoebulni. es ra Tqma unda friad misa-
salmebeli faqtia, magram amave dros isini Zalze sustad arian
aRWurvilni sajaro-politikur sivrceSi integraciis da samo-
qalaqo daaxloebis instrumentariebiT. xSirad eTnikur umcire-
sobaTa gaucxobaSi enobriv bariers ufro adanaSauleben xolme.
ra Tqma unda TavisTavad enis codna marTlac rom socialuri ko-
munikaciis da daaxloebis udidesi instrumenti da saSualebaa,
Tumca mxolod enis codna namdvilad ar kmara eTno izolacio-
nizmis gasaqrobad. amis magaliTebi mravlad icis msoflio po-
litikurma praqtikam, rodesac enobrivma faqtorma veranairad

52
ver moaxdina samomavlo eTnikuri Seferilobis daZabulobebis
aRmofxvra. eTnikur umciresobebs upirvelesad albaT stimuli
unda mieceT, raTa maTi mxridanac mZlavri iyos moTxovna samoqa-
laqo integraciisa da es mxolod saxelmwifos centralizebuli
politikis warmarTvis produqti ar unda gaxldeT. Cvens mier
Catarebuli kvlevidan kargad Cans, rom eTnikuri umciresobebi
friad sustad arian CarTulni zogadad samoqalaqo cxovrebaSi
da mTliani erovnuli dovlaTis warmoqmnaSi metad sust mona-
wileobas iReben. Sesabamisad, maTi dominant eTnikur qarTveleb-
Tan daaxloebis instituciuri qselic (rogorc formaluri,
ise araformaluri) metad moikoWlebs. eTnikur qarTvelebs da
araqarTvelebs Soris urTierTobebi ZiriTadad mainc arafor-
malur megobrul-mezobluri urTierTobebis survilebiT Tu
Semoifargleba, rac Tavis Tavad eTnikuri daaxloebis xelSem-
wyob faqtorad unda CaiTvalos, magram namdvilad ver iqneba maTi
sajaro-politikur doneze integraciis da saerTo erovnuli in-
teresebis warmoqmnis safuZveli. amave dros, kvlevidan naTlad
Cans, rom eTnikuri umciresobebi, sajaro-politikur sivrceSi
komunikacias jerac mxolod umetesad eTno elitebis saSuale-
biT axerxeben da horizontalur socialur mobilobas naklebi
gasaqani aqvs. eTnikuri umciresobebi socialuri kapitalis qm-
nadobaSi metad mokrZalebuli wvlilis Semtanni arian. kvleva
gviCvenebs, rom kompaqturad dasaxlebuli msxvili eTnikuri
umciresobebi upiratesad sakuTar eTno-kapitalis warmoebas
Tu ewevian da gare socialuri impulsebisgan umetesad gandgo-
mil viTarebaSi imyofebian. eTnikuri umciresobebis upiratesad
Caketili socialuri sivrce ar iZleva komunikaciis horizon-
taluri xazebis ganviTarebis saSualebas. es ki gansakuTrebiT im
umciresobebs exebaT, romelTa eTnikuri identobis TviTgansaz-
RvraSi gadamwyveti faqtori religias eniWeba. eTnikuri azerbai-

53
janelebi, romelnic udides eTnikur umciresobas warmoadgens
saqarTveloSi, ricxovnobiT meore adgilze myof somxur TemTan
SedarebiT met Caketilobas amJRavnebs, amasTanave, maTi poli-
tikuri ambiciebic naklebia. Tumca, rogorc pirad saubrebSi
acxadebdnen orive eTnikuri jgufis wevrebi, isini qarTul sa-
xelmwifos umetesad socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis gamo
uCivian da ar miaCniaT, rom sakuTari eTnikuri mokuTvnebulobis
gamo raime diskriminacias ganicdian.
kvlevidan gamomdinare SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom eTnikur umci-
reobaTa integraciis procesi upirvelesad socialuri integra-
ciis xelSewyobiT unda warimarTos da maszed unda aigos Semd-
gomSi maTi sajaro-politikur sivrceSi integraciis strategia.
gaucxoeba da gaxleCiloba upirvelsad socialuri TanamSrom-
lobis da daaxloebis doneze arsebobs da swored misi Sedegia
samoqalaqo-politikuri integraciis nakleboba. socialuri
gaxleCilobis da undoblobis pirobebSi SeuZlebelia eTnikuri
umciresobebis srulfasovani samoqalaqo CarTuloba moxerxdes
politikuri procesebis warmoqmnis procesSi.

54
 Abstract

Zviad Abashidze, TSU assistant professor

Salome Dundua, TSU assistant professor

Ethnic Identity and Civic Integration Issues in Georgia

The aim of the given article is to present the foundations of

ethno-religious identity formation and civic-public integration
process in Georgia. The answers of the research questions have
been based on empirical research. The research does not include
all the ethno-religious groups of the country and has been done
only according to the compact populated Azeri and Armenian
minorities of Kvemo Kartli and Samtskhe-Javakheti region.
Georgia as multicultural Polity, according to its ethno-reli-
gious composition suffers from sustainable civic integration and
successful nation-building process. The different ethno-religious
segments of the society are isolated from each other in practice
and do not participate in democratic state-building and civic so-
ciety formation. According to the given research, we conclude
that, the lack of civic-public integration has been determined by
the weak societal cooperation and little portion of social capital.
Successful civic-public integration requires relatively high dagree
of cooperation and participation firstly on societal level. Weak
civic integration has been the articulation of societal cleavages,
mainly coming from lack of modernization, Soviet past and tur-
bulent 90th. Additionaly, Georgia as halfly modernised country
should full fil the reqirements of Modernity. Thus, the lack of
55
civic integration maturity has been determined by the lack of
modernisation and strong social cleaveges. Therefore, for suc-
cessful modern nation-building, country should construct its po-
litical project on a base of requirments of modernity, cooperation
of societal level and democratic participation.

56
 nodar belqania

definiciis problema da sokrates logikuri

memkvidreoba

adamianis azrovnebas aqvs Tavisi istoria. am istoriaSi mniSv-

nelovani safexuria logikis rogorc mecnierebis dabadeba. es,
rogorc cnobilia, moxda Zvel saberZneTSi da dakavSirebulia
aristoteles saxelTan, romlis logikasac, yvelaze cota, kan-
tis epoqamde mainc, kantisve mowmobiT, araferi damatebia Tvise-
brivad axali.1 am werilSi Cveni mizania davakvirdeT azrovnebis
da logikis ganviTarebaSi iseTi mniSvnelovani etapis geneziss
rogoricaa cnebis definicia.

istoriuli sokrate da platoniseuli sokrate

Zvel saberZneTSi cnebis definicia srulyofilebamde miiyva-
na imave aristotelem. misgan momdinareobs definiciis yvelaze
gavrcelebuli xerxi _ definicia uaxloesi gvarisa da saxeobi-
Ti gansxvavebis saSualebiT (definitio per genus proximum et dif-
ferentiam specificam). magram cnebis definiciis aseTi srulyofa
SeuZlebeli iqneboda winamorbed filosofosTa didi Zalisxme-
vis gareSe. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania sokrates da
platonis wvlili. platonis dialogebSi Tu ra ekuTvnis sok-
rates da ra Tavad platons, amis Sesaxeb mravali gamokvleva
arsebobs filosofiis istoriaSi da avtorebi xSirad ar eTanx-

ix. Kant, I., Kritik der reinen Vernunft. Hamburg 1990. Vorrede zur zwei-
1

ten Auflage. gv. 14.

57
mebian erTmaneTs. es sakiTxi ukavSirdeba sokrates istoriulo-
bis problemas, kerZod imas, Tu rogor unda gavigoT faqti, rom
platonis dialogebSi, rogorc wesi, sokrates mihyavs saubari
da is gamoTqvams ZiriTad azrebs. antikuri filosofiis istori-
kosebSi arsebobs am sakiTxis samgvari gageba: inglisuri skola
(J. Burnet, A. E.Taylor da sxvebi) miiCnevs, rom yovelive, rasac
sokrate ambobs dialogebSi unda CaiTvalos istoriuli sok-
rates azrebad.1 am mosazrebas polarulad upirispirdeba meore
(mag., O. Gigon), romlis mixedviTac sokrate saerTod ar aris
filosofiurad relevanturi figura da platoni mas mxolod
sakuTari azrebis gadmosacemad iyenebs.2 mesame, Sualeduri mo-
sazreba Tavis droze cnobilma filosofosma da platonis ger-
manul enaze mTargmnelma fridrix Slaiermaxerma warmoadgina,
romlis mixedviTac adreuli dialogebi istoriuli sokrates
azrebs gadmoscemen, xolo gviandel dialogebSi platoni sokra-
tes sakuTari azrebis gadmosacemad iyenebs.3 Tumca, am ukanasknel
mosazrebas bevri, jer kidev gadauwyveteli problema axlavs
Tan, is ufro nayofieria istoriuli sokrates warmosaCenad da
mkvlevarTa umetesobac mas iziarebs. Cvenc am ukanasknel mosaz-
rebas veyrdnobiT da migvaCnia, rom platonis adrindel dialo-
gebSi ufro sokrates azrebia gadmocemuli, xolo Sua periodi-
dan mokidebuli platoni upiratesad sakuTar azrebs aviTarebs.

1
ix. Burnet, J., Platonism. Berkeley 1928 da Taylor, A. E., Socrates. Lon-
don 1935.
2
ix. Gigon, O., Sokrates. Sein Bild in Dichtung und Geschichte. Tübingen
Basel 31994.
3
amaze ufro dawvrilebiT ix.Martin, G., Platon. Reinbek 1969.gv. 57-
63.
58
bolo periodSi ki, rogorc cnobilia, sokrate saerTod qreba
platonis dialogebidan rogorc personaJi. platonis dialo-
gebis amgvari ganviTarebac, Cveni azriT, ukanaskneli mosazrebis
sisworeze unda miuTiTebdes.
aristotele logikis winaSe sokrates udides damsaxure-
bad miiCnevda mis mier induqciuri meTodis (ZvelberZn. έπαγωγή)
SemoRebas da cnebaTa definicias (όρισμός). Tumca antikuri fi-
losofiis zogierTi mkvlevari (Heinrich Maier, Ingemar Düring
da sxv.) uaryofs sokrates mier definiciis srulyofas, xolo
iseTi avtoritetuli filosofosi rogoric karl poperia, sa-
erTod ar eTanxmeba aristoteles am debulebas,1 magram zogadad
aravisTvisaa sadavo, rom swored sokrate idga cnebis defini-
ciis saTaveebTan.

codna da warmodgena

sokratesTvis namdvili codna (σαφής, άλήθεια, mogvian-

ebiT έπιστήμη), romelic saganTa arsebas wvdeboda, Zireulad
gansxvavdeboda mosazrebisgan, warmodgenisgan (δόξα). da misi
dialeqtikis mizanic sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara warmodgenidan
codnamde misvla. warmodgenebi yvela adamians aqvs, xolo codna
brZenis, filosofosis xvedria. magram, vinaidan sokrate Rrmad
iyo darwmunebuli codnis, sibrZnis iseve rogorc sxva danar-
Ceni saTnoebebis daswavladobaSi da imaSi, rom codna, ideebi
yvela adamianSia Cadebuli, is cdilobda Tavisi dialeqtikiT
warmodgenidan codnamde mieyvana Tanamosaubre. misi mizani iyo

ix. Popper, K. R., Die Welt des Parmenides. Die Ursprung des europäi-
1

schen Denkens. München Zürich 2005. gv. 27-28.

59
namdvili codnis, WeSmaritebis dialoguri Zieba Tanamosaubris
aqtiuri monawileobiT, rac Zireulad gansxvavdeboda swavlebis
sofisturi meTodisgan, romelic winaswar momzadebuli masalis
mowafisTvis gadacemas da am ukanasknelis mier mis Semdgom das-
wavlas gulisxmobda. Tavisi miznis misaRwevad sokrates hqon-
da meTodi _ „maievtika“ (μαιευτική τέχνη, bebiaqalis xeloba),
romlis wyalobiTac is xels uwyobda axali adamianis dabadebas,
adamianis gamoRviZebas codnis – ideebis da cnebebis – mimarT.
is, misive sityvebiT, dabadebamde sulier samyaroSi naswavls
an wina c­xovrebebidan gadmoyolil codnas axsenebda (άνάμνη-
σις, anamnezisi) Tanamosaubres, _ platonis „menonSi“ menonis
monas _ romelsac arasodes uswavlia cxovrebaSi, magaliTad,
geometria. manamde menonis monas egona, rom icoda is, razec
sokrate esaubreboda. magram sokratem dialeqtikuri kiTxvebiT
is iqamde miiyvana, rom monam gaacnobiera sakuTari arcodna. ar-
codnis gacnobierebis es momenti sokrates triumfi iyo, radgan
is miiCnevda, rom warmodgenidan codnaze, cnebaze gadasasvle-
lad aucilebelia sakuTari arcodnis gacnobiereba. is Tava-
dac xSirad ambobda, rom man „mxolod is icoda, rom araferi
icoda“. sokrate (da masTan erTad platoni) aq codnaSi wminda
azrovnebas, ideas, wminda cnebebs gulisxmobs, e. i. iseT cnebebs,
romlebic gare samyarodan, aRqmis samyarodan ki ar gamoiyvaneba,
aramed Tavad adamianis sulSi, mis azrovnebaSi iRebs dasabams.
aseTi wminda cnebebis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia maTemati-
kuri, geometriuli cnebebi, romelTa WeSmaritebac apriorulad,
cdamde mtkicdeba da ara cdis Sedegad, Tumca Signidan mopove-
bis miuxedavad isini cdaSi, praqtikaSi yovelTvis adastureben

60
TavianT WeSmaritebas.1 am kategorias ekuTvnis, magaliTad, kepl-
eris astronomiuli kanonebi, romlebic man gonebiT gamoTvala,
garegnuli cdis gareSe, magram maT daamtkices TavianTi WeSmar-
iteba cdaSi, praqtikaSi. es cnebebi, romelTac kanti aprioruls
uwodebs da romelTa wyaroc misTvis ucnobia, sokratesTvis (da
platonisTvis) yovel adamians aqvs dabadebamdeli cxovrebidan
da swored amas axsenebs is Tavis mowafeebs misi cnobili e. w.
sokratuli saubris meTodiT.

sokratuli ironia da sokratuli aporia

definiciis sakiTxSi sokrates wvlilis gasarkvevad aucile-

belia SevexoT sokratul ironias da sokratul aporias.
rogorc bevri ram sokratesTan dakavSirebuli, es ori sakiTxic
davas iwvevs platonis mkvlevarTa Soris, vinaidan mTlad cal-
saxad gamokveTili ar aris mis dialogebSi. zogi mkvlevari eWvs
gamoTqvams maT arsebobaze saTanado pasaJebSi. am TvalsazrisiT
aRsaniSnavia, erTi mxriv is, rom kirkegorem mTeli naSromi miuZ-
Rvna sokratul ironias, meore mxriv ki, zogierTi Tanamedrove
mkvlevari eWvqveS ayenebs sokratuli ironiis arsebobas (mag.
Landmann-i).2 da es maSin, rodesac Tavad platoni sityvas είρω-
νεία ramodenimejer iyenebs sokrates daxasiaTebisas, magaliTad,
`saxelmwifoSi~ (337 a / III, 79.) da `kratilosSi~ (383 b-384 a
/II, 126.). Tumca Slaiermaxeri Tavis TargmanebSi am sityvas Tavs

1
am da platonis „menonSi“ ganxilul swavlis metafizikis sxva sakiTx-
ebze ix. iulius Stencelis (Julius Stenzel) saintereso analizi mis
wignSi: Platon der Erzieher. Leipzig 1928. gv. 147-179.
2
diskusia amis Sesaxebix. Martin, G., Sokrates. Reinbek 2004.gv. 127 da
Semd.
61
aridebs, sxva mTargmnelebi saTanado pasaJebSi sityva „ironi-
as“ iyeneben. aseve gvxvdeba es sityva `nadimSi~ alkibiades mier
sokrates daxasiaTebisas. ase rom, platoni Riad laparakobs
ironiaze sokratesTan. miT umetes, rom Tavad platoni sruli-
ad moklebuli iyo ironiis unars da mas Tavis dialogebSi mx-
olod sokrates miawers. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom aristotelec
laparakobs sokratul ironiaze „nikomaqes eTikaSi“ (1127 b 25).
sokrate ironias, rogorc wesi, iyenebs cnebebis garkvevisas.
xSirad dialogis dasawyisSi Tanamosaubres TiTqos upirateso-
ba aqvs sokratesTan SedarebiT, vinaidan mas hgonia rom kargad
icis gansaxilveli sagani, sokrate ki ar aris ase Tavdajere-
buli. saubris msvlelobaSi es moCvenebiTi upiratesoba TandaTan
qreba da bolos TiTqmis yovelTvis sokrate gamodis gamarjve-
buli, Tanamosaubre ki dabneuli dgas da iZulebulia daeTanxmos
sokrates, rom misi codna moCvenebiTia da ara namdvili. sokrates
es erTgvar kmayofilebas gvris da es aris swored misi ironia. am
ironiis mizania, Tanamosaubrem gaacnobieros sakuTari arcodna,
rac sokrates namdvili codnis Ziebis aucilebel winapirobad
miaCnda. ase rom, sokratul ironias araferi hqonda saerTo Tana-
mosaubris dacinvasTan. is pedagogiuri warmatebiT gamowveuli
kmayofileba iyo, Tumca Tanamosaubres xSirad gvariani umweobis
grZnobas uCenda.1
ironiasTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli aporiis sakiTxi. pla-
tonis adreul dialogebs aporetuls uwodeben, anu iseT dia-
logebs, romlebic ama Tu im cnebis definiciis mcdelobisas sa-
survel Sedegs ver aRwevs. am dialogebSi kargad Cans sokrates

1
sokrates ironiaze Sead. s. danelias sayuradRebo naSromi `sokratis
filosofia~. Tbilisi 1936. gv. 54 da Semd.
62
filosofiis mTavari kiTxva _ e. w. „ra aris es“-kiTxva („Was
ist das“ – Frage)1 – magaliTad, ra aris simamace? (“laxezi~) ra
aris keTilgoniereba? (“qarmide~) ra aris RvTisniereba? (“evTi-
froni~) da a. S. sxva sityvebiT, is cdilobda ideaTa da saganTa
arsis wvdomas da maT definicias, eZebda zogads. nicSe Tavis
„tragediis dabadebaSi musikis sulidan“ sagangebod aRniSnavs
logikuris aRmoCenas sokrates mier. Tu amas davumatebT aris-
toteles da hegelis analogiur mosazrebebs, maSin sokrate ima-
vdroulad mecnierebis aRmomCenic gamodis, vinaidan mecniereba
swored logikas efuZneba. Tumca, aqve unda iTqvas, rom mecniere-
bis dafuZnebaSi SeuZlebelia uarvyoT sokrates winamorbedebis
da mis TanamedroveTa (mag., sofistebis) rolic. sokrates mier
zogadis, logikuris Ziebis mxriv gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa
platonis aporetuli dialogebi, sadac sokrate uSedegod cdi-
lobs Tanamosaubreebi miiyvanos ama Tu im cnebis definiciamde.

„laxezi“ rogorc magaliTi

sakvlev sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli yvela problema kargad

Cans platonis adreul dialogSi `laxezi~: ori warCinebuli
aTeneli, romelTac surT TavianT vaJebs aswavlon sruli aRWur-
vilobiT brZolis xelovneba, ekiTxeba saxelganTqmul aTenel
mxedarTmTavrebs laxezs da nikias, unda miabaron Tu ara maT
TavianTi Svilebi saswavleblad aseTi brZolis ostats. laxezs
da nikias am sakiTxze gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi aqvT. saubarSi
erTveba sokrate. is konkretuli sakiTxis _ brZolis xelovne-
baze saubris _ nacvlad, zogadi sakiTxis ganxilvas sTavazobs

ix. mag., Martens, E., Sokrates. Stuttgart 2004. gv. 65 da Semd.

1

63
Tanamosaubreebs, kerZod usvams maT kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ra aris zogadad siqvele. magram vinaidan es Zalze zogadi da
amdenad Znelad definirebadi sakiTxia, Tanamosaubreebi iwye-
ben siqveleTagan erT-erTi umTavresis – simamacis _ ganxilvas,
vinaidan mamebis pirvandeli interesic – sruli aRWurvilobiT
brZolis Seswavla _ swored simamacesTanaa dakavSirebuli. si-
mamacis aRzrdis winapiroba ki aris codna imisa, Tu ra aris si-
mamace. ase midis sokrate Tavis cnobil kiTxvamde: ra aris simam-
ace? pasuxoben laxezi da nikia, romelTac simamaceze marTlac
bevri ram eTqmiT. isini asaxeleben simamacis sxvadasxva niSans,
magram sokrate yovelTvis uCvenebs Tanamosaubreebs, rom maTi
gansazRvrebebi zedmetad viwro da maSasadame arazustia. magali-
Tad, isini xan hoplitebis, xan mxedrebis simamaces gulisxmo-
ben. sokrates ki ainteresebs simamace rogorc aseTi. simamace
mxolod omSi ar vlindeba. is aranakleb iCens Tavs siRaribisas,
avadmyofobisas, politikur cxovrebaSi da sxv. sokrates surs
daadginos, Tu ra aris simamacis zogadi niSnebi am gansxvavebul
situaciebSi. dabneul laxezs sokrate SedarebisTvis siCqaris
magaliTs mouyvans: siCqarec mravalgvaria: sirbilSi, saubarSi
da a. S. magram sainteresoa, Tu ra aris siCqare rogorc aseTi
da sokrate iZleva Semdeg pasuxs: „siCqare aris unari, mokle
droSi Seasrulo bevri“. da amiT is iZleva zogadi gansazRvre-
bis magaliTs. amis Semdeg laxezi simamaces ganmartavs rogorc
samSvinvelis simtkices. magram sokrate mas am gansazRvrebasac
uwunebs, vinaidan simtkice SeiZleba iseT sulelur saqmeSic
gamoiCinos adamianma rogoricaa mag., mflangveloba an siZunwe.
Semdeg laxezi simamaces gansazRvravs rogorc gonivrul simt-
kices. magram sokrate am definiciasac iwunebs im mizeziT, rom
is zedmetad farTea da SeiZleba im SemTxvevebzec gavrceldes,
64
romelTac araferi aqvT saerTo simamacesTan. saubarSi erTveba
nikia da orive mxedarTmTavari axal gansazRvrebebs sTavazobs
sokrates. es ukanaskneli yovel maTgans amowmebs da askvnis, rom
isini an zedmetad farTea an zedmetad viwro. saubari aporiiT
mTavrdeba, anu TanamosaubreTa Zalisxmevas sasurveli Sedegi ar
moaqvs _ isini ver axerxeben simamacis rogorc aseTis damakmay-
ofilebel definicias. amas mowmobs sokrates sityvebi: `maSasa-
dame, Cven ver vipoveT, Cemo nikia, Tu ra aris simamace?~ da nikias
pasuxi: „rogorc Cans, vera“ („laxezi“ 199, e).1
miuxedavad uaryofiTi Sedegisa, es dialogi asaxavs umniS-
vnelovanes istoriul etaps azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi: zogadis
gacnobierebis moments. da es gamoxatulia ukve sokratul kiTx-
vaSi „ra aris es?“ ai ras wers amis Sesaxeb sokrates cnobili
mkvlevari gotfrid martini (Gottfried Martin): „magram sokrates
am negatiurobaSi imavdroulad Sefarulia gadamwyveti poziti-
uroba: sokrates kiTxvaSi aRmoCenilia zogadi rogorc aseTi.
kiTxva: ra aris simamace? JRers ase ubralod da amasTan esoden
gadamwyvetia. sokrates da platonis Semdeg Cven zogadi cnebebiT
vcxovrobT da CvenTvis Znelia CavwvdeT am kiTxvis gadamwyvet
mniSvnelobas mis pirveladobaSi. magram Cven unda davinaxoT, rom
sokrate iyo pirveli, vinc aseTi kiTxva dasva, rom es kiTxva
gaugonari ramaa da rom es kiTxva manamde ar arsebobda da verc
iarsebebda.“2
aporetuli dasasruli damaxasiaTebelia yvela sokratuli
saubrisTvis platonis adreul dialogebSi. `laxezSic~ ar icis

1
aq Cven mivyvebiT gotfrid martinis dalagebas. ix. misi zemoT dasax-
elebuli naSromi sokrateze gv. 94-101.
2
Ibid. gv. 102.
65
sokratem, Tu ra aris simamace. es Tanamosaubreebmac ar ician.
magram swored sokratea is, vinc maT aCvenebs, rom maT es ar
ician.

oriode sityva sokratul arcodnaze: sokratuli arcodna

gulisxmobs imas, rom maswavlebeli mowafes mza Sedegs ki ar
sTavazobs, aramed kiTxvebiT iqeTken ubiZgebs, Tavad miiRos Sedegi
sakuTari Semecnebis safuZvelze (amitomac miiCnevs logoTerapiis
damaarsebeli viqtor frankli sokrates Tanamedrove fsiqoTer-
apiis winamorbedad). amgvari meTodis mkafio magaliTia dialogi
`menoni~. magram, meore mxriv, amgvari sokratuli meTodi TiTqos
gulisxmobs, rom maswavlebelma unda icodes kiTxvaze pasuxi.
am gagebiT aporetuli dialogebi, sadac sokrate da misi Tana-
mosaubreebi ver midian cnebis definiciamde mkvlevarTa nawilis
azriT, ar aris tipuri sokratuli dialogi, sxva SemTxvevaSi
mas unda scodnoda ra aris simamace. Tumca es sakiTxi sadavoa
da mkvlevarTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs. magaliTad,
sokrates cnobili mkvlevari hainrix maieri (Heinrich Maier) mi-
iCnevda, rom amgvari sokratuli arcodna mxolod pedagogiuri
meTodia.1 gotfrid martini ki darwmunebulia im Sexedulebis
sisworeSi, romelic amtkicebs, rom sokratem marTla ar icis,
Tu ra aris simamace.2 am Tvalsazrisis mimdevrebs miaCniaT, rom
aporetuli dialogebis mizania, daarwmunos Tanamosaubre Tavisi
mosazrebis mcdarobaSi, ufro zustad imaSi, rom misi moCven-
ebiTi codna sinamdvileSi arcodnaa.

1
ix. misi klasikuri monografia: Sokrates. Tübingen 1913. gv. 368 da
Semd.
2
Ibid. gv. 129.
66
 aristotele `metafizikis~ istoriuli nawilSi (wigni I, T.
3-6) ambobs sokrateze, rom mas buneba ar ainteresebda (ix. amaze
Tavad sokrate platonis `faidrosSi~, 230), rom misi interesis
sagani iyo mxolod adamiani, rom is upirvelesad eTikis sferoSi
eZebda zogads da eTikuri cnebebis definicias cdilobda. ami-
tomac misi logika eTikis wiaRSia Casaxuli.
rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, aristotele aseve miiCnevda,
rom sokrate iyo pirveli moazrovne, romelmac gaacnobiera cne-
baTa gansazRvrebis anu definiciis aucilebloba (“metafizika~
987 b 1-4). Tumca sokrates mier mopovebuli Sedegi jer kidev
Sors iyo srulyofilebisgan. qvemoT mokled mimovixilavT, Tu
rogori ganviTareba hpova sokrates mier cnebaTa definiciisken
mimarTulma Zalisxmevam platonTan da aristotelesTan.

platonis wvlili

ideebis Sesaxeb sakuTriv platonis moZRvreba gadmocemulia

dialogebSi, romlebic misi moRvaweobis Sua periods ekuTvnis
(daaxl. 388-367 ww. qristemde).1 am mxriv yvelaze mniSvnelovania
`faidoni~, sadac sikvdilmisjili sokrates ukanaskneli dRea
aRwerili. aq platoni sokrates piriT sikvdilze msjelobs,
cdilobs daasabuTos sikvdilisSemdgomi cxovreba da amis fonze
ideaTa Teorias aviTarebs. sakuTriv cnebis definiciis srulyo-
fis mxriv ufro sayuradReboa misi gviandeli dialogebi ro-
gorebicaa `sofisti~ da `politikosi~. swored am dialogebSi

ix. Neumann, U., Platon. Reinbek 2001. gv. 24 da 35.

1

67
(`TeetetosTan~ erTad) iyenebs platoni ufro srulyofilad
cnebis definiciis miseul meTods.
induqciis da definiciis sokratul meTodze dayrdnobiT
platonma mravali TvalsazrisiT srulyo logikis xelovneba.
logikis cnobili istorikosi fridrix iubervegi (Friedrich
Überweg) gamoyofs Semdeg aspeqtebs: 1. platonma is gaamdi-
dra gayofis (διαίρεσις) da deduqciis (άπαγωγή) meTodiT; 2. man
pirvelma gaiyvana logika eTikis farglebidan da filosofiuri
azrovnebis yvela sferoze gaavrcela; 3. saocari gonebamaxvi-
lobiT, TanmimdevrulobiT, gulmodginebiT da safuZvlianobiT
gamoiyena es meTodebi Tavis dialogebSi.1 iubervegis azriT, pla-
tonma logika Tumca gaaTavisufla eTikisgan, magram ar gaumij-
navs is metafizikisgan. masTan logikuri da metafizikuri meTo-
durad da sagnobrivad mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli da
TiTqmis erT mTlianobas Seadgens, Tumca platoni maT bolomde
ar aigivebs.2
Cven aq dawvrilebiT ver ganvixilavT rTul sakiTxs platon-
Tan ideebis da cnebebis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb, rac davas
da uTanxmoebas iwvevs mkvlevarTa Soris3 da aRvniSnavT mxolod

1
amaze ix. Fr. Überweg, System der Logik und Geschichte der logischen
Lehren. Bonn 31868. gv. 21 da Semd.
2
Ibid. gv. 23.
3
am sakiTxs exeba mravali avtori, romelTa Soris ramodenimes davas-
axelebT: hainrix maieris zemoT miTiTebuli naSromi sokrateze. Zel-
ler. E., Die Philosophie der Griechen. Bd. II, 1. Leipzig 1875.
Natorp, P., Platons Ideenlehre. Hamburg 2004. Hoffmann. E., Die Sprache
und die archaische Logik. Tübingen 1925. Stenzel, J., Studien zur Ent-
wicklung der Platonischen Dialektik von Sokrates zu Aristoteles. Berlin
2
1931. misive, Zahl und Gestalt bei Platon und Aristoteles. Leipzig und
68
imas, rom `miTosidan logosisken~ (W. Nestle)1 berZnuli azrov-
nebis svlaSi idea miTsa da cnebas Soris dgas da swored es uka-
nasknelia abstraqciis ufro maRali safexuri da, Sesabamisad,
azrovnebis ufro gviandeli forma. platonis cnobili mkvle-
vari iulius Stenceli ase axasiaTebs platonTan ideis da cne-
bis urTierTmimarTebis CvenTvis saintereso aspeqts: platoni
`ideisTvis ki ar ibrZvis _ idea misi sulis bunebrivi nawilia _
aramed cnebisTvis, Cven rom bevrad ufro martivi gveCveneba.~2 anu
platonis azrovnebis genezisi ideidan cnebisken iyo mimarTuli.
swored amitom SeZlo sokrates gavlenidan gamosulma platonma
masTan SedarebiT win waewia cnebis definiciis sakiTxi, Tumca is
aristoteleseul srulyofilebamde ver miiyvana.
`diairesisi~ platons esmis rogorc cnebis (resp. ideis)
gayofa or daqvemdebarebul cnebad, Semdeg am daqvemdebarebul
cnebaTa kvlav or daqvemdebrebul cnebad da a. S. cnebaTa (ideaTa)

Berlin 1933. Kapp, E., Der Ursprung der Logik bei den Griechen. Göt-
tingen 1965. Hare, R. M., Plato. Oxford 1982. fridrix iubervegi ase
wyvets am sakiTxs: „mas Semdeg rac sokratem pirvelma gaacnobiera
SemecnebisTvis cnebaTa mniSvneloba, platonma scada gadaewyvita
sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra saxis realoba iyo sakuTriv cnebiTi Se-
mecnebis obieqti. aseTad is ideas miiCnevs da mkafiod ganasxvavebs mas
rogorc realur arsebas, romelic cnebis meSveobiT Seimecneba, Ta-
vad cnebisagan rogorc Sesabamisi subieqturi warmonaqmnisagan Cvens
samSvinvelSi. platonis nawerebis mTel sivrceSi SeuZlebelia erTi
adgilis moZebnac ki, sadac is είδος-s an ίδέα-s Tundac miniSnebiT mainc
iyenebdes subieqturi cnebis mniSvnelobiT da es interpretatorTa
Setanili ar iyos“. ix. misi dasaxelebuli naSromi gv. 116.
1
Nestle, W., Vom Mythos zum Logos. Stuttgart 21942.
2
Stenzel, J. Studien... . gv. 28.
69
gayofis es meTodi saSualebas iZleva CavwvdeT cnebaTa urTier-
TkavSirs da maT Sinagan diferenciacias. naTelia, rom gayofis
es meTodi zogadidan kerZosken da, piriqiT, kerZodan zogadisken
svlis saSualebasac iZleva. zeda mxares gveqneba uzogadesi cne-
ba, qvemoT ki yvelaze konkretuli, yvelaze viwro cneba. gayofis
am meTods, zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, sistemuris garda peda-
gogiuri mniSvnelobac hqonda da mas zedmiwevniT aswavlidnen
platonis akademiaSi.1 am meTods farTod iyenebs platoni Tavis
gviandel dialogebSi da amas garda moipoveba erTi saintereso
teqsti, romelic aseve gayofis meTodzea dafuZnebuli. iguli-
sxmeba wigni, romlis saTauria `gansazRvrebani~ da romelic Sei-
cavs 186 sxvadasxva cnebis definicias. am definiciaTa Rirebu-
leba gansxvavebulia, Tumca maTi nawili sakmaod srulyofilia
da aSkarad platonur xasiaTs atarebs.2 mkvlevarTa umravlesoba
iziarebs azrs, rom es naSromi platonis skolidanaa gamosuli,
Tumca, rogorc Cans, is Tavad platons ar ekuTvnis.
platonuri diqotomiuri gayofis meTodis yvelaze mkafio
magaliTebia misi zemoT dasaxelebuli gviandeli dialogebi
`sofisti~ da `politikosi~. pirvelSi nacadia sofistis cne-
bis dadgena, meoreSi ki politikosis cnebis dadgenas cdilobs
platoni. `politikosSi~ politikosis cnebis gasarkvevad di-
qotomiuri gayofa iwyeba codnis cnebiT da mTavrdeba imiT, rom
adamiani gamodis `orfexa, ufrTo arseba~. cxadia, rom aseTi de-
finicia Sorsaa im srulyofilebisgan, rasac cnebis definici-
is mxriv aristotelem miaRwia. Tumca, aqve unda iTqvas, rom am

1
Martin, G., Platon. gv. 53.
2
ix.Лосев, А. Ф.,Ранние диалоги Платона и сочинения платонoвской
школы. В кн.: Платон, Диалоги. Москва 1986.
70
arasrulyofilebis miuxedavad, platonis mier cnebis diqoto-
miuri gayofis meTodis SemoReba aristoteles logikis mniSv-
nelovani safuZveli gaxda.1 aristotele am meTods zedmiwevniT
kargad icnobda akademiidan, sadac is 17 wlis Wabuki mivida da
20 weli swavlobda.

aristoteles logika

platonis ideaTa Teoriis mZafri kritikis miuxedavad, ari-

stoteles bevrad meti aqvs aRebuli Tavis maswavleblisgan,

logikis istoriis iseTi mniSvnelovani mkvlevari rogoric iozef

1

boxenskia (Joseph M. Bochenski) aristoteles „topikis“ da „anali-

tikebis“ safuZvlad platonis „diairesisis“ meTods miiCnevs, Tumca
iqve aRniSnavs aristoteles mier mis ayvanas logikur srulyofi-
lebamde, romelic platonis meTods aSkarad aklia. ix. misi funda-
menturi naSromi Formale Logik. Freiburg München 2002. gv.46. sapi-
rispiro azrisaa logikis istoriis klasikosi karl prantli (Carl
Prantl), romelic am sakiTxSi Tavad aristoteles eyrdnoba. rogorc
cnobilia, aristotele ar aRiarebda platonis „diairesisis“ me-
Todis mniSvnelobas silogistikisTvis da mas mxolod pedagogiur
Rirebulebas miawerda (ix. mag., Analytica pr. I, 31 da II, 21). ix. amaze
Prantl, C. Geschichte der Logik im Abendlande. Band I. Bristol Sterling
(Virginia) 2001. Reprinted from the 1855-70 edition. gv. 83 da misive
Über die Entwicklung der Aristotelischen Logik aus der Platonischen Phi-
losophie. Sonderausgabe. Darmstadt 1968. gv. 78 da Semd. miuxedavad
iseTi didi avtoritetis sapirispiro mosazrebisa rogoric aristo-
telea, zogadad, azrovnebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT da kerZod,
logikis istoriis WrilSi danaxuli, mainc udavoa cnebaTa gayofis
platonuri meTodis wvlili aristoteleseuli logikis da saer-
Tod azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi.
71
vidre es Cveulebriv miaCniaT. logikis TeoriaSic aristote-
le platonidan amovida da kritikulad gardaqmna, ganaviTara
da srulyo maswavleblis mier mopovebuli Sedegebi, ramac mas
SeaZlebina logikis mecnierebis Seqmna da sistemuri dalageba.
aristoteles platonTan gansakuTrebiT meToduri amocana aer-
Tianebda. sxva sityvebiT, orive mwvaved ganicdida iseTi saimedo
meTodis SemuSavebis aucileblobas, romelic mecnierebis sa-
fuZveli gaxdeboda da romelic mxolod azrovnebis mowesri-
gebas ki ar daisaxavda miznad, aramed imavdroulad dasabuTebis
Zalas SeiZenda da azrTa msvlelobas apodiqtikur xasiaTs mia-
niWebda.1 aristotelem srulyo logikis yvela nawili, magram
yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rasac man logikis sferoSi miaRwia da
raSic mas ar hyavda pirdapiri winamorbedi, aris silogizmis da
dasabuTebis Teoria, romelic gadmocemulia mis `analitikebSi~
(τά άναλυτικά_ azrovnebis, rTuli azrobrivi warmonaqmnebis
danawevreba-daSla sawyis elementebad, principebad _ n. b.).
aristotele platons imiTac hgavs, rom maswavleblis ms-
gavsad misTvisac azrovnebis formebi obieqtur realobas araa
mowyvetili, rogorc es Tanamedrove formalur-subieqturi
azrovnebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, aramed mWidro kavSirSia ma-
sTan. platonsac da aristotelesac WeSmariteba esmodaT ro-
gorc azris sinamdvilesTan Sesabamisoba. isini azrovnebis kano-
nebs mxolod imisTvis ki ar swavlobdnen, raTa SeeqmnaT axali
mecniereba, aramed isini imitom swavlobdnen azrovnebis kanonebs
da qmnidnen axal mecnierebas, raTa SeemecnebinaT sinamdvile da

1
ix. Maier, H., Die Syllogistik des Aristoteles. Band II, 2. Hildesheim New
York 1970. Reprografischer Nachdruck der Ausgabe Tübingen 1900. gv.
56-57.
72
sxvebisTvisac miecaT instrumenti sinamdvilis Sesamecneblad.
aristotelesTvis sworad formulirebuli cneba sagnis arse-
bas gadmoscems. Tumca sainteresoa, rom aristoteles logika
imdenad zusti da daxvewilia, rom misi formalur-logikuri
wakiTxvac SesaZlebelia da Tanamedrove logikosebi mas pirvel
formalur logikosadac ki miiCneven. ai ras wers boxenski: `...
formalurma logikam aristoteles cxovrebis mokle periodSi
aSkarad imaze metad waiwia win, vidre romelime sxva epoqaSi. ga-
daWarbeba ar iqneba Tu vityviT, rom aristoteles logikis isto-
riaSi uWiravs unikaluri adgili ramdenadac is 1. pirveli for-
maluri logikosi iyo, 2. formaluri logika erTdroulad ori
(SesaZloa, sami) sxvadasxva formiT mogvca, 3. maT Soris zogier-
Ti nawili saocrad srulyofili saxiT dagvitova.~1 amas mosdevs
sityvebi, romlebic naTlad asaxavs aristoteles mniSvnelobas
logikis da saerTod azrovnebis istoriaSi: `amas isic emateba,
rom oriaTas welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi logikis istoria
mis gadamwyvet gavlenas ganicdida, is xSirad ganmsazRvrelic
ki iyo misTvis da dResac bevri ram, rasac logikaSi aswavlian,
misgan iRebs saTaves. aqedan gamomdinare, logikuri azris ganvi-
Tarebis adeqvaturi gageba aristotelesTan gadamwyveti mniSvne-
lobisaa saerTod logikis problemaTa istoriis Sesaswavlad,
rasakvirvelia, gansakuTrebiT dasavluri logikisTvis.~ aseTia
aristoteles logikis zogadi Sefaseba Tanamedrove formaluri
logikis erT-erTi yvelaze avtoritetuli istorikosis mier.
Zalian mokled ase SeiZleba gadmovceT aristoteles logi-
kis ZiriTadi elementebi:2 mis birTvs qmnis daskvnis da dasabu-

Ibid. gv. 47.

1

aristoteles logikis am mokle, sqematuri mimoxilvisas misi or-

2

73
Tebis Teoria. orive maTgani eyrdnoba msjelobebs, romelTa arsi
isaa, rom isini an WeSmaritia, an mcdari. aristoteles gansazR-
vrebiT msjeloba aris azri, romelic raimes adasturebs an ua-
ryofs. ori msjeloba, romelic sam cnebas Seicavs (romelTagan
erTi e. w. saSualo termini _ aristoteles genialuri aRmoCe-
na _ or danarCen cnebas erTmaneTTan akavSirebs) qmnis daskvnas
(silogizms). silogistika aRwers wesebs, romelTa mixedviTac
mocemuli winadadebebidan _ wanamZRvrebidan _ axali winadade-
bebi momdinareoben. silogizmis dRemde gamoyenebuli oTxi fi-
guridan sami aristoteles ekuTvnis. daskvnebi safuZvels qmnian
dasabuTebisTvis. am ukanasknels ori amocana aqvs: (1) kerZo da-
skvnis miReba zogadi principepidan, romelTac uSualod wvdeba
goneba, anu deduqcia da (2) misi sapirispiro _ induqcia, anu
ukve nacnobi kerZodan jerac dasadgeni zogadis miReba. aseTi in-
duqciuri daskvna aristoteles sityvebiT `ufro damajerebeli,
TvalsaCino, grZnobadi aRqmisTvis misawvdomi da umravlesobi-
sTvis axlobelia, silogizmi (= deduqciuri daskvna – n.b.) ki
ufro mkacri da kamaTisas ufro qmediTi~ (“Τopica~ 105a, 10ff).
aristoteles logikis erT-erTi monapovaria cnebis gansazR-
vrebis anu definiciis srulyofa. definiciis mizania saganTa ar-
sebis gansazRvreba cnebaTa saSualebiT. swori definiciisTvis

ganonis garda gamoviyeneT Semdegi literatura: baqraZe, k., logika.

Tbilisi 1955. Fischer, K., System der Logik und Metaphysik oder Wis-
senschaftslehre. Heidelberg 31909. Vorländer, K., Geschichte der Philo-
sophie I: Philosophie des Altertums. Reinbek 1963. Glockner, H., Die
europäische Philosophie von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. Stuttgart
1958. Bächli, A., Graeser, A., Grundbegriffe der antiken Philosophie. Ein
Lexikon. Stuttgart 2000 da boxenskis dasaxelebuli naSromi.
74
aucilebelia erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvaoT gvarebi (γένη) da saxeebi
(είδη). gvari mijnavs sagnebs sxvagvari sagnebisgan, saxe ki da-
narCen sagnebs imave gvaris sagnebisgan. gvarebi da saxeebi qmnian
cnebebis erTgvar piramidas, romelsac wveroc aqvs da fuZec.
cneba maSin iTvleba definirebulad, rodesac mas swori adgili
aqvs miCenili piramidis wverosa da fuZes Soris. amocanas Sead-
gens, ganvasxvavoT esa Tu is cneba uaxloesi gvareobiTi cnebisgan
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli saxeobiTi niSnis dadgeniT. es aris ari-
stoteleseuli definiciis cnobili xerxi, romelic werilis
dasawyisSi iyo naxsenebi: definicia uaxloesi gvarisa da saxeo-
biTi gansxvavebis saSualebiT. es xerxi dRemde gamoiyeneba mecnie-
rebaSi, Tumca, is ar aris universaluri da srulad ver asaxavs
saganTa Taviseburebebs. is ver asaxavs, magaliTad, saganTa yvela
kavSirs da mimarTebas, arafers ambobs maTi warmoSobis Sesaxeb
da a. S. magram definicias es arc moeTxoveba. aristoteleseuli
definiciis magaliTia: `kvadrati aris sworkuTxedi toli gver-
debiT~. aq `sworkuTxedi~ uaxloesi gvaria. `toli gverdebi~ ki
_ saxeobiTi Tavisebureba. am definicias sxva kuTxiT Tu Sevxeda-
vT, `kvadrati~ aris e. w. gansasazRvri sagani (laT. definiendum)
xolo `sworkuTxedi toli gverdebiT~ _ ganmsazRvreli cneba
(definiens). maT Soris gansxvaveba orgvarad SeiZleba gavigoT. ma-
galiTad, Tu `adamianis~ ganmsazRvrelia `racionaluri arseba~,
maSin es definicia SeiZleba niSnavdes imas, rom aq ganmsazRvreli
Cvens realur Semecnebas gadmoscems adamianis Sesaxeb, imis Se-
saxeb, Tu ra aris adamiani. am SemTxvevaSi laparakoben `realur
definiciaze~. magram Tu mocemul definicias realur Semecnebad
ki ar gavigebT, aramed mxolod imis gamoxatulebad, Tu ra mniSv-
nelobiT unda gamoviyenoT saxeli `adamiani~, maSin laparakoben
`nominalur definiciaze~. am ukanasknels naklebi mimarTeba aqvs
75
realur sinamdvilesTan da ufro konvenciuris sferoSi rCeba.
ZiriTadad definiciis swored es meore gageba gamoiyeneba dRes
empiriul mecnierebebSi, maSin rodesac aristotele mas mecnie-
rulad ararelevanturad miiCnevda. Cven vxedavT, rom aristote-
le am sakiTxSic sokrates da platonis xazis gamgrZelebelia
azrovnebis istoriaSi da maT msgavsad realizmis poziciaze dgas,
rac am konteqstSi azrovnebis sinamdvilesTan kavSirs da masTan
Sesabamisobas gulisxmobs.1 aristotelesTvis azrovnebis kano-
nebis dadgena sinamdvilis kanonebis dadgenasac da, Sesabamisad,
maT Semecnebasac niSnavda. `metafizikaSi~ (II, 1) is filosofias
gansazRvravs rogorc WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb mecnierebas.
sokrate rogorc gzis gamkvalavi

ase daagvirgvina aristotelem is, rac Tavis droze sokratem

daiwyo. `sofisturi darRvevebis~ boloSi aristotele miniSne-
biT exeba sakuTar wvlils logikis ganviTarebaSi da winamor-
bedTa, gansakuTrebiT gzis gamkvalavTa, wvlilsac ar iviwyebs.
am ukanasknelTa Sesaxeb is ambobs: `dasawyisi, rogorc amboben,
mainc saqmis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawilia da amitomac yvela-
ze Zneli. ramdenad didicaa is SesaZleblobis mixedviT, imdenad
mcirea moculobis mixedviT da amitom Sesacnobadac ufro Zne-
li. magram Tu dasawyisi napovnia, misi Sevseba da gafarToebac
ufro iolia~ (Soph. El. 34, 183b 23-26). es sityvebi TiTqos so-
kratezeao naTqvami.
Zalze sainteresoa sokratesadmi nicSes damokidebuleba. es
damokidebuleba nicSes moRvaweobis sxvadasxva periodSi gan-

1
realuri da nominaluri definiciis filosofiur realizmTan da no-
minalizmTan kavSiris Sesaxeb ix. Bächli-s da Graeser-is zemoT dasax-
elebuli antikuri filosofiis leqsikoni, gv. 46-51.
76
sxvavebuli iyo. `tragediis dabadebaSi musikis sulidan~ nic-
Ses damokidebuleba sokratesadmi ambivalenturia. aq miReba da
uaryofa TiTqos wonasworobaSia _ erTi mxriv, is Zveli berZ-
nuli sulierebis, berZnuli tragediis xelovnebis damangreve-
lia, meore mxriv ki, adamianis sulis axali SesaZleblobis _
mecnierebis _ gzis gamkvalavi. `kerpebis daisidan~ moyolebu-
li ki aSkarad uaryofa sWarbobs. aq is sokratesa da platon-
ze ambobs: `sokrate da platoni me Sevicani rogorc dacemis
simptomebi, saberZneTis daSlis iaraRi, rogorc fsevdoberZne-
bi, rogorc antiberZnebi.~1 da miuxedavad amisa, nicSes Rrmad
esmoda sokrates mniSvneloba mecnierebis ganviTarebisTvis. amas
mowmobs misi sityvebi sokrateze `tragediis dabadebidan~: `is
Cven warmogvidgeba rogorc pirveli, vinc SeZlo mecnierebis am
instinqtiT ara marto ecxovra, aramed _ rac bevrad metia _
momkvdariyo. da amitom momakvdavi sokrates saxe, rogorc cod-
nis da argumentebis wyalobiT sikvdilis SiSisgan Tavisufali
adamianisa, aris mecnierebis karibWeze aRmarTuli gerbiani fari,
romelic gvaxsenebs mis daniSnulebas _ gasagebi gaxados da amiT
gamarTlebulad warmoaCinos yofiereba.~2 marTalia, nicSesTvis
sokrates mier dafuZnebuli mecnierebis gza miuRebeli iyo, ma-
gram es misi am sityvebis obieqturobas arafers aklebs.
sokrates mier dasmuli `ra aris es~ _ kiTxvis, cnebaTa de-
finiciisken mimarTuli misi Zalisxmevis da zogadad mis mier
logosis ZiebaSi gakvaluli gzis gagrZelebiT da ganviTarebiT

1
Nietzsche, Fr., Götzen-Dämmerung, oder: Wie man mit dem Hammer phi-
losophiert. In: Werke in zwei Bänden. München 1981. Band II. S. 332.
2
Nietzsche, Fr., Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik. Ibid.
Band I. S. 70.
77
platonma da aristotelem ipoves da ganaxorcieles mecnierebis
idea da amiT myari safuZveli Seuqmnes Tanamedrove civiliza-
cias.
bolos davamTavrebT gotfrid martinis sityvebiT, romlis
sayuradRebo wignic sokrateze arerTxel gamoviyeneT winamdeba-
re werilSi: `sokrates daucxromeli weva logosisken Semobru-
nebis wertilia kacobriobis istoriaSi. misi Sefaseba, rasakvir-
velia, damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor mniSvnelobas aniWeben
zogadad mecnierebas da logoss, rogorc aseTs. Tu azrovnebis
gzas mecnierebisa da logosisken ganixilaven rogorc mcdar
gzas _ ase fiqrobda gviandeli nicSe da aseve fiqrobs Cvens
droSi gviandeli haidegeri _ maSin sokrate Secdomis da dace-
mis dasawyisi iqneba. magram, Tu darwmunebulebi varT imaSi, rom
mecnierebasa da logosSi imaleba adamianis erT-erTi udidesi Se-
saZlebloba _ da swored ase swamdaT platons da aristoteles,
ase swamdaT dekarts da laibnics, kants, hegels da uaitheds _
maSin sokrate aris adamianis erT-erTi udidesi SesaZleblobis
saTave da biZgis mimcemi.~1

1
Martin, G., Sokrates. gv. 138
78
 abstract

Nodar Belkania,TSU full professor

Problem of Definition and the Logical Legacy of Socrates

The article discusses Socrates’ efforts in defining the notion as

well as Platon’s and Aristotle’s subsequent development of defi-
nition by analysing sources and relevant literature. Based on this
analysis, it shows Socrates’ contribution to the history of logic and
the importance of this contribution for science and the develop-
ment of Western thought in general.

79
 berZeniSvili amirani

informaciul-teqnologiuri revolucia
da misi kulturuli da socialuri Sedegebi.

meoce saukuneSi mecnierebaSi momxdarma samma didma kvantur-

ma, biomolekulurma da kompiuterulma revoluciam msoflios
sami didi `aRmoCena~ – atomi, geni da kompiuteri SesZina. magram
TavisTavad aRmoCena SeiZleba `wmindad akademiuri~ iyos, dar-
Ces abstraqciisa da Teoriis sferoSi da umniSvnelo gavlena
iqonios danarCeni msoflios yoveldRiur cxovrebaze. sakma-
risia mecnieruli aRmoCenis teqnologiad qceva da yoveldRi-
ur cxovrebaSi misi gamoyeneba, rom man uzarmazari socialu-
ri da politikuri azri SeiZinos. aseve daemarTa azrovnebisa
da informaciis sferoSi momxdar revolucias. informaciulma
(kompiuterulma) revoluciam Seqmna cifruli samyaro, ramac
adamiani Tanamedrove informaciul teqnologiebamde miiyvana,
axalma teqnologiebma ki komunikaciebis warmoudgeneli SesaZ-
leblobebi Seqmna, ise, rom mecnieruli fantastika da realoba
TiTqmis gaaigiva. informaciul-teqnologiuri revolucia iseve
da imdenadve didi istoriuli movlenaa, rogorc 18-e saukunis
industriuli revolucia, romelmac gardatexa gamoiwvia sazo-
gadoebis, ekonomikisa da kulturis safuZvlebSi.
teqnologiur revoluciaTa istoria gviCvenebs, rom isini
yovlis momcveli gavleniT xasiaTdebodnen – iWrebodnen ra ada-
mianuri saqmianobis yvela sferoSi, isini garegan zemoqmedebas
ki ar axdendnen, aramed iqceodnen im qsovilad, romelSic aseTi
saqmianobaa Cawnuli. anu, axali produqtebis inducirebis (war-
moebis) garda igi Tavad proceszea orientirebuli.
80
 informaciuli epoqisa da ganviTarebis informaciuli wesis
mkvlevaris manuel kastelsis azriT `yvela sxva saxis teqno-
logiuri revoluciisagan gansxvavebiT, im transformaciebis
– cvlilebebis birTvi, romlebsac dRes msoflio ganicdis –
informaciisa da komunikaciis damuSavebis teqnologiebTanaa da-
kavSirebuli~. ( 3,gv.147)
eleqtronikaze dafuZnebuli informaciuli teqnologie-
bi mexsierebis Seudarebel moculobas, informaciuli biTis
Serwymisa da gadacemis Seudarebel siswarfes flobs. visac ki
Word- procesorze umuSavia, yvela aRiarebs, rom swored eleq-
tronuli teqsti gvaZlevs teqstis ukukavSirebis, urTierTqme-
debis da gadamuSaveba-gardaqmnis did da arsebiT moqnilobas, anu
sxvagvarad, rom vTqvaT Tavad komunikaciis process cvlis.
informaciuli revoluciisaTvis informaciuli teqnologia
igivea, rac energiis axali wyaroebi iyo industriuli revo-
luciisaTvis. magram informaciuli teqnologiis arsebiTad um-
niSvnelovanesi rolis Sesaxeb mtkicebas xSirad ureven imasTan,
rom dRes mimdinare revolucia arsebiTad axali informaciasa
da codnazea damokidebuli. es nawilobriv marTalaia mxolod
maSin, rodesac teqnologiuri cvlilebebis mimdinare procesze
vsaubrobT, magram m. kastelsis swori SeniSvniT, aseTi ram da-
maxasiaTebeli iyo winamorbedi pirveli da meore industriuli
revoluciebisaTvis. `dRes mimdinare teqnologiur revolucias
axasiaTebs ara iformaciis da codnis centraluri roli, ara-
med aseTi codnisa da informaciis gamoyeneba iseTi codnisa da
mowyobilobebis generirebisaTvis, romlebic amuSaveben infor-
maciebs da axorcieleben komunikaciebs inovaciebsa da inovacie-
bis gamoyenebis mimarTulebebs Soris ukukavSiris kumulaciur
yulfSi.~ ( 3,gv.57)

81
 es imas niSnavs, rom gamomyeneblebi ara mxolod swavlo-
ben teqnologiebs, aramed qmnian maT, amdidreben da gardaqmni-
an qselebs, Tavad pouloben gamoyenebis axal sferoebs. axali
teqnologiebis Semoyvanas, mis gamoyenebasa da axal sferoebSi
win wawevas Soris ukukavSiri axal teqnologiur paradigmaSi
Zalian swrafad mimdinareobs. Sedegad ki viRebT imas, rom teq-
nologiis gavrceleba usasrulod afarToebs mis Zlierebas im
zomiT, ra zomiTac es teqnologiebi aiTviseba da axleburad ga-
nisazRvreba misi momxmareblis mier.
amgvarad axali informaciuli teqnologiebi ubralod ga-
mosayenebeli instrumentebi ki ar arian, aramed warmoadgenen
procesebs, romelTa SemuSavebaa saWiro. aseT SemTxvevaSi momxma-
rebeli da gamomgonebeli (Semqmneli) erT pirovnebaSi SeiZleba
gaerTiandes. magaliTad, rogorc m. kastelsi SeniSnavs, momxma-
rebelma SeiZleba xelSi Caigdos teqnologiebze kontroli,
rogorc es internetis SemTxvevaSi moxda. (3, ixile V Tavi).
informaciul-komunikaciuri revoluciis Sedegad SeiZleba Ta-
mamd iTqvas, rom pirvelad kacobriobis istoriaSi adamianis
azri uSualo sawarmoo Zala gaxda da ara ubralod warmoebis
sistemis gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis elementad darCa.
amgvarad, kompiuterebi, sakomunikacio sistemebi, genetikuri
dekodireba da programebi – adamianuri azris gaZlierebas da
gafarToebas emsaxureba. is, rasac Cven vfiqrobT da rogoradac
vfiqrobT gamoxatulebas saqonels, momsaxurebasa da intele-
qtualur produqciaSi – iqneba es sakvebi, bina, satransporto
Tu sakomunikacio sistemebi, kompiuterebi, raketebi, ganaTleba,
janmrTelobis dacva Tu gamosaxulebebi – poulobs.
rogorc m. kastelsi SeniSnavs, informaciul-teqnologiuri
revoluciis Sedegad manqanebsa da azrebs Soris mzardi integra-

82
cia, dnm-is meqanizmis CaTvliT, auqmebs da likvidacias ukeTebs,
`meoTxe ganzomilebas~ anu ganxeTqilebas adamianebsa da manqa-
nebs Soris, amgvari integracia ki fundamenturad cvlis imas
Tu rogor vibadebiT, vcocxlobT, vswavlobT, vmuSaobT, vqmniT,
vawarmoebT, movixmarT, vibrZviT Tu vkvdebiT.
am axal teqnologiur sistemebs sakuTari myari logika aqvs,
romelic masSi Setanili mTeli informaciis saerTo informa-
ciul sistemaSi gadayvanis da aseTi informaciis potenciurad
yovlismomcvel saZiebo da gamanawilebel qselSi mzardi sis-
wrafiT damuSavebis, mzardi ZlierebiTa da klebadi danaxarje-
biT CarTvis unariT xasiaTdeba.
yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli niSani, romelic am axal informa-
ciul-teqnologiur revolucias axasiaTebs: esaa sakuTari Tavis
ganviTarebisaTvis mis mierve Seqmnili teqnologiebis dauyov-
nebliv gamoyeneba, riTac msoflios erTian mTelad akavSirebs.
rasakirvelia, msoflioSi jer kidev rCeba didi sferoebi da
mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani segmentebi, romlebic ar arian Car-
Tulni axal teqnologiur sistemaSi, magram dedamiwis dominan-
turi teritoriebi, funqciebi da socialuri jgufebi, mkvle-
varTa azriT, ukve 1990 wlebis Sua xanebSi CarTulni iyvnen
axal teqnologiur sistemebSi, romlebmac formireba mxolod
1970-ian wlebSi daiwyo.
amgvarad, informaciul-teqnologiur revoluciis safuZ-
velze informaciuli teqnologiebis swrafma ganviTarebam bi-
Zgi misca iseTi socialuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebas, iseTi
sazogadoebis formirebas, romlis ganviTarebis Zala gaxda ara
materialuri produqciis, aramed informaciuli produqciis
warmoeba. materialuri produqcia sul ufro meti informaciisa

83
da Teoriuli codnis momcvelia, rac inovaciebis, dizainis da
marketingis wilis gazrdas niSnavs mis RirebulebebSi.
informaciul-komunikaciuri revoluciis Sedegad ara mxo-
lod warmoeba, aramed TviT adamianTa cxovrebis wesi, Rirebu-
lebaTa sistema icvleba, izrdeba kulturuli, post-materi-
alisturi Rirebulebebis mniSvneloba materialur Rirebule-
bebTan SedarebiT. mis safuZvelze yalibdeba axali socialuri
sistema – informaciuli sazogadoeba, sadac prioritetulia
ara saqonlis warmoeba da momsaxureba, aramed codnisa da inte-
leqtis warmoeba da moxmareba, rasac gonebrivi Sromis wilis
gafarToebasTan mivyavarT. informaciuli sazogadoeba sadac ada-
mianisagan moiTxoveba Semoqmedebis unari, da izrdeba codnaze
moTxovnileba.
yalibdeba sazogadoebis axali forma da struqtura, sadac
adamianTa saqmianoba ZiriTadad informaciis dauSavebaze iqneba
mimarTuli. informaciulia sazogadoeba – sadac dasaqmebulTa
umravlesoba informaciis da gansakuTrebiT misi umaRlesi for-
mis – Teoriuli codnis generirebiT, SenaxviT, gadamuSavebiTa da
realizaciiTa dasaqmebuli.
informaciuli teqnologiebis gavrceleba araordinalurad
swrafad mimdinareobs mTels msoflioSi. bevr dasavlur qveyana-
Si is yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawili gaxda sul cota 20 wlis
ganmavlobaSi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Word wide web ar iyo Seqm-
nili 1991 wlamde, maSin rodesac is ukve moixmareba msoflios
180 qveyanaSi da mxolod amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 100 mi-
lionze meti momxmarebeli yavs.
axali TaobisaTvis, dRes SeiZleba TviT CvenTanac saqarT-
veloSic ki am Taobas qseluri Taoba vuwodoT, personaluri
kompiuteriT sargebloba da informaciuli teqnologiebi ukve

84
bunebrivi procesia. es Taobebs Soris uzarmazar sivrces war-
moSobs, radgan bavSvebs aqvT uamravi informacia, romelic maTma
mSoblebma da maswavleblebma SeiZleba arc ki icodnen. `momxma-
rebelTa~ umravlesoba arian axalgazrdebi, mamakacebi da mdi-
dari ojaxis Svilebi. maT xSirad `cifrul bavSvebsac~ ki uwo-
deben. Tumca dRes qalebic aqtiurad erTvebian am procesebSi,
ufro metic saqarTveloSi dRes kompiuteruli momsaxurebiT
ufro meti mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebi sargebloben, ga-
nakuTrebiT mozardebi vidre mamakacebi. kompiuterebi da infor-
maciuli teqnologiebi yvelgan da yovelTvis gvxvdeba. Tamamad
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini socialuri cxovrebis mniSvnelovani
Semadgeneli elementebi gaxdnen.
kulturuli da socialuri cvlilebebis TvalsazrisiT so-
ciologebi ramdenime mniSvnelovan cvlilebaze saubroben:

1. `digitalizacia – anu ena Secvlilia analogiuri cifruli

sistemiT, romelic yvelgan muSaobs, yvelafers aqvs Tavisi
kodi da informacia. male isic gaxdeba SesaZlebeli, Tu ukve
ar gaxda, rom Cveni sxeulic kodirebuli iqnas – magaliTad
Cveni Tvalebis daskanereba aeroportSi pasportis nacvlad.
2. – personaluri kompiuteri ukve yvelgan SeiZleba SegvxvdeT
saxlSi, samsaxurSi, samzareulosa da abazanaSic ki. es ra
Tqma unda ganviTarebul qveynebs exeba.
3. yvela sistema emsgavseba erTmaneTs, radgan yvela maTgani
erTnairad muSaobs.
4. kompiuteris ekrani gaxda is sagani, romelsac yvelaze xSi-
rad vuyurebT, is aris Cveni drois metafora.

85
5. msoflio nakleb damokidebuli xdeba fizikur realobaze.
xdeba droisa da sivrcis sxvagavari aRqma. virtualuri re-
aloba ukve warmoiSva.
6. icvleba socialuri jgufebis bunebac (6,gv. 619)~

informaciuli teqnologiebis socialuri gavlena.

qvemoT CamoTvlili cvlilebebi, romlebsac axla ganvixi-

lavT gavlenas axdenen cxovrebis yvela sferoze, janmrTelo-
basa da ganaTlebaze, politikaze da a.S. marTalia Zneli misaxve-
dri ar aris, davinaxoT, rom informaciuli teqnologiebi aris
riskis sazogadoebis nawili, magram jer kidev ar SegviZlia gan-
vacxadoT Tu ra Sedegebs moitans cifruli samyaro. msoflio
dRes gaxda ufro swrafi, radgan arsebobs eleqtronuli fosta,
veb-gverdebi, mobiluri telefonebi da a.S. aseve aRsaniSnavia,
rom bevr qveyanaSi informaciuli sazogadoebis safrTxe ukve
gaCnda, amitom aseT qveynebSi internetiT sargeblobis SesaZ-
lebloba met-naklebad SeizRudeba.
– cifruli ekonomika. moxda ekonomikis eleqtronizacia.
isic cifruli gaxda. globaluri finansuri ekonomika mTlia-
nadaa damokidebuli informaciul teqnologiebze. rogorc m.
kastelsma aRniSna: kapitalis marTva xdeba saaTiviT globalu-
rad integrirebul finansur bazarze, romelic istoriaSi pir-
velad muSaobas ase: milionobiT dolaris Rirebulebis transaq-
cia xdeba eleqtronulad sul ramdenime wamSi~ (6, gv. 619). amis
kargi magaliTia eray-kuveitis omi, rodesac kuveitis bankebma
sul ramdenime wamSi gadaisroles TavianTi aqtivebi msoflios
sxva bankebSi.

86
 informaciuli reolucia cvlis rogorc samuSao adgils,
aseve TviTon muSaobasac, Sromasac. es cvlilebebi mkvlevarTa
azriT, gamoixateba SemdegSi:
1. sul ufro met `gadawyvetilebebs iRebs~ kompiuteruli
modeli, romelic wyvets SeiZinos Tu ara kompaniam esa Tu is
produqti.
2. samuSao da Sroma ufro abstraqtuli xdeb. Tu indus-
triul sazogadoebaSi muSebs meti kontaqti hqondaT TavianTi
produqtebTan, maSin post-industriul-informaciul eraSi amas
agvarebs abstarqtuli sityvebi da simboloebi daxvewili kom-
piuteris meSveobiT.
3. samuSao adgilze integracia izRudeba, informaciulma
revoluciam xalxi kompiuters miajaWva, rac niSnavs, rom maT
sakuTari Tavis wardgena kompiuterisaTvis uwevT da Sesabamisad
naklebi kontaqtebi aqvT erTmaneTTan.
4. kompiuteris saSualebiT zedamxedvels SeuZlia mudmivad
akontrolos muSebi, amitomac kompiuters aRar Tvlian socia-
lurad neitralur raimed, ufro metic is gansazRvravs socia-
lur wesrigs, ayalibebs ierarqiul damokidebulebas damqira-
vebelsa da daqiravebuls Soris.
– cifruli demokratia, politika nel-nela iRebs formas.
sxvadasxva socialuri moZraobebi gavlenas axdenen politikaze,
es moZraobebi ki qselis saSualebiT yalibdeba. Cven SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom veb-sivrce cvlis socialur sferos, ufro da ufro
meti adamiani iwyebs saubars misTvis saintereso Temebze Chat–Si
da a.S.
– cifruli urTierTobebi. gacnobis axali saSualebebi Cn-
deba mobiluri telefonis, eleqtronuli-fostisa da inter-
netis meSveobiT. amis erTi aspeqti aris on-lain paemanis gaCena.

87
arsebobs uamravi veb-gverdebi gacnobisa da interesebis mixedviT
partnioris SerCevisaTvis. es qselebi ukve angrevs saukuneebis
gamZle tradiciebs: `rodesac gogoebs interetiT elaparakebi
mniSvnelovani xdeba is Tu ras grZnob ras fiqrob da ara is, Tu
ramdeni gaqvs fuli, arc is simboloebi da statusebia mniSvne-
lovani, romlebic ase did rols TamaSobs gare-samyaroSi~ (6,
gv. 621). ganacxada erTerTma studentma.
– internetSi axali kulturebisa da socialuri samyaros
Seqmna. internetis, veb-gverdebis da eleqtronuli fostis
sociologebisTvis yvelaze SemaSfoTebeli aris is faqti, Tu
rogor ayalibebs is axali komunikaciis qselebs da axal kul-
turebs. yvelze martivad, rom vTqvaT personaluri veb-gverdebi
xdeba sakuTari Tavis prezantaciis axali saSualeba. adamianebs
SeuZliaT gaukeTon TavianT veb-gverdebs iseTi dizaini, rogoric
maT surT. interesis jgufebs ukve gaaCniaT sakuTari veb-gverdebi
rogorc sxvadasxva hobis, ise serialebsac ki. msaxiobebs Seu-
ZliaT sakuTari Sromis veb-gverdebze warmoCena – ara mxolod
fotoebi – aramed sadiskusio sivrcec msaxiobebs Soris. didi
raodenobiT iqmneba seqsualuri interesebis mqone veb-gverdebi,
warmoudgenlad mravalferovani mimdinareobebiT, yvelanairi ga-
mocdilebisaTvis. msoflios yvela wamyvan religias da agreTve
axal religiur mimdinareobebs, absoluturad yvelas gaaCnia
sakuTari veb-gverdi, sadac sakmaod detaluradaa yvelaferi
aRwerili. sul patara tomebsac ki aqvT sakuTari veb-gverdebi,
raTa ukeT warmoaCinon sakuTari identuroba da gaaZlieron to-
mobrivi kavSiri. ase Cndeba virtualuri realoba anu cifruli
samyaro, sadac komunikacia, religia da politika mWidrodaa ga-
dajaWuli erTmaneTze.

88
 cifruli samyaros riski: ra riskebis gamowveva SeuZliaT am
teqnologiebs? es riskebi gansxvavdeba warsuli drois riske-
bisagan, rasac bunebrivi katastrofa warmoadgenda. Cven ar vic-
nobT am riskebs, isini bundovani da dafarulia. mokled rom
vTqvaT ra Sedegs moitans es teqnologiuri samyaro? dRes sul
ufro da ufro meti adamiani atarebs met dros teqnologieb-
Tan `urTierTobaSi~, xom ar Secvlis es maT individualurobas,
komunikaciebs, weris manerasac ki? igi, xom, wignis da presis
Camnacvlebelic ki xdeba.
Zalaufleba, klasebi da stratifikacia cifrul samyaroSi.
– erTi scenaris mixedviT esaa stratifikacia, romelic mi-
mdinareobs maT Soris visac `aqvs~ an `ar aqvs~ informacia. Cven
ukve SegviZlia amis danaxva qarTul sinamdvileSic ki, sadac mo-
xucebi, romlebic ar icnoben kompiuterul teqnikas, ise kargad
rogorc maTi Svilebi an SviliSvilebi Tavs ukve gariyulad grZ-
noben sazogadoebisagan. Tumca miuxedavad imisa, rom am teqnolo-
giebma msoflios yvela qveyanaSi SeaRwia mas mainc ar miuRwevia 6
miliardi mosaxleobis yvela wevrTan. arsebobs globaluri ci-
fruli dayofa-gaxleCa. miuxedavad imisa, rom cifruli samyaro
xels Seuwyobs demokratiis ganviTarebas, igi mainc gamoiwvevs
cifrul klasebs, anu stratifikacias, romelic damokidebuli
iqneba informaciis `qona-ar qonis~ magaliTze.
saqme isaa, rom cifruli samyaro dasavluri ganviTarebuli
sazogadoebebis garda Zalian patara jgufisTvisaa xelmisawvdo-
mi. kompiuteris momxmarebelTa 84%-i CrdiloeT amerikasa da
CrdiloeT evropaSi cxovrobs. aqedan 69% mamakacia, romelTa
saSualo asaki 33 welia, Semosavali (ojaxis) ki Seadgens 60.000
dolars weliwadSi pirveli oceuli kompiuterebis moxmarebis
sakiTxSi warmodgenilia umetesad homogenuri qveynebiT. deda-

89
miwis mosaxleobis 80%-i jer kidev komunikaciebis gareSea,
aziaSi, 1.5 milioni momxmarebelia, rac iaponiis momxmarebelTa
1/3 erT mesameds Seadgens. manhetenze satelefono xazi ufro
metia, vidre saharis afrikis qveynebSi, aSS-Si as kacze 35 kom-
piuterze meti modis, iaponiaSi 60, taivanSi 9, ganaSi ki 1 kom-
piuteri 1000 kacze. jer kidev adrea imis Tqma Tu ras mogvitans
cifruli samyaro, magram sainteresoa imiT spekulireba, Tu saiT
mivyavarT cifrul stratifikacias.(6. gv. 622)
– informaciiT gadatvirTva. meore scenars warmoadgens
faqti, rom axali sazogadoeba gadatvirTulia informaciiT.
internetis meSveobiT viRebT ara mxolod informaciis, arame
Zalian bevr informacias. kvlevis Sedegad, SeiZleba wavawydeT
milionobiT veb-gverds da miviRoT uamravi informacia. saWiroa
axali unarebi imisa, rom SeZlo am uzarmazari informaciidan
saWiro masalebis amokrefa, Torem sxva SemTxvevaSi Cven gadavi-
tvirTebiT informaciiT.
– cifruli danaSaulobebi. – yalibdeba axali cifruli kri-
minaluri – hakeroba (kompiuterul sistemaSi patronis nebar-
Tvis gareSe Sesvla).
– axali virusebis SeqmniT msoflio komunikaciis sistemis
paralizeba.
– narkotikebis, bavSvebisa da xalxis yidva-gayidvis SesaZle-
bloba. umetesoba `virtualuria~ – Sesabamisad maTi gakontro-
leba da marTva gacilebiT rTulia.
cifruli samyaros kidev erTi funqcia – cifruli samyaros
mier gamowveuli zogierTi cvlileba gacilebiT Rrma socia-
luri xasiaTisaa. dRes bevri laparakobs `post-adamianur sa-
zogadoebaze~. adamianebi scildebian sakuTar adamianobas. Cven
vqmniT cxovrebis axal formebs – drois SegrZnebis axal-axal

90
formebs: `udroo dro,~ vangrevT klasikuri cxovrebis ritms.
internetis meSveobiT SesaZloa, rom aravin icodes Tu vin xar
sad xar, ramdeni wlis xar da a.S. zogierTisTvis es aris rea-
luri samyarodan gaqcevis, damalvis, sakuTari Tavis SeniRbvisa
da axal cxovrebaze gadasvlis SesaZlebloba.

1. radgan mTavari xdeba qselSi CarTuloba, amdenad kompiu-

teruli qseli Tavis mxriv bolos mouRebs komunikaciis iseT
masobriv saSualebas rogoric televiziaa (anu centarlize-
buli mauwyebloba homogenuri auditoriisTvis). vinaidan maTi
meSveobiT komunikaciebi individualuri da interaqtuli xdeba.
amitom kulturisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovan qselis misawvdo-
moba xdeba. vinaidan igi gvaZlevs visTanac gvinda komunikaciisa
da interaqtuli urTierTobebis SesaZleblobas.
2. interneti xels uwyobs sazogadoebis fragmentacias, Tv­iT
dRes arsebuli sakabelo da Tanamgzavruli televizia mizno-
briv auditorzea morgebuli da winaswar SerCeuli informaciiT
acalkevebs mayureblebs. saSualeba Tavad iqceva mesijad (gzav-
nilad) xdeba auditoriis gansxvavebuli bazrebis uzrunvelyo-
fa kastomizirebuli da diverisificirebuli programebiTa da
arxebiT.
3. SemaSfoTebelia isic, rom izrdeba da yalibdeba cxovrebis
saSinao wesi, romelic dasvenebasa da garTobazea orientirebu-
li msgavsi teqnologiebis danergvasTan aris dakavSirebuli, es
gvemuqreba saerTo kulturis dakargviT, romelsac icavs da ama-
grebs erovnuli telemauwyebloba, miuxeavad imisa, rom axla me-
dia erTmaneTs Soris globaluri masStabiT aris dakavSirebuli,
Cven vcxovrobT ara globalur sofelSi,aramed izolirebul,

91
gamoyofil, kastomizirebul kotejebSi, rolmelTa warmoebac
da ganawilebac lokalizebulia.
4. aris meore tendencia interneti (interaqciebisa da indivi-
dualizaciis) xels uwyobs eleqtronuli sazogadoebebis Seqm-
nas, romlebic ufro daakavSireben adamianebs erTmaneTTan,vidre
gaacalkeveben. xdeba `virtualuri Tanasazgadoebebis~ Seqmna
qselSi.
5. yalibdeba `realuri virtualuroba~, romelic moica-
vs teqstis, audio, video, vizualuri formebis Senadnobs, anu
multimedias. faqtobrivad, rodesac Cven vimyofebiT daZabul
qselur urTierTobebSi, da Sesabamisad SevdivarT urTierTobe-
bSi sxvebTan, Cven gamocdilebiT viyenebT erTaderT realobas –
medis realobas. amgvarad, es sistema, romelSic Tavad realoba
... mTlianad moculia da Caflulia virtualur samyaroSi, ga-
mogonil samyaroSi, romelSic garegani anareklebi ara mxolod
gvamcnoben, romelRac gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, aramed Tavad iqce-
vian gamocdilebad.~ (3, gv. 345 ).
XXI saukuneSi progresis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala, codna
da informaciis generirebis, gacvlis, ganawilebisa da moxmare-
bis teqnologiebi e.w. `inteleqtualuri~ teqnologiebi gaxda.
axali msoflio _ es kompiuterebisa da internetis, mobiluri
telefonebisa da faqsebis samyaroa, qselebisa da televiziis
msoflioa, romelTa gamoyenebis masStabebsa da efeqturobaze
pirdapiraa damokidebuli xalxebis (erebis) da saxelmwifoebis
keTildReoba. dRes igebs is, vinc informaciisa da codnis war-
moebaze akeTebs aqcents.
Zveli droebisagan gansxvavebiT codna, axal-axali infor-
maciebis mopoveba da gacvla aRar aris rCeulTa privilegia.
saxelmwifos Zliereba da simdidre ganisazRvreba ara codnis

92
im jamiT, romelic `mkvdar tvirTad~ devs sadRac fundamenta-
luri mecnierebebis safuZvelSi, aramed am codnisa da infor-
maciis maqsimalurad farTo dauflebis SesaZleblobebiT da
maSasadame, maTi gavrcelebis siCqariT; sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
komunikaciis qselTa qmediTunarianobiT. rac ufro maRalia
informaciis (codnis) warmoebis, ganawilebis da gavrcelebis
tempebi, rac ufro swrafad gardaiqmnebian isini axal teqnol-
ogiebad, sasargeblo gamogonebebad, miT ufro maRalia qveynis
ekonomikuri da socialuri integraciis zrdis tempebi.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani ki Cveni TemisaTvis isaa, rom komu-
nikaciis sistemebisa da kavSirebis axali saSualebebi amcireben
adamianTa gamTiSvel manZilsa Tu sxva xelovnurad Seqmnil bari-
erebs. ufro metic, maT ar ician (ar cnoben) qveynebisa da xalx-
ebis gamyofi sazRvrebi. axali informacia, axali codna warmoe-
buli erTi inteleqtis mier, myisierad xdeba yvelas monapovari
da msoflio jer kidev arasdros ar yofila amdenad erTnairi.
igi `globalur sofels~ emsgavseba, sadac yvelam yvelaferi
icis yvelas Sesaxeb. yalibdeba globaluri informaciuli sa-
zogadoeba, romlis erTianoba uzrunvelyofilia Tanamedrove
inteleqtualuri teqnologiebiT. informaciulia sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis etapi, romelzec informacia da mecnieruli codna
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da warmoebis nayofierebis ganmsaz-
Rvreli faqtori xdeba. codnis moculobis eqsponenturi zrda,
codnis gaormagebis drois swrafi Semcireba; (Tu Cveni welTaR-
ricxvis dasawyisidan codnis gaormagebas dasWirda 1750 weli,
maSin meore gaormageba ukve 1900 wels, xolo mesame _ 1950 wels
moxda). dRes informaciis moculoba ukve yovelwliurad or-
magdeba, adgili aqvs `informaciul afeTqebas~, magram mTavari
mxolod informaciis raodenobrivi zrda ar aris, mTavaria is

93
axali inteleqtualuri teqnologiebi, romlebic yovelwli-
urad arevolucionireben sakuTar Tavs da `codniT codnis~ mop-
ovebis gziT informacias da codnas aqceven erTerT iseT mTavar
socialur Rirebulebad, romelic sazogadoebas aerTianebs da
mas warmoebis ZiriTad produqtad da saqonlad aqcevs.
Tavisi ganmsazRvreli TvisebiT _ rac komunikaciurobiT gam-
oixateba, informaciuli sfero upirispirdeba sxva sferoebs
(ekonomikurs, politikurs, samxedros da a.S.). am sferoSi ada-
mianuri saqmianobis mTavari daniSnulebaa _ informaciis gavr-
celeba, an misi gadacemis dauSvebloba sivrceSi, droSi (Senaxva),
adamianTa jgufebSi da wreSi(gavrceleba), agreTve informaciis
damuSaveba miTiTebuli qmedebebis efeqtebis asamaRleblad. ko-
munikaciuri mxolod is informaciaa, romelic eqvemdebareba ga-
dacemas, Senaxvas da damuSavebas. swored amiT Seesatyviseba igi
Tanamedrove informaciuli sazogadoebis moTxovnebs.
Cven Zalian kargad gvesmis, rom es axali globaluri sofeli
_ sulac ar aris axali edemi da samoTxe. informaciuli da komu-
nikaciuri teqnologiebis da axali informaciuli magistralebis
ganviTareba ara mxolod aerTianebs msoflios, aramed acalkevebs
kidec mas da ufro metic, erTi qveynis SigniTac ki iwvevs sxva-
dasxva socialur jgufebsa da regionebs Soris gaTiSvas, rasac
`cifruli ganxeTqilebis~ cneba ukeT gamoxatavs _ magram, es
sxva sakiTxia da uSualod Cvens Temas ar ukavSirdeba. me aq minda
yuradReba gavamaxvilo iseTi komunikaciuri saSualebis Sesax-
eb, rogoric internetia. es msoflio ablabuda mis yvela wevrs
Tu mas kompiuteri aqvs, yovelgvari saxelmwifoebrivi Carevisa
da cenzuris gareSe SeuZlia ikontaqtos erTmaneTTan, Seqmnan
virtualuri sazogadoebebi, dauaxlovdnen, moxsnan gaucxoeba
erTmaneTSi, gaerTiandnen saerTo interesebisa da Rirebulebe-

94
bis irgvliv. informaciuli teqnologiebis gavrceleba araor-
dinalurad swrafad mimdinareobs mTels msoflioSi. bevr ganvi-
Tarebul qveyanaSi isini yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawili gaxda
sul cota 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi... marTalia Cveni qveyana tols
ver daudebs ganviTarebul qveynebs, magram kompiuterizacia da
internetizacia sakmao swrafi tempebiT midis, es gansakuTrebiT
bolo xuTi wlis manZilze SeimCneva; axali TaobisaTvis person-
aluri kompiuteris da informaciuli teqnologiebis gamoyen-
eba ukve bunebriv procesad iqca. Tineijerebi ukeT amyareben
kavSirebs sxva adamianebTan am teqnologiebis meSveobiT, vidre
ufrosi Taobis adamianebi, swored es qmnis imis SesaZleblobas,
rom xelovnuri barierebiT gaTiSulma axalgazrdebma daamyaron
erTmaneTTan kavSiri da Seqmnan virtualuri sazogadoebebi,
romlebic saerTo Rirebulebebisa da interesebis safuZvelze
Camoyalibdeba. interneti xels uwyobs politikaze gavlenis
SemZle socialuri moZraobebis warmoSobas, vinaidan es moZrao-
bebi swored rom qselis saSualebiT yalibdeba. Cven SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom veb-sivrce cvlis socialur sferos, ufro da ufro
meti adamiani iwyebs saubars misTvis saintereso Temebze chat-
Si da a.S. daaxloebisa da gacnobis axali saSualebebi Cndeba
mobiluri telefonis, eleqtronuli fostisa da rogorc ukve
vTqviT internetis meSveobiT. arsebobs uamravi veb-gverdi gacno-
bisa da interesebis mixedviT partniorebis SerCevisaTvis. gan-
sakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia socialuri mediis – `facebook~ qseli,
romelsac saqarTveloSi TiTqmis milionamde momxmarebeli yavs.
swored am seqciebis gamoyenebiTaa SesaZlebeli axali `berlinis
kedlebis~ dangreva da gaufasureba. Cveni axalgazrdoba, gansa-
kuTrebiT studentoba, marTalia nela, magram mainc axerxebs ko-
munikaciebis damyarebas afxaz Tu os TanatolebTan. marTalia,

95
jer es mxolod dasawyisia, magram am on-lain urTierTobebs bev-
ri ramis gakeTeba SeuZlia Cveni axalgazrdebis daaxloebis da
urTierTgaucxoebis moxsnis saqmeSi. swored internetis meSveo-
biTaa SesaZlebeli afxazeTsa da Sida qarTlSi jer kidev sakmaod
bevr darCenil naTesavTan, megobarTan, yofil mezobelTan Tu
ubralod nacnobTan dakavSireba da saerTo undoblobis daZl-
eva da ara mxolod afxazebTan da osebTan, aramed amierkavkasiis
yvela xalxebTan, anu Cvens mezoblebTan: Crdilo kavkasielebTan,
azerbaijanelebTan, somxebTan... urTierTobebis damyareba da vir-
tualuri moZraobebis SeqmniT, konfliqtis daZlevis saxalxo
safuZvelis Seqmna.
amgvarad, Tamamad SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom informaciul
teqnologiuri revolucia Tvisebriv cvlilebebs iwvevs Tana-
medrove msoflios wamyvani, dasavluri sazoadoebebis ekonomi-
kur, socialur da kulturul urTierTobebSi. am revoluciiT
gamowveuli transformaciebi sakmaod mniSvnelovan gavlenas
axdens iseTi ganviTarebadi qveynis socialur, politikur,
ekonomikur da kulturul urTierTobebze rogoric saqarT-
veloa. swrafad izrdeba da farTovdeba internet komunikacie-
bi, CarTuloba socialur qselebSi, rac imis sawindaria, rom
qarTuli sazogadoeba Rirseul adgils daikavebs Tanamedrove,
Ria, informaciul samyaroSi da moipovebs moqalaqeobis ufle-
bas.

96
 Abstract

Amiran Berdzenishvili, TSU Associated Professor

Information Technology Revolution and its Cultural

Results

The research analysis the changes caused by the Information

Technology Revolution in the leading Western society in the field
of economic, social and cultural relations. The author relying
on the views of M. Castells, D. Bell and F. Webster shows how
the transformations caused by the revolution are reflected in the
developing country like Georgia by influencing its social, political,
economic and cultural fields. Specifically the paper elaborates
how the Information and Communication Technologies can as-
sist and foster the resolution of the conflicts in the country by
strengthening the public diplomacy.
During the highly developed Information and Communication
Technologies (most importantly internet) it becomes purpose-
less to build new „Berlin Walls“ for the aim of dividing people.
Accordingly the author hopes that the intensive usage of the In-
formation and Communication Technologies will assist the rap-
prochement of the people on different sides of the conflict and
play an important role in the process of conflict resolution.

citirebuli da gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. Белл Д. Грядущее постиндустриальное общество. М.: Aca-
demia, 1999. Пред. к русскому изд. 1999. с. CXX-CXXIV.
2. Эеляков А.Д. Современная информационная революция.
Социологические исследования. 2003. №10,

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 3. Кастельс М. Иформационная эпоха: экономика, общество
и культура. М.: 2000.
4. Уэбстер Ф. Теории информационного общества./ Пер с.
англ.-М.: Аспект-Пресс.2004.
5. Роберт Кан: эксклузивное интервью журналу << Инфор-
мационное общество>> . В журнале << Информационное
общество>> 2009 № 4-5
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tion / Third Edition Published 2005 Person Prentce Hall.

98
 ira biWikaSvili

realobis amsaxveli forma.

ra aris infografika?

dasavleTSi termini infografika or aTeul welze metia

ixmareba. zogierTi infografikas axal Jurnalistur Janra-
dac Tvlis. CvenSi es termini sxva cnebebTan asocirdeba: gva-
gondeba „sagazeTo grafika“(sqema, tabula, grafiki), „sagazeTo
naxati“(portreti, vinieti, komiqsi, karikatura). is, rasac Cveni
mexsiereba gvaxsenebs, gaxlavT mxatvris namuSevari, infogra-
fiuli naSromebi ki TviT Jurnalistis, infografis mier iqmneba.
im adamianis mier, visac aqvs unari warmoaCinos sazogadoebri-
vi problema ara marto aqtualuri teqstis meSveobiT, aramed
mxatvrul-asociaciur WrilSic – grafikulad. laparakia ara
marto sqemebis, grafemebis gamoyenebaze, aramed maT Serwymaze
gazeTisa da JurnalisTvis Cveul masalebTan – fotosTan, anima-
ciur naxatTan. uxeSad rom vTqvaT, informaciis, problemis vi-
zualizacia – aris infografika. Cveni azriT, amgvari unarisTvis
Jurnalisti unda flobdes aramarto Sinaarsobrivad Zlieri
teqstis daweris niWs, aramed am Sinaarsis mxatvrulad miwo-
debis xerxebsac.
Soreul 1982 wels amerikaSi gamoica ian uaiTis wigni „di-
zaini rogorc redaqtoris instrumenti“, romelic iqca best-
selerad da dRemde aqtualuria sagamocemo wreebSi. avto-
ri, romelic muSaobda korporacia Time-is art-direqtorad,
werda:“gamocemebis redaqtorebma bevri unda ifiqron Jurnalis
gamocemis vizualur mxareze -Sriftis SerCevaze, masalis gan-

99
lagebaze, fotografiis, ilustraciis da feris gaazrebul
gamoyenebaze. kulturaTaSorisi konfliqti Jurnalistebsa da
dizainerebs Soris vnebs Jurnals. saukeTeso gamosavalia Seva-
CvioT TviT avtori imas, rom ifiqros vizualizaciaze, mosinjos
sakuTari Zalebi warmosaxvis sferoSi. ilustracia ar aris te-
qstis dasamSvenebeli xerxi, is aZlierebs sityvis Zalas. orive
Tanasworuflebiania. saJurnalo dizaini – gamoyenebiTi disci-
plinaa, is ar aris abstraqtuli xelovneba. Jurnalebis dizai-
nerebi arian vizualuri Jurnalistebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT im
ideis gamosaxva, romelic devs publikaciaSi. dizaineris sabo-
loo mizania Seqmnas gverdi rogorc erTiani produqti“.
es vrceli citata metyvelebs, rom sadizainero saqmem sakma-
od maRal dones miaRwia kompiuteruli sagamocemo programebis
Seqmnis periodisTvis – me-20 saukunis 80-ani wlebis miwuru-
lisken. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sadizainero saqmianoba zustad
kompiuterma gadaitaca „sxva ganzomilebaSi“, uxvad SesTavaza
kompiuteruli grafikis ganusazRvreli resursebi da warmoqmna
axali beWduri Janri – infografika.
nebismieri gamosaxuleba, miTumetes mravalmxrivad, komple-
qsurad warmodgenili – aris komunikaciis iseTi forma, romel-
sac ZaluZs ideis mZlavrad warmoCena. gamosaxuleba xdis ideas
mravali mkiTxvelisTvis advilad aRsaqmels. amitomac infogra-
fikis erT-erTma mkvlevarma gamoTqva Semdegi azri:
„erTi srulyofili gamosaxuleba 1.000 sityvis tolfasia“.
davamatebT, rom is, amave dros, ar saWiroebs Targmnas.
universalur grafikul gamosaxulebas, romelsac ekisreba
konceptualuri informaciis gavrcoba, pirvel rigSi, sWirde-
ba Jurnalist-infografis niWi. teqstSi asaxuli ideis plus

100
gamosaxulebis warmateba, pirvel rigSi, damokidebulia miz-
nis sicxadeze, riskenac miiswrafis Jurnalisti – infografi.
sxvanairad rom vsTqvaT, Sinaarsi, idea, ra Tqma unda, wamyvania
am procesSi. infografika mxolod damatebaa teqsturi infor-
maciisTvis. internet-resursi gvawvdis uamrav warmatebul da
gasageb infografiul magaliTebs. isini Seicaven organizebuli
saxiT didi moculobis informaciul magaliTebs. maTi ganlageba
Zalze moxerxebulia mnaxvelisTvis, rac Cvens pragmatul droSi
did SeRavaTs warmoadgens maZieblisTvis.
Tanamedrove biznes-samyaroSi didi moTxovnilebiT sarge-
bloben dizainerTa skolebi, sadac swavloben sxvadasxva specia-
lobis warmomadgenlebi, maT Soris Jurnalistebic. aq swavlo-
ben adamianebi, romlebic TavianT saqmianobis sferoebSi aRweven
warmatebebs da cdiloben sakuTari ideebis vizualizaciis teq-
nikis Seswavlas, infografikis aTvisebas.
saxelganTqmulia mumbais(indoeTi) industriuli dizainis
instituti. misi wamyvani profesori trivedi irwmuneba, rom
„adamiani did mniSvnelobas aniWebs verbalur informacias, ara-
da vizualizacia xels uwyobs realobis ukeT aRqmas. Cven unda
gamounaxoT materialuri analogi imas, rasac ar gaaCnia forma.
vizualizacia es aris karnaxi tvinisTvis, romelsac zogjer
uWirs verbaluri formiT mowodebuli ubralo informaciis
aRqma: jons misca xma 345 adamianma, maikls ki 423-ma“.
erT-erTma moswavlem hkiTxa trivedis, vizualurad rogor
avsaxoT iseTi cnebebi, rogorebicaa: bazris wili, dou jonsis
indeqsi, maT xom ar gaaCniaT materialuri forma? profesorma
ase upasuxa kiTxvas:“es maCveneblebi asaxaven zrdas da ayvavebas.
unda gaixed-gamoixedoT irgvliv da mouZebnoT uformos forma.

101
ayvavebas, magaliTad, moeZebneba materialuri Tanamgzavrebi: ga-
gzavnili e-mail-is raodenoba, daleuli yavis erTjeradi Wiqebi.
amgvarad, nebismieri cneba badebs vizualizacias, axdens misi mTa-
vari ideis generirebas. saWiroa mxolod amis danaxva“.
infografikas mravali avtori uwodebs yvelaze modur,
axalgazrda Jurnalistur Janrs. amas albaT aqvs Tavisi axs-
na, vinaidan is, ramac daxvewa sagazeTo grafika – interneti da
kompiuteruli programebi, Tavadac Zalze axalgazrda da mo-
duri, ganumeorebeli teqnikuri monapovaria. Tavisi 20 wliani
istoriis manZilze internetma gaaadvila da ganaviTara mravali
Cveuli SemoqmedebiTi unari, romliTac xasiaTdeboda sxvadasxva
profesia.
Jurnalistikis istoria adasturebs im cnobil filosofiur
aqsiomas, rom Sinaarsi da forma ganuyrelia, Sinaarsi – teqsti
yovelTvis iTxovda damatebiT aqtualizacias, rac xorciel-
deboda dasawyisSi Sriftis zomis da moxazulobis daxmarebiT,
Semdeg fotoTi da masalis ganlagebiT. kompiuterulma sadi-
zainero programebma didi revolucia moaxdines sagamomcemlo
samyaroSi: beWduri mediis gamocemis gamartiveba, fotomasalis
xarisxis amaRleba(fotoSopi).
gavixsenoT ian uaiTis azri: teqstis avtorma Tavad unda ifi-
qros mis vizualizaciaze. Tu oci wlis win es moTxovna Znelad
aRsrulebadi iyo (fotoze da ilustraciaze zrunavda redaq-
ciis mxatvari), dRes redaqciis yoveli muSaki flobs inter-
net-programebs da maRali kvalifikaciis SemTxvevaSi advilad
iTvisebs infografiul xelovnebas, axla Tavad wyveten, Tu ra
saxis ilustrireba sWirdeba maT statiebs. teqstisa da gamosa-
xulebis Tanabrad xarisxianad momzadeba erTi avtoris mier ad-

102
vilad xorcieldeba dasavlur mediasivrceSi, sadac kompiute-
ruli programebi didi xania aTvisebulia. amitom, infografiaze
saubari iq ori aTeuli wlis win daiwyo; amerikaSi da dasavleT
evropaSi mravali sagazeTo da saJurnalo dizainis asociacia ar-
sebobs. CvenTan ki saswavlo procesis kompiuterizacia axlaxans
daiwyo. saredaqcio muSakebi ar floben infografikis unarebs,
araferi smeniaT am mimarTulebis Sesaxeb. gazeT „rezonansis“
redaqtoris azriT infografika ZviradRirebuli fufunebaa da
misi farTod gamoyeneba ar aris xelsayreli. fotoJurnalis-
tis rCenac ki problemaa, vinaidan eqskluziuri foto damatebiT
xarjebs moiTxovs. amitomac qarTul gazeTebSi teqstis aqtua-
lizacia Zveli xerxebiT xdeba: sasaTauro Srifti, misi Sinaarsi,
didi qvesaTauri da rigiTi foto internetidan.
samwuxaro realoba, romelic arsebobs qarTul beWdur me-
diaSi, metyvelebs imaze, rom CvenTan infografika ar damkvidrda
da albaT arc damkvidrdeba, vinaidan wamyvan qveynebSic gaCnda
mravali simptomi, romelic miuTiTebs am Janris arajansaR mdgo-
mareobaze. ra simptomebia es?
pirvel rigSi, laparakia im gadaxrebze, romlebic aRiniS-
neba infografikiT gatacebul JurnalistTa Soris. laRi da
filigranuli grafikuli „tiloebis“ Seqmna imdenad ipyrobs
JurnalistTa gonebas da sulebs, rom maT ukve ezarebaT vrce-
li, argumentirebuli teqstis Seqmna. isini prioritets aniWe-
ben gamosaxulebas, teqsts ki komentaris saxiT iyeneben. es ki
mTlianad beWduri mediis Tavdayira dayenebaa. vinaidan Sinaarsi
– pirveladia, forma ki Sinaars mosdevs.
cnobili espaneli dizaineri xavier erea amaswinaT werda
Tavis veb-saitze:“infografikis mizania ara lamazi publikacia,

103
aramed faqtebis mkafio, gaazrebuli warmoCena, rodesac xa-
risxobriv kriteriumad iTvleba teqstis logikuri wyoba da
misi advilad aRqma. zustad advilad aRqmas aZlierebs info-
grafika. gaxsovdeT, ufro mniSvnelovanoa zusti faqti, vidre
kargi naxati. Cven gazeTSi vmuSaobT. Cveni amocanaa saqmis arsis
uzustesad axsna, amitom amjobineT erTi naxatiT ilustrireba.
daiviwyeT didi formebi“.
vnaxoT, riT dasruldeba es Widili. Cveni azriT is, rac
saukuneebis manZilze ixsneboda uryevi formuliT – „Sinaar-
si, idea pirveladia, forma ki meoradi“, darCeba Seucvleli da
raoden macdunebelic ar unda iyos garesamyaros asaxva formis
meSveobiT, dautovoT sityvas, azrs prioritetuli adgili ka-
cobriobis kulturaSi da maSin advilad gamoiZebneba uvnebeli
gamosavali nebismieri Cixidan.

104
 Summary

Ira Bichikashvili, TSU assistant professor

Lobbying and Spindoctorism in Journalism

Despite the fact that the report is written from the angle of
journalism and discusses the examples from the Georgian press, the
author is not limited to the fact and analysis from the Georgian real-
ity. Lobbying as a implementation tool of the theory of governance
is connected with the various issues of the modern socio-political
life. The example of this fact is the Government Relations which is
quite recent phenomenon for the post soviet countries.
Spindoctorism is the highest level of Public Relations (PR). The
person specializing in this field – a Spin Doctor- is promoting fa-
vorable interpretation of rough and improvident expressions of of-
ficials.
During the spindoctoring process the specialists of the field in-
volve the public figures, such as university professors, economists,
political scientists and so on. There is a special term for referring
to such speakers; they are called Surrogate Speakers.

105
 mariam gersamia

Tanamedrove sagazeTo statiis saxeebi:

editoriali da op-edi

nebismieri kargi redaqtori da Jurnalisti unda cdilobdes,

rom Seqmnas iseTi Jurnalisturi produqti (iqneba es calkeuli
publikacia Tu mTlianad gamocema), romelic iqneba mkiTxvelze
orientirebuli. gaze­Tis struqtuirebisas Zalian didi mniSvne-
loba eniWeba saredaqcio po­li­tikis Cvenebas da informaciis da-
balansebas sapirispiro mosazrebebiT. amocanebic erTi SexedviT
diversificirebuli, Tumca mainc Tanmimdevrul­ia. erTia, dauka-
vSirde mkiTxvels, romelsac aqvs gansxvavebuli mosaz­ebebi da
meore amocanaa daasabuTo sakuTari argumentebis siswo­re­.
editorialis sawinaaRmdego mosazrebas, romelic Cveule-
briv edito­ri­alis sapirispiro gverdzea ganTavsebuli ewodeba
op-edi (SemoklebiT _ opozaiT-ediTorialisgan). amerikelebi
redaqtoris gverdis, rogorc `mone­tis meore mxaris~ versias
OP-Ed-s (op-ed-s) uwodeben, romelic war­mo­­ad­gens swored
`opozait editorialis~ abreviaturas. es saxelwodeba im tra­
di­ciis gamo damkvidrda, rom redaqciis poziciisgan gansxvavebu-
li masalebi Jurnal-gazeTebSi rogorc wesi, saredaqcio gver-
dis sapirispirod ibeWdeboda. op-edi: qarTulad Targmnisas es
transklipciuri identi­fika­ciaa misaRebia.
ra gansxvavebaa saredaqcio gverdsa da op-edis gverds Soris
garda imisa, rom isini erTmaneTis sapirispirodaa dakabadonebu-
li? ganvixilavT editorials da op-eds, rogorc saredaqcio
politikis gamoxatvisa da gazeTSi informaciis dabalansebis
saSulebebs.

106
 editorialis gansazRvreba: internet resursebSi editoria-
li ganmartebulia rogorc lideri/wamyvani statia gazeTsa Tu
Jur­nal­Si, romelic redaqtoris/saredaqcio sabWos an gamomcem-
lis mosazrebas gamo­xatavs (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op-Ed)
editorialebisTvis Cveulebrisamebr gamoyofilia specia-
luri gver­di. editoriali aseve, SeiZleba damarkerebuli iyos
svetSi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, statiaze minaweris saxiT yovel-
Tvis miTiTebulia, rom es editorialia.
Jurnalebi, gazeTebis msgavsad, beWdaven editorialebs, rom-
lebsac ZiriTadad weren redaqtorebi an gamomcemlebi. umeteso-
bas am editori­le­bi­sa, rogorc wesi mosdevs seqcia `werilebi
redaqtors~ (Letters to the Editor~).
editorialis werisas saredaqcio politikas da amocanebs,
statiis mimarTulebas da tons gansazRvravs saredaqcio bordi
an/da redaqto­re­bis jgufi. umeteswilad inglisurenovan presa-
Si editorialebs ar weren Cve­ul ­ ebrivi reportiorebi, aramed
is individebi, romlebic aqvey­ne­ben xelmouwerelad. editoria-
lebSi gamoxa­tu­lia gazeTis oficialuri pozicia.
gazeTis editorialis gverdi ar aris gankuTvnili niusebi-
sTvis. umete­sad, gazeTebs aqvT politika, rom `saredaqcio~ da
`axali ambebis~ TanamSromlebic erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad
muSaobdnen. editoriali xSirad aigeba konkretul movlenaze an
iseT Temaze, romelzec mimdina­reobs sazogadoebrivi diskusia.
roca sakamaTo/sadiskusio sakiTxebis gaSuqeba xdeba, rogoricaa
saarCevno debatebi, iqmneba sivrce balansisa da meti diskusii-
sTvis. aseT dros, zogierTi gverdis redaqtori `ejib­reba~ edi-
torialebs da gamokveTavs Temis sapirispiro mxares. umetesoba
gazeTebisa aseve iwvevs kalamnistebs, romlebic op-edis gverdis
Sinaars Tavisi mosazrebebiT amyareben.

107
 rogorc amerikeli mkvlevarebi tom i. rilniski, s. dou
teiti da Seri teilori aRniSnaven, beWdviT mediaSi sazogado-
ebaze zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad yvelaze Zlieri iaraRi swored
editorialis da mosazrebis gverdebia. faqtebis da sapirispiro
Sexedulebebis warmoCena axal ambebSic xdeba, Tumca redaqtors
SeuZlia metad daarwmunos mkiTxveli sakuTari poziciis siswo-
reSi swored editorialis da/an mosazrebis svetebis daxmarebiT.
sworad agebul argumentSi zustad SerCeul sityvebs SeuZlia
bevri ramis Secvla.
editoriali gazeTis `xmaa~ – aRniSnaven avtorebi – da imis
da miuxeda­vad, rom is SeiZleba erTi Jurnalistis dawerili
iyos, yovelTvis xelmouwerelia. editorialis avtorebi iyene-
ben pirveli piris mravlobiT ricxvs, sadac figurirebs: `Cven~.
es mas ganasxvavebs mosaz­re­bis svetisgan, romelic erTi pirov-
nebis mosazrebas aCvenebs. mosazrebis sveti iwereba pirveli pi-
ris mxolobiT ricxvSi, sadac figurirebs: `me~. swored es piris
nacvalsaxelebi aris signali mkiTxvelisTvis, rom werili aris
ara marto faqtebis konstatacia da faqtebze agebuli repor-
taJi (fact-based reporting), aramed Seicavs analitikuri weris
elemen­tebs [1. 134-135].
editorialis dawerisas Zalian mniSvnelovania Temis swo-
rad SerCeva. imisTvis, rom miizidos mkiTxveli editorialis
avtori (redaqtori) kar­gad unda icnobdes im masalebs, rome-
lic gazeTis sxva gverdebzea (gansa­kuT­rebiT, pirvel gverdze)
ganTavsebuli. amgvarad is SeZlebs sworad gansaz­Rvros­/aar­Cios
prioritetuli da mimzidveli Tema editorialisTvis.
gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi editorialis Tema ar ukav­Sirdeba
gazeTis sxva gverdebs, Tumca umetesad editoriali mainc aris
gazeTSi ganTavsebuli Temebis SemakavSirebeli rgoli, sadac
faqte­bis interpretacia xdeba analizze dayrdnobiT. nebismier

108
SemTxvevaSi Tema ise unda iyos SerCeuli, rom is exmianebodes sa-
mizne auditoriis interesebs. redaqtorma Tema axlobeli unda
gaxados mkiTxvelisTvis da aunda auxsnas auditorias, ratom
aris es Tema maTTvis mniSvnelovani da ra SeuZ­lia calkeul mki-
Txvels gaakeTos dasmul problemasTan dakavSi­re­biT [1, 133].
sxvadasxva wamyvan gazeTebs aqvT gansxvavebuli editorialis
gverdi. mag: `uol striT jornalis~ saredaqcio gverdi ufro
konservatiulia (edi­torialis gverdi mravaljer dajildovda
puliceris premiiT. am gazeTis saredaqcio sabWos aqvs sakuTari
satelevizio programa `edito­rial reporti~, romelic amJamad
Fox News Channel-ze gadis). `vaSington postis~ editorialis
gverdebi ufro liberaluri da saSualo masebze gaTvlilia, vi-
dre `niu-iork Taimsisa~. (www.answers.com/topic/editorial).
editorialSi damajereblobisTvis gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva
elementebi: statistika, eqspertebis rekomendaciebi, emociuri
paTosi, bend-vegoni (im argumentebis gamoyeneba, romlebic `yve-
las sjera~), mkiTxvelis moqmedebisken mowodeba, prognozi (ra
Sedegebi iqneba konkretuli moqmede­bebis Sesrulebis an Seusru-
leblobis SemTxvevaSi) da sxv. (www.sd129.org/teachers).
tom i. rilniski, s. dou teiti da Seri teilori edito-
rialis Seqmnis Semdeg gvTavazoben SevamowmoT, Tu ramdenad pa-
suxobs editoriali mTavar parametrebs [1. 248]. magaliTad, e.w.
Ceqlistis meSveobiT unda Seva­mow­moT: ubiZgebs Tu ara edito-
riali mkiTxvels fiqrisken, aris Tu ara gamoyenebuli sityvebi,
romlebic iwvevs diskusias/polemikas, editorial­Si arCeuli
poziciis mxardaWera aris Tu ara mkiTxvelisTvis saukeTeso gza
da sxv.
editorialis saxeebi: sxvadasxva wyaroebSi vxvdebiT edi-
torialis sxvadasxva saxeebs, amaTgan SerCevisas saerTo kri-
teriumi arc erTgan Cans. magaliTad: gamoyofen editorialis 4

109
saxeobas. esenia: xelmouwereli editorialebi, xelmowerili
mosazrebebi, romlesac weren frilanserebi, werili redaqtors,
karikaturuli/satirul-iumoristuli editoriali (editorial
cartoon); TavisTavad, mosazrebebi, romlebic xelmowe­ri­lia, ar
SeiZleba CaiTvalos editorialis saxeobad. aseve, ar CaiT­vleba
editorialis saxeobad `werili redaqtors~. amasTan pirvel or
saxeobaSi SerCevis kriteriumi aris avtorizaciis arseboba, ra-
sac ver vityviT karikaturul editorialze.
`werili redaqtors~esaa mokle Ria werili (daaxl. 200
sityviani), romelic redaqtoris saxelze iwereba da aris mki-
Txvelis gamoxmaureba romelime publikaciaze. Sesabamisad, es
editorialis saxeoba ar aris. zogierTi beWdvuri aseve gamo-
cema aqveynebs editorials da/an `werils redaq­to­risgan~ (Let-
ter from the Editor), romelsac mosdevs seqcia `werilebi redaq­
tors~, sadac mkiTxveli wers Tavis komentarebs editorilebsa
da sxva­da­sxva publikaciebze. `werilebi redaqtors~ igzavneba
mTeli msofliodan.
redaqtoris gverdi ar ewodeba mainc da mainc pirvels. maga-
liTad, gazeT `taimsSi~ me-19-e gverdze vxvdebiT mowinave sta-
tias (igi warmod­ge­ni­lia, rogorc leading article ), am gverds,
rubrikiT komentari (comment) aqvs Tavisi logo, romelic pir-
veli gverdis logos msgavsia. TiTqos esaa miniSneba, rom pir-
veli gverdis Tavidan aTvla daiwyo. logo#2 swored mowinave
statiis/editorialis (leading article-is) saTauris gaswvrivaa,
Tumca seqciiT 3 masalas aerTianebs. aseTi gzavnili 96 gverdian
`taimsSi~ mxo­lod me-19-e gverds aqvs. Tematurad igi pirveli
gverdis wamyvani masalis gamoZaxilia. ase, entoni brounis sta-
tia `brZola konstituciis gadasar­Cenad, mas mere rac germaniam
xma misca `aras~, iwyeba pirvel gverdze da me-6 da me-7 gver-
debs ikavebs. me-19-e gverdis masala ki xelmouwerelia. saTauria

110
`Dutch courage~, qvesaTauri: `niderlandebma evropis konstitu-
ciis diskreditaciaSi safrangeTs ajoba~. amave Temis gamoZaxi-
lia me-18 gverdi rubrikiT: werilebi redaqtors. werilebis
umetesoba variaciebia evro­kon­stituciis Temaze. redaqcia amiT
mianiSnebs, rom lideri masalebis arCeva ara SemTxveviTobis, ara-
med auditoriis nakarnaxevia. `niu-iork taimsis~ editorialebi,
rogorc wesi ibeWdeba 22-24 gverdebze.
tom i. rilniski, s. dou teiti da Seri teilori gamoyofen
edito­ri­a­lis 6 saxeobas: editoriali mxardasaWerad (e.w. sa-
advokato editoriali), editoriali problemis ga­dasaWrelad,
editoriali sarekomendaciod, mokle saredaqcio komentari,
editoriali mokled (e.w. editorial-Sorti, karikaturuli
editoriali [1, 135]. sakama­Toa, saerTo dayofis kriteriumis
arseboba, radgan saxeobebSi dayofis krite­riumad gamoyenebulia
erTis mxriv editorialebis daweris motiva­cia (bunebrivia, edi-
toriali SeiZleba sxvadasxva mizezis gamo daiweros), me­ores
mxriv, publikaciis moculoba.
tom i. rilniski, s. dou teiti da Seri teilori aRniSnaven,
rom Tu redaqtorebis azri gaiyofa, gadamwyveti xdeba umravle-
sobis pozicia. amis Semdeg, Tu gadawydeba gazeTSi editorialis-
gan gansxvavebuli poziciis dafiqsireba, redaqcia iwvevs Jurna-
lists, romelic ar aris gazeTis TanamSoromeli, romelic wers
e.w. gest-editorials (guest editorial). aseve, SeiZleba aseve dai-
weros mosazrebis sveti redaqciis romelime wevris mier [1, 134].
TavisTavad, sakamaToa es mosazreba, radgan e.w. gest-editoriali
calke saxeobad ver CaiTvleba.
Secdomaa isic, rom mosazrebis svets da editorials xSi-
rad erT sibrtyeze ganixilaven. miuxedavad imisa, rom ar aris
marTebuli arc mosazrebis svetis da op-edis gaigiveba, aris maT
Soris saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli maxasiaTeblebi. radgan orive

111
mosazrebis gverdze ibeWdeba, am orive saxeobas SevapirispirebT
saredaqcio (editorialis) gverdTan.
arsebiTi gansxvavebebi
mosazrebis sveti, op-edi editoriali
xelmowerilia erTi avtoris xelmouwerelia da warmoadgens
mier, romlis mosazrebacaa TanamSromelTa Sexedulebebs, maSinac
warmodgenili ki, roca erTi adamiani wers.
mosazreba warmodgenilia pirvel umetesad iwereba I pirSi, mravlobiT
pirSi, mxolobiT ricxvSi ricxvSi
moculobiT editorialze mcirea moculobiT mosazrebis svetze didia
avtors meti Tavisufleba aqvs ikveTeba saredaqcio politika da
ideebis warmosaCenad tendenciebi
ikveTeba erTi pirovnebis xma, mTeli redaqciis azria dafiqsirebuli,
romlis azrsac SeiZleba ar avtori an avtorebi redaqciis saxeliT
iziarebdnen redaqciis sxva weren
TanamSromlebi
saerTo maxasiaTeblebi
mosazrebis sveti, op-edi editoriali
Seicaven subieqtur analizsa da mosazrebebs;
axasiaTebT kompoziciuri agebis identuroba (qronologiuri meTodi,
gadmobrunebuli piramidis meTodi da sxv.)
avtori imowmebs sarwmuno wyaroebs, citatebs, statistikas da sxv.
mosazreba warmodgenilia pirvel pirSi.

ra aris op-edi? es aris Tanamedrove sagazeTo statia, romel-

ic gamoxatavs im mwerlis mosazrebebs, romelic Cveulebri-
samebr ar aris saredaqcio bordis wevri. op-edi gansxvavdeba
editorialisgan, romelic Cveulebriv xelmouwerelia da daw-
erilia saredaqcio bordis romelime wevris mier (www.allwords.
com/word). op-ed-Si warmodgenilia movlenis Sesaxeb mosazre­be­
bi, problemis gadaWris gzebi da aris mowodeba sazogadoebrivi
mxarda­We­risa (www.luminafoundation.org)
op-edi calkeuli individebis mosazrebas gamoaxtavs, da ara
gazeTis pozicias; umetesoba gazeTebisa mizanSewonilad miiC-
nevs, rom op-edi iyos araumetes 750 sityvisa.

112
 op-edis istoria da gansazRvreba: standartuli saredaqcio
gverdi mravali saukunea arsebobs gazeTebSi, pirveli Taname-
drove op-edi Seiqmna 1921 wels herbert beiard svoufis (Her-
bert Bayard Swope) mier `The New York Evevning World~-isTvis.
rogorc ki svoufi redaqtori gaxda 1920 wels, man aRmoaCina,
rom saredaqcio gverdis sapirispiro gverdi iyo adgili, sadac
ibeWdeboda wignis recenziebi, nekrologebi, aisaxeboda sazoga-
doebrivi stereotipebi. herbert beiard svofi ambobda: `aRmova-
Cine, rom araferia ufro saintereso, vidre saintereso mosaz-
reba. me gamovigone meTodi. axla gavasufTaveb editorialis sa-
pirispiro gverds imisTvis, rom is gaxdes amerikisTvis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani... gadavwyvite davbeWdo mosazrebebi, faqtebis ig-
norirebiT...~ (www.thefreedictionary.com)
amis Sedeg, TiTqmis saukune gavida da axla ukve sxvadasxva
onlain-leqsikonebSi vxvdebiT op-edis identur gansazRvrebebs.
TiToeul maTgan­Si xazgasmulia, rom op-edis gverdebi fokusire-
bulia gansxvavebul mo­saz­rebebis warmoCenaze da aris person-
ificirebuli (Sesabamisad, xel­mo­we­rili). • editorialebis da
op-edis gverdebi metwilad fokusirebulia politikur movle-
nebze (www.wordwebonline.com)
dResdReisobiT, op-edi SegviZlia CavTvaloT demokratiuli
presis erT-erT monapovrad.
mkiTxvelma kargad icis, rom editoriali aris garkveul
pirovne­ba­Ta, an Tundac erTi adamianis dawerili publikacia.
op-ediT ki redaqcia, mkiTxvelis TvalSi Tavs izRvevs, izidavs
mkiTxvels da sapirispiro azris formirebaSi monawileobs. mok-
led, demokratiuli presa erTis mxriv, warmoaCens gansxvavebul
113
azrs, meores mxriv mkiTxvelis magivrad `tvins iWylets~, xs-
nis bariers. TavisTavad, mkiTxveli, romelic op-eds waikiTxavs
SeiZleba azri Seicvalos da editorialis mosazreba misTvis
ufro misaRebi aRmoCndes. redaqciisTvis prioritetuli infor-
macia/mTavari mesiji SesaZloa orive masalaSi gaJRerdes da sx-
vadasxva kategoriis da ganwyobis auditoriaze iyos gaTvlili.
editorialsa da op-eds Soris distanciac daaxloebiT igivea,
rac antireklamisa da reklamis efeqts Soris.
saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT op-edis weris praqtika ar ar-
seboba, amitom Jurnal-gazeTebSi statiis am saxeobas ver vx-
vdebiT.
etimologia: xSirad op-edis abreviaturas arasworad Si-
fraven: rogorc opinion-editorial-sgan (mosazrebis edito-
rialisgan). op-edi aris `opposite of editorial~-is abreviatura.
ucxo enaTa bgerebis qarTulad gadmocemis ZiriTad wesebs Tu
gadavxedavT vnaxavT, rom T inglisuridan warmoiTqmis, rogorc
t. magaliTad, Hamlet-hamleti, Toledo-toledo. asoTSeTanxmeba
th warmoiTqmis, rogorc T. magaliTad theater. aso-bgera p_p. mag:
port-porti. asoTSeTanxmeba ph-iT ki vRebulobT f-s. mag: philos-
ophia–filosofia [2]. amgvarad sworia editoriali da ara edi-
Toriali, op-editoriali da ara of-ediToriali, op-edi da ara
of-edi.
zogierTi Jurnalisturi viwrospecialuri termini saer-
Tod araa Semosuli qarTul sametyvelo praqtikaSi, maTi gacnoba
mainc aucile­be­lia. esenia: editorialisti, kalamnisti, op-edi,
editoriali, kalamnisti da sxv.

114
 utyuaria, rom es sityvebi ukve moxvda terminologiur
velSi da calsaxad ver CaiTvleba barbarizmebad. es terminebi,
rogorc specia­lo­bis leqsikidan Semosuli nasesxebi sityve-
bi SegviZloa miviCioT profe­si­ona­lizmebad da saerTaSoriso
leqsikis magaliTebad, romelic mkvid­rde­ba Jurnalistikis vi-
wrospecialur terminebad. am etapze, mniSvnelovania am termine-
bis adgilis moniSvna, pirvel yovlisa, profesiul leqsikonsa
da praqtikaSi. terminebis implementaciis Sedegebs ki dro ukeT
gamoavlens, romelic axal mignebaTa sasargeblod moZraobs.

115
 Abstract

Mariam Gersamia, TSU, TSU Associated Professor

ON WRITING MODERN ARTICLES:

EDITORIALS AND OP-EDS

The job of any good editor and journalist is to produce a

reader-oriented journalistic product (including both a separate
article and the whole newspaper). Finding a balance between ed-
iting policy and Fact-based information plays a vital importance
while constructing the newspaper. Different types of newspaper
articles are being used for this purpose.
The research below draws comparison between the editori-
als and opinion columns, it also discusses etymology issues. The
research looks at the op-ed as an accomplishment of democratic
press. Editorials are not often published in Georgian newspa-
pers.

citirebuli da gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. Tom E. Rolnicki, C.Dow Tate, Sherri Tailor, Scholastic

Journalism, tenth edition, USA, 2001. p.133-150 (writing editori-
als and opinion columns)
2. inglisur qarTuli leqsikoni, Tamar da isidore
gvarjalaZeebi, Tb., 1975, gv. 232-237.
3. www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op-Ed;
4. www.answers.com/topic/editorial;
116
5. www.sd129.org/teachers;
6. www.allwords.com/word;
7. www.luminafoundation.org;
8. www.thefreedictionary.com;

117
 g. goroSiZe, a. sxirtlaZe, x. matkava

qarTuli organizaciuli kulturis

genderuli Taviseburebani

kultura organizaciaSi arsebuli araformaluri movlene-

bis – Rirebulebebis, Tvalsazrisebis, ganwyobebis, zne-Cveule-
bebis da a.S. erTobliobas warmoadgens.zogadad organizaciul
kulturas organizaciaSi mimdinare procesebze mravali mimar-
TulebiT zegavlenis moxdenis SesaZlebloba gaaCnia: igi amya-
rebs da aZlierebs kavSirebs TanamSromelTa Soris, zemoqmedebs
organizaciis muSakebsa da qvedanayofebs Soris urTierTobebze,
qmnis xelsayrel fsiqologiur klimats, iZleva RirebulebiT
orientirebs. magram unda aRiniSnos, rom organizaciuli kul-
turis ZiriTadi mizania organizaciis socialuri da ekonomiku-
ri TviTorganizebis srulyofa personalis meSveobiT. am mTavari
miznis miRweva SesaZlebeli xdeba organizaciis SromiTi resur-
sebis swori mimarTulebiT ganviTarebis safuZvelze [ 1 ], [ 2 ].
ganviTarebis xasiaTis mixedviT SeiZleba gamovyoT `qaluri~ da
`mamakacuri~ kulturebi. mamakacuri kulturebi miiltvian dina-
murobisken, mudmivi ganaxlebisken, cvlilebebisken. kulturaSi
mamakacuri sawyisis dominirebisas organizaciaSi mudmivad iqneba
miswrafeba inovaciebisa da Tvisobrivi cvlilebebisken. qaluri
kulturebi uzrunvelyofen organizaciis mdgrad funqcionire-
bas, miiswrafian miRweuli Sedegebis SenarCunebis, gamyarebisa
da gafarToebisken [ 3 ]. es Taviseburebani mkafiod vlindeba ko-
munikaciur aqtivobebSi, romlebic, rogorc bazisuri movlena,
ganapirobeben sxva danarCen aqtivobebs da TanamSromelTa Soris
Sromis ganawilebis xasiaTs [ 4 ], [ 5 ].

118
 erT-erTi yvelaze ufro farTo kvleva mamakacebis da qalebis
fsiqologiuri Tvisebebis gansxvavebulobasTan dakavSirebiT Ca-
atares jon uiliamsma da debora bestma [ 6 ]. maT ainteresebdaT
imis dadgena, Tu romeli fsiqologiuri Tvisebebi iTvleba mama-
kacebisaTvis ufro damaxasiaTeblad da romeli – qalebisaTvis.
gamoikvlies mravali respondenti 25 qveynidan, romlebsac mo-
eTxovebodaT mieTiTebinaT CamoTvlili 300 zedsarTavidan rome-
li ufro metad miesadageboda qalebs da romeli – kacebs.
Sedegebis mixedviT 300 Tvisebidan mamakacebTan asocirdebo-
da 48 Tviseba, xolo qalebTan asocirdeboda 25 Tviseba. zed-
sarTavebis CamonaTvali mocemulia qvemoT TiToeuli maTganis
gaswvriv gamokvleuli qveynebis raodenobis miTiTebiT:
mamakacebTan asocirebuli Tvisebebi:

agresiuli 24 daxelovnebuli 19 kritikuli 20

aqtiuri 23 kerketi 24 racionaluri 20
ambiciuri 22 zarmaci 21 realisturi 20
miukerZoebeli 20 logikuri 22 Tavdajerebuli 21
Zalauflebiani 24 brZeni 23 seriozuli 20
xmamaRali 21 mamakacuri 25 Zlieri 25
uxeSi 23 mimwoli 20 riskiani 25
utifari 24 arakeTili 19 mrisxane 23
dominanturi 25 damoukidebeli 25 saRad moazrovne 21
sastiki 21 araorganizebuli 21 Steri 21
gulqva 21 arafrTxili 20 damarwmunebeli 25
didgula 20 gauTleli 21 Tavdajerebuli 19
gamomgonebeli 22 autaneli 19 trabaxa 19
iniciativiani 21 ulmobeli 24 gabeduli 23
egocentruli 21 araemociuri 23 mizandasaxuli 21
energiuli 22 oportunistuli 20 masxara 19

119
 qalebTan asocirebuli Tvisebebi

mSiSara 23 rbili 21 sentimentaluri 25

keTili 19 gulCvili 23 susti 23

pranWia 20 nazi 24 mSvidi 21

qaluri 24 araCveulebrivi 20 crumorwmune 25

damokidebuli 23 mxdali 25 mSfoTvare 19

morcxvi 19 mimzidveli 23 mgrZnobiare 24

mSvidi 19 sasiamovno 19 emociuri 23

cnobismoyvare 21 mosaubre 20

meocnebe 24 seqsualuri 22

wyaro: J.E. Williams & D.L Best. Measuring Sterotypes: A Multi-

natio n study. Copyright 1990, by Sage publication, Inc.
personalis efeqtiani marTvisTvis da organizaciis stabi-
luri ganviTarebisTvis aucilebeli xdeba organizaciaSi komu-
nikaciuri procesebis mTlianobiTi Seswavla organizaciuli
kulturis da, upirveles yovlisa, organizaciuli klimatis
kuTxiT. Tavis mxriv, organizaciuli klimati didwilad vlinde-
ba SromiT urTierTobebSi, romlebSic, sakiTxis Seuswavlelo-
bis gamo, yuradRebas ipyrobs genderuli aspeqti.
organizaciuli klimatis sakvlevad Cven mier gamoyenebuli
iqna r. laikertis adaptirebuli kiTxvari [ 7 ]. kiTxvari Sedgeba
16 kiTxvisgan, romelTagan TiToeuli 4 safexurian Sefasebis
skalas warmoadgens da Seicavs Semdeg 6 faqtors: 1. liderobis
stili; 2. muSakTa motivacia; 3. komunikacia; 4. TanamSromelTa
monawileoba gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi; 5. organizaciis miznebis
dasaxva; 6. samuSaos kontroli.
120
 gamokvlevaSi monawileobas Rebulobdnen ori sxvadasxva
profilis organizaciis SromiTi koleqtivebi 200 responden-
tis SemadgenlobiT da genderuli TanafardobiT: 138 qali – 62
kaci. miRebuli monacemebi moyvanilia #1 cxrilSi:

cxrili #1
orive genderuli jgufis mier organizaciis xelmZRvanelo-
bis Sefasebebs Soris sxvaobebi.
kacebi qalebi t-kriteriumi da
statist. sandooba p
liderobis stili _ 1,8 1,0 t= 1,78 p<0,05
komunikacia _0,6 1,21 t= 1,69 p<0,05
TanamSromel. monawileoba _0,45 1,5 t=1,85 p<0,05
gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi
organizac miznebis dasaxva _1,25 0,5 t= 1,67 p<0,05

rogorc Sedegebidan Cans, mocemul organizaciaSi kacebi

xelmZRvanelTa liderobis stils ufro uaryofiTad afase-
ben, vidre qalebi, romlebic Rebuloben xelmZRvanelobas ise,
rogoric is aris da metad xdebian orientirebulebi micemu-
li davalebis zust Sesrulebaze. maSin rodesac kacebisTvis
ufro Cveuli gamodis Tanamdebobrivi ierarqiis vertikalze
yuradRebis gamaxvileba da misi gaumjobesebis gzebis Zieba. es
maT ganasxvavebs qalebisgan, romlebic amjobineben yuradRebis
gamaxvilebas horizontalur urTierTobebze. im samsaxurebriv
poziciebze, romlebic ganekuTvnebian ierarqiaze orientirebul
poziciaTa kategorias, mamakacebi amJRavneben ukeTes Sedegebs,
xolo im poziciebze, romlebic orientirebulebi arian hori-
zontalur kavSirebze, ukeTes Sedegebs iZlevian qalebi. rac
Seexeba organizaciis marTvaSi monawileobas, kacebisTvis esec
ufro misaRebi da sasurveli aqtivobaa, vidre qalebisTvis. Sei-
Zleba iTqvas, rom qalebi ufro advilad kmayofildebian saSem-
121
sruleblo funqciebis ganxorcielebiT, vidre kacebi da ufro
sasurvel kadrebadac miiCnevian xelmZRvanelobis mier. maTi sim-
ravle organizaciebSi albaT amiTac aris ganpirobebuli.
zemoTmoyvanili msjelobebis Semdgom ganviTarebas warmoad-
gens SromiTi kmayofilebis empiriuli Seswavla sxvadasxva gen-
deruli kategoriebisTvis. am mizniT Cven gamoviyeneT p. smitis,
l. kendolis da u. halinis kiTxvari. meTodidan gamoyenebuli
iqna 4 faqtori: 1. samuSaoTi kmayofileba; 2. xemZRvanelobiT
kmayofileba; 3. dawinaurebiT kmayofileba da 4. TanamSromlebiT
kmayofileba. gamokiTxva Catarda igive kontingentze, romelT-
anac vikvlevdiT organizaciul klimats. gamokvlevis Sedegebi
moyvanilia qvemoT #2 cxrilSi:

cxrili #2
orive genderuli jgufisTvis samuSaoTi kmayofilebis Se-
fasebebs Soris sxvaobebi.

kaci qali t-kriteriumi da stat.

sandooba p
samuSaoTi kmayofileba 5,83 11,21 t= 3,24 p<0,005
xelmZRvanelobiT 6,46 8,87 t= 2,51 p<0,05
kmayofileba
dawinaurebiT kmayofileba 5,66 6,81 t= 1,12 p<0,1
TanamSromlebiT kmayofileba 9,98 12,26 t= 2,73 p<0,005

am cxrilidan Cans, rom zogadad qalebis SromiTi kmay-

ofilebis maCveneblebi ufro metia, vidre kacebis. qalebi ar-
Ceven ufro konkretuli da saSemsruleblo saqmianobiT dakave-
bas. isini orientirebulebi arian horizontalur komunikaci-
aze, ris gamoc ukeT gamodgebian TanamSromlebis da jgufebis
koordinatorebis rolSi. zemoxsenebul erT-erT organizaciaSi
Cven mier 100 respondentze (58 qali, 42 kaci) Catarebuli iqna
gamokvleva organizaciaSi arsebuli 10 samsaxurebrivi pozici-
122
isadmi TanamSromelTa genderuli Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb. Sefase-
baTa sixSireebis ganawilebis xasiaTi eTanxmeba im zogad tenden-
ciebs, romlebic iqna gamokveTili kvlevis pirvel etapze Ses-
wavlil ufro did populaciaSi. miRebuli Sedegebi moyvanilia
#3 cxrilSi:

cxrili #3
organizaciis TanamSromelTa mier aTive samuSao poziciis
mimarT gakeTebuli Sefaseba genderuli Tvisebebis mixedviT

kacuri qaluri genderuli

Tvisebebi Tvisebebi prevalireba

iuristi 42 58 16% – qaluri

administratori 66 34 32% – kacuri

maRaziis menejeri 61 39 22% – kacuri

konsultanti 68 32 36% – kacuri

gayidvebis menejeri 51 49 2% – kacuri

kadrebis TanamSromeli 22 78 56% – qaluri

marketologi 70 30 40% – kacuri

operatori 25 75 50% – qaluri

buxhalteri 23 77 54% – qaluri

koordinatori 33 67 43% – qaluri

123
 mocemul cxrilSi moyvanilia sixSireebi, romlebic asax-
aven imas, Tu organizaciis ramdeni TanamSromeli miakuTvnebs
ama Tu im samuSao pozicias an kacur an qalur Tvisebebs. six-
SireTa Soris sxvaobiT mocemulia ama Tu im genderuli Tviseb-
is gamoxatulobis siZliere. rogorc cxrilidan Cans, yvelaze
metad kacur Tvisebebs iTxovs Semdegi poziciebi: administra-
tori, konsultanti, marketologi da maRaziis menejeri. xolo
yvelaze ufro qalur poziciebad koleqtivis mier miCneulia:
kadrebis TanamSromeli, operatori da buxhalteri.
garda xsenebuli Sefasebebis sixSiruli ganawilebisa
gasarkvevia agreTve am Sefasebebis absoluturi mniSvnelobe-
bis ganawilebac, romelic movaxdineT TanamSromelTa mier
warmoebuli Sefasebebis saSualo sidideebs Soris sxvaobebis
dadgeniT (statistikuri sandoobis CvenebiT). Sedegebi moyva-
nilia #4 cxrilSi:

124
 cxrili #4
samuSao poziciebis genderuli Sefasebebis saSualo sidi­
deebs Soris sxvaobebis statistikuri sandooba.

kacuri qaluri t-kriteriumi da

Tvisebebi (M1) Tvisebebi (M2) stat. sandoobap
iuristi 2.40 3.88 t= 1,48 p<0,10
administratori 3.57 1,85 t= 1,72 p<0,05
maRaziis menejeri 3.66 2.10 t=1,56 p<0,10
konsultanti 3,52 1,56 t= 1,96 p<0,05
gayidvebis 3,43 2,45 t= 0,98 p<0,20
menejeri
kadrebis 2,24 4,57 t= 2,33 p<0,025
TanamSromeli
marketologi 4,14 2,00 t= 2,14 p<0,025
operatori 4,39 2,57 t= 1,82 p<0,05
buxhalteri 4,71 2,60 t= 2,11 p<0,025
koordinatori 2,17 4,08 t=1,91 p<0,05

rogorc cxrilidan Cans, saSualo Sefasebebs Soris stati-

stikurad mniSvnelovani sxvaobebi aRiniSneba Semdegi poziciebis
Sefasebebis dros: administratori, konsultanti, kadrebis Ta-
namSromeli, marketologi,
operatori, buxhalteri, koordinatori. genderuli niSne-
bis prevalirebis veqtori emTxveva #3 cxrilSi moyvanil mona-
cemTa suraTs. oRond isic unda iTqvas, rom iuristis poziciis
SemTxvevaSi SeiniSneba masSi qaluri Tvisebebis statistikurad
arasando, magram gamokveTili upiratesoba, xolo maRaziis me-
nejeris SemTxvevaSi – statistikurad arasando, magram kacuri
Tvisebebis upiratesoba. genderul aspeqtSi TiTqmis neitralu-
ri rCeba gayidvebis menejeris pozicia.

125
 aRniSnuli koleqtiuri Sefasebebi organizaciis persona-
lis mier garkveuli miaxloebiT obieqturi Sefasebis tolfa-
sad SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli mocemuli organizaciisTvis. amis
Semavseblad unda iqnes gaazrebuli agreTve samuSao poziciebze
kadrebis realuri ganawileba organizaciis personalis mar-
Tvis samsaxuris mier. genderul aspeqtSi maT Soris gansvlis
SemTxvevaSi muSakebisTvis SeiZleba iqmnebodes iseTi viTareba,
rac maT Sromis nayofierebaze uaryofiTad aisaxeba. gamokvleu-
li kontingentis ganawileba xsenebul poziciebze naCvenebia #5
cxrilSi:

126
 cxrili #5
samuSao poziciebze ganawilebuli kadrebis samuSaosadmi Se-
sabamisobis xarisxi genderul aspeqtSi 1.

samuSaosadmi samuSaosadmi genderuli

kacebis genderuli qalebis genderuli prevalireba
Sesabamisoba Sesabamisoba % -Si
procentebSi (%) procentebSi (%)
iuristi 8 kaci 61,5% 5 qali 38,5% 23% kacuri
Tvisebebi
administratori 3 kaci 100% 0 qali 0% 100% kacuri
Tvisebebi
maRaziis 2 kaci 100% 0 qali 0% 100% kacuri
menejeri Tvisebebi
konsultanti 8 kaci 36,4% 14 qali 63,3% 26,9%
qaluri
Tvisebebi
gayidvebis 3 kaci 30% 7 qali 70% 40% qaluri
menejeri Tvisebebi
kadrebis 3 kaci 23% 10 qali 77% 54% qaluri
TanamSromeli Tvisebebi
marketologi 5 kaci 55,6% 4 qali 44,4% 11,2%
kacuri
Tvisebebi
operatori 4 kaci 28,6% 10 qali 71,4% 42,8%
qaluri
Tvisebebi
buxhalteri 1 kaci 14,3% 6 qali 85,7% 71,4%
qaluri
Tvisebebi
koordinatori 5 kaci 28,6% 2 qali 71,4% 42,8%
qaluri
Tvisebebi

127
 cxrili #6

samuSao poziciebze ganawilebuli kadrebis samuSaosadmi Se-

sabamisobis xarisxi genderul aspeqtSi 2.

genderuli prevalireba genderuli prevalireba

% -Si koleqtivis % -Si kadrebis faqtiuri
Sefasebis mixedviT ganawilebis mixedviT
iuristi 23% kacuri Tvisebebi 16% qaluri Tvisebebi
administratori 100% kacuri Tvisebebi 32% kacuri Tvisebebi
maRaziis menejeri 100% kacuri Tvisebebi 22% kacuri Tvisebebi
konsultanti 26,9% qaluri Tvisebebi 36% kacuri Tvisebebi
gayidvebis menejeri 40% qaluri Tvisebebi 2% kacuri Tvisebebi
kadrebis 54% qaluri Tvisebebi 56% qaluri Tvisebebi
TanamSromeli
marketologi 11,2% kacuri Tvisebebi 40% kacuri Tvisebebi
operatori 42,8% qaluri Tvisebebi 50% qaluri Tvisebebi
buxhalteri 71,4% qaluri Tvisebebi 54% qaluri Tvisebebi
koordinatori 42,8% qaluri Tvisebebi 43% kacuri Tvisebebi

rogorc cxrilidan Cans, dakavebuli poziciebisTvis gen-

derul prevalirebaTa maCveneblebis procentuli sxvaoba Se-
darebiT ufro maRal mniSvnelobebs aRwevs ZiriTadad oTxi
poziciisTvis. esenia: iuristi, konsultanti, gayidvebis mene-
jeri da koordinatori. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini organizaciu-
li procesebisTvis sakvanZo poziciebs warmoadgenen da sruliad
aucilebelia, rom maT saqmianobaSi, Sromis nayofierebis amaR-
lebis mizniT, maqsimalurad iyos uzrunvelyofili samuSao ad-
gilis moTxovnebisadmi muSakTa genderuli adekvaturoba. amis
miRweva ki SeiZleba kadrebis SerCevis etapze profesiul unar-
CvevebTan, pirovnul TvisebebTan erTad personalis marTvis sam-
saxurebis mier gaTvaliswinebuli iyos aplikantTa genderuli
Taviseburebebic.
128
 Abstract

G. Goroshidze, A. skhirtladze, Kh. Matkava

Gender features of the Georgian organizational culture

In this article specificity of the gender factor in the Georgian

organizational culture is investigated. On an empirical material
it is revealed preferentially orientation of women to horizontal
communications and the relation between employees, and also
preferentially orientation of men to vertical communications and
the relation between statuses. Interdependence of the gender
factor and distribution of employees of the organisation on 10
official positions is shown. The available divergence between de-
sirable and existing distribution of employees to official positions
is established in the conditions of some reduction of efficiency
of the organisation, that gives the grounds to prove necessity of
the adequate account of the gender factor for management of
the organisation personnel.

citirebulidagamoyenebuliliteratura:

1. Тихомирова О.Г. Организационная культура: формирова-

ние, развитие и оценка. Санкт-Петербург, 2008.
2. Лютенс Ф. Организационное поведение. Москва, 1999.
3. Бендас Т.В. Гендерная психология. Питер, 2006.
4. Шёкин Г.В. Теория и практика управления персоналом.
Киев, 2003.
5. Шейн Э.Х. Организационная культура и лидерство. Питер,
2002.
6. Williams, J.E.,&Best, D.L. Measuring sex stereotypes: A
thirty nation study . Berkeley, CA: SagePublications,1982.
7. Чарквиани Д. Структурные и функциональные особен-
ности трудовых установок личности. Тбилиси, 1988.
129
 rozeta danelia

adamiani da Tanamedroveoba

TanamedroveobasTan mimarTebiT araerT mecniers, Teoreti-

kossa da filosofoss gamouTqvams Tavisi azri. cnobilia, ise-
Ti did germanel moazrovneTa koncefciebi, rogorebic arian
– herbert markuze (daibada 1898w.q.berlinSi, gardaicvala
1979 w. san-diegoSi), hans magnus encensbergeri(1929 w.), iurgen
habermasi (1929 w.). isini ukeTesi mermisisaTvis, kacobriobis
xsnisaTvis da konfliqtebis dasaregulireblad gzebis dasa-
xvisaTvis gvTavazobdnen TavianT mosazrebebs. TiToeuli maTgani
erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad ayalibebda azrs, koncefcias, rac
`axali tipis~ adamianis Seqmnis ideas ukavSirdeba, sruliad gan-
sxvavebuli adamianisa, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebeli iqneboda
sxva tipis azrovneba, sxva cxovrebis wesi, sxvagvari qceva, sxva
moqmedeba da, rac mTavaria, is sruliad Tavisufali unda yofi-
liyo agresiisagan. bevr SemTxvevaSi, msgavsi koncefciebi ilu-
ziad Seracxila, TiTqos mas realobasTan araferi akavSirebda.
gamoirkva, rom arc asea saqme. am ideis xorcSesxma da ganviTareba
sinamdvileSi moxda, marTlac arsebobs aseTi xalxi da qveyana,
sadac araTu utopia an iluziaa es koncefcia, aramed es aris
uryevi, mtkice realoba. saqme exeba adamianis gansakuTrebuli
tipis arsebobas, romelsac pirobiTad Sveduri tipi SegviZlia
vuwodoT. albaT aseTi tipis adamians Tu gulisxmobdnen markuze
da encensbergeri `axali tipis~ adamianSi. Cven SevecdebiT war-
movaCinoT, Tu ras miaRwia adamianis Svedurma tipma.
dReisaTvis, msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze Tanamedrove da
ganviTarebuli qveyana SvedeTi jer kidev ramdenime aTeuli wlis
winaT, evropaSi Raribi da CamorCenili qveyana iyo. mosaxleo-

130
bis umetesi nawili soflis dasaxlebebSi, ficrul saxlebSi
da ubadruk pirobebSi cxovrobda. superTanamedrove qveynis es
warsuli myaradaa fesvgadgmuli Svedebis mentalitetSi, pir-
velyofili bunebis mTeli arsebiT siyvarulSi, rac zogierTi
adamianis gaocebasac ki iwvevs. bevri ucxoelisaTvis magaliTad,
gaugebari da miuwvdomelia egzotikuri bunebisadmi egzom didi
siyvaruli, aseTi Zalisxmeva, Tavdadeba qveynis winsvlisaTvis,
erTmaneTis keTildReobisaTvis zrunva, rac, Svedis gansakuTre-
bul tips warmoadgens. yovelive amas ki Tan kulturuli memkvi-
dreobis sisadavec erTvis.
TiToeuli Svedis Tavdapirveli mizani iyo, siRaribidan amo-
eyvana SvedeTi da iseTi sazogadoeba aeSenebina, sadac nebismier
moqalaqes, ganurCevlad sqesisa, klasobrivi kuTvnilebisa, so-
cialuri statusisa Tu sxva raime memkvidreobiTi winapirobisa,
garantia eqneboda keTildReobis minimaluri donis uzrunvel-
yofisaTvis. SvedeTSi aseTi precedenti moxda da Camoyalibda
kidec sazogadoeba, sadac klasebs Soris ekonomikuri sxvaoba
gacilebiT naklebia, vidre aseTive donis ganviTarebis romelime
sxva qveyanaSi. aseTi sazogadoebis aSeneba SvedeTSi 1930 wlidan
daiwyo.
saqme isaa, rom SvedeTis ganawilebis politikaSi gamoyene-
buli iyo socializmis elementebi, vinaidan rogorc cnobilia
1930 wlidan 2006 wlamde qveyanas saTaveSi social-demokratebi
edga. swored social-demokratiuli partiis mmarTvelobis pe-
riodidan iwyeba axali sazogadoebis aSeneba, rasac maSindelma
premier-ministrma pier-albin hansenma `saxalxo saxli~ uwoda.
dRes SvedeTi WeSmaritad demokratiuli qveyanaa myarad fesv-
gadgmuli sabazro ekonomikiT. qveyanaSi precedenti namdvilad
daiSva imisa, rom wlebis manZilze dagrovili da Seqmnili sim-
didre SvedeTis mTel mosaxleobaze gadanawilebuliyo.

131
 friad sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom es qveyana, misi ganviTare-
bis koncefciebi da fundamenturi principebi mkveTrad gansxva-
vdeba sxva qveynebis ganviTarebisagan. SvedeTis `saxalxo saxlis~
ganviTarebis koncefciis mixedviT, `saxalxo saxlis~ aSeneba ar
unda daqvemdebareboda finansur daxmarebas garedan. is ar unda
yofiliyo damokidebuli qvelmoqmedebaze. misi finansireba mxo-
lod sagadasaxado sistemis srulyofis xarjze unda ganxor-
cielebuliyo, roca ZiriTadi ekonomikuri simZime uzrunvelyo-
fili adamianebis zurgze gadioda. es iyo `mesame gzis~ politi-
ka, romelic ase aucileblad miaCnda hans magnus encensbergers
qveynis ganviTarebisaTvis da, romelic maSin mkacrad iqna gakri-
tikebuli oponentebis mier. hans magnus encensbergeri da misi
sazogadoebriv-politikuri Jurnali `kursbuxi~ wlebis man-
Zilze emsaxureboda sazogadoebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriebis
Sejerebas, auditoriamde mitanasa da sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
`mesame gzis~ koncefciis cxovrebaSi gatarebas. encensbergeris
msoflmxedveloba da `mesame gzis~ koncefcia gasuli saukunis
50-60-iani wlebis moazrovneTa, gansakuTrebiT ki markuzes fi-
losofiur Sexedulebebzea damyarebuli. mis debulebebSi arse-
buli sistemebis ideologiur-kritikuli ganxilva demokratiu-
li socializmis ideis damkvidrebas emsaxureba (1). arada, swo-
red SvedeTi daadga am gzas da gaikvlia kidec, viwro, jer kidev
gauval gzaze, romelic kapitalizmsa da socializms Soris ido,
im gzaze, romelsac dRes `oqros Sualedad~ moixsenieben. ameri-
kuli propagandis mixedviT ki, SvedeTi 1950-70 wlebSi naxevrad
komunisturi qveyana iyo da iq TiTqos ukiduresad izRudeboda
adamianis uflebebi. maSin, rodesac qveyana msoflioSi socialu-
ri dacvis yvelaze maRali xarisxiTaa gamorCeuli da man araerTi
siaxlis SemoTavazeba SeZlo Tavisi moqalaqeebisaTvis.
cxadia, ukvalod da umtkivneulod arc gaugonar ekonomikur
aRmavlobas Cauvlia, vinaidan reformebs, rogorc viciT, Tavi-

132
sTavad Tan sdevs sirTuleebi. miuxedavad amisa, Svedi egueboda
am sirTuleebis gadalaxvas saboloo miznis misaRwevad, keTil-
dReobis uzrunvelyofamde.
SvedeTi gaazrebulad da racionalurad viTardeboda. am qvey-
nis xalxma Seqmna iseTi kanonebi, romlebic bevr qveyanas aocebs.
aocebs maTi siRrme da, rac mTavaria, aRsrulebis xarisxi. Semu-
Savebul iqna fundamenturi principebi, romlebmac saTave daudo
qveynis aRmSeneblobas.
Sveduri politikis mTavari principi – Tanasworuflebiano-
ba, gamoixateba ara marto imaSi, rom misi istebliSmenti, ad-
ministraciuli mmarTveloba Tanabari raodenobiT Seadgens ma-
makacebsa da qalebs, Tanasworuflebianoba mdgomareobs imaSic,
rom rogorc mamakaci, aseve qali unda iyos ekonomikurad da-
moukidebeli da, SeZlebisdagvarad Tanabrad zrunavdes ojaxis
materialuri uzrunvelyofisaTvis da bavSvebis aRzrdaze.
qveyanaSi moqmedi Zlieri kanonmdeblobis mixedviT ikrZaleba
ama Tu im eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenelTa diskriminacia da
maTdami negatiuri damokidebulebis gamovlena, aseve fizikur
Tu fsiqiur unarSezRudulTa da aratradiciuli seqsualuri
orientaciis pirTa Seuracxmyofeli damokidebuleba. arsebobs
kanonebi, romlebic emsaxureba bavSvTa dacvas, rogorc ojaxSi,
aseve sazogadoebaSi.
SvedeTis sazogadoebis uryevi principi – gamWvirvaleba da
gaxsniloba bevri qveynisaTvis gaxda Znelad Sesaguebeli. Sve-
deTSi nebismier moqalaqes miuwvdeba xeli sajaro dokumentebze
da ufleba aqvs ganaxorcielos xelisufalTa uflebamosilebis
sruli kontroli. presisa da sazogadoebisaTvis xelmisawvdo-
mobis principi xelSesaxebs xdis nebismieri werilobiTi doku-
mentaciis Tu, korespondenciis gacnobas, saxelmwifo da muni-
cipaluri organoebis eleqtronuli fostis CaTvliT. raoden
gasakviric ar unda iyos, amis gamo Svedebs araerTi dabrkoleba

133
xvdaT wilad. is ki ara, evrokavSirSi SvedeTis warmomadgenlo-
bis swrafva meti gamWvirvalebisaken, xSirad winaaRmdegobebs
awydeba da Sesabamisad gaugebari da ucxoa bevri sxva qveynisa-
Tvis. es imis maCvenebelia, rom ioli ar aris sxvebisgan gamoir-
Ceode, maT normatiul principebSi ar jdebode. magram SvedeTi
Tavisi ganviTarebis donis wyalobiT, miuxedavad yvelafrisa,
individi-qveynis statusis SenarCunebas mainc axerxebs.
SvedeTi arc sagareo politikiT Camohgavs romelime sxva
qveyanas. misi sagareo politikis ZiriTad princips gansazRvra-
vs TavdacviTi doqtrina, rac gamoricxavs romelime samxedro
blokSi gawevrianebas. rac Seexeba mSvidobis politikasTan mis
mimarTebas, is imTaviTve ibrZoda mTel msoflioSi mSvidobis Se-
narCunebisaTvis. SvedeTi erT-erTi pirveli qveyana iyo, vinc ga-
erTianebuli erebis organizaciis wevri gaxda. Tumca jer kidev
maSin icavda neitralitetis princips.
Raribi da CamorCenili qveynidan Tanamedrove industriul
erad gadaqcevis winapirobad usaTuod saxeldeba tyis udidesi
maragi, rkina, hidroenergia, rac SvedeTis mTel CrdiloeT na-
wilSia ganlagebuli. magram es albaT ar ikmarebda qveynis win-
svlisaTvis, Tundac gamomgoneblobasa da mewarmeobaSi udidesi
tradiciiTa da potencialiT ver gaxdeboda SvedeTi maRalteq-
nologiuri ganviTarebis qveyana, ver miaRwevda amdens, rom ara
Svedis, rogorc individis dauokebeli buneba, xasiaTi, cnobie-
reba da gamWriaxoba. `Cven, Svedebi ver SeveguebodiT msoflio
kulturis ruqaze umniSvnelo, anonimuri, usaxuri adgilis da-
kavebas~ (2) – amtkiceben Svedebi da amiT xazs usvamen TavianT Si-
nagan bunebas Seupovrobas. rac Seexeba Svedebis kulturas maTi,
kulturis TiToeuli sferos simdidresa da mravalferovnebas
gaocebaSi mohyavs saerTaSoriso specialistebi. es aris ferwe-
ra, arqiteqtura, poezia, opera, Tanamedrove dizaini da mravali
sxva, risi gakeTebac SeZlo evropis kideze mobinadre am patara

134
erma. eri, romelic dResac ukiduresi TavmdablobiT gamoirCe-
va, TviTon axasiaTebs Tavis kulturas da ambobs, rom maTi na-
cionaluri kultura sxva, ufro didi kulturebis dasesxebiT,
gaazrebulad, niWierad ganviTarda, magram mis fesvebSi SvedeTis
sulia Cabudebuli (3). SvedeTis sulSi ki mxolod ubraloeba,
bunebrivi gamWriaxoba, maradiuli siyvaruli moiazreba mokrZa-
lebuli, ubiwo fesvebisadmi.
SvedeTi erT-erTi wamyvani qveyanaa msoflioSi bio-medicinasa
da informaciul teqnologiebSi, amitomacaa, rom bevri Svedu-
ri msxvili kompaniebi transnacionaluri korporaciebis gaer-
TianebaSia Sesuli. magram misi potenciali amiT ar amoiwureba.
SvedeTis industria iseve rogorc aTeuli wlebis win, axlac
ukavSirebs momavlis ideebsa da gegmebs – axal ideebsa da mewar-
meobas da unarianad iTvaliswinebs axali realobis pirobebSi
axali gzebis dasaxvis amocanebs.
Tanamedrove epoqasTan, globalizaciasTan, informaciul sau-
kunesTan mimarTebiT, momavlis industriis yvelaze mniSvnelova-
ni seqtori – informaciuli teqnologiebia, kerZod ki, tele-
komunikaciuri warmoeba, cifruli sakomunikacio teqnologia,
romelTa liderad Zveleburad eriqsoni rCeba. pirvel rigSi,
es niSnavs, rom SvedeTs SeuZlia sxva qveynis sainformacio po-
litikisagan Tavis daRweva, romelTa eqsporti dabalxarisxo-
vani produqciiTaa gajerebuli, rac upirvelesad auditoriis
kulturuli donis dacemas, misi interesebisa da moTxovnile-
bebis daqveiTebas emsaxureba. SvedeTma, iseve rogorc sxva war-
matebulma qveyanam (maT Soris, iaponia) am procesebisagan ixsna
Tavisi qveynis media-sivrce, TviTon Seqmna media-eqsporti da am
procesebs daupirispirda Tavisi maRalganviTarebuli ekono-
mikiTa da industriuli baziT, sainformacio da sakomunikacio
teqnologiebis ganviTarebiT, rac informaciul saukuneSi Tana-
medrove ganviTarebis erT-erTi mamoZravebeli Zalaa.

135
 markuzes msgavsad, encensbergeric gamosavals represiebisa-
gan Tavisufali sazogadoebis, `axali tipis~ adamianis Camoya-
libebaSi xedavs. Tu markuzes koncefciis mixedviT `Warbmwar-
moebeli sazogadoeba~, aseve totalitaruli socialisturi
sazogadoeba yovelive individualurs spobs, imasac ar uaryofs,
rom socializmi sawarmoo Zalebis gegmazomieri ganviTarebiT da
resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebiT gamoirCeva, rac SemdgomSi
misi azriT, gaTavisuflebis winapirobadac SeiZleba CaiTvalos
(4). mogvianebiT encensbergeri Tanabrad akritikebs rogorc ka-
pitalizms ise socializms, sakmaod obieqturad afasebs orive
sistemis dadebiT Tu uaryofiT mxareebs da gamosavals orive ma-
Tganis dadebiTi momentebis gaerTianebaSi xedavs. magram SiSobs,
rom misi debulebebi da daskvnebi `mesame gzis~ perspeqtivis Se-
saxeb idiliur ocnebad darCeba (5). cnobil germanel Teoreti-
kos iurgen habermass komunikaciis sibrtyeSi gadaaqvs sazogado-
ebis ganviTarebis idea. is gmobs sakuTari interesebis upirobo
gatarebas. misi msjelobis sagania sakuTari interesebis sxvaTa
interesebTan Sesatyvisobis aucilebloba. komunikaciis sayo-
velTao mizans igi Tanacxovrebis organizaciaSi, sasicocxlo
urTierTobebis damyarebaSi xedavs. habermasis debulebaTa amo-
savali wertilia TiToeuli adamianis Semecneba da siRrmiseuli
azrovneba, romelic Tanabari universalobiT ganisazRvreba da
aiZulebs sakuTari perspeqtivis decentralizacias, sakuTari
Tvalsazrisis sxvaTa Tanaswori uflebebis mqone Sexedulebeb-
Tan gaTanabrebas da xalxebis Tavisufali ganviTarebisa da iden-
turobis principis dacvas emsaxureba(6).
dabolos, etaloni qveynis – SvedeTis magaliTze naTlad Cans
did moazrovneTa Sexedulebebis Seumcdaroba da maTi debulebe-
bisa Tu koncefciebis cxovrebaSi gatarebis SesaZlebloba.

136
 ABSTRACT

Rozeta Danelia – assistant professor,

TSU The faculty of Social and Political Sciences,

Human and Modernity

In the modern World there are a number of concept

connected with the idea of creation ,,The New Type” of human.
Swedish Style is taken for example in this article which is coinci-
ded with the conceptios of prominent theorists. H. Marcuse, H.M.
Enzensberger and J. Habermas great German scholars offered
us their opinions for better future. Each of them independently
formulated own conception connected with the idea of forma-
tion ,, the New Type “of human and to the ,,The Third Way “.
Such conceptions were considered as illusion but it turned out
to be a strong reality. It concerns existence of a new type of
human called Swedish style . In this article is underlined truth
worth point of views of these great scholars and the ability of
their ideas to come true in contemporary reality.

citirebuli da gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. r. danelia. `hans magnus enecensbergeri da `mesame gzis~

koncefcia~. gelaTis mecn. akademiis Jurnali, 2008-4. gv. 56
2. Svecia da Svedebi. stokholmi. 2007. gv. 3.
3. klas braiton da Sveduri instituti. 2007.
4. r. danelia. `saRi azris zeoba~. markuze da filosofiuri
safuZvlebi. Tb., 2008, gv, 15-28.
5. iqve, hans magnus encensbergeri. gv. 52-75.
6. iqve, iurgen habermasis Semoqmedebis zogierTi aspeqti. gv.
36-52.

137
 Tamar dolbaia

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis msoflio

gamocdileba da saqarTvelo

globalur-ekonomikur sivrceSi nacionaluri meurneobebis

integraciam, maT mier Ria ekonomikis ZiriTadi principebis re-
alizebam da saeqsporto specializaciis dargebis dominirebam
migviyvana warmoebis organizaciis iseT axal formamde, rogo-
ricaa Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona (Tez).
misi Seqmnis mTavari mizania nacionaluri meurneobebis ufro
Rrmad CarTva Sromis saerTaSoriso geografiul danawilebaSi,
Sida bazris maRalxarisxiani produqciiT gajereba, samamulo
warmoebaSi uaxlesi samecniero teqnologiebis danergva, dasa-
qmebis gazrda, regionuli socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis
gadawyveta `zrdis polusebis~ meSveobiT (1).
Tezebis raodenoba msoflioSi 2000-ze metia. maTSi dasaq-
mebulia 43 mln. kaci. moqmedebs msoflios 100-ze met qveyanaSi
da maTi wili msoflio saqonelbrunvaSi gaizarda 8%-dan 1960
wels, 35% -mde 2007 wels(3).
Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona es aris qveynis nawili, te-
ritoria, sadac saxelmwifo amyarebs marTvis gansakuTrebul
reJims, romelic ufro metad xelsayrelia ucxoeli da samamu-
lo mewarmeTa saqmianobisaTvis, gare da Sida investiciebis mo-
zidvisaTvis. es reJimi Cveulebriv gulisxmobs gansakuTrebul
SeRavaTebs savaWro operaciebis ganxorcielebaze (eqsport-
importuli baJis gauqmeba), sagadasaxado (dabegvris gauqmebam-
de), finansur da administraciul transaqciebs, rac amsubuqebs
tvirTis mimoqcevis procedurebs, sawarmoTa registraciebs da

138
sxv. erTerTi umTavresi piroba Tezis warmoqmnisaTvis aris xel-
sayreli ekonomikur-geografiuli mdebareoba.
Tezebis klasifikaciis safuZvelia oTxi mTavari kriteriumi:
1)saqmianobis xasiaTi da funqciuri daniSnuleba, 2)msoflio da
erovnul ekonomikaSi integrirebis xarisxi, 3) dargobrivi xa-
siaTi, 4)sakuTrebis forma (2).
Tanamedrove msoflio praqtikaSi gamoiyofa 25-mde tipis
Tezi. maT Soris: sabaJo zonebi, daubegravi zonebi, Tavisufali
saeqsporto, Tavisufali saeqsporto-samrewvelo, ekonomikuri
keTildReobis, erToblivi mewarmeobis, teqnikur-ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis samecniero-samrewvelo zonebi da sxv.
yvelaze mniSvnelovania:
1) savaWro Tezi – misi yvelaze adreuli forma warmoiqmna
XVI_XVII saukuneebSi. maT miekuTvneba Tavisufali sabaJo zone-
bi, savaWro-sasawyobo zonebi, Tavisufali portebi, Tavisufali
vaWrobis zonebi, romlebic yvelaze gavrcelebulia da iqmneba
sazRvao da avia portebSi, an maTTan Zalian axlos. isini sarge-
bloben sabaJo eqsteritorialurobiT.
2)samrewvelo-sawarmoo Tezebi – orientirebulni arian eq-
sport-importul operaciebze da qveynis saeqsporto potencia-
lisa da savaluto Semosavlebis zrdaze. bevri maTgani savaWro
Tezebis transformaciis Sedegad warmoiSva.
3) samecniero-teqnologiuri Tezebi – maTSi koncentrire-
bulia erovnuli da ucxouri saproeqto, kvleviTi, samecniero-
sawarmoo firmebi, romlebic sargebloben sagadasaxado da fi-
nansuri SeRavaTebiT. maTi funqcia uaxlesi teqnologiebis da-
nergva da SemuSavebaa. esaa inovaciuri da samecniero centrebi,
kvleviTi da teqnoparkebi.
4) servisuli Tezebi – romlebic momsaxurebis dargebze
specializirebul firmebsa da sawarmoebs aniWebens SeRavaTian

139
pirobebs. esenia ofSoruli zonebi, finansuri centrebi, sabanko,
turistuli da sxv. momsaxurebis formebi.
Tezi msoflioSi asaxavs ekonomikis liberalizaciis sxva-
dasxva formebs, romelTa prioritetuli mamarTulebebi isto-
riulad icvleboda. roca saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTier-
Tobebis (seu) safuZveli iyo vaWroba, daiwyo ubaJo vaWrobis
zonebis ganviTareba (porto franko), Tavisufali savaWro qala-
qebisa da kavSirebis (hanzis kavSiri) Seqmna. roca seuSi mniSvne-
lovani gaxda erToblivi (Sereuli) warmoeba, romelic aZlie-
rebs kavSirebs nacionalur ekonomikebs Soris da aris garanti
saxelmwifoTa mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebisa, ganviTareba daiwyo
saeqsporto-samrewvelo zonebma. rogorc wesi, isini iqmnebian
ganviTarebad qveynebSi, sadac warmoebis ganlagebis ZiriTadi fa-
qtorebia dabali saarendo gadasaxadi miwaze, iafi muSa xeli
da ekologiuri SezRudvebis ararseboba. seu-Si finansuri ka-
pitalis rolis gazrdisas ganviTareba daiwyo sabanko zonebma
da ofSorulma centrebma, sadac pirvel adgilze ukve warmoeba
ki ar aris, aramed komerciuli, safinanso, mmarTvelobiTi da
sadazRvevo saqmianoba. samecniero – teqnikuri progresis epo-
qaSi warmoiSva Tezebis Semdgomi, axali Taoba, romelmac gaaer-
Tiana mecniereba da maRali teqnologiebis warmoeba, anu Seqmna
samecniero-teqnikuri zonebi da teqnopolisebi.
gansxvavebulia Tezebi ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveyneb-
Si.
ganviTarebul qveynebSi warmodgenilia Tezebis yvela saxeo-
ba, radganac es qveynebi aqtiurad arian CarTulni msoflio sa-
meurneo kavSirebSi da sxvadasxva integraciul dajgufebebSi.
marto aSS-is Tavisufali vaWrobis zonebSi, romlebic XX sau-
kunis 30-iani wlebidan Seiqmna msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis
daZlevisaTvis, 3000-ze meti kompania muSaobs. dasavleT evro-

140
paSi raodenobrivad Warbobs Tavisufali vaWrobis zonebi. isini
jer kidev XIX saukuneSi warmoiSvnen da XX s-is 90-ian wlebSi
maTi ricxvi 150-mde gaizarda. aseTi zonebi formirdeboda sazR-
vao da samdinaro portebSi da sarkinigzo kvanZebze: germaniaSi
(hamburgi, bremeni, kili, emdeni), daniaSi (kopenhageni), fineTSi
(helsinki, turku), avstriaSi (linci, graci). Tavisufali sam-
rewvelo zonis qresTomaTiuli magaliTia XXs. 50-ian wlebSi
irlandiis aeroport SenonSi Seqmnili saerTaSoriso Tavisu-
fali samrewvelo zona, sadac aTasobiT axali samuSao adgili
Seiqmna, qveynis ekonomika aRorZinda da wliurma eqsportma 1
mlrd. dolars gadaaWarba (3). farTod gavrcelda samecniero-
teqnologiuri zonebi da ofSoruli biznes-centrebi. inglisSi
Tezebi Seiqmna depresiuli regionebis asaRorZineblad. evropu-
li Tezebis ganviTarebis perspeqtivaa, integraciuli procesebis
gaRrmaveba evrokavSiris SigniT.
afrikaSi Tezebi ar viTardeba finansebisa da infrastruqtu-
ris uqonlobis gamo. iq aris mxolod saeqsporto-sawarmoo zo-
nebi (tunisi, egvipte).
TiTqmis yvela ganviTarebadma qveyanam aiRo Tezis saeqspor-
to-samrewvelo forma, orientirebuli sazRvao portebsa da
aeroportebze, romlis mizania mrewvelobis prioritetuli
dargebis forsirebuli ganviTareba, eqsportis stimulireba,
ucxouri kapitalisa da teqnologiebis mozidva, Sromatevad
dargebze orientacia, raSic ucxoeli investorebic arian dain-
teresebuli. Tumca bevr maTganSi politikuri arastabiluro-
bis, ekonomikuri da administraciuli faqtorebis gamo Tezebma
Sewyvites muSaoba (liberia, senegali, gvatemala, Sri-lanka).
yofil socialistur qveynebSi centralizebuli-gegmiuri
ekonomikis pirobebSi Tezebi ganixileboda, rogorc sabazro
ekonomikis elementebi, romlebic moizidavdnen ucxour inve-

141
sticiebs. XX s. 60-ian wlebSi Tezebi Seiqmna iugoslaviasa da
ungreTSi, 80-iani wlebidan ki mTels postsocialistur sivr-
ceSi.
ruseTSi Tezebis Seqmna daiwyo XX s. 80-ian wlebSi. Warbobs
Tavisufali vaWrobisa da kompleqsuri zonebi, Tumca bevrma ver
gauZlo drois gamocdas, radganac maTi sisustea teritoriis
did masStabebze modeba da SeRavaTebis gavrcelebis bundovani
meqanizmi, romelsac kanonmdeblobis borotad gamoyenebamde mi-
vyavarT.
CineTs, romelic Tezebis saSualebiT ekonomikis ganviTarebis
saukeTeso magaliTia, am tipis gamocdileba aqvs 1980 wlidan,
roca Seiqmna 5 gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri raioni. 1984 wels
sagareo vaWrobisaTvis gaixsna yvela msxvili saporto qalaqi,
romlebic gaxda qveynis `fanjara~ sagareo bazarze. mogvianebiT
Seiqmna kidev 13 ubaJo zona, 32 zona teqnikur-ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebisa da 52 zona-saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis maRali teqno-
logiebis ganviTarebisaTvis. CineTma ufleba misca 13 sasazRvro
qalaqs TavianT teritoriebze SeeqmnaT sazRvrispira ekonomi-
kuri TanamSromlobis zonebi. qveynis `gansakuTrebul ekonomi-
kur raionebSi~ warmoebuli produqciis 50% saeqsportoa, maTi
specializaciaa gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba da savaWro qselis
ganviTareba. ucxoelebisTvis Seqmnilia SeRavaTiani sabaJo da
sagadasaxado garemo, moziduli kapitalis moculoba ramdenime
aTeuli miliardi dolaria. Tavad Cinelebs ki saSualeba eZle-
vaT Seisyidon teqnika-teqnologiebis yvelaze srulyofili
formebi, moipovon marTvis Tanamedrove meTodebi, miiRon infor-
macia msoflio sasaqonlo da safinanso bazrebidan da moamzadon
maRalkvalificiuri kadrebi (3).
ra gamocdileba gvaqvs da ra Sedegebi SeiZleba mohyves Tezis
Seqmnas saqarTveloSi?!

142
 1821 wels saqarTveloSi gaixsna yulevis, anu redut-kales
porto-franko porti, periferiebSi sxva qveynebidan saqonlis
SemotanisaTvis xelSewyobis, aseve ruseTis mrewvelobisa da
vaWrobisaTvis iranisa da TurqeTis bazrebis daqvemdebarebis
mizniT. yulevSi ucxoeTidan Semotanil saqonelze dawesda 5%-
iani saSeRavaTo tarifi, maSin roca ruseTis SavizRvispira por-
tebSi ucxouri nawarmi ibegreboda 25%-iT. SeRavaTiani vaWro-
bis dawyebisTanave, yulevi mTeli amierkavkasiisTvis saqonlis
erTaderTi sawyobi gaxda, xolo Tbilisi msoflio mniSvnelobis
sasawyobo da saqonlis gamanawilebeli centri. tranziti yule-
vi – Tbilisis gziT xels uwyobda evropuli saqonlis iranul
bazrebze gabatonebas.
saSeRavaTo tarifi moqmedebda 1821-1831 wlebSi da am pe-
riodSi saqonlis Semotana sazRvargareTidan saqarTveloSi
gaizarda 3-jer, gatana ki 7-jer 1812-1821 wlebTan SedarebiT.
iranSi, TurqeTsa da ruseTSi saqonlis gatanisas ki saqonlis
25% saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi rCeboda(4).
vaWrobis ganviTarebam saqarTveloSi gamoiwvia feodaluri
karCaketilobis rRveva, sakredito saqmianobis gaaqtiureba, ko-
merciuli bankis daarseba da saqalaqo cxovrebis ganviTareba,
rac SeRavaTiani tranzitisa da vaWrobis gauqmebisTanave Sefer-
xda da Semdgom daeca kidec.
baTumi 1878 wels portad gamocxadebidan mTeli 5 weli
porto franko iyo, magram am periodSi ports ar hqonda raime
mniSvnelovani funqcia da tvirTi.
XX saukuneSi, sabWoTa saqarTveloSi danarCeni msofliosgan
mowyvetili da centralizebuli ekonomikis pirobebSi ZiriTadi
ekonomikuri kavSirebi xorcieldeboda socialistur qveynebs
Soris saxmeleTo sivrcis meSveobiT.

143
 XX s-is 90-iani wlebidan ganviTarebulma politikur-eko-
nomikurma krizisma, ssrk-is daSlam da sabazro ekonomikaze ga-
dasvlam saqarTvelo axali realiebis winaSe daayena. dairRva
Zveli ekonomikuri kavSirebi, daikarga gasaRebis bazrebi, daeca
ekonomika, gaCnda umuSevroba. gansakuTrebiT mZime dartyma miiRo
da TiTqmis ganadgurda mrewveloba.
radganac Tezi msoflioSi aRiarebulia Ria sazogadoebis
Seqmnis gzaze ekonomikis liberalizaciis progresul formad,
igi postsocialisturi qveynebisTvis centralizebuli ekono-
mikidan sabazroze gadasvlis efeqtur instrumentad iqca da
saqarTveloSic ekonomikis kolafsidan gamoyvanis erTerT gzad
swored Tezis Seqmna iqna miCneuli, Tumca msjelobidan saqmeze
gadasvla mxolod 2007 wlisTvis moxda, Tanac deklarirebidan
kidev sami weli gavida. msoflioSi ofSoruli zonebis mimarT
araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba arsebobs da amitomac xelisu-
fleba xazs usvams, rom es ar iqneba ofSori da dasaxelebaSic ki
gamoitana sityva `industriuli~. foTis porti da Tavisufali
industriuli zona (Tizi) erTiani menejmentis qveS ganixileba.
arabulma kompania `rak investmentma~ iyida jer portis 51%,
mogvianebiT danarCeni 49%-ic da navsadguris mimdebare Senoba-
nagebobebi, rasac daemata Tavad TezisTvis nayidi 300 ha miwis
nakveTi, Tumca aqve aRvniSnavT, rom yvela ganviTarebul qveyanaSi
saxelmwifo miwas ijariT aZlevs Tezebs, saidanac damatebiTi
Semosavali Sedis biujetSi. aseve didi Secdomaa portis gayidva,
riTac faqtiurad qveynis satransporto-geografiuli mdebare-
obis gasxviseba xdeba. investori acxadebs, rom zonis mowyobaze
25 mln ukve daxarja da kidev 300-400 mln. dolars moizidavs
(6). foTis Tizis ZiriTadi miznebia: investiciebis mozidva, eko-
nomikisa da axali teqnologiebis ganviTareba, dasaqmebis gazrda.
misi mTavari maxasiaTeblebia: angariSsworebis ganxorcieleba

144
nebismieri valutiT; garkveuli saqmianobis gaTavisufleba li-
cenziisa da nebarTvisagan; ucxouri saqonlis Setanisa da TizSi
ganxorcielebuli operaciebis dRg-sgan gaTavisufleba; qonebis
gadasaxadis nulovani reJimis amoqmedeba; TizSi warmoebuli da
saqarTveloSi Semosuli saqonlis gaTavisufleba sabaJo gada-
saxadisagan da sxv.
TizSi nebadarTuli saqmianobaa nebismieri saqonelis war-
moeba iaraRis, sabrZolo masalis, birTvuli nivTierebebis da
narkotikebis garda.
Tizis marTvas axorcielebs investori, romelic aseve iRebs
valdebulebas infrastruqturis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. inve-
stors daxvdeba kargad SerCeuli adgili, naklebi satranspor-
to da sawarmoo xarjebiT, produqciis realizebis arxebiTa da
geografiiT, garemomcveli garemos xelsayreli mdgomareobiT,
marTvis sistemis saimedoobiTa da simartiviT. xolo Tu ra sar-
gebeli da Semosavali eqneba qalaqs Tizisgan ucnobia. miT ufro,
rom miwa investorma ijariT ki ar aiRo, iyida, maSin roca TiTq-
mis yvela ganviTarebuli qveynis portebSi miwis ijaras uxdian
qalaqs (hamburgi, roterdami da sxv).
ucxouri investiciebis mozidva, Tu vixelmZRvanelebT Cinu-
ri modeliT, xels Seuwyobs ekonomikis ganviTarebas warmoebisa
da eqsportis gazrdis gziT, mowinave teqnologiebis danergvis
gziT, Sromisnayofierebis gazrdiT, dedaqalaqidan moSorebuli
regionebis ganviTarebiTa da Seqmnis stabilur wyaros saxelmwi-
fo biujetis damatebiTi SemosavlebisaTvis.
cnobilia, rom civilizaciebis msxvrevis sazRvrebSi Teze-
bis Seqmna da maTi ekonomikuri zrda, amartivebs eTnikur da eT-
nokonfesiur konfliqtebs (3) da savsebiT SesaZlebelia Cveni
qveynis eTnokonfliqtebis mogvrebis erTerTi saSualeba Tezi
iyos da samegrelosa da afxazeTis eTnikurad gadajaWvul ku-

145
TxeebSi ekonomikurma aqtivobebma xelovnurad Seqmnili poli-
tikuri sazRvrebi moSalos. Tumca isec SeiZleba moxdes, rom
Tezis teritoria saxelmwifos politikur-ekonomikuri sivr-
cis miRma aRmoCndes da qveynis teritoriul problemebs kidev
erTi daematos.
foTis Tizs Tavisi momxibvlelobis garda uaryofiTi mxaree-
bic aqvs. aris saSiSroeba, rom qarTuli kompaniebi daregistrir-
debian zonaSi da Semcirdeba qveynis sabiujeto Semosavali. aseve
saeWvod ucnobia industriis konkretulad ra dargebis ganviTa-
reba moxdeba. 400 deklarirebuli sawarmo ra specializaciisaa,
ra saxis produqcia unda gamouSvas da sad unda gaasaRos. 20 000
deklarirebuli samuSao adgili ra kvalifikaciis, Rirebule-
bisa da specialobis kadrebs iTxovs da vin gaTvala namdvilad
20000 adgilia saWiro Tu ara. saidan mohyavT es xalxi da ra
devs xelSekrulebaSi adgilobrivi kadrebis dasaqmebis priori-
tetulobis Sesaxeb?
marTalia Tizis ZiriTadi daniSnuleba investiciebis mozid-
vaa, magram investiciis mozidvas qveynis politikuri, sakanonm-
deblo da ekonomikuri momxibvleloba sWirdeba. tvirTebis na-
kadis zrdas ki marto garedan moziduli tvirTi ar ganapiro-
bebs, tvirTSemqmneli Tavad qveynis ekonomika unda iyos, radgan
zonebi yvelgan TavianT Tavze muSaoben da naklebad im qveynis
ekonomikur warmatebaze, sadac arian ganlagebulni.
Tezis sicocxlisunarianoba damokidebulia deklarirebul
da realur miznebs Soris msgavseba-gansxvavebaze. investorebi
zonebSi xedaven SeRavaTebis miRebisa da dabegvrisagan gaTavisu-
flebis wamier, mimzidvel mxares, mTavrobebi ki regionis iseTi
problemebisagan Tavis daRwevis saSualebas, rogoricaa ganuvi-
Tarebeli infrastruqtura, dangreuli warmoeba, umuSevroba da

146
mZime socialuri mdgomareoba da ar fiqroben rom ucxouri kapi-
tali TezSi Semodis ara qveynis ekonomikis gasaviTareblad, ara-
med kerZo interesebisTvis, kerZod maRali mogebis misaRebad.
foTis Tizis ekonomikuri sargeblianobis, tvirTebis geogra-
fiisa da dasaqmebis efeqturobis dasadgenad da gasaanalizeblad
ar arsebobs aranairi dokumenti Tu masala, Tumca sazogadoebis
molodini didia da swored am mizniT CavatareT sociologiuri
kvleva, romlis mizani iyo Segveswavla mosaxleobis damokide-
buleba Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis mimarT.
gamoyenebuli iqna sociologiuri gamokiTxvis meTodi da kv-
leva Catarda saqarTvelos sam qalaqSi: foTSi, baTumsa da Tbi-
lisSi. respodentebs daurigdaT winaswar Sedgenili kiTxvari.
molodinebi gulisxmobs im movlenebis perspeqtivaSi danaxvas,
romelic mosaxleobas aqvs. movlenis moxdenis albaTobas, Se-
degs, informirebulobas, piradi da sazogadoebrivi miRwevebis
Sefasebas. swored am cvladebze dayrdnobiT Camoyalibda Cveni
kiTxvari. kiTxvari Sedgeboda eqvsi ZiriTadi kiTxvisgan sami
SesaZlo pasuxiT – diax, ara, ar vici. gamokiTxva Catarda indi-
vidualurad da sWirdeboda 5-8 wuTi. kiTxvarSi Sedioda aseve
damatebiTi kiTxvac, romelic Sinaarsidan gamomdinare ramdenime
SesaZlo pasuxs Seicavda. kiTxvari mocemulia qvemoT (ix. cxri-
li). sul gamoikiTxa 80 respondenti: foTSi – 39 (48,75%),
baTumSi – 23 (28,75%), TbilisSi – 18 (22,5%). respondentebis
asaki: 25 wlamde – 14 (17,5%), 25-50 wlis – 38 (47,5%), 50-ze
zeviT – 28 (35%). gamokiTxvaSi monawileoba miiRo 42 (52,5%)
mdedrobiTi da 38 (47,5%) mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebma.
71 (88,75%) respondenti umaRlesi ganaTlebiT iyo, xolo 35
(43,75%) dasaqmebuli.

147
 respondentebis SerCeva sami qalaqis im mosaxleobaze ganxor-
cielda, romlebic Tezis problematikas metad Tu naklebad ic-
nobdnen. gamoikiTxa: 5 eqsperti, 5 baTumis portis administraci-
is TanamSromeli, 3 foTis portis administraciis TanamSromeli,
10 foTis meriis TanamSromeli, 20 samive qalaqis ganaTlebis
sferos warmomadgeneli da moqalaqeebi.
qvemoT mocemulia cxrili sadac dafiqsirebulia miRebuli
pasuxebi, raodenobrivi ganawilebis mixedviT.

kiTxva diax ara ar vici

1 xarT Tu ara foTSi Tezis 65 81,3% 10 12,5% 5 6,3%

Seqmnis momxre?

2 eqneba Tu ara Sedegi foTSi 52 65,0% 17 21,3% 11 13,8%

Tizis ganviTarebas ?
3 gaqvT Tu ara informacia 76 95,0% 4 5% 0
Tezebis dadebiT an uaryofiT
mxareebze?
4 rogor fiqrobT, geqnebaT 31 38,8% 41 51,3% 8 10,0%
saSualeba ganaxorcieloT
ekonomikuri saqmianoba foTis
TizSi?
5 Caayenebs Tu ara foTis 22 27,5% 13 16,3% 45 56,3%
Tizi qveynis sxva regionebs
ufro mZime ekonomikur
mdgomareobaSi?
6 SeiZleba Tu ara gaxdes 65 81,3% 8 10,0% 7 8,8%
Tezi eTnokonfliqtebis
mogvarebis erTerTi
saSualeba?

148
 7. gTxovT miuTiToT ra dadebiT Sedegs moutans saqarT-
velos Tezi?

8. gTxovT miuTiToT ra uaryofiT Sedegs moutans saqarT-

velos Tezi?

9. gTxovT miuTiToT ra dadebiT Sedegs moutans foTs

Tizi?

149
 10. gTxovT miuTiToT ra uaryofiT Sedegs moutans foTs
Tizi?

Sedegebis analizi: pirvel kiTxvaze pasuxisas `xarT Tu ara

foTSi Tezis Seqmnis momxre?~ miRebuli procentuli gadan-
awilebidan Cans, rom respondentTa didi umravlesoba (81,3%)
mxars uWers q. foTSi Tezis gaxsnas. meore kiTxvaze – `eqneba
Tu ara Sedegi foTSi Tizis ganviTarebas ?~ pasuxebiT vigebT,
rom Tezs ganviTarebis perspeqtiva aqvs (65%). mesame kiTxvaze
– `gaqvT Tu ara informacia Tezebis dadebiT an uaryofiT mxaree-
bze?~ pasuxiT irkveva, rom gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba flobs
informacias Tezis sargeblianoba-arasargeblianobis Sesaxeb
(76%). meoTxe kiTxvas –“rogor fiqrobT, geqnebaT saSualeba
ganaxorcieloT ekonomikuri saqmianoba foTis TizSi?~ respon-
dentebma TiTqmis Tanabari proporciiT upasuxes, rac imas niS-
navs, rom yovel meores ekonomikuri saqmianobis wamowyebis imedi
ar aqvs. mexuTe kiTxvas –“Caayenebs Tu ara foTis Tizi qveynis
sxva regionebs ufro mZime ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi?~ 56,3%-
iT pasuxobdnen `ar vici~ . es imis maCvenebelia, rom mocemuli
respodentebi Tezis regionul zegavlenebze informacias ar
floben. meeqvse kiTxvaSi –“SeiZleba Tu ara gaxdes Tezi eT-
nokonfliqtebis mogvarebis erTerTi saSualeba?~ respondentTa
150
81,3%-ma dadebiTi pasuxi gasca, radganac naTesauri kavSirebiT
arian Sezrdili afxazeTTan da devnilTa mniSvnelovani wilic
swored samegreloze modis. meSvide kiTxvaSi –“gTxovT miuTi-
ToT ra dadebiT Sedegs moutans saqarTvelos Tezi?~ responden-
tebi Tezis pozitiur mxareze pasuxoben, investiciebi, ekono-
miuri ganviTareba da dasaqmeba TiTqmis Tanabari procentuli
pasuxebiT gamoiyo. anu gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba sargeblis
momtanad Tvlis Tezs. merve kiTxvaSi – narkomaniam, Sidsma, zneo-
bis da tradiciebis dakargvam Tanabari procentuli maCvenebeli
miiRo, rogorc saqarTvelosTvis negatiurma faqtorma. ekolo-
giaze zemoqmedeba respondentebs gacnobierebuli aqvT miRebul
monacemze dayrdnobiT (28,8%). es monacemebi saqarTvelosac
zustad iseve exeba (28,8%). rac Seexeba uSualod q. foTs, mecxre
kiTxvaSi – `gTxovT miuTiToT ra dadebiT Sedegs moutans foTs
Tizi?~ aq pozitiur Sedegad respondentebs miaCniaT dasaqmeba
(62,5%). gamokiTxulTa 22,5% qalaqisa da portis ganviTarebaze
miuTiTebda. es pasuxebi metyvelebs imaze, rom q. foTis mosax-
leobam SesaZloa ormxrivi mogeba naxos, rogorc piradi aseve
sazogadoebrivic. q. foTze Tizis uaryofiTi zegavlena gamoxat-
ulia meaTe kiTxvaze pasuxebSi –“gTxovT miuTiToT ra uaryofiT
Sedegs moutans foTs Tizi?~ pirvel rigSi daetyoba tradiciebs
(42,5%), gauaresdeba ekologia (28,8%), da Seiqmneba qalaqisgan
damoukidebeli teritoria (15,0%). gamokiTxulTa didi nawili
acnobierebs, rom Tezi Secvlis tradiciul damokidebulebebs.
es msgavsadve moxda XIX saukuneSi, rodesac foTis mosaxleoba
didad gansxvavdeboda axlomdebare raionebisgan da adamianTa
urTierTobebic sxva saxis iyo (am faqts adasturebs qarTul
literaturaSi asaxuli movlenebic). ekologiis gauaresebaze

151
miTiTebas Cvens mier gamokiTxulebi lokalur movlenad aRiqva-
men (28,8%) da ara mTeli saqarTvelos problemad. amaze metyve-
lebs meSvide kiTxvaSi gacemuli pasuxebi ekologiasTan dakav-
SirebiT. gamokiTxulebi Tvlian rom Seiqmneba Caketili sivrce,
romelic qalaqis miRma darCeba da ar daemorCileba. kiTxvarSi
aseve mocemulia pasuxi `sxva~ (12%). rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom
arsebobs kidev sxva safrTxeebic.
Tu SevajamebT Teoriuli da empiriuli kvlevis Sedegebs
SevZlebT CamovayaliboT zogierTi daskvna da mosazrebebi.
-Tezi, rogorc q. foTis, aseve saqarTvelos danarCeni
mosaxleobisTvis SeiZleba CaiTvalos pozitiur movlenad
da mosaxleobis dasaqmebis ZiriTad wyarod;
-mosaxleobis azriT, Tezi aseve mniSvnelovania qalaqis in-
frastruqturis ganviTarebisaTvis, ekonomikuri zrdisTvis,
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebisTvis;
-marTalia Tezi ekologiurad lokalur teritoriebs
daazianebs (investorebi gaurbian garemos dacvisTvis xarjis
gawevas), magram investiciebis mozidvisTvis mniSvnelovani
iqneba;
– Tezi ekonomikur keTildReobas moitans, magram Secv-
lis tradiciul urTierTobebs, rac mosaxleobis cnobiere-
bas kvals daatyobs da rac globalizaciasa da urbanizacias
ama Tu im formiT mainc moaqvs;
empiriulad miRebuli monacemebi, mosaxleobis molodinebi,
emTxveva sxva qveynebis gamocdilebiT miRebul Teoriul daSve-
bebs da miuTiTebs Tezis amoqmedebiT gamowveul sxvadasxva sa-
frTxeebze.

152
 rekomendaciis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tezis Seqmnisas
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos mosaxleobis azri da Sexedulebebi
qalaqis da misi infrastruqturis ganviTarebisas. Tezis yvela
komponentis sajarod ganxilva unda moxdes mosaxleobasTan da
ara mxolod materialuri motivaciiT maTi daintereseba
amrigad, Tezi aris saSualeba:
• ucxouri investiciebis mozidvisa sagadasaxado da sa-
baJo SeRavaTebis gziT;
• eqsportis ganviTarebis;
• axali teqnologiebis Semotanis;
• samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis;
• depresiuli regionebis ganviTarebis;
• Tezis sargeblianoba damokidebulia maTi integraciis
xarisxze qveynis ekonomikaSi;
• Tezi instrumentia msoflio da regionul integraciul
procesebSi CarTvis;
msoflio gamocdilebam aCvena, rom Tavisufali ekonomikuri
zona SeiZleba warmatebuli iyos mxolod saTanado politikuri,
ekonomikuri, Tu geografiuli konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT da
foTis Tezis warmatebac swored amazea damokidebuli.

153
 Tamar Dolbaia,
World experience of Free Economic Zones and Georgia

Assistant Professor, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Fac-

ulty of Social and Political ?Sciences, Department of Social Geog-
raphy

In this work the role of FEZ-s in globalization process of world

economy and development of different countries economies, forms
of FEZ-s and their functions in developed and developing countries
and their role as one of the instruments in countries with transition
economy in moving from one formation into another are consid-
ered.
This theme is actual for Georgia too, who is trying to develop it’s
economy by basing upon economies of different countries. Open-
ing FEZ in Poti is an effort of doing so. In XIX century in Georgia
forerunner of FEZ, Porto Franco was operating near Poti in Kulevi
(Redut – Kale), as a result of it’s 10 years of functioning it started
to break up of feudal formation, as a result credit system was acti-
vated, commercial banks were created and Kulevi and Tbilisi became
very important centers in Transcaucasus for storing goods. Now in
the beginning of XXI century FEZ of Poti is considered as a mean for
including Georgia in global economy, bringing foreign investments,
developing export, bringing new technologies, creating new jobs,
developing depressive regions.
We conducted a research, whose purpose was to study popu-
lation’s opinion on FEZ. Research was carried out in three cities:
Tbilisi, Batumi, Poti. 80 respondents were questioned. Analysis of
results showed that declared expectations of government coincides
with population’s expectations. People are looking at FEZ with hope

154
as a mean for economic growth, creating new jobs, developing of
infrastructure, but they consider that it will change traditions and
worsen ecology. Despite that FEZ is an opportunity for getting out
of poverty.
World experience showed that FEZ can be successful only con-
sidering proper political, economical and ecological contexts and
success of Poti FEZ depends on that.

citirebuli da gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. Paul knox and John Agnew, The geography of the world

economy, 1998
2. Савин В.А. О свободных экономических зонах, «Менед-
жмент в России и за рубежом», №6/1999
3. Дергачев В.А. Свободные экономические зоны, «Меж-
дународные экономические отношения», учебник, глава
№9.
4. Гугушвили П. Развитие промышленности в Грузии и За-
кавказье в XIX-XX вв. Тб,1958
5. www. presa.ge
6. www.akdi.ru
7. www. irtp.com

155
 maka doliZe

XXs-is pirveli naxevris

socialur-politikuri mdgomareobis asaxva
Jurnal `erSi~

XX s-is dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi carizmis politikis

Sedegad,metad mZime mdgomareoba Seiqmna. xalxis moTminebis
fiala nel-nela ivseboda. sakmaod iyo momzadebuli ideuri ga-
remo klasobrivi da erovnuli Cagvris winaaRmdeg. mefis mox-
eleebi mkacr zomebs iRebdnen. cixeebi savse iyo patimrebiT.
dapatimrebulebs gausamarTleblad asaxlebdnen saqarTvelodan.
saqarTvelos mowinave sazogadoeba winaaRmdegobas uwevda mefis
moxeleTa Semotevebs, xalxs mouwodebda TviTmpyrobelobis wi-
naaRmdeg brZolisaken. inteligenciis mcire nawili uimedobam
Seipyro, CamoSorda revolucias, mtris banaks miaSura da moR-
alateobis gzas daadga.
`is dro iyo, roca minelda ruseTis pirveli revolucia, _
werda giorgi gvazava, _ da reaqciam wamohyo Tavi, Cvens erovnul
cxovrebas gadaefara ufro meti sibnele.am sibneleSi amoZravd-
nen Cveni metoqe Zalebi da xifaTs uqmnidnen Cvens dedaqalaqs
_ erobis SemoRebis saxiT. am viTomda demokratiuli refor-
miT undodaT Tbilisi amoeWraT saqarTvelos wiaRidan da ga-
daecaT araqarTvelebis xelSi. saWiro iyo xmis amoReba~(1).
da marTlac, qarTveli sazogadoebis erTma nawilma Se-
Zlo xmis amoReba da mkacrad gailaSqra am reformis wi-
naaRmdeg. maT 1909 wels TbilisSi daaarses `saqarTve­
los damoukideblobis aRdgenis saidumlo jgufi~...
` ... 1909 wels petre surgulaZem, _ werda givi kobaxiZe, _

156
sxva gamoCenil pirebTan erTad TbilisSi daaarsa `saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis aRdgenis jgufi `, romlis saqmianoba didx-
ans ar darCa saidumlod da ukve 1910 wels ki jgufi daiqsaq-
sa~ (2).
jgufis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen: petre surgulaZe, giorgi
gvazava, mixako wereTeli, giorgi maCabeli, givi dekanoziSvili,
leo kereseliZe da sxv. am jgufma iTava ilias ideebis dacva da
xalxSi propaganda.
1909wlis 13 seqtembers `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
aRdgenis saidumlo jgufma~ gamosca Jurnali `eri~, romel-
mac energiuli brZola gaaCaRa xalxis erovnuli TviTSegnebis
amaRlebisaTvis.
Tumca arsebobs sxva azri Jurnalis gamocemis Sesaxeb.
gazeT“saxalxo ganaTlebaSi~ daibeWda werili `petre surgu-
laZe~, sadac aRniSnulia, rom Jurnali `eri~ `saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis aRdgenis saidumlo jgufma~ gamosca 1908
wels. amave azrs aviTarebs 1931 wlis Jurnal `damoukidebel
saqarTveloSi~ jgufis erT-erTi wevri da Jurnal `eris~ wamy-
vani TanamSromeli giorgi gvazava. magram arc erTi da arc meore
mosazreba swori ar aris, radgan `saqarTvelos damoukideblo-
bis aRdgenis saidumlo jgufi~daarsda 1909 wels da, amdenad
Jurnals 1908 wels ver gamocemda. aseve, Tu gadavxedavT Jur-
nal `ers~ SevamCnevT warweras, rom igi gamovida 1909 wlis 13
seqtembers. arsebobs saarqivo masalebic, sadac weria, 1909wlis
14 ianvars petre surgulaZem gancxadebiT mimarTa Tbilisis gu-
bernators, raTa neba miecaT gamoeca Jurnali `eri~.
`eri~ iyo erovnuli mimarTulebis Jurnali. masSi Tanam-
Sromlobdnen kita abaSiZe, al.yifSiZe (froneli), fil.gogiC-
aiSvili, akaki, vaJa, n. lorTqifaniZe, z.edilaSvili (edili),
al.SanSiaSvili da sxv.Jurnalis mizani iyo brZola socialur-

157
politikuri, erovnuli da teritoriuli mTlianobis wina plan-
ze wamowevisaTvis. Jurnalis pirvelive gverdze aRniSnuli iyo,
rom `qarTveli eri am asi wlis ganmavlobaSi ganicdis daquc-
macebis xanas da, vin icis, Tavs rodis daaRwevs im mravalgvar
mizezebs, romelnic mis normalur zrdas da ganviTarebas xels
uSlian...~ (5). da swored amitom iyo, rom Jurnalma gamosvlisTa-
nave miznad daisaxa arsebuli reJimis winaaRmdeg brZola.1909
wels gamovida Jurnalis ori nomeri. meore nomris gamosvlis
Semdeg igi daxures da TiTqmis naxevari wlis ganmavlobaSi gamo-
dioda sxvadasxva saxelwodebebiT.
1910 wlis 7 Tebervals Jurnali `eri~ aRadgines. misi
programa igive darCa, rogoric 1909 wels iyo. igi Sedgeboda
Semdegi ganyofilebebisagan: 1)sazogadoebrivi, ekonomikuri da
politikuri cxovrebis mimoxilva; 2)feletonebi saWirboroto
sakiTxebze; 3)kviris ganmavlobaSi momxdari faqtebis, movleneb-
isa da SemTxvevebis qronika; 4)leqsebi, moTxrobebi, scenebi da
piesebi; 5)mogonebebi da memuarebi; 6) kritika da bibliografia;
7)xelovneba _ Teatri da musika; 8)werilebi da koresponden-
ciebi; 9)ganaTleba da mecniereba; 10)gancxadebebi. Jurnalis
publicistika mravalferovania.exeba socialur-politikur,
ekonomikur, kulturul, istoriul da im periodis TiTqmis
yvela mniSvnelovan sakiTxs.Jurnalis pirvel nomerSi gamo-
qveynebul masalebSi Tu sevdiani grZnoba sWarbobda, meoreSi
piriqiT, ufro optimisturi ganwyoba igrZnoboda da mkiTxv-
els pirdapir mouwodebda damoukideblobisaken. `Cvenma gabed-
ulebam Zlier imata, – werda m.wereTeli, – erT werilSi Savi
didi asoebiT iyo naxsenebi rusebis saqarTvelodan gasvlisa
da saqarTvelos suverenitetis aRdgenis aucilebloba~ (6).
rac Seexeba 1910 wels gamocemul Jurnal `ers~ iq pirdapir
iyo miniSnebuli, rom ruseTis mTavrobam bevr ers ise SeuxuTa

158
suli, rom cud mdgomareobaSi Caagdo. am erebs Soris saqarTve-
loc moiazreboda.
Jurnal `eris~ redaqcia yovelnairad ibrZoda imdroindeli
politikis winaaRmdeg. igi cdilobda sazogadoebis gamofxizle-
bas. man kargad icoda, rom rusifikatoruli politika abrkoleb-
da qarTuli enisa da kulturis ganviTarebas da cdilobda
qarTveli xalxis gadagvarebis gzaze dayenebas, maTi sarwmunoe-
bis Sebilwvas, ibrZoda qristiani da mahmadiani qarTvelebis
erovnuli erTianobis winaaRmdeg,sxvadasxva xrikebs mimarTavda
da cdilobda maT Soris Surisa da mtrobis gaRvivebas
`ar gveyo, rom qarTveloba sarwmuneobrivma sxvadasxvaobam
daaqucmaca, _ vkiTxulobT `Sinaur mimoxilvaSi~, axla mahma-
dian qarTvelebs eubnebian, Tqven qarTvelebi ara xarTo,qarTuli
wera-kiTxva ar unda iswavloTo, gagonila aseTi Zaldatane-
ba. qobuleTeli an aWareli qarTveli araa. maS vinaa brZaneT~
(7). rogorc cnobilia, rusuli politikis gasatareblad ekle-
sia erT-erTi Sesaferisi organo iyo. misi saSualebiT qarTuli
enis devnas mihyves xeli. qarTul eklesias uflebebi CamoarTves,
eklesiis saTaveSi Cinovnikebi dasves, qarTul enaze wirva-locva
akrZales.
Jurnal `erSi~ daibeWda mimoxilva,sadac saubaria, sofel
TiRvSi osi mRvdlis daniSvnis Sesaxeb, romelsac wirva-locva
slavianur enaze mihyavda. am faqtma sastikad aRaSfoTa,rogorc
mrevli, aseve Jurnalis redaqcia. ori aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi
maT wirva mSobliur enaze esmodaT, axla ki maTTvis gaugebar
enaze wiravdnen (8). saqarTvelos ekzarxosis kancelariam Tavis
gasamarTleblad werili gaugzavna Tbilisis beWdviTi sityvis
saqmeTa komitets, sadac naTqvamia, rom mRvdelma qarTuli kar-
gad icis da RvTismomsaxurebac qarTul enazea, Tumca mrevlTa
umravlesoba osebi arian.

159
 rogorc vxedavT, rus moxeleebs miaCndaT, rom qarTlis cen-
trSi, qarTul eklesiaSi, radganac osebis umravlesoba osebi
iyvnen,SesaZlebeli iyo, wirva araqarTul enaze yofiliyo. rus
moxeleebs es savsebiT awyobdaT, radganac am faqts gamoiyenebd-
nen TavianT sasargeblod da kidev ufro gaaqtiurebdnen brZolas
rusuli politikis gasatareblad.
Jurnalis redaqcia ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda imis gamo, rom
erovnuli ena dacemis gzaze idga, swavla-aRzrda maT mSobliur
enaze ar xdeboda, devnas ganicdida qarTuli presa, Teatri. TviT
cxovrebis praqtikulma moTxovnilebam, rom lukma puris Sovna,
warCineba da dawinaureba SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod rusuli enis
kargad codniT, mravali qarTveli rusifikaciis gzaze daayena.
saqme iqamdec ki mivida, rom malavdnen da uaryofdnen mSobliur
enas, eridebodnen TavianT enaze laparaks. metic qarTveli deda
Svils qarTul nanas aRar umReroda, ucxoelebs miando pirmSos
aRzrda, raTa ucxo ena Seeswavla.
qarTveli mwerlebi da poetebi, romlebic mtkivneulad
ganicdidnen arsebul mdgomareobas, cdilobdnen qarTvel erSi
erovnuli TviTSegnebis gaRvivebas. akaki wereTeli leqsSi `qarT-
vel qals~ werda
`nu ahyolixar, nu misdev
im Cven dRevandel qalebsa,
rom daeZeben sul sxvagan
saqveyno idealebsa!~…(9).
Jurnal `eris~ redaqcias dauSveblad miaCnda eris gadagva-
reba. igi mouwodebda qarTvel xalxs met Segnebasa da SemarTe-
bas, met Tavmoyvareobasa da SebRaluli saxelis aRdgenas.
Jurnal `erSi~ publikaciebis garda xSirad ibeWdeboda leq-
sebi, moTxrobebi, novelebi, romlebic exebodnen Tavisufali
saqarTvelos problemebs, mis momavals. am nawarmoebTa umrav-

160
lesoba ver CaiTvleba mxatvruli Semoqmedebis nimuSad. isini
dawerilia ubralo eniT. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom TiTqos
Jurnali literaturul Rirebulebaze ufro met yuradRebas
mniSvnelovani problemis wamoWrasa da mis gadawyvetas aqcevda.
cota Tu bevri, ibeWdeboda iseTi saxis nawarmoebi, romle-
bic rogorc Tematurad, aseve literaturuli mniSvnelobiTac
gamoirCeva. am mxris aRsaniSnavia akakis, vaJas, baCanas leqsebi,
n. lorTqifaniZis, k.mayaSvilis da sxvaTa moTxrobebi. am nawar-
moebebSi wamoWrili problemebi im epoqis tkivili da gasaWiri
iyo. magaliTad, mariam gariyulis novela `Cveneba~ mogviTxrobs
gandegilis Sesaxeb, romelic yovel dRe loculobda saqarT-
velos keTildReobisaTvis da erT dRes locvisas man SeniSna,
rom `aRar ismoda Semzaravi mtris sisini, Semzaravi ram nak-
valevi _ isini gaqrnen, darCa rwmena gamarjvebuli~ (10).
m.gariyuli imedis TvaliT Sehyurebda saqarTvelos moma-
vals. mas swamda, dRes Tu ara xval igi gaTavisufldeboda ar-
sebuli reJimisagan, amisaTvis ki aucilebeli iyo Tavisuflebi-
saTvis brZola.
swored Tavisuflebisaken da rusifikatoruli politikis
damxobisaken mouwodebs qarTvel xalxs niko lorTqifaniZe mi-
niaturaSi `gareuli bati~, sadac mogviTxrobs datyvevebuli
batis Sesaxeb,romelic gafrenisas ZigvebSi Cavarda, magram, mi-
uxedavad amisa, igi mainc moxaruli iyo, radganac Tavisufali
iyo. mwerals amiT imis Tqma undoda,rom, rac ginda karg piro-
bebSi iyo, Tavisufali Tu ara xar, amas araviTari fasi ara
aqvs. batis saqcieliT gakvirvebul glexebs n.lorTqifani- Ze
aTqmevinebs `nuTu batic ufro Wkviani iqneba Cvenze~ (11). niko
lorTqifaniZis msgavsad, giorgi gvazavac rusuli politikis
winaaRmdeg mouwodebs Jurnal `eris~ mkiTxvelebs. Tumca igi
saubrobs CexeTisa da avstriis mdgomareobaze, magram amave dros

161
sainteresod gvixatavs saqarTvelosa da ruseTs (12). `aris ad-
gili, romelsac hqvian~TeTri gora~, _ vkiTxulobT statiaSi,
_ es aris istoriuli samare, sadac daimarxa dideba da Tavisu-
fleba Cexiisa,_ es aris misi“krwanisis veli~ giorgi gvazava
aRniSnavs, swored am `krwanisis vels ` mohyva saqarTvelos
dasusteba, romlis Sedegad gaformda 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris
manifesti saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis Sesaxeb.
praRis quCebs igi adarebs Tbilisis `golovinis prospeqts~,
`sadac yoveli qarTveli miaCxakunebs Tavis damtvreul rusuls
da qarTulad laparaki ki an ar SeuZlia, an eCoTireba~.
giorgi gvazava samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom saqarTvelos
erovnuli cxovrebis gasanadgureblad yvelaferi keTdeboda.
gaauqmes qarTuli erovnuli fuli,CahfuSes Tavisufali ekle-
sia, gauRvives Tavadaznauro bas evropulad drostarebis sur-
vili da mzadebas Seudgnen samegrelosa da guriis damoukide-
blobis mosaspobad.
Tbilisis sasamarTlos prokurori am statiis Sesaxeb werda,
statiidan Cans, rom avtori saqarTvelos ise uyurebs, rogorc
qveyanas, romelic valdebulia aRidginos Tavisi erovnuli
Zalaufleba da ganTavisufldes ruseTis TviTmpyrobelobisagan.
da marTlac, statiis mizani swored es iyo. Tumca statiis
dasawyisSi giorgi gvazava aRniSnavda `me ara maqvs ganzraxva
gavataro raime paraleli saqarTvelos da Cexiis Soris, magram
uCemsityvodac zogierTi momentebi misi cxovrebisa gasakvirve-
lad gvagonebs Cvensave cxovrebas, Cven mier gamovlil imedebis
Tu mwuxarebis wamebas.~
swored es statia gaxda Jurnalis daxurvis mizezi. 1910
wlis 1 ivniss beWdviTi sityvis saqmeTa komitetSi aRiZra saqme
g. gvazavas `Cexias~konfiskaciisa da g. gvazavasa da p. surgula-
Zis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi micemis Sesaxeb.

162
 1910 wlis 19 seqtembers Jurnali `eri~ daxures. giorgi
gvazavasa da petre surgulaZes erTi wliT patimroba miusa-
jes. petre surgulaZe emigraciaSi wavida. amitom igi dauswre-
beli ganCinebiT gaasamarTles. Jurnal `eris~ daxurvasTan erTad
daiqsaqsa `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis saidumlo
jgufi~. mefis Jandarmeriam bevri daapatimra, gadaasaxla da be-
vric cixeebSi gamoketa. petre surgulaZem da ramodenime sxvam
Tavs uSveles JenevaSi gaqceviT.
Jurnalis ukanaskneli nomeri gamovida sofrom mgalobliS-
vilis redaqtorobiT 1910 wlis 21 noembers da miuxedavad imisa,
rom s. mgalobliSvili Jurnal `eris~ mxolod erT nomers
redaqtorobda qarTul sabWoTa enciklopediaSi moixsenieba,
rogorc Jurnalis redaqtori, xolo petre surgulaZe gakv-
riT aris naxsenebi. arada petre surgulaZe Jurnal `eris~ ara
marto gamomcemel-redaqtori iyo, aramed sulisCamdgmelic. igi
swored am Jurnalis furclebidan ibrZoda rusifikatoruli
politikis damxobisa da saqarTvelos TavisuflebisaTvis.

163
 Abstract
Maka dolidze, GN.U assos professor

Coverage the political situation of the first period in XX

century in the magazine „Eri“

The vector of our research is directed to the political situation

of the first period in XX century. The evaluation of this period
by magazine `Eri~ is espesialy important, because `Eri~ was the
national magazine and there worked famous Georgian writers
and publicists. They published letters, articles and corespondences
about the situation in Georgia that time. The editor of this
magazine was Petre Surguladze. He was qvuite an interest-
ing person and figure with diverse areas of expertise. But in
spi- te of his merits, hi is not widely-known.

gamoyenebuli da citirebuliliteratura:
1. gaz.~saxalxo ganaTleba~, 1989 wlis 13 dekemberi;
2. gaz.~Tbilisi~, 1990 wlis 6 oqtomberi;
3. gaz.~saxalxo ganaTleba~, 1989 wlis 13 dekemberi;
4. saq. resp. cent. sax. arqivi, fondi 480, aRw. 371, saqme 28,
furc. 2;
5. Jurn. `eri~ #1, 1909 weli, gv. 1;
6. gaz.~saxalxo ganaTleba~, 1989 wlis 13 dekemberi;
7. Jurn.~eri~ #1, 1909 weli, gv. 14;
8. Jurn.~eri~ #1, 1909 weli, gv. 10
9. Jurn.~eri~ #16, 1910 weli, gv. 3
10. Jurn.~eri~ #1, 1910 weli, gv. 4
11. Jurn.~eri~ #2, 1909 weli, gv. 7
12. Jurn.~eri~ ##4-9, 1910 weli
164
 maia kalandariSvili

samomxmareblo arCevanis fsiqologiuri

determinantebi

21-e saukuneSi didi popularobiT sargeblobs momxmare-

blisa da reklamis fsiqologia, marketologebisaTvis mniSvne-
lovan amocanas warmoadgens momxmareblis myidvelobiTi qcevis
ganWvreta da im fsiqologiuri determinantebis gansazRvra,
romelic ubiZgebs momxmarebels SeiZinos esa Tu is produqti.
me-20 saukuneSi SemoiRes bazris segmenataciis termini. mar-
ketinguli segmentaciis ZiriTadi saxeebia:
• geografiuli
• demografiuli
• fsiqologiuri
momxmareblis fsiqologiis mkvlevarebis gansakuTrebuli
yuradRebis sagani gaxda bazris fsiqologiuri segmentaciis
problema.
fsiqologiuri segmentacia aris bazris segmentaciis kidev
erTi da Zalze mniSvnelovani saxe, romlis drosac adamiani
ganixileba rogorc unikaluri da damoukidebeli arseba da
misi Seswavla xdeba mravalmxriv. bazris segmentaciis am tips
xSirad fsiqografiul an cxovrebis stilebis mixedviT segmen-
tacias uwodeben.
amasTan erTad, es midgoma emyareba iseT fundamentur fsiqolo-
giur faqtorebs rogoricaa motivacia, aRqma, pirovnuli tipebi,
swavleba, agreTve ganwyobaTa Camoyalibeba da cvla. amgvari midg-
omis mizania imis gageba Tu ra amoZravebs momxmarebels msyid-

165
velobiTi qcevis dros. agreTve iseTi individualuri profilis
SemuSaveba, romelic gamoxatavs miznobrivi momxmareblis arss.
Cveni gamokvlevis mizani iyo qarTuli samomxmareblo bazaris
Seswavla da misi garkveuli fsiqologiuri determinantebis
gansazRvra
reklamis ZiriTad funqcias warmoadgens produqciis real-
izacia. saboloo jamSi umTavresi mizania is, rom momxmarebelma
SeiZinos reklamirebuli produqti an isargeblos maTi mom-
saxurebiT. amis misaRwevad ukanasknel xanebSi mravali kvleva
Catarda ris Sedegadac reklamis fsiqologiam momxmarebelze
zemoqmedebis mravali meqanizmi SeimuSava.
aqedan gamomdinare, Cveni interesis sagani iyo yidvis qcevis
garkveuli obieqturi da subieqturi determinantebis Seswavla,
kerZod, obiqtur determinantad aviReT, momxmarebelze rekla-
mis zemoqmedebis kvleva da imis gansazRvra Tu ra saxis gavlenas
axdens igi. anu produqciis arCevisas aris Tu ara momxmarebelis
arCevani ganpirobebuli reklamis zemoqmedebiT (brendis zemoq-
medeba, misi dizaini da a.S.). xolo subieqtur determinantebad
aviReT momxmarebelTa garkveuli fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeble-
bi.
rogorc aRvniSneT, kvlevebma cxadyo, rom respodentTa mx-
olod 13% aRiarebs, rom reklama Zalian Zlier zegavlenas
axdens maT myidvelobiT qcevaze, xolo 48% darwmunebulia, rom
is zegavlenas sxvebze axdens.
adamianis fsiqikuri procesebis Seswavla warmoadgens zog-
adi fsiqologiis ZiriTad amocanas. reklamis fsiqologiaSi
es procesebi Seiswavleba ZiriTadad imis gamo, raTa Seiqmnas
fsiqologiurad da komerciulad ufro efeqturi reklama. am
SemTxvevaSi fsiqikuri procesebi ganixileba da ikvleva, rogorc
momxmarebelze zemoqmedebis moxdenis saSualeba.

166
 fsiqikuri procesebis analizi reklamaSi unda gakeTdes
uSualod sareklamo masalebze dayrdnobiT, romelic SeiZleba
iyos sareklamo saqmianobis nebismieri produqti. bilbordebi,
stikerebi, plakatebi, sareklamo gancxadebebi, maketebi, statie-
bi presaSi, bukletebi, logotipebi, videorgolebi, sareklamo
scenarebi, etiketebi da a.S. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani amocana
fsiqologisaTvis aris is, rom Seiswavlos rogor vlindeba
specifiuri fsiqikuri procesebi reklamasTan mimarTebaSi.
reklamis zemoqmedebis da misi efeqturobis Seswavla mniS-
vnelovnad damokidebulia momxmareblis fsiqikuri procesebis
Seswavlaze.
SegrZnebebi gansxvavdebian modalobebiT, anu analizatorTa
im tipebiT, romlis meSveobiTac isini aRmocendebian. gamoyofen
gemos, sunis, feris, bgeris da a.S SegrZnebebs.
TiToeuli gemos SegrZnebis mimarT adamianebs gaaCniaT
mgrZnobelobis individualuri zRurbli. xsnari, romelic sak-
maod mwarea adamianTa garkveuli kategoriisaTvis zogierTebs
SeiZleba tkbiladac ki moeCvenoT.
amis gamo, Cven vivaraudeT rom am fsiqofiziologiuri faq-
torsa da brendis zegavlenis siZlieres Soris garkveuli mi-
marTeba arsebobs. kerZod, gemos SegrZnebis zRurblebi SesaZle-
belia warmoadgendes yidvis qcevis erT -erT SesaZlo subieqtur
determinants
adamianebis individualobis faqtori mniSvnelovania momx-
mareblis fsiqologiaSi. erT-erTi Teoria romelic gansa-
kuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs aris kognitur stilTa Teo-
ria. rogorc viciT, kognituri stili aris inteleqtualuri
strategiebis Camoyalibebis individualur-stiluri regu-
laciiis faqtori, integraluri maxasiaTebeli, romelic dakav-
Sirebulia situaciebSi reagirebis tipTan an moqmedebis xerxis

167
SerCevasTan, adamianis qcevis strategiasTan an subieqtis mier
sakuTari SemecnebiTi procesebis subieqtur TaviseburebasTan.
kognitur stilTa ramodenime saxea cnobili:
Cven yuradReba gavamaxileT impulsuroba/refleqsurobis
kognitur stilze da vivaraudeT rom aRniSnuli kognituri
stili SesaZlebelia gaxdes aseve momxmareblis arCevanis erT—
erT fsiqologiuri determinanti.
rogorc pirovnebis da aseve momxmareblis arCevani moicavs
rTul fsiqikur procesebs da maTi korelacia raime produqtTan
an brendTan mniSvnelovania marketologebisaTvis da momxmare-
blis fsiqologebisaTvis.
pirovnul maxasiaTebelTa Teoria efuZneba empiriul mona-
cemebs. misi mizania pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis gamovlena da
gazomva eqsperimentuli, statistikuri da maTematikuri meTo-
debis meSveobiT.
am sferoSi erT-erTi ZiriTadi Teoretikosi aris raimond
keteli. mis TeoriaSi erT-erTi ZiriTadi meTodi romelsac igi
emyareba aris faqtoruli analizi. igi miekuTvneba statistikur
proceduras da saSualebas gvaZlevs miviRoT mravalferovani da
struqturirebuli informacia. ketelis pirovnuli kiTxvari,
aris Teqsvsmetfaqtoriani kiTxvari, romlis meSveobiTac igi
afasebs adamianebs da iRebs maT pirovnul profilebs.
Cven vivaraudeT, rom zogierTi pirovneba Tavisi individua-
lur-pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare naklebad unda
eqvemdebarebodes reklamisa da brendis zegavlenas. amis gamo
Cveni mizani iyo gagverkvia Tu ra pirovnuli faqtorebis mata-
reblebi arian adamianebi romlebic eqcevian zegavlenis qveS da
piriqiT.
kompaniebi, romlebic atareben sareklamo da marketingul kv-
levebs cdiloben moipovon ideebi produqtis gansaviTareblad

168
momxmarebelTa gamokiTxvis saSualebiT. isini iyeneben mraval-
ferovan weriT da vizualur meTodikebs, romlebic saSualebas
gvaZlevs SevaRwioT aracnobier procesTa sferoSi.
am dromde momxmareblis kvlevis mravali meTodi gamoiyene-
boda. mag: fokus jgufebi, siRrmiseuli interviu da miRebuli
Sedegebis safuZvelze iqmneboda biznes gegmebi da reklamebi, ma-
gram mkvlevarebma SeamCnies, rom miRebuli Sedegebi yovelTvis
ar Seesabameboda sinamdviles, radgan monawileni ayalibebdnen
azrebs im kuTxiT, romelic yvelaze misaRebi iyo maTTvis. ami-
tom fsiqologebis winaSe dadga amocana, gaegoT Tu ras fiqrobs
momxmarebeli sinamdvileSi. ris Sedegadac SemuSavda specialu-
ri meTodi momxmareblis kvlevisaTvis. meTodis ZiriTadi Tavi-
sebureba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gamoavlino subieqtis qcevis
mizezi. xSirad es mizezebi aracnobieria da maTi gageba sakmaod
rTulia. am situaciaSi mkvlevarebs exmareba proeqciuli me-
Todebi da misi Semadgeneli meTodikebi. romlebic aaSkaraveben
pirovnebis azrebsa da damokidebulebebs, romlebic arseboben
aracnobier doneze.
proeqciuli testi modis laTinuridan `projection“ da win
gasrolas niSnavs~. is aris pirovnebis kvlevis erT-erTi meTo-
di. efuZneba eqsperimentis monacemebidan proeqciis gamovlenas
misi momdevno interpretaciiT. proeqciis fsiqologiuri me-
qanizmi mdgomareobs SemdegSi: subieqti aracnobierad miawers
sxva adamianebs sakuTar aracnobier azrebs, gancdebs, Tvisebebs
da motivebs. pirvelad es cneba gamoiyena froidma da igi pro-
eqciaSi gulisxmobda subieqtis mier ukugdebul socialurad
miuRebel survilebsa da tendenciebs. froidTan proeqcia gamo-
dis, rogorc dacvis fsiqologiuri meqanizmi. romelic adamians
icavs am tendenciebis gacnobierebisagan.

169
 proeqciis ufro farTo gageba niSnavs. imas rom adamiani aRi-
qvams gare samyaros da sxva adamianebs sakuTari moTxovnilebebi-
dan da pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare.
proeqciuli meTodikebis mravali saxe arsebobs magaliTad:
rorSaxis da holcmanis testebi,
agreTve aRsaniSnavia zondis proeqciuli testi, romelsac
utarebdnen sxva da sxva rasis, sqesis, socialur-ekonomikuri
mdgomareobisa da religiuri mrwamsis mqone adamianebs – sko-
lis moswavleebs, damnaSave mozardebs, patimrebs, samRvdeloe-
bis warmomadgenlebs, adgilobriv mosaxleobas, kolejis stu-
dentebs da a.S
proeqciuli meTodika Cven gamoviyeneT cdis pirTa aracnobie-
ri tendenciebis gamosavlenad da imis dasadgenad Tu ra aracno-
bieri tendenciebis mqone adamianebi eqcevian reklamis zegavlenis
qveS. ramdenadac, Cveni varaudiT, adamianebi romlebic eqcevian
reklamis zegavlenis qveS garkveuli fsiqologiuri maxasiaTe-
blebiT gansxvavdebian adamianebisagan, romlebic naklebad gani-
cdian am zegavlenas.
amrigad, Cveni mizania samomxmareblo bazris fsiqologiuri
segmentaciis garkveuli determinantebis gamovlena da maTi mi-
marTebis dadgena momxmareblis msyidvelobiT qcevasTan. kerZod,
imis garkveva, Tu ra zegavlenas axdens brendi momxmarebelze. ra
ganapirobebs momxmareblis arCevans, reklama Tu momxmareblis
fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi.
amasTan, Cveni sakiTxi iyo samomxmareblo bazris segmentaciis
gansazRvra sxvadasxva doneze. kerZod:
• fsiqofiziologiuri done ( gemos SegrZnebis zRurble-
bi)
• kognituri done (impulsuroba/refleqsurobis kognitur
stili)

170
 • pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT (ketelis testi)
• aracnobieri done (zondis testi)

eqsperimentebis aRwera da analizi

1. eqsperimenti#1 (`Hall Test~)

eqsperimenti Catarda 50 cdispirze.
masala: nataxtarisa da yazbegis msxlis limonaTi
I seria: brma testi
eqperimentuli procedura: cdis pirebs vawvdidiT erTnair
WurWelSi Casxmul erTi da igive temperaturis mqone limona-
Tebs da vasinjebT maT TanmimdevrobiT. am dros ar vusaxelebT
sasmelebis saxelwodebas da maT ar icodnen ras sinjaven pir-
velad.
cdispirebis naxevars pirvelad vasinjebT yazbegis, xolo me-
ored-- nataxtaris limonaTs. meore naxevars ki piriqiT Tavda-
pirvelad vaZlevT nataxtars da Semdeg yazbegs anu cdispirebi
iyofoda or qvejgufad.
sasmelis gasinjvis SualedSi vaZlevT sufTa wyals, raTa
pirveli sasmelis gemo ganeitraldes. amis Semdeg vusvamdiT ki-
Txvas Tu romeli sasmeli ufro moewonaT. pasuxebs viniSnavdiT
specialur blankSi.

II seria: Ria testi

eqperimentuli procedura: sasmels cdispirebis Tvalwin
vasxamT etiketiani boTlebidan, ise rom cdispirma icodes rodis
ra sasmels sinjavs. am SemTxvevaSic cdispirebis naxevars pir-
velad vasinjebT yazbegis, xolo meored nataxtaris limonaTs.
meore naxevars ki piriqiT Tavdapirvelad vaZlevT nataxtars da

171
Semdeg yazbegs. da kvlav vusvamT SekiTxvas: `romeli sasmeli
ufro mogwonT?~ pasuxebs viniSnavT specialur blankSi.

III seria: cnobieri arCevani

eqperimentuli procedura: igive cdispirebs eqsperimentidan
or dRiani intervalis Semdeg vusvamT kiTxvas: zogadad, rome-
li sasmeli ufro moswondaT---nataxtaris, Tu yazbegis msxlis
limonaTi?

eqsperimentuli Sedegebis analizi

I (brma testi), II (Ria testi) da III (cnobieri arCevani) se-

riebs Soris gamovTvaleT korelaciis koeficientebi da miviReT
Semdegi monacemebi. samive doneze korelacia sando aRmoCnda:
I sa da II seriebs Soris korelaciis f koeficienti toli
iyo 0.48 P<0,05
rac niSnavs imas, rom adamianebis arCevani `brma~ da `Ria~
testebs Soris stabilurobiT xasiaTdeba. kerZod, cdispirTa
nawili irCevs erTsa da imave produqts, imisda miuxedavad xe-
davs Tu ara brendis etikets realurad. xolo nawili, cvlis
arCevans brendis zemoqmedebis Sedegad.
I sa da III seriebs Soris korelaciis f koeficienti toli
iyo0.64 P<0,05 rac imis maCvenebelia, rom adamianebis arCevani
`brma~ da `cnobieri arCevanis~ seriebs Soris aseve garkveuli
stabilurobiT xasiaTdeba. kerZod, cdispirTa umetesi nawili
imave brendis upiratesobas afiqsirebs, romelsac irCevs brma
testSi. ufro mcire nawili---ki gansxvavebuli brendis upire-
tesobas afiqsirebs, vidre arCevs brma testSi.

172
 II sa da III seriebs Soris korelaciis f koeficienti toli
iyo 0.51 P<0,05
rac niSnavs imas, rom adamianebis arCevani `Ria~ da `cnobieri
arCevanis~ seriebs Soris aseve stabilurobiT xasiaTdeba. aqac,
cdispirTa nawilis arCevani brendis zemoqmedebis Sedegad, See-
sabameba cnobier arCevans, nawilisa ki---gansxvavebulia.
eqsperimentis Sedegebidan gamomdinare, cdis pirebi davyaviT
or qvejgufad: I-- qvejgufi e.w. `myari~ cdispirebi, romelebic
ar cvlidnen brendis arCevans,eqsperimentis sxvadasxva seriaSi.
da II- qvejgufi `aramyari~ cdispirebi, romlebmac Secvales ar-
Cevani gansxvavebul eqsperimentul pirobebSi.

eqsperimenti #2. gemos modalobis diferencialuri zRur-

blis gazomva umcires sxvaobaTa meTodiT
eqsperimenti Catarda 50 cdispirze ( igive eqperimentuli
jgufi)
masala: Saqris xsnarebi
cdispirs vaZlevdiT Saqrian wyals gasasinjad, romelSic
Saqris koncentracia aris erT litr wyalze 5 grami Saqari. es
aris etalonuri xsnari. amis Semdeg vaZlevT sufTa wyals gemos
gasaneitralebad. Sedeg vaZlevT test xsnars romlis Semcvelo-
ba aris erT litr wyalSi 0.8 grami Saqari da vTxovT Seadaron
etalonur xsnars. pasuxs viniSnavT specialur blankSi.
eqsperimenti Catarda eqvs seriad. TiToeul seriaSi xor-
cieldeboda erTidaigive procedura, im gansxvavebiT, rom test
xsnars TiToeul seriaSi emateba 0.8 grami Saqari erT litr
wyalze.

173
 fiqsireboda sxvaobis zRurbli etalon xsnarsa da test
xsnars Soris.

eqsperimentuli Sedegebis analizi

diferencialurizRurblis gazomvis eqsperimentSi, romelic

eqvsi seriisagan Sedgeboda, gvainteresebda romel seriaSi aRmo-
aCendnen cdispirebi gansxvavebas etalon xsnarsa da test xsnars
Soris. aRmoCnda, rom `myari~ cdispirebi gansxvavebas pirvelive
seriaSi amCnevdnen, xolo `aramyarebi~ mxolod mesame seriaSi.(
grafiki#1)

grafiki#1

daskvnebi: eqperimentuli Sedegebidan gamomdinare SegviZlia

davaskvnaT, rom cdispirebi, romlebic naklebad eqvemdebarebian
brendis zegavlenas, xasiaTdebian ufro mgrZnobiare diferen-
cialuri zRurbliT, gansxvavebiT im cdispirebisagan, romlebic

174
brendis zegavleniT cvlian produqtis arCevans. amrigad, sxvao-
bis zRurblis mgrZnobiaroba aris momxmareblis arCevanis sta-
bilurobis erT-erTi diferencialur-fsiqologiuri determi-
nanti. Cveni hipoTeza dadasturda.

eqsperimenti # 3 kognitur stilTa gamokvleva (kaganis mi-

xedviT)
eqsperimenti Catarda 50 cdispirze ( igive eqperimentuli
jgufi)
masala: kaganis suraTebis 12 wyvili.
eqperimentuli procedura: ZiriTadi testirebis dawyebamde,
cdis pirs winaswar vTavazobdiT naxatebis wyvils gasavarji-
Seblad. am dros ar xdeba drois fiqsireba da es iyo mxolod
Sesavali ZiriTadi testisaTvis.
ZiriTad etapze cdis pirs vTavazobdiT furcels erTi eta-
lon figuriT. man es figura unda daeTvalierebina kargad da
Semdeg vTxovdiT am figuris povnas Semdeg furcelze, romelzec
mocemulia etalonisagan mcired gansxvavebuli figurebi. Cven
vafiqsirebdiT dros, gadawyvetilebis siswores an mcdarobas.-
eqsperimentis dasrulebisas Cven vaxdendiT drois saSualo
monacemisa da SecdomaTa raodenobis analizs.
eqsperimentuli Sedegebis analizi:
kaganis refleqsuroba-impulsurobis sakvlev testSi Cven
movaxdineT drois saSualo monacemisa da SecdomaTa raodenobis
analizi, ris safuZvelzec gamovyaviT cdispirTa ori kategoria.
romelTagan erTi miekuTvneboda kognituri stilis impulsur
tips, xolo meore refleqsurs.

175
 Cven gvainteresebda am kognitur stilTa mimarTeba Cvens mier
miRebul tipologiasTan. interesis sagans warmoadgenda axdens
Tu ara impulsuroba/refleqsurobis kognituri stili gavle-
nas brendis arCevanze.
amisaTvis unda dagvedgina ra mimarTeba arsebobs `myarsa~ da
`aramyar~ cdispirebs da am kognitur stils Soris. gamoviye-
neT korelaciis f koeficienti maT Soris mimarTebis dasadge-
nad. miRebuli korelacia sandoa da tolia0.48 P<0,05 ,rac
imas niSnavs, rom cdispiris arCevanze zemoqmedebs aRniSnuli
stiluri maxasiaTebeli. kerZod, `myari~ cdispirebi ZiriTadad
xasiaTdebodnen refleqsurobiT, rac gulisxmobs kognitur Tvi-
TregulaciaSi dafiqrebas, gaazrebas , pasuxobdnen nela, magram
uSecdomod. `aramyari~ cdispirebi—ki impulsurobiT, rac gu-
lisxmobsis imas, rom cdispirebi iReben gauazrebel gadawyveti-
lebebs da Secdomebs uSveben ara imitom, rom sworad pasuxis ga-
cema ar SeuZliaT, aramed imis gamo, rom pasuxebs iZlevian Zalian
swrafad, saWiro informaciis saTanadod gadamuSavebis gareSe.
maTTvis es gza emociurad ufro mosaxerxebelia.

daskvnebi: eqperimentuli Sedegebidan gamomdinare SegviZlia

davaskvnaT, rom momxmareblebi, romlebic naklebad eqvemdebare-
bian brendis zegavlenas, xasiaTdebian kognituri TviTregula-
ciis reflesuri stiliT, gansxvavebiT im momxmareblebisagan,
romlebic brendis zegavleniT cvlian produqtis arCevans. maT
ZiriTadad axasiaTebT kognituri TviTregulaciis impulsu-
ri stili. amrigad, kognituri TviTregulaciisreflesur-im-
pulsuri stili aris momxmareblis arCevanis stabilurobis

176
erT-erTi diferencialur-fsiqologiuri determinanti. Cveni
hipoTeza dadasturda.

1. ketelis 16 faqtoriani pirovnebis sakvlvi kiTxvari

testi Catarda 50 cdispirze. ( igive eqperimentuli jgu-
fi)
masala: ketelis 16-faqtoriani kiTxvari (ix. danarTi)
Cveni mizani iyo dagvedgina, aris Tu ara gansxaveba `myar~
da `aramyar~ cdispirebs Soris maTi pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis
mixedviT. testirebis Sedegebi asaxulia grafik #2-ze

19.4
18.2 17.3
17.5 17.1 17.2
16.5 17.1
16.1 17.2 17.0 16.2
15.3 15.6 15.6
15.1
14.6 14.5 14.4 14.5
14.2 13.9
13.2 13.4 12.9
11.8
12.7
12.1
11.2

9.4
8.5
7.2

A B C F E G H I L M N O Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

myari aramyari

grafiki# 2
Sedegebis analizi: rogorc grfikidan sCans, `myari~ da
`aramyari~ cdispirebi gansxvavdebian Semdegi pirovnuli maxa-
siaTeblebiT:
H – siTamame/gaubedaoba
177
 L – ndoba/undobloba
O – SfoTva/simSvide
Q3 – TviTkontroli/udisciplinoba
kerZod, momxmareblebi, romlebic naklebad eqvemdebare-
bian brendis zegavlenas, xasiaTdebian ufro meti siTamamiT,
undoblobiT,dabali SfoTianobiTa da maRali TviTkontroliT.
gansxvavebiT im momxmareblebisagan, romlebic brendis zegav-
leniT cvlian produqtis arCevans. maT axasiaTebT gaubedaoba,
arian mimndobebi,maRali SfoTianoba da dabali TviTkontroli.
sxva pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT, sxvaoba aRniSnul
jgufebs Soris ar aRiniSna. amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
momxmareblis rogorc emociuri,(SfoTianoba) ise nebelobiT da
(TviTkontroli) komunikaciuri (siTamame,ndoba) pirovneli
Tvisebebi aris mis mier ganxorcielebuli arCevanis stabi-
lurobis diferencialur-fsiqologiuri determinanti. Cveni
hipoTeza dadasturda.

1. zondis aracnobieri tendenciebis sakvlevi proeqciuli

meTodika
testi Catarda 50 cdispirze. ( igive eqperimentuli jgu-
fi)
testi masala: zondis testi (ix. danarTi)
gamoviyeneT internet saiti: http://users.skynet.be/am030868/
szondi.htmsadac warodgenili iyo sxvadasxva fsiqikuri moSli-
lobis mqone adamianTa fotoebi. testi tardeba eqvs seriad. Ti-
Toeul seriaSi cdis pirs unda amoerCia ori simpaTiuri da ori
antipaTiuri foto.
178
 gvainteresebda Tu ra aracnobieri tendenciebi zemoqme-
deben adamianis arCevanze, da gansxvavdebian Tu ara `myari~ da
`aramyari~ cdispirebi am aracnobieri tendenciebiT. aRmoCnda,
rom `myar~ da `aramyar~cdispirebSi dominireben gansxvavebuli
tendenciebi. mag: `myarebSi~ dominirebda: TviTkontrolis, erT-
gulebis, usafrTxoebis, popularobis, sadomazoxizmis, sikeTis,
represiis, sentimentalobis tendenciebi.xolo, `aramyarebSi~
wamyvani iyo iseTi tendenciebi rogoricaa damyoli da aqtivo-
bis tendencia.

miRebuli empiriuli monacemebis safuZvelze SeiZleba dava-

skvnaT:

1. adamianebi samomxmareblo arCevanis mixedviT iyo-

fian `myar~ da `aramyar~ momxmareblebad. `myari~ momxma-
reblebi naklebad eqcevian reklamis, brendis zegavlenis
qveS da gadawyvetilebas iReben produqtis obieqturi
maCveneblebis mixedviT, gansxvavebiT `aramyari~ momxmare-
blebisagan ( hall-test )
2. SegrZnebis zRurblis gazomvis eqsperimentSi
`myari~ cdispirebi arian ufro mgrZnobiare sensoruli
gamRizianeblis mimarT, Sesabamisad aqvT dabali sxvaobis
zRurbli. xolo `aramyar~ cdispirebs piriqiT------- ma-
Rali sxvaobis zRurbli.
3. kognituri stilis kvlevis miRebuli Sedegebis
mixedviT vaskvniT, rom is cdispirebi, romlebic eqceod-
nen brendis zegavlenis qveS miekuTvnebodnen impulsur
179
 tips, xolo isini vinc naklebad eqceodnen zegavlenis
qveS miekuTvnebodnen refleqsur tips.
4. ketelis 16 faqtoriani pirovnebis sakvlevi ki-
Txvaris saSualebiT Cven gamovavlineT is maxasiaTeble-
bi, romlebic axasiaTebT `myar~ da `aramyar~ cdispirebs.
monacemebs Soris sando gansxvaveba dafiqsirda Semdegi
masaxiaTeblebis mixedviT:
`myari~cdispirebi xasiaTdebian: gulisxmierebiT da
gaxsnilobiT, sijiutiT, simSvidiT da Tavdajerebulo-
biT, punqtualobiT.
`aramyari~cdispirebi xasiaTdebian: TviTdaurwmune-
blobiT da CaketilobiT, pirobebis mimReblobiT, mou-
svenrobiT da sakuTari survilebis morCilebiT.

5. pirovnebis aracnobieris sakvlev zondis proe-

qciul testSi gamovlinda Semdegi tendenciebi:
`myar~ cdispirebSi dominirebdnen Semdegi tendencie-
bi:
• TviTkontroli
• moTmineba
• erTguleba
• sentimentaloba
• sadomazoxizmi
• sikeTe
• popularoba
• usafrTxoebis tendencia
`aramyarebSi~ dominirebdnen Semdegi tendenciebi:
180
 • damyoli
• aqtivobis tendencia

amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom momxmareblis mier

produqtis arCevis stabiluroba damokidebulia, maT garkveul
fsiqologiur maxasiaTeblebze, romelic gamovlinda fsiqikuri
aqtiobis oTxive(fsiqofiziologiur, kognitur, pirovnul da
aracnobier) doneze. aRniSnuli cvladebi: 1) sxvaobis zRurb-
lis mgrZnobiaroba,2) refleqsuroba–impulsurobis kognituri
stili 3)garkveuli pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi da 4) garkveuli
aracnobieri tendenciebi warmoadgenen samomxmareblo arCevanis
mecnierulad dadsturebul fsiqologiur determinantebs.

181
 Abstract
Maia Kalandarishvili, TSU Associated Professor
The psychological determinations of consumer choice

This is an experimental investigation, which learns psychological

factors of consumer market segmentation. It is statistically confirmed
some psychological factors which are differetional- psychological
determinants of consiumer choice of brand. There are: 1) sensitivity
of deference threshold (deference threshold experiment by Stevens )
2)cognitive style of reflexity-impulsity( Cagan’s test) 3) some per-
sonal characteristics (Test of Cattel) 4) some unconscious tendencies.
(Zondy test)
According to the general experiment,(hall-test) consumers di-
vided on `solid“ and hesitant~ types. `solid~ `type consists people,
which do not change their brand choice. `hesitant~ type people
change their choice by after affecting of brand. `solid~ `type people
characterized with: 1) high sensitivity of deference threshold than
`hesitant~ type people 2) solid~ `type people has reflexive cogni-
tive style, `hesitant~ type people-- impulsive
cognitive style 3) `solid~ `type people characterized with: calm-
ness, self-confident, delicacy, punctuality, obstinacy. `hesitant~ type
people characterized with: anxious, conformity, low self-control,
non- confident.
4) according tounconscious tendencies `solid~ type people has
following unconscious tendencies: self-control, devotion, safety,
popularity. `hesitant~ type people -----complaisant and tendency of
activation.

182
 gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. Дэвид Статт. Психология Потребителя `Питер~. 2003г.
2. A. Лебедев-Любимов. Психология Рекламы. `Питер~.
2003г.
3. В. Г. Зазыкин. Психология в рекламе. Дата Сром 1992г.
4. WilliamWells, John Burnett, Sandra Moriarty. Advertising
Principles & Practice. 2001г.
5. Роберт Чалдини. Психология Влияния. Питер 1999г.
6. В. Бородина. Самореклама: мода и традиции. Холдинг
2000г.
7. Е. Л. Доценко. Психология манипулации. МГУ 1997г.
8. Б. Г. Мещепякова В. П. Зинченко. Большой Психологи-
ческий Cловарь. москва. `олма-пресс~. 2003г.
9. В.Д. Коновалов. Психологические Тесты-1. Москва.
Светотон 1996г.
10. П. Г. Зимбардо. Основы Псиихологии. 2003
11. yvavilaSvili j. statistikuri meTodeebis gamoyeneba fsi­
qologiaSi, Tbilisi, 1974
12. К. Купер. Индивидуалные Различия. Москва. `Аспект-
Пресс~. 2000г.
13. Р. Л. Солсо. Когнитивная Психология. Москва. `Трилова~.
1996г.
14. М. А. Холодная. Когнитивные Стили. Москва. `PerSe~.
2003г.
15. g. qiria. aRqmis fsiqologia. Tbilisi. 2003 w.
16. s. zondis proeqciuli testi. veb gverdebis mis­ama­rT­ebi:
http://users.skynet.be/am030868/szondi.htm http://www.sz­
ondiforum.org/
17. Hall-Test. http://www.videor.co.jp/eng/castom/qualitative/
hall.html\
18. Projective Test. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_test

183
 nargiza kankia

kinogadacema `wiTeli zona~

saqarTvelos televiziaSi didi adgili daikava `masobrivma

kulturam.~ namdvili xelovnebis nimuSebs aq iSviaTad vxvdebiT.
arc kinoxelovneba warmoadgens am mxriv gamonakliss. iaffasiani
teleserialebisa da dabali donis filmebis demonstrireba
Cveulebrivi movlena gaxda (filmis maRalteqnikuri xarisxi am
SemTxvevaSi arafers cvlis). metic, zogierTi maTgani saSiSi
ideologiis matarebelic aris (bevr qveyanaSi aseTi kinosu-
raTebis gavrcelebas yvelanairad ewinaaRmdegebian). am situa-
ciaSi gadacema `wiTeli zona~ aRmoCnda is erT-erTi gamonaklisi,
romelic kinosmoyvarulebs mSvelelad moevlina.
mainc ras warmoadgens `wiTeli zona~, ra funqciebs asru-
lebs is da rogor aRwevs dasaxul mizans? swored am kiTxvebze
pasuxis gacemas SevecdebiT warmodgenil naSromSi. dakvirvebis
periodad aviReT gadacemis pirveli eqvsi Tve, romlis Semdegac
man ramdenime xniT Sewyvita arseboba.
kinogadacema `wiTeli zona~ 2007 wlis 27 noembridan gamoC-
nda eTerSi. mas warmogvidgens `sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis I
arxi~ radio `TavisuflebasTan~ erTad. igi yovelkvireuli ga-
dacemaa da eTerSi gadis paraskevobiT 23 saaTze. misi avtori da
wamyvania kinomcodne giorgi gvaxaria. `sazogadoebrivi mauwye-
blis~ saitze ganTavsebul oficialur anotaciaSi ewera, rom
`wiTeli zona~ mTlianad komunistur xelovnebas eZRvneba, ufro
sworad, mis xelaxal wakiTxvas, axali kuTxiT danaxvas warmoad-
gens. sainteresoa, rom am saWirboroto sakiTxebze msjelobas
TvalsaCinoebisTvis Tan axlavs Sesaferisi masalebi, rogorc

184
mxatvruli da dokumenturi filmebidan, ise satelevizio gad-
acemebidan, speqtaklebidan da sxv.
`wiTeli zonis~ pirvel blokSi mcire moculobis siuJet-
qronikaSi warmodgenilia gansaxilveli Temis Sinaarsi da mi-
marTuleba, ris Sesaxebac Semdeg mimdinareobs saubari mowveul
stumrebTan erTad daaxloebiT erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi. bo-
los ki xdeba filmis (zogjer ki speqtaklis) demonstrireba,
romelic ufro xSirad mxatvrul kinematografs ganekuTvneba,
Tumca, es gadacema arc dokumenturi filmis naklebobas gan-
icdis, radgan igi uxvad aris warmodgenili fragmentebis sax-
iT. `wiTeli zonis~kinorepertuarze saubars Cven kidev davu-
brundebiT, raTa ufro naTeli gaxdes am gadacemis funqcia da
saxe, magram manam xazi gvinda gavusvaT im sakiTxs, rom `wiTeli
zona~ Zalian did ideologiur funqcias asrulebs, magram igi,
rogorc kinogadacema, mTlianobaSi mainc SemecnebiTi gadacemaa
da adamianTa inteleqtualuri donis amaRllebazea orientire-
buli. miuxedavad amisa, danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi
ufro ideologizirebulia, vidre `sarkmeli~ da `fsiqo~ (Tu
mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT `fsiqos~ mier Catarebul piar kampa-
nias 2003-2004wlebis saprezidanto da saparlamento arCevne-
bis dros).
am gadacemis ideologiuri xasiaTi ikveTeba rogorc ru-
brika-saTaurSi `wiTeli zona~ –ise im faqtiTac, rom gadacema
mimdinareobs sabWoTa okupaciis muzeumidan.
giorgi gvaxarias es gadacema marTlac trialebs komunis-
turi reJimis irgvliv, magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom is mxolod
am umkacresi diqtaturis periods exeba. Tanamedrove period-
Sic xom mravali `wiTeli zona~ gvaqvs, rac aucileblad unda
vaRiaroT da misgan gamosvlis gzebi veZeboT, Torem mxolod
warsulis ganqiqebiT da mimdinare movlenebze Tvalis daxuWviT

185
verafers movimkiT da isev im periodSi CavrCebiT. ai, amitomac
`wiTeli zona~komunisturi xelovnebis marTlac xelaxali wa­
kiTxviTa da axali kuTxiT danaxviT Tanamedrove xelovnebas
da saerTo viTarebas exmaureba, riTac, Cveni azriT, Zalian did
saqmes akeTebs.
`wiTeli zonisTvis~ giorgi gvaxarias mier arCeuli Temebi
marTlac sainteresod da aqtualurad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. es Te-
mebi Tavisi mravalferovnebiT TiTqos abneven mayurebels, magram
maT aerTianebT erTi saerTo ram-TiToeuli gadacema mimarTulia
yovelgvari Zaladobis winaaRmdeg, es iqneba fizikuri Zaladoba-
adamianis fizikurad dasja, misi ganadgureba, Tu pirovnebis su-
lierebaze zemoqmedeba, romelic uamravi Tavsmoxveuli azrebiT,
miTebiT, akrZalvebiT da a.S. gamoixateba.
akrZaluli Temebi ki sabWoTa periodSi marTlac Zalian bev-
ri iyo da Sesabamisad miTebic mravlad gvxvdeboda. magaliTad,
sabWoTa jaris uZlevelobis Sesaxeb, komunisturi partiisa da
misi `umcrosi Zmis~ – komkavSiris – umwikvlobaze, sabWoTa re-
spublikebisa da saerTod, socialisturi banakis qveynebis uryev
megobrobaze da a.S.
unda iTqvas, rom am miTebis gavrcelebasa da danergvaSi maso-
brivi informaciisa da propagandis saSualebebs (rogorc mas im
periodSi uwodebdnen) da kerZod, televizias, didi wvlili mi-
uZRoda. aseve mniSvnelovani iyo socialisturi sistemis dros
kinoxelovnebis roli masebis komunistur aRzrdaSi.
e. w. gardaqmnis wlebidan viTareba nel- nela Seicvala da
es aisaxa saqarTvelos kinogadacemebzec _ mraval Temas tabu
moexsna, magram srul Tavisuflebaze saubari arc Semdeg wleb-
Si SeiZleboda. demokratiis deficiti SerCa rogorc saerTod
televizias, ise kinogadacemebs. amis dasadastureblad SeZleba
davasaxeloT g.gvaxarias adrindeli gadacemebis `sarkmeli~

186
(`saxelmwifo televizia~), `fsiqo~ (`rusTavi-2~) da `Tavisu-
flebis Teorema~ (telekompania `imedi~) daxurva. rac Seexeba
kinogadacema `wiTel zonas~, is 2008 wlis ivnisSi Sewyda da mx-
olod 2009wlis martSi gamoCnda, isev sazogadoebrivi mauwyeb-
lis `pirveli arxis~ eTerSi, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom igi, iseve
rogorc `fsiqo~ (`vardebis revoluciis Semdeg), SesaZlebelia,
xelisuflebisaTvis miuRebeli ideologiis matarebeli iyos.
roca Tvali gadavavleT `wiTeli zonis~ Temebs, erTxel
kidev davrwmundiT imaSi, rom sabWoTa ideologiaze saubari
Zalian efeqturia isev komunisturi miTebis gamavrcelebeli sa-
Sualebebis –kinosa da televiziis – am ori gigantis sinTeziT,
radgan kino +televizia ufro metia, vidre TiToeuli maTgani
cal-calke.
`wiTel zonaSi~warmodgenil yvela Temas da films, cxadia,
ver SevexebiT, magram ramdenime maTganze mainc gvinda yuradReba
gavamaxviloT. kerZod, ufro detalurad gavCerdebiT dokumen-
tur filmebze, radgan maTi raodenoba bevrad naklebia, da Tanac,
xuTidan oTxi filmis premiera swored am kinogadacemaSi Sedga,
vfiqrobT, amiT ufro gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu raze laparakoben da
ras aCveneben am gadacemaSi. aRsaniSnavia, albaT, is faqti, rom
pirvelad gadacema radio `Tavisuflebaze~ saubriT gavida eTer-
Si, radgan is sabWoTa periodSi mtrul radioTa rigSi moisaz-
reboda (gadacemis pirvel blokSi aCvenes patara siuJeti radio
`Tavisuflebis~Sesaxeb). Tanac amiT, vinaidan es proeqti `sa-
zogadoebrivi mauwyeblisa~ da radio `Tavisuflebis~ erTobliv
proeqtad gamocxadda, gadacemis pirvelive dResve gamoikveTa
`wiTeli zonis~ mimarTuleba. es gadacema ki damTavrda filmiT
`gudbai leni~ (reJ. volfgang bekeri), romliTac mayurebelma
erTxel kidev dainaxa, Tu rogor amaxinjebda socialisturi
ideologia adamianebis sulier samyaros. amitom samudamod unda

187
davemSvidoboT mas. ( cxadia, amaze miuTiTebs filmis saxelwode-
bac).
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos is faqti, rom `wiTeli
zonis~kinorepertuari wina gadacemebisgan – `sarkmeli~ da
`fsiqo~ _ gansxvavebiT, ZiriTadad orientirebulia qarTul da
rusul kinematografze, rasac Tavisi logikuri axsna aqvs (gada-
cemis funqciidan gamomdinare), Tumca, masSi arc ucxouri kinox-
elovnebaa ignorirebuli da gogi gvaxaria saWiro SemTxvevaSi
maTac mimarTavs (rogorc pirvelive gadacemaSi vnaxeT).
rigiT meore gadacema mieZRvna e.w.~perestroikas~. igi war-
modgenili iyo saTauriT ~dagvianebuli gardaqmna~. masSi jer
gagvaxsenes 1985-1988ww saqarTvelo (Teo xatiaSvilis siuJeti),
romelsac mohyva stumarTan saubari (n. gelaSvili) Sesabamisi
dokumenturi kadrebiT (zura WavWavaZis mitingze gamosvla) da
filmiT ( `70 SekiTxva~, romelSic zurab Jvania aris dafiq-
sirebuli). mesame blokSi ki g.gvaxarias winasityvaobis Semdeg
warmogvidgines tato kotetiSvilis filmi `anemia~. sxvaTaSo-
ris, es swored is erT-erTi filmTagania, romelzec saubari ki-
nogadacemaTa redaqciis TanamSromlebs Tavis droze gardaqmnis
monapovrad miaCndaT.
unda iTqvas isic, rom sasaubro TemisTvis SerCeuli filmebi,
romelTa didi nawili, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, qarTulia, ar
ganekuTvneba aSkara propagandistul filmTa kategorias da isini
namdvili xelovnebis nimuSebs warmoadgens. vfiqrobT, amis dasa-
dastureblad maTi CamoTvlac ki ikmarebs. ai, isinic: `neilonis
naZvis xe~ (reJ. r. esaZe), `pastorali~ (reJ. o. ioseliani),~didi
mwvane veli~ (reJ. m. kokoCaSvili),~pirveli mercxali~ (reJ. n.
mWedliZe) da sxva.
Tu am faqtTan dakavSirebiT imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom SiS-
veli propagandistuli meTodebi qarTuli kinematografisTvis

188
mainc da mainc arc arasodes yofila damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba,
amas, cxadia, ver vityviT rusul kinoxelovnebaze, magram gogi
gvaxaria, Cveni azriT, cdilobs am SemTxvevaSic mayurebels war-
udginos plakaturobisgan Tavisufali nimuSebi. mag. `mifrinaven
weroebi~ (reJ. m. kalatoziSvili), `zeasvla~ (reJ. larisa Sep-
itko), `s­xvisi werilebi~ (reJ. ilia averbaxi) `Cven jazidan
varT~ (reJ. karen Saxnazarovi) da sxv. Tumca, aqve gvinda vTq-
vaT, rom am qveynis namdvili propagandistuli filmebi uxvad
gvxvdeba saubris msvlelobis dros fragmentebis saxiT, mag. s.
eizenSteinis `javSnosani potiomkini,~ a. dovJenkos `deda~ da
sxv. (cxadia, Cven ar uarvyofT am filmebis reJisorTa Zalian
did rols kinematografis ganviTarebaSi).
arafers vambobT im sazRvargareTuli filmebis propagandis-
tulobaze, romlebic gogi gvaxariam warmogvidgina am kinoga-
dacemaSi, radgan plakaturoba, aSkara propagandistuloba Ziri-
Tadad mainc sabWoTa kinematografisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli
Tviseba. albaT, es aris imis mizezi, rom sazRvargareTuli filmi
SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT aris warmodgenili am gadacemaSi.
samagierod, kinofragmentebi Zalian xSirad sxvadasxva qveynis
kinoxelovnebas ganekuTvneba. aqve isic gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom
gogi gvaxarias profesionalizmi _ misi maRali kinematografi-
uli gemovneba _ amiTac gamomJRavnda, radgan am filmebis umrav-
lesoba msoflio kinoxelovnebis Sedevrebs warmoadgens. magal-
iTad, `mefisto~ (reJ. iStvan sabo), `kabare~ (reJ. bob fosi),
`Cinuri ruletka~ (reJ.rainer verner fasbinderi), `briyvebis
xomaldi~ (reJ.stenli krameri), `ferfli da almasi~ (reJ. an-
jei vaida), `amarkordi~ (reJ. federiko felini), `naTlia~ (reJ.
frensis ford kopola) da sxv.
marTalia, `wiTeli zonis~ kinorepertuari ZiriTadad mx-
atvruli filmebisgan Sedgeba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, pirveli nax-

189
evari wlis ganmavlobaSi, eTerSi sul xuTi dokumeturi filmi
aCvenes, magram, isic faqtia, rom saubris dros aseTi saxis kinoc
Zalian didi raodenobiT aris warmodgenili kinofragmentebis
saxiT, radgan imis gadmosacemad da gasaanalizireblad, ra da
rogor xdeboda komunisturi diqtaturis pirobebSi, realuri
faqtebi ufro bevrs amboben.
Cveni yuradReba miiqcia im faqtmac, rom~ wiTel zonaSi~ war-
modgenili mxatvruli filmebi (rogorc rusuli, ise qarTuli)
sabWoTa periodSia Seqmnili, maSin rodesac xuTidan oTxi do-
kumenturi filmis premiera swored am gadacemaSi Sedga. amiT
kidev erTxel davrwmundiT imaSi, rom, Tu mxatvrul kinoSi
kinematografistebi miniSnebebis, simboloebis saxiT im period-
Sic axerxebdnen TavianTi saTqmelis gadmocemas, raime kritikis
Semcvel dokumentur films, ekranebze gamosvla ar ewera.
axla gvinda SevCerdeT im dokumentur filmebze, romelTa
premierac Sedga `wiTel zonaSi~. raTa ufro gasagebi gaxdes,
Tu raze saubroben dRes qarTveli kinoreJisorebi. erT-erTi
maTgania `amerika bnel oTaxSi~ (5.02.2008’). am kinosuraTis re-
Jisoria daviT kandelaki. igi manamde aCvenes festival `prom-
eTeze~. ~amerika bnel oTaxSi~ mogviTxrobs reJisoris megobris
amerikul `voiaJze~ (filmi agebulia megobrebis satelefono
saubarze), romelic bolos da bolos cixiT damTavrda. am
kinosuraTs wiTel zolad gasdevs is azri, rom filmis mTavari
gmirisTvis Tu adre amerika iyo saocnebo qveyana, axla mis erTa-
derT ocnebas saqarTveloSi dabruneba warmoadgens.
unda aRiniSnos is faqtic, rom gadaRebebis dros, rogorc
reJisorisgan gavigeT, mravali winaaRmdegoba SexvdaT, radgan
teroristuli aqtebiT SeSinebuli amerikelebi yvelafers akon-
trolebdnen, metic, kinokamerebiT gadaRebac mTel rig prob-
lemebTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

190
 dokumenturi filmi `banditebi~ exeba gasuli saukunis 80-
ian wlebSi gaxmaurebul ambavs (1983w 18 noenberi) _ axalgaz-
rdebis mier TviTmfrinavis gatacebas (am Temaze Semdeg wlebSi
daidga speqtaklic daTo turaSvilis amave saxelwodebis pie-
sis mixedviT). masSi saubaria imaze, Tu ra moxda im sabediswero
dRes, vin iyvnen es axalgazrdebi, ram miiyvana isini am gadaw-
yvetilebamde da riT damTavrda yvelaferi es (rogorc cnobil-
ia, isini sikvdiliT dasajes).
`banditebis~ (aseve gadacemis) naxvis Semdeg mayurebeli
midis im daskvnamde, rom am tragediis mTavari mizezi iyo is
epoqa, romelSic maT mouwiaT cxovreba. es sastiki ganaCeni maT
totalitaruli reJimis xanam moutana. cxadia, axalgazrdebis
sikvdiliT dasja marTlac saSineli faqti iyo, magram aq isic
unda vTqvaT, rom filmSi mainc igrZnoba am faqtisadmi subieq-
turi damokidebuleba, radgan masSi monawile adamianebis um-
ravlesoba am axalgazrdebis axloblebi arian (aseve iyo gad-
acemaSi), rom araferi vTqvaT imaze, rom, rogorc gadacemidan
gavigeT, am filmis reJisori gega kobaxiZis ojaxis megobari
yofila. swored am mizeziT gogi gvaxariam erT-erT momdevno
gadacemaSi gatacebuli TviTmfrinavis ekipaJis wevris _anzor
Wedias Svili moiwvia sasaubrod, rac mis namdvil profesion-
alizmze metyvelebs.
saerTod, dokumetur kinoSic faqti Tavisebur transforma-
cias ganicdis, radgan mas iRebs adamiani, romelsac garkveuli
damokidebuleba aqvs am faqtisadmi. rogorc fsiqologebi amt-
kiceben, ganwyoba yovelTvis win uswrebs moqmedebas. faqtis ab-
soluturad obieqturad asaxva, cxadia, Zalian Znelia. rac Se-
exeba balanss, igi zogjer darRveulia `bi-bi-sis~ dokumentur
filmebSic ki. mag. faqti calmxrivad aris ganxiluli erT-erTi
cnobili reJisoris qeiT meisonis filmSi ` sikvdiliT dasja~

191
(igi ramdenime wlis win aCvena telekompania `rusTavi-2~ma), sa-
dac am aqtis araadamianur mxarezea yuradReba gamaxvilebuli
(rasac Cvenc veTanxmebiT), magram masSi ar Cans, Tu ratom miesa-
jaT am adamianebs sasjelis umaRlesi zoma, ras amboben am ada-
mianebisgan dazaralebulebi, maTi mSoblebi, axloblebi. igive
SeiZleba iTqvas Toma CageliSvilis filmze `sikvdiliT dasja~
(saxelwodebac rom orive films erTnairi aqvs, esec bevr rameze
miuTiTebs). aqac mxolod sikvdilmisjilTa da maT axlobelTa
saubrebs vismenT. Tu filmi mxolod imisTvis aris gadaRebuli,
rom sikvdiliT dasjis proceduris saSinelebaSi da saerTod am
kanonis sisastikeSi daarwmunos mayurebeli, maSin es adamianebic
ar unda figurirebdnen masSi. sxvaTaSoris, amerikul mxatvrul
filmSi `mosiarule mkvdari~ (reJ. tim robinsi) mTavari gmiris
(msaxiobi Son peni) sikvdiliT dasjis proceduris paralelu-
rad vecnobiT mis mier Cadenil danaSaulebsac, vismenT mok-
lulTa axloblebis saubrebs.
`wiTel zonaSi~ aCvenes nino kirTaZis dokumenturi filmi
`durakovo, briyvTa sofeli.~ es kinosuraTi mogviTxrobs ruse-
Tis erT-erTi provinciis mosaxleobis cxovrebaze, romelsac
mxolod da mxolod monuri Tu SeiZleba ewodos. ramdenadac
gasakviri ar unda iyos mayureblisTvis, iq mcxovrebTa umrav-
lesobas akmayofilebs arsebuli viTareba. (yovel SemTxvevaSi in-
terviuebidan ase Cans). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom filmSi xalxis
damorCilebis erT-erT saSualebad gamoyenebulia eklesia. mTa-
vari gmiri-mixeili- swored RmerTiTa da eklesiiT manipuli-
rebs.
`durakovo, briyvTa sofelSi~ Zalian kargad gamoikveTa is
momentic, rom ruseTis imperialisturi ambiciebi arsad gamqra-
la. am qveynis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi (magaliTad, film-

192
Si monawile – ruseTis dumis wevri baburini) sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlas dRemde ver eguebian, metic, misi aRdgenis imediT arian.
es kinosuraTi Zalian mZime sayurebelia da amitom, gasakviri
ar aris is faqti, rom nino kirTaZes, rogorc TviTonac ganacxa-
da gadacemaSi, gauWirda am filmze muSaoba, radgan iq mcxovrebTa
mentaliteti masze saSinlad moqmedebda da amitomac igi Zalian
mokle droSi gadaiRo.
`wiTel zonaSi~ moxda aseve Jan miSel kares filmis `putinis
sistema~demonstrireba (24.06.2008), romlis premiera, gogi
gvaxarias TqmiT, 2007 wels Sedga kinokompania `arteSi~, ma-
gram ruseTSi es filmi ar uCvenebiaT. sxvaTaSoris, am gadacemaSi,
saubari iyo ara mxolod ruseTis yofil prezidentze, aramed
saerTod liderebis, Tu beladebis fenomenze, (mag. i. stalinze,
m. gorbaCovze, e. SevardnaZeze, z. gamsaxurdiaze, m. saakaSvilze
da sxv.), riTac gadacemis sasaubro Temam _`post-komunisturi
liderebi, beladebi da beladomania~_ ufro sintereso da sru-
lyofili saxe miiRo da, vfiqrobT, mayurebelic daafiqra.
daskvnis saxiT vityviT, rom `wiTel zona~ kargi filmebis
CvenebiTa da saintereso saubrebiT kinomoyvarulTa didi
interess iwvevs (Tumca, is mxolod kinoxelovnebas ar Seex-
eba), raSic gansakuTrebuli wvlili mis avtors da wamyvans –
gogi gvaxarias- miuZRvis, radgan, garda misi kompetenturobisa
(rogorc kinomcodnis), studiaSi mowveul stumarTa saubars
mimarTulebasa da siRrmiseul analizs metwilad swored gogi
gvaxarias profesionalizmi ganapirobebs. mkvlevari giorgi
CarTolani wers: saqarTvelos telesivrceSi gansakuTrebu-
li popularobiT sargeblobda kinomcodne-Jurnalist giorgi
gvaxarias saavtoro programebi. am programebSi gogi gvaxarias
kinomcodneobiTi profesiuli gamocdileba organulad Seerwya
Jurnalistis profesias. gogi gvaxaria qmnida imgvar gadacemaTa

193
ciklebs da programebs, romelsac uyurebda yvela, visac maRali
xelovneba da kino uyvarda. gogi gvaxarias saavtoro gadacemaTa
struqtura wlebis ganmavlobaSi imis mixedviT icvleboda, ra
moTxovnebsac ayenebda mis winaSe axali drois Jurnalistika.
isini monologuri Sesavlebidan gadaiqca jer Jurnalistur
debatebad (telekompania `rusTavi-2~, gadacema `fsiqo~), xolo
Semdgom analitikur Toq-Soud (telekompania `imedi~, gadacema
`Tavisuflebis Teorema~ da telekonpania `sazogadoebrivi mau-
wyebeli~, gadacema `wiTeli zona~. 1
sasaubro Temebi ki, rogorc Tavidanve aRvniSneT, namdvilad
mravalferovania ( mag.~avangardis bedi saqaraTveloSi~, `sofeli
da globalizacia~, `qristianoba aTeizmis epoqaSi~, `xalxi cen-
zoris rolSi~, Temur CxeiZis satelevizio speqtakli ~jayos
xiznebi~, `kiCi~ da sxv.). Temebis siWrele ki ganapirobebs im
faqts, rom stumrebic sxvadasxva profesiis adamianebi arian
(fsiqologebi, politologebi, xelovnebaTmcodneebi, mwerlebi,
reJisorebi da sxv.).
miuxedavad yovelive amisa, unda iTqvas, rom `wiTeli zona~
maRalreitingul gadacemaTa ricxvs mainc ar ganekuTvneba, ra-
Sic Cvenma gamokiTxvebmac dagvarwmuna (cxadia, is srulyofili
ar aris da Semdgom mecnierul damuSavebas iTxovs ) da es
bunebrivia, radgan aseTi saxis gadacemebs, saerTod, masobrivi
auditoria ar hyavs, magram isic faqtia da amis Tqma Cven Tamamad
SegviZlia, rom iseTi gadacemebis arseboba, rogoric `wiTeli
zonaa~, aucilebelia saqaraTvelos televiziaSi.

gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. giorgi CarTolani, tele-radioJurnalistika, naw. I 2008
w. gv 211-212.

194
 Abstract
Nargiza Kankia, TSU PhD student

TV Program „Red Zone“

The article „Program: Red Zone“ discusses the place of „Mass
Culture“ in Georgian television. The broadcasting of the „soup
operas“ and low quality movies has become very common (even
though some of them are technically of a high quality), not even
mentioning that most of these movies carry bad ideology. Ac-
cording to this the real pieces of art have become very rare and
number of movie programs has decreased to minimum. There is
only one movie program „Red Zone“ left on the Georgian Public
Broadcasting Channel One, which is hosted by George Gvakha-
ria.
This program has not only provided the intellectual function
but the ideological one as well. The main aim of the program is
to revise the reading of communism art and to view it from a
different angle. We have to mention that the „Red Zone“ draws
the great attention of movie lovers through quality movies
and interesting dialogues, but beside this we can still say that it
is not highly rated program ( which has also been shown by the
polls), yet this is natural as these kind of intellectual programs
does not have mass viewers. Nevertheless the fact is that the
programs like „Red Zone“ must exist on television.

195
 giorgi kvinikaZe

migraciisa da eri-saxelmwifos
geoekonomikuri problemebi
transnacionalizmisa da translokalurobis
koncefciebSi.

migracia transnacionalizmis koncefciaSi. termini transna-

cionalizmi samecniero literaturaSi gasuli saukunis 70-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi Cndeba. misi Semotana mecnierul leqsikonSi
ukavSirdeba ekonomikis sferoSi mimdinare transformaciebs,
sadac dominireba iwyo msxvilma transnacionalurma kompanie-
bma (tnk), bankebma (tnb) da korporaciebma da e.w. `globalurma
qalaqebma~.
cnobilma amerikelma mkvlevarma s. sasenma Tavisi kvlevebi
miuZRvna globaluri qalaqebis Seswavlas, romlebic warmoad-
gendnen saerTaSoriso institutebisa (bankebis, iuridiuli
firmebi) da adamianTa (saerTaSoriso donis eqspertebi) Tavmoy-
ris adgilebs. swored maT Sesaswavlad man gamoiyena termini
`transnacionaluroba~, raTa aqcenti gaekeTebina erTis mxriv,
sivrcobriv ganzomilebebze da meores mxriv, globalizaciis
pirobebSi ekonomikuri, politikuri da socialuri procesebis
masStabebze (Sassen S.; 1991).
amJamad, termini transnacionalizmi ukve aqtiurad gamoi-
yeneba migraciuli procesebis kvlevaSi. transnacionaluri
migraciis klasikur kvlevebSi adamianebi adgilTan (konkret-
uli sivrcis nawili) uwyvet kavSirSi ganixilebian, anu isini
aucileblad sadRac arian lokalizebulni. adgilTan kavSiri ki

196
xorcieldeba gansakuTrebuli lokaluri kulturis meSveobiT.
amdenad, imisaTvis rom gaxdes teritoriis srulfasovani wevri
(qveyana, qveyana-sistemebi, regionebi) recipienti migranti unda
Seeguos an/da moaxdinos asimilacia adgilobriv kulturasTan.
1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi es Tezisi eWvqveS daayenes rigma
dasavlelma mecnierebma da samecniero brunvaSi Semoitanes ter-
minebi transmigrantebi (transmigrants) da transnacionalizmi,
rogorc transnacionaluri migraciis kvlevis sabazo cnebebi.
aRniSnuli paradigmis CarCoebSi transnacionalizmi moiazreba
rogorc socialuri procesi, sadac migrantebi qmnian social-
ur vels, romelic kveTavs geografiuli, geopolitikuri da
geokulturul sazRvrebs. am konteqstidan gamomdinare SeiZle-
ba davaskvnaT, rom migrantebi transmigrantebis statuss iZenen
maSin, roca isini anviTareben ojaxur, ekonomikur, socialur,
organizaciul, religiur, politikur urTierTobebs, romlebic
amavdroulad sazRvarmkveT faqtorebsac warmoadgenen.
transmigrantebi faqtiurad cxovroben ramodenime adgilze
da CarTulni arian erTze meti sazogadoebis saqmianobaSi, qmnian
axal urTierTdamokidebulebebs da axdenen iseT sazogadoebis
konstruirebas, romlebic gansakuTrebuli saxiT arian dakav-
Sirebuli er-saxelmwifoebTan da maT teritoriebTan (Rouse:
1996; Gitirrez: 1995).
transnacionaluri migraciis cirkulaciis idea erTi Sexed-
viT SeiZleba CavTvaloT 1980-iani wlebis bolosa da 90-iani
wlebis dasawyisis axali Teoriuli warmatebad, magram Tu ufro
Rrmad CaveZiebiT igi praqtikulad warmoadgens im ideebis axle-
burad gaazrebul interpretacias, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo
Sida migraciebis kvlevasTan, ufro konkretulad ki geoekono-
mikuri periferiebis mosaxleobis transnacionalur gadaadg-
197
ilebasTan. magaliTad, centraluri afrikis samxreT regionSi
Catarebulma kvlevebma (kvlevbi gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi
Catarda) aCvena, rom am regionSi migracia atarebda `cirkuli-
rebad da ara erTmimarTulebiT xasiaTs~ (Chapman; Prothero;
1985:36). golSteinma, romelic Sida migraciebs malaiziaSi
ikvlevda zemoTaRniSnuli migraciebis tipis dasaxasiaTeblad
gamoiyena termini `qanqarisebuli~ (umjobesi iqneba migraciis
es forma movixsenioT rogorc maqosebri, romelic Cemi azriT
ufro zusti terminia – g.k.). aseTi migraciis Sedegi gaxda
qalaqur da soflis cxovrebas Soris sazRvrebis waSlis efeqti
(Codstein: 1985: 390). Cemi azriT, am kvlevis zogadi idea imaSi
mdgomareobda, rom mas migracia warmoeCina rogorc aqtorTa
saqmianobis sivrcis gafarToeba da ara rogorc erTi punqtidan
meoreSi gadasvla. Sesabamisad am SemTxvevaSi TviT migraciuli
areali (Ria an Seqmnis procesSi myofi) gadaiqceva kvlevis erT-
erT mTavar interesis sferod.
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT germanelma mecnierma prisma
Semoitana transnacionaluri socialuri sivrcis cneba (Pries:
1996), misi ganmartebiT adamianTa, kapitalis, saqonlis, momsax-
urebis da informaciis permanentuli gadaadgileba, romelic
gamowveulia globalizaciis procesebiT, mianiSnebs migraciis
kvlevebSi axali epoqis dasawyiss. es marTlac asea, vinaidan
migrantTa socialuri qseli ukve seriozulad integrirdeba
delokalizirebul da difuziur sivrceebTan da miuxedavad
saxelmwifo sazRvrebis arsebobisa es qseli warmatebiT axerx-
ebs adamianTa erovnuli identurobis fragmentacias, maTi cx-
ovrebis gzisa da SromiTi karieris struqturizacias. amdenad,
sruliad aSkaraa am tipis transnacionaluri socialuri sivr-
ceebis arseboba angrevs migraciis tradiciul formebs, kerZod
198
dRis wesrigSi ise mwvaved aRar dgas transmigraciis mTavari
dilema – integracia.
rogorc am sferoSi arsebuli kvlevebis analizidan Cans,
xSirad migrantebi saerTod ar arian orientirebulni inte-
graciaze, xolo transmigrantTa eTnikuri umciresobebi iqmneba
adgilobrivi elitisagan da ara maTgan, romlebic axalgadmosax-
lebulebi arian. am mxriv ufro saintereso xdeba sazRvrispira
teritoriebis kvleva.
sazRvrisa da sazRvrispira regionebis problema transna-
cionalur migraciebis prizmaSi. sazRvris kvleva (Border stud-
ies) transnacionaluri migraciis geoekonomikuri Seswavlisas
erT-erTi centraluri Temaa. es aris mecnieruli mimarTuleba,
romelic iqmneba geografiis, politologiis geopolitikisa da
geoekonomikis urTierTSexebis adgilze (maT mijnaze). am prob-
lemis Seswavlis dros aqcenti unda gakeTdes yvelaze ufro
zogad konceftualur midgomebsa da perspeqtivebze, romlis
prizmaSic SeiZleba ganvixiloT migracia transsasazRvro sta-
diaSi.
saerTod, sasazRvro kvlevis gaaqtiureba ukavSirdeba
transnacionaluri dinebebis irgvliv gamarTul diskusiebs. am-
Jamad, saxelmwifo sazRvrebi gvevlinebian mediatoris rolSi
da am azriT Sualeduri mdgomareoba moiazreba rogorc sazRvr-
ispira teritoriis upiratesoba (Elynn: 1997: 312).
eri-saxelwifoebis sazRvrispira teritoriebi, romlebic
am saxelmwifoebisaTvis mikrogeoekonomiur periferiebs war-
moadgenen, maTi Sualeduri mdgomareobis gamo, ukve gvevlinebi-
an ganviTarebis centrebis rangSi. sazRvrispira teritoriebis
statusis cvlilebebi iwvevs deteritorizaciis provocire-
bas. kerZod, socialuri warmonaqmnebi, romlebic yalibdeba
199
er-saxelmwifoSi, mezobeli saxelmwifoebis geoekonomikur,
politikur da eTnikur periferiebs faraven, rac Tavis mxriv
faqtiurad angrevs teritoriis, sazRvrebisa da erovnuli ideis
gavrcelebis sazRvrebis saxelmwifo sazRvrebTan sruli Tanx-
vedris ideas. (Nagata: 1994:63).
martinesi, romelic amerika-meqsikis sazRvrispira regioneb-
is cnobil mkvlevarad iTvleba, aRniSnavs, rom am teritoriebze
yalibdeba gansakuTrebuli sivrce, romlis inicirebasac iwvevs
transasazRvro socialuri qselebi da mZlavri transasazRvro
ekonomikuri kavSirebi (Martinez: 1994: 10). imis miuxedavad, rom
rogorc aSS-i aseve meqsika rCebian transnacionaluri kavSire-
bis Zlier aqtorebad, am teritoriebze ori sistema erTmaneTs
Seeria, raTa Seqmnas iseTi wesrigi, roca sazRvrispira terito-
riebis mosaxleobis cxovrebis wesi da stili mniSvnelovnad gan-
sxvavdeba am saxelmwifoTa centraluri regionebis mcxovrebTa
cxovrebis wesisa da stilisagan. (Martinez: 1994: 304).
transnacionaluri migraciis bevr koncefciaSi, romlebic
fokusirdebian sazRvris fenomenze, aRniSnulia, rom sazRvr-
ispira teritoriebze mcxovrebi adamianebi TandaTan kargaven
erovnul identurobas da loialurobas erTi saxelmwifos mi-
marT. areola da kurtisi, aanalizeben ra aSS-isa da meqsikis
sazRvarze arsebul situacias, aRniSnaven, rom sazRvrispira
teritoriebze yalibdeba gansakuTrebuli turistuli land-
Saftebi. imisaTvis, rom gamarTldes turistTa molodini meqsi-
kis sazRvrispira teritoriebis Sesaxeb yalibdeba warmodgenebi
meqsikaze, rogorc realobis, fantaziis, istoriisa da miTebis
gansakuTrebul sivrceze (Arreola and Curtis: 1996: 238). ufro
metic, rosaldo wers sazRvrispira raRac isteriazec (masSi
igi gulisxmobs identurobis kriziss), romelic gamowveulia
200
cxovrebis donis standartebSi arsebuli uzarmazari gansxvave-
bebiT aSS-sa da meqsikas Soris (Rosaldo: 1989: 28). rosaldosTan
diskusiaSi CarTulia s. saseni, romelic amtkicebs, rom transna-
cionaluri migraciebi gamowveulia ara mxolod siRaribiT, ga-
dasaxadebiT an ekonomikuri stagnaciiT, vinaidan aSS-i Zalzed
didia im transmigraciis wili, romlebic qveyanaSi Sedian im
teritoriebidanac, romliTac miaRwies ganviTarebis sakmaod
solidur dones, (kerZod igi asaxelebs meqsikas, karibis auzis,
samxreT da samxreT-aziis SedarebiT ukeT ganviTarebul qveynebsa
da regionebs). aramed, es mecnieri miuTiTebs, rom migraciis
donorebs warmoadgenen is qveynebi, romliTac ekonomikur gan-
viTarebas mxars uWerda aSS-i FDI (pirdapiri ucxouri inves-
ticiebi) programis meSveobiT. igi amtkicebs, rom FDI –is pro-
grama xels uwyobs ori iseTi procesis ganviTarebas, romlebic
stimuls aZleven transnacionalur migraciebs. mas mxedveloba-
Si aqvs is investiciebi, romlebic orientirebulia mrewvelobis
dargebis eqsportze da romlebic geokonomikur periferiebze
angreven tradiciul SromiT stuqturebs (geoekonomikur per-
iferiebze qalTa didi raodenobiT dasaqmebam warmoSva mamakacTa
Soris umuSevroba, gaZlierda migraciebi soflebidan qalaqebSi
da Seiqmna qalaqis anazRaurebadi samuSao Zala da a.S.), ramac
gamoiwvia mosaxleobis Tavisufali geografiuli da geoekonomi-
kuri mobilizacia. meores mxriv, ucxouri saqonlis, kapitalis,
teqnologiebis (maT Soris informaciuli), momsaxurebisa da
kulturis produqtebis gacvlebis mzardi masStabebi qmnian sam-
uSao Zalis cirkulaciis transnacionalur sivrces.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrob eri-saxelmwifoebis in-
ternacionalizacia xels uwyobs transnacionaluri SromiTi

201
migraciebis mobilizebas, rac faqtiurad warmoadgens Sromis
globaluri bazris formirebis adreul stadias.
sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom, aRniSnul konteqstSi, afrikis
kontinentis saxelmwifoTa sazRvris kvleva viTardeba ramdenadme
gansxvavebuli mimarTulebiT. am SemTxvevaSi aqcenti keTdeba ara
Tanamedrove urTierTgavlenasa da cirkulacias, aramed isto-
riul da eTnikur urTierTdamokidebulebaze. transmigraciis
afrikuli fenomenis arsi imaSia, rom zogierTi eTnikuri jgu-
fi romlebic SemdgomSi orad gaiyo erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi
sazRvrebiT, sakuTar identificirebas axdens politkur-saxelm-
wifoebrivi sazRvrebis ignorirebiT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
(Adefuye: 1985; Asiwaju: 1985). imis miuxedavad, rom mecnierebi
sazRvrebis kvlevis procesSi gansxvavebul terminologias
iyeneben, maTi poziciebi erTmaneTTan axloa, rogorc logikaSi
aseve kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT (gamonaklisi am mxriv zogierTi
rusi mecnieria. mag. a. dugini. – g.k.) magaliTad, hercogisa da
lorensis mier `transsasazRvro metropoliebis~ kvlevis dros
yuradReba gamaxvilda sazRvrispira qalaqebze (Herzog & Law-
rence: 1996); rodrigesi `araregulirebadi migraciis~ kvlevis
procesSi fokusirdeba transnacionalizaciis iseT aspeqtze
rogoricaa saxelmwifos pozicia sakuTari sazRvris garSemo
mimdinare bataliebSi (Rodriguez: 1996), da a. S. rac problemis
konceptualur ganxilvas metad aqtualurs xdis.
transnacionaluri migracia translokalurobis koncef-
ciaSi. translokalurobis koncefcias ukavSireben a. apadurais
saxels. es mecnieri terminis mniSvnelobas gansazRvravs loka-
lurobis sakuTari gagebis Sesabamisad da upirispirebs mas `me-
zoblobis~ kategorias (neighborhoors:, Appadurai: 1985). igi
aRniSnavs, rom lokalurobis kvalwarmoeba da konstruireba
202
xdeba adamianis mier rogorc SegrZnobadobis struqtura, xolo
`mezobloba~ piriqiT, warmodgens adamianTa socialuri orga-
nizaciis realur formas.
eri-saxelmwifo (socialuri organizaciis yvelaze msxvili
aqtori) mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs `mezoblobas~ sakuTari
teritoriis farglebSi. Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwifo (moiazre-
ba rogorc standartizirebuli moqalaqeebis mier mezoblobis
formirebis proeqti, dafaruli disciplinaruli meqnizmebis
an Ria Zaladobis gamoyenebiT) sul ufro met winaaRmdegobas
uwevs `mezoblobis~ konstruirebas lokaluri struqturebis
(qvemodan mSenebloba) meSveobiT. amave dros eri-saxelwifos
teritoriuli (da ara marto) mTlianoba safrTxis qveS dgeba,
radgan izrdeba adamianTa, kapitalis, saqonlis da informaciis
dinebebi. a. apadurai Tvlis, rom adamianebis mobiloba (tur-
istebi, devnilebi, SromiTi migrantebi, ekomigrantebi da a.S.)
qmnis imis safuZvels, rom gaverkveT iseTi tipis konfliqtebis
bunebaSi, romelic aRmocendeba saxelmwifos teritoriul su-
verenitetsa da meores mxriv, translokaluri diasporebis axal
formebs Soris (Appadurai: 1995: 216).
cnobilia, rom komunikaciebis eleqtronuli saSualebebi
iols xdian da xels uwyoben translokalurobisa da virtua-
luri `mezoblebis~ warmoqmnas. amasTan dakavSirebiT a. apadurai
wers: `kulturis kvlavwarmoebis problemebi (globalizirebul
msoflioSi – g.k.) mxolod nawilobriv eqvemdebareba rasisa da
klasis (genderisa da xelisuflebis) terminebiT aRweras, Tum-
ca isini, ra Tqma unda, CarTulni arian am procesSi. gacilebiT
mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom lokalurobis ganviTareba dRes
sustdeba da qreba, vinaidan igi didi winaaRmdegobebis fonze
mimdinareobs. xdeba ra adamianTa gadaadgilebis destabiliza-
203
cia, mas enacvleba virtualuri Tanamegobrobis axali saxeobebi~
(Appadurai: 1995: 221).
Sedis ra garkveuli formiT a. apaduraisTan polemikaSi,
de iongi (De Jong: 1999) amtkicebs, rom termini `mezobloba~
ar SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas msxvili socialuri erTobebis
mimarT (magaliTad eTnikuri jgufebi), romelTa wevrebi gafan-
tulni arian mTels msoflioSi. misi azriT, es jgufebi jer
kidev warmoadgenen Tanamegobrobebs an Temebs da isini kvlav qm-
nian translokalurobas. sainteresoa im faqtis aRniSvna, rom
de iongma samxreT senegalSi Seiswavla eTnikuri jgufi `iola~
(Jola), romelmac bolo aTwleulebSi Zlieri migracia ganicada.
misi kvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad am Temidan migrantTa gamavali
nakadi, romelic mimarTuli iyo mezobel soflebTan urTier-
Tobis dasamyareblad da amdenad lokalurobis kvlavwarmoe-
bisaken, SemdgomSi TandaTan Seicvala regionSi dawyebuli is-
lamizaciis procesis zegavleniT. swored amitom igi nel-nela
SeeTvisa globalur sistemas, romlis gamovlenis yvelaze ar-
sebiTi momenti iyo fuladi gzavnilebi. amJamad wes-Cveuleba,
tradiciebi, unar-Cvevebi da a.S. mxolod imas emsaxureba, rom
moaxdinos translokaluri sazogadoebis qselebisa da kavSire-
bis kvlavwarmoeba, anu sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, permanentulad
Seqmnas translokaluroba, rogorc axali socialuri forma –
wers de iongi.
transnacionalizmi da geoekonomikuri kvlevebis perspeq-
tivebi. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare saWiro xdeba ganisazRvros
sakiTxis zogierTi problemuri arealebi da aRniSnul koncef-
ciaTa ganviTarebis geoekonomikuri perspeqtivebi.
aSkaraa, rom geoekonomika, romelic TandaTan iswrafvis
globaluri sivrcis formirebisaken, saWiroebs analitikuri
204
kvlevebis gaZlierebas. ra Tqma unda, terminebi romlebic
gamoyenebuli iqna SemoTavazebul koncefciebSi icvleba kvle-
vis obieqtisa da fokusis Sesabamisad. transnacionaluri mi-
graciis geoekonomikuri kvleva fokusirdeba adamianTa gadaadg-
ilebaze da Sesabamisad misi kvlevis sagani xdeba transnaciona-
luri sazogadoebis formirebis ganviTarebisa da integraciis
ekonomikuri koncefciebi. sazRvris rogorc geopolitikuri
da geoekonomikuri kategoriis kvlevaSi yuradReba unda gamax-
vildes geoekonomikis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes faqtorze eri –
saxelmwifos rolze sazRvrispira teritoriebTan mimarTebaSi.
makroorientirebul midgomebSi (institutebi, organiza-
ciebi globaluri qalaqebi, eri-saxelmwifoebi, qveyana siste-
mebi, msxvili geoekonomikuri sivrceebi) aqcenti unda gakeT-
des geokulturul, geoinformaciul da sxva tipis transna-
cionaluri dinebebis (Gastells.; 1989) mimarTulebebze da mis
geoekonomikur mniSvnelobaze. dRes sruliad aSkaraa, rom ar-
sebuli geosocialuri da geopolitikuri realobis asaxsnelad
geoekonomikaSi ar arsebobs konvencionaluri Teoriuli sqemebi
da koncefciebi. xolo axali Teoriebis agebis mcdeloba moiTx-
ovs axal terminologiasac. amasTan, gasagebia rom axal katego-
riaTa urTierTwinaaRmdegoba da xSirad gaurkvevloba sulac ar
amsubuqebs diskusias. igive migraciis kvlevebSi adaptacia gani-
cada transnacionalizmis cnebam, sadac migrantebi upirveles
yovlisa ganixilebian rogorc erTi eris warmomadgenlebi, im
SemTxvevaSic ki Tu maTi saqmianoba scildeba eri-saxelmwifos
sazRvrebs da maT transmigrantebad aqcevs. am SemTxvevaSi ki
meore termini `translokaluroba~ sruliad adekvaturia maTi
teritoriuli organizaciis geosocialuri da geoekonomikuri
formebis dasaxasiaTeblad. ufro metic, rogorc cnobilia,
205
transmigrantebi gadaadgildebian or an ufro met erebs Soris
da maSin roca Cven vsaubrobT am gadaadgilebebTan dakavSirebul
transformaciebsa da mis struqturaze, termin `lokalurobis~
gamoyeneba am dros gacilebiT relevanturad meCveneba. rac Se-
exeba termin `transnacionalizms~ igi gacilebiT efeqturad
SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli makro doneze, anu erebs, msxvil
organizaciebs an sazRvarmkveT geoekonomikur sivrceebs So-
ris urTierTkavSirsa da urTierdamokidebulebis aRniSvnisaT-
vis. am procesis fiqsaciisaTvis ki ufro zusti termini iqneba
geoekonomikuri transnacionalizmi, romelic jerjerobiT ar
Sesula mecnierul brunvaSi.
Tanamedrove geoekonomikuri sivrcis formireba Teore-
tikosebisagan moiTxovs globaluri msoflios aRqmis aucile-
blobas. magaliTad, terminologiuri gaurkvevlobis mdgomare-
obaSi imyofeba is Teoriuli perspeqtivac, romelic ukavSirdeba
Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwifos geoekonomikur transformacias.
cnobilia, rom geoekonomikas gaaCnia deteritorializaciis
efeqti (g. kvinikaZe: 2008), Tumca zogierTi mecnieri (S. Sassen;
1991) miiCnevs, rom adamianTa moqmedeba sul ufro material-
izdeba sivrceSi. erTis mxriv, geoekonomikuri sivrce jer kidev
dakavSirebuli da struqtuirebulia eri-saxelmwoebiT, meores
mxriv Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwifos funqciebi da mniSvneloba
msoflios axal geoekonomikur koordinatTa sistemaSi arsebi-
Tad icvleba, amasTan dakavSirebiT postTanamedrove saxelmwi-
fos (am termins gacilebiT ajobebda dagvemkvidrebina termini
`geoekonomikuri saxelmwifo~ m. k.) faqtiuri roli da funq-
cia erT-erTi yvelaze aqtualuri sakiTxia akademiur diskus-
iebSi. s. saseni amtkicebs, rom eri-saxelmwifoebi warmoadgenen
globalizaciis instrumentalur agentebs, rom zogierTi misi
206
funqcia kidevac gaizarda Tavisi mniSvnelobiT (magaliTad mas
mohyavs fiskaluri politika – g. k.). s. sasenis sawinaaRmdegod
a. apadurai xazs usvams eri-saxelmwifos SesaZleblobebis Sez-
Rudul xasiaTs, er-saxelmwifos rogorc koleqtiur proeqtis
ganxilvas (A. Appadurai; 1993). am SemTxvevaSi vixrebi ra a. apa-
durais mosazrebebisaken mainc vfiqrob, rom orive mosazrebas
gaaCnia arsebobis ufleba, Tundac imitom, rom sxvadasxva saxel-
wifoTa geoekonomikuri transnacionalizaciis xarisxi Zlier
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. globaluri geoekonomikuri sivr-
cis mniSvnelovan nawilSi saxelmwifoebi imyofebian eris Camoya-
libebis sawyis etapze (geoekonomikuri periferia), maSin roca
sxva nawilSi mimdinareobs nebayoflobiT (Tumca konfliqtebis
TanxlebiT) denacionalizacia – privatizacia (geoekonomikuri
naxevrad periferiebi) da gacilebiT maRali xarisxis integracia
axal geoekonomikur sivrcesTan, im dros, roca geoekonomikuri
birTvis Semadgenloba qveynebma ukve geoekonomikur saxelmwi-
foTa statusi SeiZines.
geoekonomikuri transnacionalizaciis Zalebi er-saxelmwi-
foze sxvdasxvagvar zemoqmedebas axdenen. is eri-saxelmwifoebi,
romlebic ganicdian transmigrantTa mZlavr moZalebas, albaT
iZulebulni gaxdebian:

• mkacrad gaakontrolon sakuTari teritoriebi (igive

seleqciuri migraciis meSveobiT) qveynis geoekonomikuri
interesebis Sesabamisad, migraciis saerTaSoriso kanonm-
deblobis sruli dacviT;
• geoekonomikuri birTvis qveynebi momavalSi ufo metad
mogvevlinebian transnacionaluri gacvlebis kataliza-
toris rolSi, vidre is qveynebi, romlebic naklebad arian
207
 orientirebulni globalur geoekonomikur sivrceSi, anu
sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, isini ver an ar arian konkurentu-
narianebi globalur bazrebze.

transnacionaluri migracia rogorc ganviTarebis geoekono-

mikuri berketi. cnobili faqtia, rom transnacionaluri migra-
cia mowodebulia Searbilos demografiuli disproporciebi da
aseve uTanabroba geoekonomikur ganviTarebaSi. frangi mecnieris
Jan klod Sones Tu davesesxebiT transnacionaluri migracia es
aris sami aqtoris: imigrantis, donori qveynisa da qveyana re-
cipientis monawileoba, romelic dadebiTi SedegiT mTavrdeba.
transnacionalur migraciebSi naklebadaa Seswavlili do-
nor qveynebSi arsebuli situacia da rogorc wesi igi ganixileba
keTilganzraxviTi ideologiis prizmaSi, romelsac realobasTan
cota Tu aqvs saerTo.
imigrants, romelic sazRvars xSirad sakuTari sicocxlis
riskis fasad kveTs, gaaCnia naTeli motivacia: a) es aris misi
da misi ojaxis gadarCenis sakiTxi; b) imisaTvis, rom daiviwyos
sakuTar samSobloSi gamefebuli umuSevroba da siRatake is
cdilobs miaRwios `eldorados~, sadac xelfasi xSirad 10-
20-jer aWarbebs mis samSobloSi arsebul xelfass. transmi-
granti xSirad ganicdis eqspluatacias xelfasis, Sromis da
a.S. reJimidan, magram Tavis axal pirobebs igi adarebs ara im
qveyanaSi arsebul pirobebs sadac is imyofeba, aramed im pirobebs
romlebSic imyofebian misi is Tanamemamuleebi, romlebic sam-
SobloSi darCnen, im traeqtorias romelsac is gaivlida Tu
sakuTar qveyanaSi darCeboda. transmigranti Tanxmdeba yvela
im `WuWyian~, Znel da xSirad janmrTelobisaTvis saxifaTo
samuSaos, romelsac uaryofs qveyana recipientis mosaxleoba.
208
transmigrantisaTvis es aris piraduli arCevani, romelic ama-
Rlebs mas Tavis TanamemamuleTa TvalSi da romelic mas aZlevs
gamocdilebas, profesias da Rirseuli cxovrebis Sanss. amis na-
Teli dadasturebaa dabrunebaze fuladi daxmarebis politikis
kraxi, anu daxmareba ucxoel muSebze romlebic Tanaxmani iyvnen
dabrunebuliyvnen samSobloSi. (aseTi praqtika gaaCnda germanias,
safrangeTs, Sveicarias, italias da a.S.). es iyo 1973-1974 ww.,
roca ganviTarda navTobis krizisi, rac niSnavda ekonomikis zr-
dis tempebis Semcirebas, umuSevrobis zrdas da a.S. am periodSi
ver imuSava maRalma finansurma stimulebma da transmigrantebis
samSobloSi dabrunebis yvela mcdeloba uSedegod dasrulda.
amis mizezi ki isaa, rom imigracia warmoadgens ojaxuri stra-
tegiis (socialuri statusis amaRleba, fuladi gzavnilebi im
axloblebTan romlebic siRatakeSi cxovroben, kapitalis da-
grovebisaken swrafva, raTa aaSenon saxli an wamoiwyon biznesi
da a.S.). nawils, romelic transmigrantisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi
fenomenia. transmigrantTa Soris amJamad SeiniSneba umuSevrobis
SedarebiT dabali done da gacilebiT Zlieri swrafva samuSao-
sadmi, vidre es aris recipienti qveynis mkvidr mosaxleobaSi,
vinaidan transmigranti mowyurebulia daagrovos kapitali da
yvelaferi gaakeTos am miznis realizaciisaTvis.
geoekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT qveyana recipientisaTvis
mniSvneloba imas aqvs rom, gazardon saxelmwifos konkurentu-
narianoba ekonomikis sxvadasxva sferoSi. ra Tqma unda, es exeba
rogorc kvalificiuri muSaxeliT dasaqmebul zogierT seqtors
(inJinrebi, jandacvis muSakebi, informaciuli teqnologiebi da
a.S.) aseve xeliT Sromis sferos, an im specialobebs, romelic
sulac araa mimzidveli qveyana recipientSi mcxovrebi ganaTle-
buli axalgazrdebisaTvis (damlageblebi, Sinamosamsaxureebi,
209
bavSvebi da moxucTa momvlelebi, mebaReebi, samSeneblo seqtorSi
dasaqmebulebi, oficiantebi, taqsis mZRolebi da a.S.). qiraoben
ra ucxoel muSebs bevri sawarmo aRar kotrdeba, xolo glo-
baluri geoekonomikuri sivrce amiT metad moqnili xdeba. rac
Seexeba momxmarebels (imis gamo, rom isini iaf muSaxels war-
moadgenen) igi finansuri kuTxiT igebs da maT mier dazogili
Tanxebi kvlav investirdeba ekonomikaSi.
`statusis dakargvis~ SiSi (ase uwoda mas sovim) qveyana
recipientis moqalaqeebSi warmoadgens diskriminaciis mizezs.
kerZo msxvili sawarmoebi mowesrigebisaTvis (dalagebisaTvis)
eZeben transmigrantebs, vinaidan mkvidri mosaxleobis nawili am
samuSaos araprestiJulad miiCnevs da cdiloben icxovron mxo-
lod saxelmwifo daxmarebebis xarjze (xSirad cdiloben arare-
gistrirebul saqmianobaSic miiRon monawileoba g. k.).
saerTod imigracia xels uwyobs Semsyidvelunarianobis zr-
das (transmigrantebi awarmoeben SedarebiT dabali TviTRire-
bulebis produqtebsa da momsaxurebas) da dadebiTad moqmedeben
mosaxleobis socialur mobilurebaze qveyana recipientis Sig-
niT. saubaria ara socialuri daZabulobis, danaSaulis an inte-
graciis danaxarjebis likvidaciaze, aramed im zogierT ekono-
mikur faqtorebze, romelic rogorc wesi masmediis miRma rCeba.
sxvagvarad, rom vTqvaT, imigracias mivyavarT mwarmoeblurobis
amaRlebamde, vinaidan rogorc wesi yvelaze ukeTesebi, yvelaze
Wkvianebi, yvelaze kvalificiuri adamianebi mzad arian wavidnen
riskze da miatovon sakuTari samSoblo. am kategoriaSi Sedian
is transmigrantebic, romlebic iswrafvian Seqmnan sakuTari bi-
znesi (`family/community-business~).
rac Seexeba migraciis donor qveynebs, internetiT gada-
ricxuli fuladi gzavnilebis statistikis mixedviT Tu vi-
210
msjelebT calsaxad SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom transmigrantebis
fuliT sazrdoobs geoekonomikuri periferia. msoflio bankis
gaTvlebiT (im fuladi gzavnilebis gamoklebiT, romlebic ara-
oficialuri gzebiT iqna gadagzavnili da 300 mlrd. dolars
Seadgens) transmigrantebis fuladma gzavnilebma 2004 w, 100
mlrd. dolars miaRwia, rac jamSi 400 mlrd. dolars Seadgens.
es Tanxa ki bevrad aWarbebs geoekonomikuri periferiis qveynebi-
saTvis gaweuli oficialuri daxmarebisa da pirdapiri ucxouri
investiciebis moculobebs. geoekonomikuri periferiis qveyneb-
Si transmigrantTa fuladi gzavnilebi warmoadgens im ucxou-
ri valutis pirvel an meore wyaros, romliTac xdeba ucxouri
Sesyidvebis dafinanseba, infrastruqturis (gzebis, saavadmyo-
foebis, skolebis da a.S. mSenebloba) Seqmnis proeqtebis rea-
lizacia da adgilobriv mosaxleobaze kreditebis gacema kerZo
biznesis wamowyebisaTvis.
saboloo jamSi aRniSnuli uzrunvelyofs axalgazrdebisa-
Tvis samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas, xolo mozardebisaTvis sasko-
lo dawesebulebebSi ganaTlebis miRebas. bunebrivia, rom geo-
ekonomikuri birTvis ekonomikebisaTvis transmigrantebi war-
moadgenen damxmare muSebs, xolo geoekonomikuri periferiebi-
saTvis (xSirad naxevradperiferiebisaTvisac) isini seriozuli
damfinanseblebi arian, ramdenadac permanentulad zrdian Tavis
wvlils im Senatanebze, romelic xmardeba ganviTarebisaTvis
aTaswleulis miznebs (es aris siRatakis Semcirebis ganaxevrebis
gaeros programa 2015 wlisaTvis). amasTan isic unda SevniSno,
rom transmigrantebis SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli procesi gaci-
lebiT stabilurad mimdinareobs, vidre oficialuri arxebiT.
daskvnis saxiT vityviT rom transnacionaluri migracia xels
uwyobs: geoeknomikuri periferiis ganviTarebas da warmoadgens
211
siRatakis winaaRmdeg brZolis saSualebas. umetes SemTxvevaSi
is fuli romelic egzavneba transmigrantis samSobloSi darCe-
nil naTesavebs SeiZleba Seadgendes transmigrantis xelfasis
1/4-s an 1/5-s, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT donor da recipient
qveynebs Soris cxovrebis doneebSi arsebul sxvaobas (igi saSu-
alod SeiZleba iyos 1:5), transmigrantTa gamogzavnilma fulma
SeiZleba ojaxis Semosavlebis naxevari Seadginos ris Sedegadac
xdeba damatebiTi efeqtis berketis aRmoceneba.
amdenad, transnacionaluri migracia es aris dinamiuri inte-
raqciuli procesi, romelic uzrunvelyofs erToblivi Semosa-
vlebis zrdas, rac xSirad: a) saTanadod ar aris gaSuqebuli; b)
saTanadod ver an ar fasdeba statistikis mier; g) ar SeiniSneba
diqotomiur kvlevebSi. transnacionaluri geoekonomikuri kv-
leva gacilebiT kompleqsuri da zustia, vidre mis mimarT sa-
zogadoebrivi warmodgenaa.

212
 Abstract

Giorgi Kvinikadze

The Geoeconomic Problems of Migration and

Nation-state in the concepts of transnationalism
and Translocality

The goal of above mentioned article is to introduce the con-

ceptions of the trans-nationality and trans-locality to the Georgian
scientists. The issue has never become the serious subject of the
scientific discussion. However, it is popular enough in the Western
academic world.
It is clear that the terms `Globalization~, `Deterritoryzation~,
`Trans-locality~, `Trans-nationality~, `Society Space~, have the com-
mon implication and are connected with each other although, they
are used in different research context and belong to the different
social phenomena. Our interest toward the noted problem first of
all is connected to the using of the tasks in such field of construc-
tive Geo-Economy as are transnational migrations and their effect
on the functionality of the nation-state. This can be considered as
the new method of approach to study the problem. During the re-
search we tried to define the problematic area which is referred to
the future economic investigation in the context of transmigration
and its influence on nation-state.

213
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217
 iago kaWkaWiSvili

sazogadoebrivi azris cvlilebebi

ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Suqze

2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos agvistos omi im movlenaTa

ricxvSi Sedis, romlebic sazogadoebrivi azris formirebaze
Zlier zemoqmedebas axdens da romlebTan kavSirSic sxvadasx-
va aspeqtiT gaizomeba socialur-politikuri garemos mimarT
damokidebuleba. bevr socialur movlenasTan mimarTebaSi sa-
zogadoebis damokidebuleba mniSvnelovnad icvleba imis mixed-
viT, romel situaciaSi xdeba maTi Sefaseba _ omis win, uSualod
omis Semdgom Tu omis damTavrebidan Tveebis Semdeg.
isic mniSvnelovania, rom agvistos omTan pirdapir Tu irib
mimarTebaSi myofi movlenebis Sefaseba mniSvnelovnad varirebs
sxvadasxva politikuri preferenciebisa da gemovnebis mqone
jgufebSi. metic: omia is Tema, rac yvelaze Zlieri wyalgamyofia
sxvadasxva politikuri orientaciis mqone jgufebisTvis.
qvemoT mocemulia q. Tbilisis sociologiuri gamokiTxvis
Sedegebi, romlebic sxvadasxva dros Catarebulma gamokiTxvebma
mogvca: omis dawyebamde, 2008 wlis ivlisSi, omis damTavrebidan
Zalian male – 2008 wlis seqtemberSi da omidan Tveebis gavlis
Semdeg _ 2008 wlis dekemberSi, 2009 wlis martsa da maisSi1.

1
gamokiTxvebi Caatara `socialuri kvlevisa da analizis institutma
(ISSA)~.
218
 cota ram meTodologiis Sesaxeb

yvela SemTxvevaSi Catarda raodenobrivi sociologiuri

gamokvleva, gamokiTxvis, kerZod, pirispir (face to face) inter-
vius meTodis gamoyenebiT, ojaxebSi. generalur erTobliobas
warmoadgenda q. Tbilisis saarCevno asakis (18 wlis da meti)
mosaxleoba. SerCeviTi erTobliobis moculobaa 800 respon-
denti, rac uzrunvelyofs imas, rom cdomilebis maqsimaluri
sidide (mTeli SerCevisaTvis) 3.5%-ia (95%-iani saimedoobiT).

SerCevis bazad gamoyenebulia saqarTvelos mosaxleobis aRweris

2002 wlis monacemebi. SerCevis pirvelad erTeuls (klasters) war-
moadgenda saaRwero ubani. saaRwero ubnebis SerCeva ganxorcielda
SemTxveviTi PPS (Probability Proportional to Size) meTodis gamoyen-
ebiT. yovel SerCeul klasterSi interviuers ganesazRvra sawyisi
wertili da moZraobis mimarTuleba. SerCevis meorad erTeuls war-
moadgenda ojaxi. ojaxebis SerCeva ganxorcielda e.w. `SemTxveviTi
xetialis~ meTodiT. SerCevis saboloo erTeuls warmoadgenda res-
pondenti.
respondenti ojaxSi SeirCa asakis da sqesis niSnebiT (kvote-
biT).

mosaxleobis politikuri preferenciebi

Tbilisis mosaxleoba, maTi politikuri preferenciebis

mixedviT, oTx Tvisebrivad gansxvavebul jgufad SeiZleba dai-
yos. TiToeuli jgufis statusi da xvedriTi wili aseTia (ix.
cxrili #1):

219
220
2008 wlis 2008 wlis 2008 wlis 2009 wlis 2009 wlis
Tbilisel amomrCevelTa jgufebi
ivlisi seqtemberi dekemberi marti maisi
politikuri simpatiebis mixedviT
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
cxrili #1

xelisuflebis (nacionaluri
1. 26.6 26.0 25.3 16.8 10.8
moZraobis) amomrCevlebi

arasaparlamento opoziciis
2. 35.4 31.2 31.1 48.6 51.8
amomrCevlebi

saparlamento opoziciis
3. 10.6 7.6 15.1 7.8 5.9
amomrCevlebi

politikuri preferenciis
armqoneni (isini, visac uWirT
daasaxelon maTTvis rCeuli
4. romelime politikuri Zala an, 27.4 35.1 28.5 26.8 31.5
arsebul politikur speqtrSi,
ver pouloben iseT partias,
romelsac mxars dauWerdnen)
cxrilSi motanili monacemebi cxadad aCvenebs, rom agvistos
omamde arsebuli reitingi mmarTvelma partiam omis Semdgom 6
Tvis ganmavlobaSi, 2009 wlis gazafxulamde SeinarCuna. maSasa-
dame, agvistos oms, mTeli naxevari wlis ganmavlobaSi, xelisu-
flebis sazianod ar umuSavia. amisaTvis Tavad xelisuflebam
izruna. SesaSuri organizebulobiT muSaobs sazogadoebasTan
urTierTobis (PR) manqana, romelic cdilobs dominanturi gaxa-
dos virtualuri sinamdvile, Seqmnas damajerebeli iluzia, rom
saqarTvelo agvistos omidan Rirseulad gamovida. xelisufle-
bas Wirdeba namdvili realobis Canacvleba `simulaciuri~ re-
alobiT, sadac wageba mogebad moinaTleba, marcxi _ gamarjvebad,
Tavdasxma _ Tavdacvad, teritoriebis dakargva _ saxelmwifoe-
briobis `arCamoSlad~ da a.S. rogorc Cans, am strategiam 6 Tve
imuSava.

martidan iwyeba mmarTveli partiis `daisi~, misi reitingi

daRmasvlas iwyebs da maisis bolos 11%-mde Camodis.

paralelurad, xdeba mosaxleobaSi opoziciuri ganwyobebis

gaZliereba. 2009 wlis martSi arasaparlamento opoziciis mx-
ardamWerTa raodenoba, 2008 wlis dekemberTan SedarebiT, mkve-
Trad matulobs da maisis bolosTvis umravlesobas aRwevs, rac
gamovlinda kidec am periodis masobriv saprotesto gamosvleb-
Si.

ra TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva zemoaRniSnuli 4 jgufi?

am jgufebidan yvelaze metad antagonisturia xelisuflebis
da arasaparlamento opoziciis amomrCevlebi _ sakiTxTa abso-
luturi umravlesobis mimarT isini sapirispiro poziciebze
dganan.
221
 yvelaze ufro moTanamSromle jgufebi aRmoCndnen xelisu-
flebis da saparlamento opoziciis amomrCevlebi. swored amis
Sedegia is, rom 2009 wlis martidan moyolebuli, reitingi
ufuWdeba arasaparlamento opoziciasac.1 warmatebas ver aRwevs
g. TargamaZis partiis strategia, rom moZebnos damoukidebeli
da parlaments gareT darCenili opoziciisagan gansxvavebuli
asparezi, romelic amomrCevlis TvalSi ufor momxibvleli
iqneba.
politikuri preferenciis armqoneebi oportunistebi arian:
isini xan xelisuflebis TamaSs `TamaSoben~, xanac _ opoziciis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom TiToeuli jgufis damoukideblobis
xarisxi sakmaod mniSvnelovania, isini, calkeul sakiTxebTan mi-
marTebaSi, mainc pouloben `saerTo enas~ erTmaneTTan.
Tbilisis mosaxleobis dominantur pozicias, ama Tu im
sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, gansazRvravs swored aRniSnul jgufebs
Soris daSorebis da daaxloebis xarisxi.
qvemoT vnaxavT, rom mocemuli jgufebisaTvis aRwerili ten-
denciebi dasturdeba ruseT-saqarTvelos omTan dakavSirebul
mTel rig sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi.

iyo Tu ara sazogadoeba loialuri saqarTvelos terito-

riuli mTlianobis samxedro gziT aRdgenis mimarT?
rogorc uSualod agvistos omamde, ise omis Semdeg Catare-
buli sociologiuri gamokiTxvebis Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom

1
unda aRiniSnos, rom saparlamento opoziciis niSas praqtikulad
faravs qristianul-demokratiuli kavSiri. sxva opoziciur Zalebs
parlamentSi TiTqmis nulovani reitingi aqvT.
222
Tbilisis saarCevno asaki mosaxleobis gamokveTili umravle-
soba (70%-mde) saomari moqmedebebis gamoyenebas afxazeTis da
samxreT oseTis dasabruneblad skeptikurad uyurebs. metic:
omis gziT problemebis mogvarebas kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegeba
yoveli meore respondent (ix. diagrama #1):

diagrama #1

dauWerdiT Tu ara mxars afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTis

saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi dabrunebas saomari
moqmedebebis gamoyenebiT?

sazogadoebis aseTi antimilitaristuli ganwyobis miuxeda-

vad, mainc unda iTqvas, rom saqme gvaqvs ara fundamentur mSvido-
bis moyvareobasTan, aramed e.w. `pragmatul pacifizmTan~: moqala-
qeebi saomar operaciebs mxars ar uWeren, radgan gacnobierebuli
aqvT am operaciebis uperspeqtivoba iseTi mowinaaRmdegis piri-

223
spir, rogoric ruseTia. racionaluri pragmatizmi qarTvelebma
saaukuneebis ganmavlobaSi gamoimuSaves da, roca amis saWiroeba
iyo, `CaTrevas Cayolas amjobinebdnen~. amdenad, ar unda gagvi-
kvirdes, rom sazogadoebis damokidebuleba saomari moqmedebe-
bis mimReblobis TvalsazrisiT praqtikulad ar Secvlila 2008
wlis ivlissa da seqtemberSi, imis miuxedavad, rom am periodma
agvistos omis mtkivneul `filtrSi~ gaiara. samxedro uperspe-
qtivobis `cocxali~ gamocdileba xom saqarTvelom 1993 wlis
afxazeTis omSi miiRo – maSin, rodesac ruseTi Ria agresiis sa-
warmoeblad gacilebiT xel-fexSekruli iyo da im droisTvis
Tavad ruseTisTvisac ki ar mniSvnelobda argumenti afxazeTSi
sakuTari moqalaqeebis dacvis Sesaxeb.

samwuxarod, e.w. pragmatuli pacifizmi ar aRmoaCnda saqar-

Tvelos amJamindel xelisuflebas.

agvistos omis zogadi Sefaseba

rogor aRiqves ruseT-saqarTvelos omi Tbiliselebma _ pir-

vel rigSi rogorc: a)ruseTis mier dagegmil provokaciaze sa-
qarTvelos wamogeba; b) ruseTis upirobo agresia saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg (“ruseTi yvela SemTxvevaSi ganaxorcielebda agre-
sias saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg~) Tu g) saqarTvelos xelisufle-
bis iniciativa omis dasawyebad?

2008 wlis seqtemberSi Catarebuli gamokiTxvis SedegebiT,

TbiliselTa yvelaze didi nawili (47%) miiCnevs, rom ruseTi
yvela SemTxvevaSi ganaxorcielebda agresias saqarTvelos wi-
naaRmdeg. mosazrebas, rom saqarTvelo ruseTis mier dagegmil

224
provokaciaze wamoego, iziarebs gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT me-
samedi (35%). mesame (g) mosazrebas yvelaze naklebi mxardamWeri
hyavs (ix. cxrili #2):

cxrili #2

2008 wlis
romel mosazrebas eTanxmebiT? seqtemberi
(%)
saqarTvelo ruseTis mier dagegmil provokaciaze wamoego 35
ruseTi yvela SemTxvevaSi ganaxorcielebda samxedro
47
agresias saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas Tavad hqonda gadawyvetili
13
omis dawreba da amisaTvis Sesaferisi dro monaxa
miWirs pasuxis gacema 6

icvleba Tu ara suraTi amomrCevelTa sxvadasxva jgufebSi?

1. xelisuflebis amomrCevlebSi mniSvnelovnad izrdeba da

gamokveTil umravlesobas (63%-s) aRwevs mosazreba, rom
ruseTis agresia yvela SemTxvevaSi gardauvali iyo.
2. arasaparlamento opoziciis amomrCevlebSi aqcentebi ar-
sebiTad gadanacvlebulia da aq ufro im mosazrebas eniWe-
ba upiratesoba, rom saqarTvelo ruseTis mier dagegmil
provokaciaze wamoego (41%).

3. gavimarjveT Tu davmarcxdiT?

2008 wlis seqtemberSi, omis damTavrebidan 1 TveSi, Tbi-

liselTa gamokiTxva aCvenebs ramdenadme odiozur Sedegs: 28%
Tvlis, rom omiT gamowveuli danakargebis miuxedavad, saqarT-

225
velo am omidan gamarjvebuli gamovida; umravlesoba (61%) sa-
pirispiro poziciazea, xolo 11%-s ver gaurkvevia, agvistos
omma gamarjveba mogvitana da marcxi.

aseT araadekvatur damokidebulebas TbiliselTa TiTqmis

40%-Si sxvadasxva wyaro asazrdoebs: a) warumatebeli samxedro
operaciebidan gamomdinare frustraciebi aucileblad iTxovs
moralur kompensacias, vinaidan pirdapir `urtyams~ nacionalur
Tavmoyvareobas. adamianTa garkveuli nawili Tavs gulwrfelad
ityuebs da ijerebs, rom gamarjveba ara omis konkretul kon-
teqstSi, aramed sadRac sxvagan, saqarTvelos warsul dide-
baSi an, sulac, momavlis perspeqtivaSi devs. aseTi adamianebi
gulwrfelad gamodian quCebSi, ebmebian `cocxal jaWvSi~ da
sxva karnavalur scenebSi; b) muSaobs propagandistuli manqa-
na, xelisufleba yvelanairad cdilobs gadafaros omis kvali:
`cocxali jaWvis~ organizebidan dawyebuli (rodesac marcxis
simwares quCaSi `xorumis~ SekveTili cekva aneitralebs), imiT
damTavrebuli, rom Turme ufro kargicaa, rodesac ruseTi aRi-
arebs afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis damoukideblobas, vinaidan
ase ufro SiSvldeba ruseTis agresia, ase ufro axlovdeba teri-
toriebis dabrunebis perspeqtiva.

Tumca, gadis ramdenime Tve da xelovnuri (postmoderniste-

bis enaze, `sinTetikuri~) gamarjvebiT Sepyrobil jgufSi Tanda-
Tan ifanteba iluziebi. ukve 2008 wlis dekemberSi Catarebuli
gamokiTxva aCvenebs, rom Tbilisel amomrCevlebSi omSi gamar-
jvebis iluzia mxolod 8%-s SemorCa (ix. diagrama #2):

226
 diagrama #2

rogor pasuxobs 2008 wlis dekembrisTvis ukve trans-

formirebul ganwyobebs xelisufleba? is xdeba iZulebuli,
Secvalos gamarjvebis, rbilad rom vTqvaT, araadekvaturi mesiji
da wina planze wamowios naklebad xisti, Tumca, kvlav omis um-
Zimes Sedegebze sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis uarmyofeli gancxa-
deba, rom `omi jer ar damTavrebula, is grZeldeba da Sedegebze
laparaki jer adrea~.

sainteresoa, rom aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi principu-

lad gansxvavebuli damokidebulebebia sxvadasxva politikuri
orientaciis mqone jgufebSi. movitanT 2008 wlis seqtembris
gamokiTxvis Sedegebs:
 xelisuflebis mxardamWerTa umravlesoba (57%) miiC-
nevs, rom saqarTvelom agvistos omSi gaimarjva;

227
  arasaparlamento opoziciis amomrCevelTa 75% emxro-
ba mosazrebas, rom saqarTvelo am omidan damarcxebuli
gamovida; es pozicia wamyvania politikuri preferenciis
armqoneTa Sorisac (72%);
 saparlamento opoziciis amomrCevlebSi iklebs omSi
damarcxebis aRiareba (56%) da yoveli mesame (34%) aRniS-
navs, rom saqarTvelo am omidan gamarjvebuli gamovida.

omis Sedegad garTulda Tu gaiolda teritoriuli mTlia-

nobis aRdgena?

am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi SegviZlia mxolod 2008 wlis se-

qtembris gamokiTxvis Sedegebis motana:

marTalia, TbiliselTa gamokveTili umravlesoba – 65% _

Tanxmdeba imaSi, rom agvistos omis Sedegebi kidev ufro gaarTu-
lebs saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenas, Tumca,
yuradRebas ufro ipyrobs optimistTa 26%-iani nawili, rome-
lic fiqrobs, rom agvistos omis Semdeg teritoriuli mTlia-
nobis aRdgenisTvis ukeTesi pirobebi Seiqmna. es isev is jgufia,
romelic omSi saqarTvelos gamarjvebas ijerebs. isic logiku-
ria, rom am jgufis wevrebi, rogorc wesi, xelisuflebis amomr-
Cevlebi arian _ maTgan TiTqmis yoveli meore (48%) dakarguli
teritoriebis dabrunebas imedianad uyurebs. arc isaa gasakviri,
rom yvelaze skeptikurad ganwyobilebi, aRniSnul sakiTxTan mi-
marTebaSi, arasaparlamento opoziciis amomrCevlebi arian.

detalurad gamokiTxvis Sedegebi mocemulia diagramaze #

3:

228
 diagrama #3

rac Seexeba TbiliselTa molodins, Tu konkretulad rodis

dabrundeba samxreT oseTi da afxazeTi saqarTvelos Semadgen-
lobaSi, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT respondentTa poziciebi gay-
ofilia: erTi, yvelaze optimisturi, nawili (20%) 2008 wlis
seqtemberSi fiqrobda, rom dakargul teritoriebis dabruneba
momavali 4 wlis ganmavlobaSia SesaZlebeli; arsebobdnen zom-
ieri optimistebi (23%), romlebic teritoriebis dabrunebas
10 wlian periodSi elodebian; Tumca, yvelaze mravalricxovani
mainc pesimisturad ganwyobili Tbiliselebia (42%), romlebic
fiqroben, rom samxreT oseTis da afxazeTis SemoerTebas, uke-
Tes SemTxvevaSi, aTeulobiT wlebi dasWirdeba, xolo, uares
SemTxvevaSi, am teritoriebs veRarasodes davibrunebT (ix. dia-
grama #4):

229
 diagrama #4

gamokiTxva aCvenebs, rom xelisuflebis amomrCevlebi yvelaze

optimisturad arian ganwyobilni dakarguli teritoriebis dab-
runebasTan dakavSirebiT _ 56% elodeba, rom samxreT oseTs da
afxazeTs uaxloesi 10 wlis periodSi davibrunebT. Sesabamisad,
am jgufSi yvelaze mcire nawili (10%) fiqrobs, rom es teri-
toriebi sabolood davkargeT. sakmaod imedianad gamoiyurebian,
agreTve, saparlamento opoziciis amomrCevlebi _ maTi umravle-
soba (55%) dakarguli teritoriebis dabrunebas uaxloesi 10
wlis periodSi moelis. optimistebsa da pesimistebs Soris bal-
230
ansi, pesimistebis sasargeblod, yvelaze mkveTrad darRveulia
arasaparlamento opoziciis amomrCevlebSi _ maTi 51% Tvlis,
rom afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis SemoerTebas an aTeulobiT
wlebi dasWirdeba, an es teritoriebi sabolood daikarga, xolo
39%-s dakarguli teritroriebis dabrunebis imedi uaxloes 10
wlian periodSi aqvs.

m. saakaSvilis qmedebebis Sefaseba omamde da omis Semdeg

gamokiTxvebis Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom agvistos omma saakaS-

vilis qmedebebis mimarT TbiliselTa Sefaseba pozitiuri mi-
marTulebiT waiyvana. Tu saomari moqmedebebis dawyebamde prezi-
dentis saqmianobis Sefasebebi, principSi, gayofilia, saomari
moqmedebebis konteqstSi saakaSvilis qmedebebs ufro meti mx-
ardamWeri uCndeba da pozitiur Sefasebebs ukve umravlesoba
gamoTqvams. es advilad aixsneba: rusuli agresiis sayovelTao
miuReblobis fonze, mosaxleobis met-nakleb simpaTias imsax-
urebs yvela, vinc am agresias aSkarad daupirispirda – maT Soris,
cxadia, m. saakaSvilic. rusuli okupacia imdenad moulodneli
da Seuaracxmyofeli aRmoCnda qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis, rom
aman gamoiwvia sazogadoebis integrirebulobis da solidarobis
xarisxis mniSvnelovani gazrda socialur-politikuri insti-
tutebis (maT Soris, saxelisuflo) garSemo. amomrCevlebma,
agvistos omis Semdgom pirvel TveebSi, ver moaswres kritikuli
mzeris gadanacvleba garedan SigniT, saerTo mtris xatis ideam
gadafara xelisuflebis qmedebebis sazogadoebrivi kontroli.
amas xeli Tavad xelisuflebis propagandamac Seuwyo, rodesac
mTlianad saqarTvelo (da, maT Soris, saqarTvelos xelisufle-
231
ba) gamocxadda msxverplad, romelsac ualternativo rusuli
okupacia aucdeneli bediswerasaviT ergo.

sainteresoa, rom 2008 wlis Semodgomaze (gansakuTrebiT,

seqtemberSi) saakaSvilis saqmianobis Sefasebis pozitiuri
transformacia xelSesaxebia ara imdenad xelisuflebis (maTi
Sefasebebi stabilurad dadebiTia omisagan damoukidebladac),
aramed opoziciis (rogorc arasaparlamento, ise saparlamen-
to) amomrCevlebSi _ prosaxelisuflo `gadaxrebi~ opozici-
urad ganwyobili eleqtoratis did nawils `auTenturobas~
akargvinebs da saakaSvilis damcvelTa rigebSi ayenebs. magali-
TisaTvis SegviZlia Semdegi monacemebi movitanoT: Tu agvistos
omamde arasaparlamento opoziciis amomrCevelTa 66% saakaSvi-
lis moRvaweobas uaryofiTi Sefasebis velSi aqcevs, agvistos
omis Semdgom, pirvel xanebSi, uaryofiTad SemfasebelTa xvedriT
wili am jgufSi 51%-mde ecema.

Tumca, gadis Tveebi da ukve 2009 wlis martisTvis viTareba

radikalurad icvleba: TbiliselTa umravlesoba saakaSvilis
moRvaweobis uaryofiT Sefasebaze koncentrirdeba. rasakvirve-
lia, uaryofiTi Sefasebis `lomis wils~ agvistos omSi CarTvis
da misi wagebis gamo xeliuflebaze dakisrebuli pasuxismge-
bloba ganapirobebs.

saakaSvilis saqmianobis Sefasebis transformaciebi detalu-

rad ix. diagramaze #5:

232
 diagrama #5

saakaSvilis, rogorc prezidentis, mimarT sazogadoebrivi

mxardaWeris Sesusteba kargad Cans, agreTve, mis mimarT Tbi-
liselTa mier gamoxatuli ndobis cvlilebis konteqstSic
2008 wlis ivlisidan 2009 wlis ivnisamde. 2008 wlis rogorc
ivlisis, ise seqtembris monacemebiT m. saakaSvili Tbiliseli
amomrCevlebis ndobis velSi eqceva. 2007 wlis dekemberSi is
ukve undoblobis velSi gadainacvlebs, mis mimarT gamoxatuli
undoblobis xarisxis TandaTanobiTi zrdiT 2009 wlis martsa
da maisSi.

233
 m. saakaSvilis mimarT gamoxatuli ndobis maCveneblebi, sx-
vadasxva etapze, mocemulia diagramaze #6:

diagrama #6

SeniSvna: ndoba fasdeba 10 qulian skalaze (-5-dan +5-mde),

sadac `-5~ aRniSnavda srul undoblobas, xolo `+5~ srul
ndobas; diagramaze mocemulia ndobis saSualo monacemebi, sa-
dac neitraluri maCvenebelia `0~ qula. `0~-ze naklebi aRniSnavs
undoblobis vels, xolo `0~-ze meti – ndobis vels.

kidev erTi indikatori, romelic aCvenebs TbiliselTa damo-

kidebulebis mniSvnelovan cvlilebas, ukavSirdeba iseT radika-
lur politikur proeqts, rogoricaa m. saakaSvilis gadadgoma
da vadamdeli saprezidento arCevnebis daniSvna.

234
 2008 wlis seqtemberSi am politikur proeqts mxars uWerda
TbiliselTa 23%, xolo ewinaaRmdegeboda _ 65%. maSasadame, im
droisaTvis, Tbiliselebs ar hqondaT saakaSvilis xelisufle-
bis, Tundac vadamdeli arCevnebis gziT, Secvlis mzaoba da skep-
tikurad ar uyurebdnen saakaSvilis Zalauflebas. Sesabamisad,
nebismieri politikuri Zalisxmeva, romelic mimarTuli iqne-
boda arsebuli xelisuflebis vadamde Secvlisaken, Tbiliseli
amomrCevlebis mxridan seriozul mxardaWeras ver moipovebda.
2009 wlis martisTvis viTareba am mimarTulebiTac kardi-
nalurad Seicvala: m. saakaSvilis gadadgomis moTxovnas mxars
uWers ukve yoveli meore saarCevno asakis mqone Tbiliseli.
igive damokidebuleba narCundeba maisSic. es erTmniSvnelovnad
miuTiTebs imaze, rom q. TbilisSi, bolo Tveebis ganmavlobaSi, m.
saakaSvils seriozuli problemebi Seeqmna legitimaciis Tval-
sazrisiT (ix. diagrama #7):
diagrama #7

235
 sagareo-politikuri orientaciebi

kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelzec radikaluri gavlena iqonia

agvistos omma, saqarTvelos sagareo orientacia da masTan dakav-
Sirebuli saxelmwifoebrivi usafrTxoebaa. bolo, sul mcire,
15 weliwadi saqarTvelos sazogadoebaSi mizanmimarTulad da
Sedegianad Sendeboda politika, romelic yvelaze sasurvel
sagareo orientaciad saqarTvelos natoSi integracias miiC-
nevs. SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom, ruseT-saqarTvelos omamde,
sazogadoebrivi azri saqarTveloSi warmatebiT adaptirda am
sagareo perspeqtivasTan, rasac 2008 wlis agvistomde Catare-
buli yvela gamokiTxva adasturebs.

Tumca, dasaxelebulma omma moqalaqeebSi natoSi integraciis

dominanturad miCneuli politikuri Rirebulebis gadafaseba
gamoiwvia. pirveli seriozuli bzari natosken swrafvas ukve
2008 wlis seqtemberSi uCndeba, romelic sul ufro Rrmavdeba
da 2009 wlis martSi es politikuri proeqti Tmobs upirateso-
bas. marTalia, Crdilo-atlantikuri aliansis mimarT calkeuli
imedgacruebebi omamdec arsebobda (gansakuTebiT, map-is miRe-
basTan dakavSirebuli diplomatiuri koliziebis gamo), magram
pirvelad swored ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdeg Seiqmna iseTi
viTareba, rodesac natoSi integracias gauCnda konkurentunari-
ani alternatiuli standarti saqarTvelos mier neitralitetis
SenarCunebis saxiT. sainteresoa, rom natosgan `gamoTavisufle-
buli energia~ ar moxmarda arc evrokavSirSi Sesvlis da arc
ruseTTan mokavSireobis mxardaWeras. Tumca, rusulma `Ceqmam~,
samwuxarod, Tavisi nayofi mainc gamoiRo _ natoSi integracias

236
sazogadoebrivi azri aRar ganixilavs prioritetul strate-
giad.
diagrama #8 kargad aCvenebs, Tu rogor kargavs natoSi inte-
graciis proeqti mxardaWeras Tbilisel amomrCevlebSi:
diagrama #8

237
 * * *

Tu SevajamebT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 2008 wlis ruseT-

saqarTvelos samxedro dapirispirebam Semdegi mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebi gamoiwvia Tbilisel amomrCevelTa damokidebule-
bebsa da ganwyobebSi:
 gaZlierda Seurigebeli opoziciuri ganwyobebi (Se-
sabamisad, gaizarda arasaparlamento opoziciuri politi-
kuri Zalebis mimarT mxardaWera);
 prezidentis postze m. saakaSvilis saqmianobis Se-
faseba Znelad, magram mainc gadavida uaryofiT ganzomile-
baSi. Sesabamisad, saakaSvilis mimarT ndobac negatiur velSi
moeqca mzardi tendenciiT;
 m. saakaSvilis gadadgoma da vadamdeli saprezidento
arCevnebis daniSvna araadekvaturi pretenziidan sazogadoe-
bis aqtualur politikur moTxovnad gadaiqca, ramac serio-
zuli problemebi Seuqmna prezidentis Zalauflebis aRiare-
bas (anu, legitimacias) Tbilisel amomrCevlebSi;
 saqarTvelos natoSi integraciis Rirebulebam de-
valvacia ganicada da gaaCnda alternatiuli politikuri
standarti _ `neitralitetis SenarCuneba~.

238
 Abstract

Iago Kachkachishvili
Changes in public opinion after Russian-Georgian War

The Russian-Georgian war in August, 2008 has brought signifi-

cant changes of Tbilisi electorate’s attitudes and dispositions in dif-
ferent directions:
 Radical oppositional dispositions have strengthened and,
consequently, support to the opposition political institutions
(parties, movements, etc.) has grown up;
 Assessment of the activities done by President Mikheil
Saakashvili has gradually moved into the negative dimension;
Accordingly, the trust towards Saakashvili has also got a nega-
tive shape;
 Demand for the resignation of Saakashvili and appoint-
ment of early presidential elections has converted from virtual
(unrealistic) pretension to real political pressure that caused
serious problems concerning the recognition (i.e. legitimacy) of
political power of President Saakashvili among Tbilisi voters;
 The political value of integration of Georgia in NATO
has been declined and alternative political standard – „keeping
Neutrality“ – has emerged.

239
 marine lomiZe

krizisuli komunikaciis roli

PR-saqmianobaSi

krizisuli situacia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis nebismieri

sferos (saxelisuflebo, komerciuli Tu sawarmoo struq-
turis), mTlianad sazogadoebis Tanamdevia.
krizisuli komunikacia Semecnebis SedarebiT axali dargia
da misi mniSvneloba ganuzomlad didia, radganac swored kriz-
isi arRvevs yvela awyobil sainformacio nakads, rac sazogadoe-
bis srulyofilad informirebas SeuZlebels xdis.
krizisis struqturisa da arsis Sesaxeb informaciis defi-
citis arseboba Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi umTavresi problemaa.
igi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria saqarTvelosaTvis, radganac,
rogorc `demokratiis mesame talRis~ qveyanas, axasiaTebs samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebisaTvis damabrkolebeli erT-
erTi faqtori _ informaciisa da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis
arasakmarisi gavrceleba. CvenSi arsebuli komunikaciis prob-
lemis masStabi ganapirobebs mis mravalmxrivobas da saWiroebs
kompleqsur Seswavlas: krizisis arsSi garkvevas, misi marTvis
meqanizmebis ganxilvasa da ucxoeTis gamocdilebis gacnobas.
yovelive ki naTlad gviCvenebs am sakiTxis simwvavesa da misdami
saTanado politikis SemuSavebis aucileblobas.
krizisis daxasiaTebisas ikveTeba ramdenime Tvalsazrisi. PR-
is cnobili specialisti sem bleki originalur midgomas gvTava-
zobs. misi azriT, krizisi aris `cnobili ucnobi~ da `ucnobi
ucnobi~[1].

240
 `cnobili ucnobi~ krizisis warmoSobas sawarmoos an mom-
saxurebis specifika ganapirobebs. mag. qimiuri mrewvelobisa da
radioaqtiuri elementebis warmoebas mudmivad Tan axlavs mom-
wamvlel nivTierebaTa gaJonvis SesaZlebloba, xolo sazRvao,
sarkinigzo da saaviacio saqmianobaSi savaraudo avariis riski
maRalia.
`ucnobi ucnobi~ iseTi katastrofaa, romlis gaTvaliswine-
ba aravis SeuZlia. mag. 2002 wlis 11 seqtembris teroristuli
aqti niu-iorkSi.
warmoSobis mixedviT krizisis or jgufs gamoyofen. winas-
war ganzraxuli krizisebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv orgvaria:
adamianTa fizikuri ganadgurebis mizniT (teroristuli aqtebi,
produqciis gayalbeba) da krizisi, romelic adamianTa ganadgure-
bas ar iTvaliswinebs, magram seriozuli zaralis momtania
(afeTqebis muqara, kompiuteruli virusebi, avismomaswavebeli
Worebis gavrceleba, arasamarTlebrivi qmedebebi da sxv.).
meore kategoriis krizisi winaswargansazRvruli araa,
igi spontanurad Cndeba: xanZari, afeTqeba, gakotreba, firmis
ganadgureba, qimiur nivTierebaTa gaJonva.
Sedegebis mixedviTac krizisi orgvaria: fizikuri ngrevis
gamomwvevi (miwisZvra, xanZari, qariSxali, avtokatastrofa,
teroristuli aqti) da fizikur ngrevasTan aradakavSirebuli
(politikuri, ekonomikuri, demografiuli, kulturuli).
krizisma SeiZleba mTeli msoflio moicvas an Semoifarglos
garkveuli teritoriiT an adamianTa jgufiT. mag. oklahoma-
sitiSi (aSS, 1995w.) saerTaSoriso vaWrobis centris afeTqeba
uSualod Seexo sxva qveynebis interesebs. aseTi pirdapiri kav-
Sirebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic zogierTi krizisi globalur
mniSvnelobas iZens, roca igi ekonomikur da samedicino sferos
exeba.

241
 krizisis marTvis problemebis Semswavlel mecnierTa
garkveuli jgufi gvTavazobs krizisis klasifikaciis sxvagvar
models, romelsac safuZvlad udevs personalis marTvaSi arse-
buli Secdomebi: teqnologiuri, konfrontacia, arakeTilganw-
yoba, mmarTvelobis Rirebulebebis damaxinjeba, Tanamdebobrivi
danaSauli, sicrue da sxv. mag. 1996 wels seulSi supermarketi
daingra. ngreva mexuTe sarTulidan daiwyo da Senoba mTlianad
CamoiSala, ris Sedegadac 1000 adamiani daSavda, 500 ki daiRupa.
mizezad uxarisxo mSenebloba dasaxelda _ naklebi cementi gam-
oiyenes. ngrevisas SenobaSi arc erTi menejeri ar iyo. maT kedle-
bze bzarebis SeniSvnisTanave datoves Senoba ise, rom mosalod-
neli katastrofis Sesaxeb aravin gaufrTxilebiaT[2].
bevr gamokvlevaSi krizisi aRwerilia droebiTi faqtoris
TvalsazrisiT. amasTan zogjer iyeneben vizualur ferad aso-
ciaciebs: mwvane feri axal avariul SemTxvevebsa da problemur
situacias niSnavs, yviTeli – mimdinare da momwifebuli prob-
lemebia, xolo yavisferi _ Zveli, e.w. daxavsebuli krizisia. ko-
direbis amgvarma xerxma krizisebis Sefasebis `bananis indeqsis~
saxelwodeba miiRo.
krizisuli komunikaciis mkvlevarebi krizisze reagirebis
xarisxis gansazRvris TvalTaxedviT gamoyofen moulodnel,
ganviTarebadsa da myar krizisebs[3].
moulodneli krizisis Sesaswavlad da misi gadaWris
RonisZiebebis dasagegmad dro ar rCeba. am SemTxvevaSi xelmZR-
vanelobis sxvadasxva doneze SeTanxmebuli winaswari moqmedebis
gegmis arsebobaa aucilebeli, rac gaugebrobis, kinklaobisa da
araoperatiuli reagirebis Tavidan acilebas gaxdis SesaZleb-
els.
ganviTarebadi krizisebia: gaficvis wina periodi, arakeTil-
saimedo klimati koleqtivSi, Tanamdebobrivi uflebebis borotad

242
gamoyeneba da sxv. aseTi krizisebi SeiZleba warmoiqmnas uecrad,
magram didxans grZeldeba. amitom specialistebs problemebis
gasaanalizeblad da aucilebeli RonisZiebebis dasagegmad sak-
marisi dro aqvT. maT SeuZliaT krizisis Sedegebis ganWvreta,
situaciis gamosworeba. mTavar amocanas Seadgens xelmZRvanelo-
bis darwmuneba, Seitanos cvlilebebi dasaxul gegmebSi, sanam
krizisi damangrevel fazas miaRwevs.
myari krizisebi konfliqturi situaciebia, romlebic xe-
lmZRvanelobis mcdelobis miuxedavad, didxans arsebobs. am
mdgomareobis wyaros warmoadgens moaruli xmebi da Worebi,
romlebic piradi urTierTobebis procesSi an masobrivi infor-
maciis saSualebebSi Cndeba. WorebTan gamklaveba rTulia, rad-
ganac igi organizaciis kontrols ar eqvemdebareba.
PR-specialistebi ekonomikuri dargisaTvis arsebiT kriz-
isul situaciebad miiCneven: warmoebis gaCerebas, gakotrebas,
TanamSromelTa gaficvas, teroristuli aqtis SesaZleblobas,
konfedencialuri saqmiani informaciis gamJRavnebas, adgilobri-
vi xelisuflebis finansuri mxardaWeris dakargvas, produqciis
seriozuli defeqtis gamovlenasa da kompaniis mTavari produq-
tis gayalbebas. yvela zemoCamoTvlili faqtori lokaluri xa-
siaTisaa. cxadia, warmoebis sferoSi gasaTvaliswinebelia kriz-
isis iseTi mizezebi, rogoricaa warumatebeli reformis Sedegad
ekonomikisa da finansuri saqmianobis mobilizacia, msoflio
ekonomikuri da geopolitikuri ryevebis Sedegebi.
rogoric ar unda iyos krizisi, lokaluri Tu masStaburi,
da ra ganzomilebiTac ar unda ganvixilavdeT, yvela SemTxvevaSi,
aucilebelia misi marTva.
termini `problemebis marTva~ amerikelma specialistebma
XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi daamkvidres. isini, uwinares yov-
lisa, iTvaliswinebdnen, rom PR saSualebas iZleva winaswar

243
gansazRvro problema, miiRo saWiro zoma, daamuSavo da gamoi-
yeno saWiro inovacia, xolo zogjer Zireulad Secvalo mTeli
saqmianoba mimdinare cvlilebaTa kvalobaze. krizisuli menej-
mentis umTavres valdebulebas riskis winaswar gansazRvra, misi
swrafad aRmofxvra, zianis Semcireba da kompaniisadmi sazoga-
doebis ndobis aRdgenaze zrunva Seadgens.
sayuradReboa, rom krizisuli situaciis sirTules mniS-
vnelovnad ganapirobebs misi arastandartuloba da maRali dina-
mikuroba. yvela xelmZRvanels ki eqstremalur situaciaSi efeq-
turi gadawyvetilebis miReba ar SeuZlia, rac, mecnierTa azriT,
adamianisaTvis stresul mdgomareobaSi ara logikuri, aramed
refleqsuri Tvisebebis gaZlierebiT aixsneba. zogadad krizisi
iseTi movlenaa, rodesac droisa da informaciis nakleboba Cn-
deba. swored zemoCamoTvlili garemoebebi gansazRvravs PR-spe-
cialistis mTavar amocanas _ operatiulad miiRos aucilebeli
monacemebi krizisis Sesaxeb, romelsac konfliqturi situacii-
dan gamosavlis an Tavidan asacilebeli programis SesamuSave-
blad gamoiyenebs.
ramdenadac ucnaurad ar unda mogveCvenos, specialistebi
kriziss calsaxad negatiur movlenad ar miiCneven da mis dadeb-
iT aspeqtsac ganixilaven. movlenis amgvarad warmoCenas safuZv-
lad udevs qmedebis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi. kerZod, krizisi
organizaciis xelmZRvanels iZulebels xdis axali saSuale-
bebi moiZios. mag. warmoebisa da gasaRebis Zireuli ganaxleba,
xelmZRvanelTa da mmarTvelobis formebis Secvla muSaobis kar-
dinaluri gaumjobesebisaTvis axal perspeqtivebs saxavs. praq-
tikulad bevria SemTxveva, roca siaxle krizisis warmoSobis
aucileblobam ganapiroba.
krizisuli komunikaciis marTvis Teoriebi riskis Sesaxeb
informirebisas gadamwyvet rols akisreben komunikaciis arse-

244
bul yvela saSualebasTan mWidro kavSirsa da mediis efeqturad
gamoyenebas. sainformacio arxebTan kavSiris damyareba sarwmuno
faqtebiTa da monacemebiT, miznobrivi auditoriis moTxovnaTa
gageba, mediis meTodikisa da xerxebis codna masTan urTierTobis
gaumjobesebas uwyobs xels. krizisul situaciaSi mTavari ko-
munikaciis centralizeba, informaciis miRebisa da gavrcelebis
kontrolia.
krizisi realuri problemaa, romelic organizaciis imijs
laxavs. mniSvnelovania krizisis pirveli etapi, romlis swo-
rad marTvis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba reputaciis garkveulwilad
SenarCuneba. mizanmimarTuli, realobas damyarebuli qmedebiT
SeiZleba Tavidan aviciloT mediis uxeSi Careva da skandali.
rogorc PR-sferoSi amboben, masobrivi informaciis saSualebebs
SeuZlia incidenti krizisad aqcios, xolo arsebuli krizisi
gamanadgurebeli gaxados.
krizisul situaciaSi PR-samsaxuris strategiis ganxor-
cielebis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs warmoadgens: imavdrouli
komunikaciuri reaqcia, sainformacio saSualebebis warmomad-
genelTa interesebis dakmayofileba (yvela arsebiT kiTxvaze
pasuxis gacema) da mwuxarebis, sinanulis gamoxatva. moqmede-
bis mTavari gegma ki efuZneba Semdeg etapebs: informaciis gavr-
celeba, amasTan uaryofiTi informaciis neitralizeba da kore-
qtireba, mozRvavebuli informaciis pirobebSi misi saTanadod
gadamuSaveba, sarwmuno informaciis dezinformaciisagan gami-
jvna. gansakuTrebulad sayuradReboa JurnalistTa mier das-
mul kiTxvebze (tonisa da Sinaarsis mixedviT) pasuxebis gacemis
taqtika. `gagebis~, `ignorirebis~, `informaciis obieqturobis~
an `TanagrZnobis~ taqtikuri xerxebis Sesabamisad gamoyeneba
mdgomareobis ganeitralebis utyuari saSualebaa. loialuri
damoukidebeli eqspertebisa da specialistebis mozidva taq-

245
tikurad aseve gamarTlebulia, radgan maTi gamosvlebisadmi sa-
zogadoebisa da mediis ndoba gacilebiT maRalia, vidre kompaniis
personalisadmi.
am principebis gatarebis aucileblobaze miuTiTebs klaudia
reinhardi naSromSi `rCevebi: rogor vmarToT krizisuli situa-
cia~ [4]. amasTan, misi azriT, dauSvebelia:
_ arasarwmuno varaudebis sazogadoebisaTvis gacnoba;
_ reagireba provokaciul kiTxvebze;
_ problemis mniSvnelobis damcroba an situaciis Selama-
zeba, radgan presa male miakvlevs simarTles;
_ informaciis gaJonva. mediiT gavrcelebuli nebismieri
faqti SeiZleba axali versiis safuZveli gaxdes;
_ pirovnebis piradi cxovrebis amsaxveli informaciis
gamJRavneba, Tu igi raime braldebas Seicavs;
_ informaciis arflobis SemTxvevaSi presasTan urTierTo-
ba;
– romelime sainformacio saSualebisaTvis upiratesobis
miniWeba;
_ krizisuli situaciis TviTreklamisaTvis gamoyeneba.
dargis sirTulidan gamomdinare bevr qveyanaSi krizisis
menejeris profesia damkvidrda. sem bleki maTi saqmianobisaT-
vis arsebiTad cnobs zemoT ganxilul aspeqtebs, rogoricaa _
dauyovnebeli reaqcia, sainformacio saSualebebisaTvis utyu-
ari, obieqturi informaciis miwodeba. amave dros sagangebod
miuTiTebs teqnikuri informaciis flobas, dazaralebulebisa
da maTi axloblebis interesebis gamomxatveli yvela SesaZlo
RonisZiebis ganxorcielebas[5]. mkvlevaris mier ganxiluli
principebis Sesabamisad akrZalvebis CamonaTvali ufro vrceli
da konkretuli xdeba. amrigad, krizisis daZlevis procesSi Sec-
domaa:

246
 _ yoymani, rac sazogadoebaSi iwvevs gaurkvevlobis, ugulo-
bis, arakompetenturobis gancdas;
_ bundovani safaris Seqmna, rac sazogadoebaSi organizaciis
Sesaxeb uwesobisa da gulgrilobis Sexedulebas amkvidrebs;
_ gaurkvevloba, romelic ufro met problemas qmnis, rad-
ganac realobis Secvla SeuZlebelia;
_ dogmaturi laqlaqi, arsebuli problemis realuri nei-
tralizaciis nacvlad, rac amaRlebs organizaciis an Tanamde-
bobis pirTa qedmaRlobis demonstrirebas;
_ konfrontacia, romelic qmnis aqtivobis moCvenebiTobas,
yvelas daZabul mdgomareobaSi amyofebs, cdilobs problemaze
arsebuli reaqciis SeniRbvas;
_ sasamarTlo procesi aseve moCvenebiTi qmedebaa, romliTac
yuradReba gonieri gadawyvetilebidan naklebad mniSvnelovanze
gadaaqvT.
miznobriv auditoriaze yoveli SesaZlo movlenis zemoq-
medebis Sefaseba krizisis marTvis elements warmoadgens. sa-
zogadoebriv azrze dakvirvebisas Tavdapirvelad problemis aR-
moCena ikveTeba. krizisis warmoSobasTan erTad sazogadoebrivi
jgufebi formirdeba _ movlenisadmi damokidebulebisa da or-
ganizaciis reaqciis gansazRvris mizniT. amis Sedegad SesaZle-
belia problemis sajaro ganxilva, rogorc es 2003 wels aSS
prezidentis buSis mier eraySi samxedro qmedebebis dawyebis
gadawyvetilebis miRebas mohyva.
situaciis ganviTarebis procesSi yalibdeba sazogadoebrivi
azri. es ufro naTlad da STambeWdavad xdeba, Tu krizisi dina-
mikuria da yoveldRe axal movlenebs gvTavazobs.
sazogadoebrivi azris formirebis Sedegi sazogadoebrivi
qmedebaa. mag. aSS-s agresiisadmi reaqcia (erayis SemTxvevaSi),

247
amerikis xelisuflebis azris sawinaaRmdegod, mraval qveyanaSi,
maT Soris amerikaSi, saprotesto demonstraciebiT gamoixata.
procesi sruldeba oficialuri pirebis reaqciiT, romlis
Sedegadac sazogadoebrivi jgufebi sawyis pozicias ubrunde-
bian.
sazogadoebis mier krizisis aRqmis analizi saSualebas gva-
Zlevs Semdegi daskvnebi CamovayaliboT:
1. adamianebi krizisis Sesaxeb umTavresad piradi komunikaci-
is saSualebebiT igeben;
2. adamianebi, rogorc wesi, krizisis seriozulobis inter-
pretacias piradi saSiSroebis TvalTaxedviT axdenen;
3. krizisis periodSi ufro avtoritetulad oficialuri
wyaroebi iTvleba;
4. masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi (mis) informaciis
moculoba metyvelebs krizisis masStabze: rac metia in-
formacia, miT ufro seriozulia krizisi;
5. sando, sarwmuno informaciis arseboba Worebis gavrcele-
bas xels uSlis.
es ukanaskneli gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, radgan Worebs
win TiTqmis veraferi aRudgeba. maTi gavrcelebis dro-sivrculi
areali geometriuli progresiiT izrdeba da misi SeCereba Za-
lian Znelia. Worebis winaaRmdeg yvelaze marTebuli sabrZolo
meTodi prevenciuli zomebia, romlebic drouli sarwmuno in-
formaciis ormxrivi efeqturi gamoyenebiT Tavidan agvacilebs
Woris mizezebs. da Tu mainc gavrcelda arasasurveli moaruli
xma, dauyovneblivaa saWiro gadamWreli RonisZiebebis miReba,
radgan isini krizisis gaRrmavebis yvelaze `veragi~ mizezia. amis
naTeli dasturi `proqter end gembelis~ magaliTia. agorebulma
Worebma kompania seriozulad daazarala rogorc materialu-
rad, aseve moralurad. Worebis gasaqarwyleblad isev da isev

248
saWiroa SeTanxmebuli saqmianoba mediasTan. moaruli xmebis ga-
protestebaSi mediis mxardaWera gadamwyvetia.
krizisis marTvis amerikuli praqtikidan ori SemTxvevaa sain-
tereso [6]. preparat `tailenoliT~ 1982 wels CikagoSi 7 ada-
miani gardaicvala. mwarmoebeli kompania `jonson end jonsoni-
saTvis~ es popularuli brendis dakargvasa da mravalmilionian
zarals niSnavda. analitikosTa umravlesoba preparats gaqrobas
uwinaswarmetyvelebda, magram wlis bolomde preparati araTu
gaqra, aSS-s tkivilgamayuCeblebis bazris meoTxedi daibruna.
`sikvdili~ (cianidi) preparatis flakonSi borotmoqmedTa
winaswari ganzraxviT moxvda. sworad warmarTuli antikrizi-
suli gegmis saSualebiT problema daZleuli iqna. `taileno-
lis~ krizisis menejmentis programis warmateba ganapiroba im
gadawyvetilebebma, rac nakarnaxevi iyo dasaxuli strategiis
konkretuli taqtikiT: kavSiri Cikagos policiasTan, gamoZie-
bis federalur biurosTan da amerikis samedicino preparatebi-
sa da sakvebi produqtebis kontrolis asociaciasTan. `Cikagos
momwamvlelis~ Sesaxeb nebismieri informaciis miwodebisaTvis
jildod 100 000 dolari dawesda. kompaniis menejmentis xel-
mZRvanelebi pirveli sami msxverplis dakrZalvas daeswrnen, rac
pirdapir eTerSi mTeli qveynis masStabiT gadaica. mTelma ameri-
kam naxa, rogor tirodnen kompaniis direqtorebi dakrZalvebze
`aramarto sibralulis gamo, aramed TavianTi pasuxismgeblo-
bis gacnobierebis gamoc~. SemoiRes SefuTvis axali usafrTxo
forma, rasac Tan axlda sareklamo aqcia. igi miznad isaxavda
momxmareblisaTvis am siaxlis yvela upiratesobis Sesaxeb in-
formaciis miwodebas. aseve ganxorcielda nebismier dros gamo-
Svebuli `tailenolis~ kapsulebis abebze dauyovnebeli da ufa-
so gacvlis aqcia. yvela antikrizisuli qmedebis gamaerTianebel
faqtorad iqca kompaniis xelmZRvanelobis sruli gulaxdiloba

249
da xelmisawvdomoba masmediasTan urTierTobisaTvis. kompaniis
yvela ufrosi menejeri valdebulad Tvlida Tavs, masobrivi in-
formaciis saSualebebisaTvis nebismieri informacia miewodebi-
na. pirveli mowamvlis Semdeg, ori kviris ganmavlobaSi, kompani-
is xelmZRvanelebma Jurnalistebis 2500 kiTxvas upasuxes. TviT
mowamvlis istoria wlis mTavari siaxle gaxda da prezident
kenedis mkvlelobis Semdeg presaSi publikaciebis raodenobis
mixedviT meore adgili daikava.
meore SemTxveva 1989 wlis 24 marts moxda. navTobis gadam-
zidavi tankeri `eqson valdezi~ aliaskis samxreT sanapirosTan
rifs daejaxa, ris Sedegadac CrdiloeT okeaneSi mravali tona
gadaumuSavebeli navTobi CaiRvara. es ambavi amgvari tragediebi-
dan amerikis istoriaSi yvelaze masStaburia. aliaskis sanapiro
mniSvnelovani turistuli adgilia, iq unikaluri faunaa, adgi-
lobrivi mosaxleoba Tevzis WeriTaa dakavebuli.
`eqsonis~ mier krizisis marTva warumateblad warimarTa,
rac umTavresad ganapiroba im garemoebam, rom kompaniis menejmen-
ti masmediasTan yovelgvar kontaqts gaurboda. kompaniis imJa-
mindeli direqtori interviuze ar Tanxmdeboda. dagvianebuli
gamosvlisas araprofesiulad iqceoda _ ar flobda realur
informacias, zogierTi faqti ar icoda. sazogadod, Sida ko-
munikacia arasrulyofili da moumzadebeli aRmoCnda eqstrema-
luri situaciisaTvis. yvela informacias kompaniis menejmenti
sxvadasxva interpretaciiT avrcelebda. arasworad ganaTavses
sainformacio centri _ aliaskaze, katastrofis maxloblad,
sakomunikacio saSualebebiT SezRudul patara qalaqSi. niu –
iorkTan drois 4 saaTis sxvaobam dilis presisaTvis preskon-
ferenciebis dro araxelsayreli gaxada.
kompaniam didi fuladi saxsrebi gaiRo gamwmendi samuSaoebis
Casatareblad, wamoiwyo ramdenime proeqti faunis gadasarCenad

250
da sareklamo kampania presaSi, sazogadoebas bodiSic ki mou-
xada, magram arsad uTqvams, rom momxdarze pasuxismgeblobas
Tavis Tavze iRebda. kompaniis xelmZRvanelTa gancxadebebi sxva
wyaroebidan miRebul informacias ewinaaRmdegeboda, xolo maTi
iniciativiT gadaRebulma filmma `progresi aliaskaze~ mTels
qveyanaSi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia.
am ori antikrizisuli reagirebis analizisas gamoikveTa Sem-
degi gansxvavebebi:
_ `tailenolis~ SemTxvevaSi operatiuli, mizanmimarTuli
qmedebebi;
_ `eqsonis~ SemTxvevaSi Zalze dagvianebuli, araTanmimdevru-
li qmedebebi;
_kompaniebis xelmZvanelebma momxdarisa da dazaralebulebi-
sadmi sxvadasxva damokidebuleba gamoxates;
_ kompaniebma sazogadoebasTan urTierTobisaTvis mediasTan
TanamSromlobis sxvadasxva politika airCies.
ganxiluli krizisis tipebidan Cvens qveyanaSi nebismieria
mosalodneli, magram, rac yvelaze naTlad Cans, es epidemiis
saSiSroeba (qaTmis gripi, Roris gripi), bunebrivi movlenebi
(miwisZvra) da politikuri bataliebia (mag. 2008 wlis agvi-
stos movlenebi, opoziciisa da xelisuflebis damokidebuleba
_ 2007 wlis noembrisa da 2009 wlis aprilis saprotesto ga-
mosvlebi).
am pirobebSi krizisuli komunikaciis deficiti SeiniSneba,
rac SeiZleba ramdenime faqtoriT aixsnas _ problemis arcod-
na, krizisis marTvis survilis arqona, problemis arasaTanado
gaazreba an ignorireba. yvela SemTxveva dauSvebelia, radgan
aseTi damokidebuleba zianis momtania qveynisa da mosaxleobi-
saTvis. krizisis marTvisadmi umTavresad ori ukiduresi pozi-
cia ikveTeba _ pirveli, roca komunikacia uaRresad negatiuri

251
Sinaarsisaa, da, meore, roca komunikacia ar arsebobs an arse-
bobs (garkveuli formiT) da farTo sazogadoebam mis Sesaxeb ar
icis. mag. Cveni qveynis bevr moqalaqes daamaxsovrda am ramdenime
wlis winaT qaTmis gripis saSiSroebasTan dakavSirebiT imJamin-
deli janmrTelobisa da socialuri uzrunvelyofis dacvis mi-
nistris lado WipaSvilis erT-erTi gancxadeba. aseTi epidemiis
winaSe saqarTvelos mosaxleoba pirvelad aRmoCnda. iyo panikis
safuZveli, radgan xelisufleba mosaxleobis dacvisa da daa-
vadebis prevenciis garantias ver iZleoda. xSirad televiziiT
gasuli siuJetebi urTierTgamomricxav informacias Seicavda
da am fonze 2 ianvars, e.w. `bedobis dRes~, ministri televizi-
iT gamodis da gvauwyebs, rom mosalodnelia epidemiis afeTqeba
da mosaxleobis did nawils emuqreba sikvdili. sabednierod,
`SorsmWvreteli~ ministris prognozi ar gamarTlda; samagie-
rod, gamJRavnda xelisuflebis warmomadgenlis sruli upasu-
xismgebloba da elementaruli ucodinaroba.
2008 wlis 10 agvistos dRis 12 saaTsa da 50 wuTze saqarT-
velos parlamentis Tavjdomarem daviT baqraZem saqarTvelos mo-
saxleobas qveynis sainformacio saSualebebiT Seatyobina, rom
`ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi uaxloes saaTebSi zugdidis mi-
marTulebiT gegmavdnen farTomasStabian Tavdasxmas.~ man aRniSna,
rom `qveyanaSi viTareba mTlianad stabiluria da kontroldeba.
prezidenti piradad xelmZRvanelobs saxelmwifo Tavdacvas...
minda gadmogceT saqarTvelos prezidentis mowodeba da mTlia-
nad saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mowodeba _ yvela erTad ga-
verTiandeT. yvelgan, sadac Semova mtris jari, yvela arsebuli
saSualebiT gavuwioT winaaRmdegoba, ar mivceT saqarTvelos
okupaciisa da 1921 wlis ganmeorebis saSualeba~[7].

252
 parlamentis spikeris mowodeba rusuli agresiis `yvela ar-
sebuli saSualebiT~ mogeriebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos moqalaqe-
ebisaTvis gaugebari aRmoCnda.
2009 wlis seqtemberSi miwisZvram seriozulad daaziana
dasavleT saqarTvelo. qveynis yvela televiziis sainformacio
saSualebebma meore dRes momxdaris Sesaxeb Segvatyobines. mowo-
debuli axali ambis struqtura marTebuli iyo: ra da rodis
moxda, rogoria Sedegi da ra unda gakeTdes zaralis zianis Se-
samcireblad da likvidaciisaTvis. magram es iyo erTjeradi in-
formacia. uaxloesi dReebis ganmavlobaSi farTo sazogadoebam
ver miiRo informacia Semdgomi procesebis Sesaxeb. SesaZloa,
dazaralebul mosaxleobasTan arsebobda mudmivi kavSiri da
adgilobrivi mkvidrni flobdnen informacias, xedavdnen xeli-
suflebis qmedebis realur Sedegsac, magram danarCeni mosaxle-
obisaTvis es informacia dafaruli aRmoCnda, rac krizisuli
komunikaciis warmarTvis araswor politikaze metyvelebs.
amrigad, krizisis daZlevisaTvis arsebiTia PR-is meTodebisa
da praqtikis codna da maTi efeqturad gamoyeneba.

253
 Abstract

Marina Lomidze,
The Role of Crisis Communication in PR Activities

Crisis situation accompanies any area of social life (govern­

mental,commercial as well as industrial structure).
Crisis situation represents a new branch of cognition and
its significance is highly important. It is crisis that breaks the
whole information stream, thus making it impossible to inform
the public fully.
Existence of a lack of information about crisis situation and
its main point is one of the major problems of present time. It
is particularly essential for our country, since for Georgia, as for
the country of `the third wave Democracy~ insufficient spread-
ing of information and technologies arethe factors hindering de-
velopment of civil society. The scale of communication problem
existing in our country determines its wide range and requires
its complex study: estimating the main point of crisis, consider-
ing mechanisms of its management and acquaintingwith foreign
experience.The abovementioned clearly shows acuteness of the
issue and necessity of working out a proper policy towards it.
As to the types of crisis any of them may be expected in
our country, yet most obvious ones are the following: danger of
epidemic (bird flu, swine flu), natural disasters (earthquake) and
political battles (War in august 2008, relations between govern-
ment and opposition _ protest manifestations in November 200
and April 2009).
Shortage of crisis communication can be seen in this situ-
ation, which can be explained by several factors: not knowing

254
the problem,lacking any desire of proper management, ignoring
or underestimating the problem. All the cases are inadmissible,
since they bring harm to the country.Two extremeness of posi-
tion can be seen in the crisis management _ first when commu-
nication is very negative, and second when communication either
does not exist or exists (in any form) and the society knows
nothing about it.
In order to overcome the crisis it is essential to know the
methods and practices of PR and to use them effectively.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. Блек С. Паблик рилейшенз. Что это такое? Пер. с англ.

Лондон: Модино пресс: М.: СП АСЭС,1990, с .42,
2. dokumenturi filmi `yvelaze, yvelaze, yvel­a­ze~ (teqno­
logiuri katastrofebi),
3. Катлип С., Сентер А., Брум Г. Паблик рилейшенз. Теориа
и практика: Учеб. Пособие. 8-е изд,: Пер. . с англ. М: Изд.дом
«Вильямс», 2001, с.430-431,
4. Reinhard C. Workshop: How to handle a Crisis//PRJournal
43, no 11,November 1987,
5. Блек С.Паблик рилейшенз. Что это такое? Пер. с англ. Лон-
дон: Модино пресс: М.: СП АСЭС,1990, с.190-192,
6. saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv saqmeTa institutis media
menejmentis kavkasiuri skolis `PR/komunikaciis menejmentis~
kursis masalebi,
7. www.rustavi2.com. uaxlesi ambebi, sainformacio gadace-
mebi, 10.08.08,12.53.

255
 guguli maRraZe

demokratiis perspeqtivebi gardamaval

qveynebSi.

miuxedavad qveyanaSi gamefebuli mravalwliani politikur-

ekonomikuri krizisisa, vfiqrobT, Cvens sazogadoebas gaaCnia
uzarmazari potenciali, politikuri TviTSegnebis, saxelmwi-
foebrivi azrovnebis da samoqalaqo faseulobebis saxiT, rac
udidesi Zalis mqone faqtoria qveyanaSi iseTi samoqalaqo sa-
zogadoebis Camoyalibebisa, ras mniSvnelovnad da Seuqcevlad
ganapirobebs qveynis demokratizacias.
politologTa Soris xangZlivi debatebi arsebobs e.w.
“prekondicionalistebsa” da “universalistebs” Soris. pirve-
lebs sjeraT rom demokratia zogadad, pirobebisa da gamocdi-
lebis garkveuli Tanxvedris Sedegad warmodgeba, meoreni ki am-
tkiceben rom demokratia yvela garemoSi da yvela gziT SeiZleba
ganviTardes.
TiTeuli qveyana Taviseburad gaivlis politikuri Tavisu-
flebis da demokratiisken mimaval gzas. demokratia xalxis xe-
lisuflebaa, ganxorcielebuli xalxis mier da xalxisaTvis.
is rom Znelia demokratiis damyareba Cvennair qveyanaSi, bevri
xelisSemSleli winapirobis gamo, cxadia, magram keTdeba ki rac
aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom demokratiisken svla iyos Seuqce-
vadi procesi. ras mowmobs Cvens qveyanaSi ganviTarebuli movle-
nebi: Cven ufro vSordebiT Tu vuaxlovdebiT demokratias?

256
 migvaCnia, rom saWiroa gardamavali qveynebis mosaxleobis
farTo masebma gaacnobieroT ratomaa TiTeuli moqalaqisTvis sa-
sicocxlod aucilebeli demokratia swored aseTi qveynebSi.
demokratiuli tranziciis martivi modeli aseTia: Zveli
reJimi emxoba, sazogadoeba eswrafvis Ria erovnul arCevnebs,
amas mosdevs TandaTanobiTi reformebi, da samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebis gaZliereba.
samwuxarod bevr post-totalitarul qveynebSi ase ar xdeba.
xSirad demokratiis lozungebiT mosuli xelisufleba gvev-
lineba demokratiis winaaRmdeg. aseT dros ZiriTadi argumenti
xelisuflebis mxridan aris is, rom isini aSeneben saxelmwifos
da aseTi danakargebi demokratiis mxriv gardauvalia.
politikuri mecnierebebSi gavrcelebuli Sexedulebebis
mixedviT es argumenti ar Seesabameba sinamdviles da es aris
avtokratiulobisken midrekili xelisuflebebis mcdeloba
ideologiurad gaamarTlon TavianTi avtoritarizmi.
cdebian roca anviTareben azrs, rom demokratizaciam unda
moiTminos, sanam ara mxolod adeqvaturi, aramed Zlieri saxelm-
wifo ar Sedgeba, romelsac eqneba unariani, miukerZoebeli in-
stituciebi da didi SesaZlebloba ganviTarebis, sakanonmdeblo
saqmianobis da efeqturi politikis warmoebisTvis. es mcdari
idea emyareba mimzidvel, magram iluzorul cnebas, rom av-
tokratebi bunebiT saxelmwifo aparatis mSeneblebi arian.
saxelmwifos Seneba, msgavsad kanonmmarTvelobis ganviTareb-
isa, romelTanac igi mWidro kavSirSia, fundamenturad ewinaaRm-
degeba avtokratul mmarTvelobas. avtokratebi Cveulebriv
saxelmwifos iyeneben sakuTari Tavis da maxlobelTa wrisTvis
korufciuli Semosavlis wyarod, kritikosebis da mowinaaRm-

257
degeTa dasjis da Seviwrovebis iaraRad, gamorCeuli megobrebis
da jgufebis TavSeyris da maTTvis gansakuTrebulad saukeTeso
cxovrebis adgilad.
Tu saxelmwifo Zlieria da xorcieldeba saxelmwifos mSen-
eblobis iseTi mTavari miznebi, rogoricaa efeqturoba da miuk-
erZoebloba, avtokrat xelisuflebas naklebad aqvs saSualeba
gamoiyenos saxelmwifo aparati Tavisi miznebisTvis. efeqtur
saxelmwifos sakmao politikuri avtonomia aqvs iseve, rogorc
sakuTari legitimuroba da uflebamosileba. aseTi saxelmwifo
bevr rameSi Zalauflebis politikuri berketebisgan Tavisufa-
lia da amdenad saxifaToa avtokrati liderisTvis. avtokratebs
sworedac rom susti saxelmwifo awyobT Tavisi miznebis gan-
saxorcieleblad.
avtokratebi xazs usvamen, rom demokratizaciis pirobebSi
susti, koaliciuri mTavrobebis periodma SeiZleba Seaferxos
institutebis mSenebloba, magram amave dros, aq aris demokra-
tizacis komponentebi, romlebic gacilebiT metad uwyoben
xels saxelmwifos mSeneblobas.
saxelmwifos mSenebloba yovelTvis swrafi warmatebis mqone
araa axal demokratiebSi, Tumca avtokratebisgan gansxvavebiT,
aq adgili ar aqvs Zireul Siga dapirispirebas efeqtur saxelm-
wifos da demokratiul xelisuflebas Soris. SemTxveviTi
araa rom dRes yvelaze efeqturi saxelmwifoebi demokratiul
qveynebSia. saxelmwifos mSenebloba demokratizaciasTan erTad
saukeTeso Sedegebs iZleva.
avtokrati liderebis ideologiaa sekvencializmi. sekven-
cializmi aris demokratizaciis gaurkveveli droiT gadadebis

258
meTodi, romelsac asazrdoebs demokratiis faseulobebis da
Sansebis mimarT skepticizmi.
naxevrad avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi, Zalauflebis
mqoneni acxadeben rom maTi nawilobrivi politikuri liberal-
izacia aucilebeli gzis naxevaria, romelic maT demokratiaze
miiyvans, sinamdvileSi es niSnavs iseTi farTo cvlilebebisTvis
Tavis aridebas, romelic safrTxes Seuqmnida maT naxevrad avto-
ritarul mmarTvelobas.
demokratiis momxreTa ideologiis gamomxatveli aris grad-
ualizmi, rac gulisxmobs aucilebel demokratizacias, ris
SigniT SeiZleba iyos sxvaobebi: demokratizacia axlave an am
procesebisken TandaTanobiT svla. gradualizmi ar niSnavs rom
demokratizaciam ar SeiZleba kraxi ganicados: kvlav iqneba
qveynebi sadac demokratiisken swrafi svla gamarTlebulia da
iseTi qveynebic, sadac politikuri pluralizmi saerTod araa.
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos 20 wliani istoria gviCvenebs, rom
demokratiisken swrafva saqarTvelos mosaxleobis absoluturi
umravlesobisTvis ar aris litoni sityvebi, amasTan mosaxleo-
bis politikuri TviTSegnebis done sakmaod maRalia da xalxs
kargad esmis, rom samarTliani arCevnebi saukeTeso gzaa iseTi xe-
lisuflebis Sesacvlelad, romelsac ar mihyavs qveyana demokra-
tizaciis gziT.
arCeviToba xelisuflebis legitimurobis safuZvelia. rac
ar unda myife iyos arCevnebi, legitimurobis mopovebis pro-
cesSi is dRevandel msoflioSi gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs.
amas isic mowmobs rom yofili ssrk-s da axlo aRmosavleTis
naxevrad avtoritar liderebs urCevniaT arCevnebis gareSe mar-
Tvas, didi WapanwyvetiT, mikibul - mokibuli gzebiT arCevnebi

259
mainc Caataron. bevrgan gawbileba moyva demokratiuli angariS-
valdebulebisken ltolvas arCevnebis gziT, magram avtokratiis
pirobebSi angariSvaldebulebis miRwevis Sansebi kidev ufro
mcirea. SeiZleba bevr qveyanaSi arCevnebi TamaSgare tovebs
demokratias, magram arc erT qveyanaSi ar arsebobs demokratia
arCevnebis gareSe.
demokratiulma traziciam, rogorc midgomam, adeqvaturad
imuSava aRmosavleT evropis umetes qveynebSi da arakomunistur
aRmosavleT aziaSi, magram sulac ver imuSava yofil sabWoTa
kavSirSi, federalur iugoslaviaSi, albaneTSi, CineTSi, kambo-
jaSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi, subsaharis afrikaSi. yofil sabWoTa
kavSirSi iseTi liderebis periodSi, rogoric iyvnen elcini da
SevardnaZe, demokratizaciaze mimarTuli reformebi xSirad icv-
leboda. Tumca es mmarTvelebebi sul ufro metad ixreboda av-
toritaruli mmarTvelobis saboloo konsolidaciisaken. niSan-
doblivia, rom yofili sabWoTa kavSiris arcerTma mmarTvelma ar
airCia iseTi gza, rom xelisufleba imisTvis gadaeca, vinc ufro
demokrati mmarTveli iqnebodao.
TandaTanobiTi tranziciis koncefciam daamkvidra `ukeTesi”
da `uaresi” arCevnebis cneba.
post-totalitarul da ganviTarebad qveynebSi mimdinare
procesebi xasiaTdeba e.w. ucabedi demokratiazaciiT, rac xSi-
rad gamoixateboda vadamdeli arCevnebis Catarebis mcdelobaSi.
es xdeba Cveulebriv imitom, rom ase undaT am qveynis moqalaqe-
ebs. es xdeba iq, sadac moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT gaerTiandnen di-
qtatorTa mosacileblad da reJimis Sesacvlelad, sadac ada-
mianebma moaxerxes mobilizireba ara mxolod arsebuli reJimis
Sesacvlelad, aramed imisTvisac, rom TviTon gaZlierebuliyvnen

260
politikurad, TviTon aerCiaT xelisufleba. xmis micemis gziT
sajaro valdebulebam SeiZleba Seqmnas motivacia kargi saxel-
mwifoebrivi qmedebisTvis, daxuruli mediis gadaqceva Riad
xels Seuwyobs saxelmwifos cudad momuSave mxareebis sajaro
ganxilvas. damoukidebeli samoqalaqo sazogadoebisTvis sivr-
cis daTmoba saSualebas miscems sxvadasxva jgufebs awarmoon
saxelmwifos muSaobis monitoringi da kritika, SesTavazon axa-
li ideebi xelisuflebas.
demokratiuli gradualizmi sekvecializmisgan gansxvavebiT
gulisxmobs rom ar SeiZleba gaurkveveli vadiT gadaidos is
rac demokratiis gulisgulia: politikuri Sejibris da arCe-
vanis samarTliani Ria procesebis ganviTareba. es gulisxmobs
am principis axlave gamoyenebas, magram SesaZloa ara erTbaSad,
aramed nabij-nabij da konteqstis mixedviT sxvadasxva for-
ma SeiZleba miiRos. magaliTad, ”naadrevi arCevnebis safrTxe”
SeiZleba gadaidos, rom dapirispirebul Zalebs hqondeT dro
mosalaparakeblad da ZiriTadma politikurma Zalebma iswavlon
mSvidobianad Tanaarseboba da TamaSis wesebze SeTanxmeba arCev-
nebis Catarebamde. politikuri Zalebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
moicdian arCevnebamde, Tu zustad ecodinebaT rodis , rogor
da vin Caatarebs arCevnebs da es dro namdvilad saWiro unda
iyos erovnuli konsensusisTvis.
Tumca demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis TavisTavad mxolod
arCevnebis Catareba araa sakmarisi. demokratiuli tranzici-
is Teoretikosebi ki amtkiceben rom arCevnebi demokratiuli
ganviTarebis naTeli magaliTi SeiZleba iyos, magram es mxolod
maSin, roca is samarTliania. post-sabWoTa qveynebSi dasavlurma
demokratiis xelSewyobis programebma uxvad warmoadgines teqni-

261
kuri saSualebebi, rogoricaa gamWirvale saarCevno yuTebi, vid-
eo Tvali da sxva. dasavlur mTavrobebs, romlebTac gardamaval
qveynebTan frTxili urTierToba aqvT, iseve rogorc arCevnebis
monitoringis jgufebs, romlebic xSirad angariSs abareben am
mTavrobebs, aseTi gaumjobesebebi saSualebas aZlevs arCevnebis
Semdeg ilaparakon “gaumjobesebis” Sesaxeb im SemTxvevaSic ki,
roca arCevnebis saerTo Sedegebi mTavrobis mxridan sxvadasxva
manipulaciebiT aris xolme gansazRvruli. magram aseTi arCevne-
bi xSirad revoluciebis safuZveli ufro xdeba, vidre qveynis
TandaTanobiTi demokratiuli gardaqmnebis safuZveli.
bevri politologi gardamaval qveynebSi demokratiis gan-
viTarebas ukavSirebs demokratizaciis ganxorcielebisadmi
gradualizmis axali midgomebs, rac gulisxmobs mcire, magram
aucilebel reformebs avtokrat mmarTvelTa Zalauflebis sabo-
loo dasasrulamde. aseTi nabijebi SeiZleba iyos: damoukide-
beli samoqalaqo organizaciebis moqmedebis efeqturobis da
gavlenis zrda, romlebic dakavebuli arian politikuri ufle-
bebis dacviT, mmarTveli partiisgan gansxvavebuli partiebis ga-
Zliereba, adgilobrivi arCevnebi, sadac Tanabari SesaZleblobebi
eqmneba yvelas. Ria sazogadoebrivi sivrcis Seqmna, sadac realu-
rad damoukidebeli media imuSavebs, romelsac saSualeba eqneba
gaakritikos mmarTveli xelisufleba.
demokratiis momxreebi da damcvelebi yuradRebiT unda
moekidon iseT strategiebs, rac gaTvlili iqneba politi-
kuri konkurenciis xelisSewyobaze. aseTi startegiebis siaSi
Sevidoda: saarCevno administraciis realurad damoukidebeli
sistemis Seqmna, politikuri partiebis legalizacia da maTi
moqmedebis Tavisufleba da xelisSewyoba, iseTi sistemebis ga-

262
Zliereba rogoricaa sakanonmdeblo sistema, romelSic realuri
pluralizmi garkveuli xarisxiT ukve mocemulia, uzrunvelyo-
fa damoukidebel moqalaqeTa jgufebis uflebisa ganixilos da
gaakritikon arCevnebi, gaakritikon xelisuflebis qmedebebi, Tu
isini ar Seesabameba xalxis interesebs. es mniSvnelovani poli-
tikuri procesebia. aseve saWiroa konstituciuri reformebis
gziT im zonebis Semcireba, romlebic konkurenciis procesidan
gamorTulebi arian da sxva.
sainteresoa Cvens konteqstSi demokratiis gardamaval pro-
cesebSi gare ZalTa roli. rogorc wesi, maTi moqmedebis are-
ali sakmaod SezRudulia. sxvadasxva qveynis saerTaSoriso Tu
saxelmwifo organizaciebi, rogorc wesi, uzrunvelyofen ara-
konfrontaciul daxmarebas demokratiisaTvis, maT SeuZliaT
daarwmunon, sTxovon an Zala daatanon qveynis oficialur pirebs
demokratiuli reformebisTvis nabijebi gadadgan. dasavleTs
mravali arCevnebisTvis dauWeria mxari arCevnebis administri-
rebiT, damkvirveblebiT, magram maT mxolod mxardamWeri da ara
wamyvani roli eniWebaT. raoden didi ar unda iyos Tanamedrove
demokratiis gamavrcelebelTa sazogadoeba, umetes SemTxvevaSi
is verc marTavs da formasac ver mianiWebs msoflio politi-
kur transaqciebs. isini zurgs umagreben demokratizacias imiT,
rom cdiloben daexmaron adgilobriv Zalebs miaRwion Tavis miz-
nebs.
Tumca aris ramdenime SemTxveva, roca gare faqtorebi demo­
kratiaze gadasvlis procesis wamowyebaSi did rols TamaSoben.
es SedarebiT iSviaTobaa, Tumca isini ar cdiloben arCevnebi im
adgilebSi Catardes, sadac TviT adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi araa

263
amisken mzaoba da sadac ukve araa dagegmili arCevnebi. isini ufro
imas cdiloben ukve dagegmil arCevnebze moaxdinon gavlena.
zogjer, magram Zalian iSviaTad, adgili aqvs qveyanaSi poli-
tikuri cvlilebebisTvis saerTaSoriso gavleniani pirebis Care-
vis Zaladobriv intervenciasac, roca diqtatoris gadasagdebad
samxedro ZaliT moxda Careva: es magaliTebia panama, avRaneTi,
erayi.
sazogadod, arCevnebis Catarebis idea garedan ar modis xol-
me, is raRac iseTia, rasac moqalaqeni da ZiriTadi politikuri
aqtorebi moelian da undaT. Teoriulad, ganviTarebis romeli
gzac ar unda iyos misaRebi, msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi ada-
mianebs politikuri Zalauflebis mopoveba surT axla da ara
raRac ganusazRvrel momavalSi. arCevnebi, rac ar unda pirobe-
bis Seumzadeblad da naCqarevad Catardes, mainc garkveuli maCve-
nebelia TviTmarTvelobisken swrafvisa.

politikuri mecnierebebi gamoyofen demokratiis warmatebis

xuT ZiriTad winapirobas:
1. qveynis ekonomiuri ganviTarebis done: rac ufro mdidaria
qveyana, (igulisxmeba saSualo klasi, da ara erTeuli um-
didresi adamianebi qveyanaSi), miT meti Sansi aqvs qveyanas
demokratiuli ganviTarebisTvis.
2. erovnuli simdidris koncentracia: Tu erovnuli simdi-
dre modis maRali koncentraciis wyaroebidan (mag navTo-
bi), met dabrkolebas awydebian demokratizaciisTvis.

264
 3. qveynis gayofis saSiSroeba, romelic identurobazea
damokidebuli: qveynis nacionaluri identurobis homoge-
nuroba aadvilebs demokratizaciis ganxorcilebas.
4. politikuri pluralizmis gamocdileba.
5. arademokratiuli mezoblebi.

es pirobebi ar warmoadgenen iseTi rangis pirobebs, romelTa

gareSe demokratia ver Sedgeba. isini ufro xelSemwyobi an xe-
lisSemSlelia demokratizaciisaTvis. roca yvela es piroba
pozitiuri mxarisken ixreba, ufro advilia qveynis demokra-
tizacia. magram es araa safuZveli qveynebi davyoT iseT qveyne-
bad, visac SeuZlia an ar SeuZlia gaxdes demokratiuli. es
faqtorebi rom araa gadamwyveti winapiroba, amis magaliTebi
sakmarisadaa: indoeTi Raribia, aseve panama, senegali, surinami,
magram es qveynebi demokratiuli qveynebia. aseve, mag, norvegiasac
aqvs koncentrirebuli simdidre an nacionaluri identobaze gay-
ofa arsebobs SveicariaSi, kanadaSi, belgiaSi, magram es ar iyo
xelisSemSleli maTi demokratiulobisaTvis. aseve cudi samezo-
bloebi aqvT kosta rikas, an israels, magram am qveynebSi aris
demokratia.
am faqtorebs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, Cvens pirobebSi metia
demokratizaciisTvis xelSemSleli, vidre xelisSemwyobi fa-
qtorebi, amitom demokratizacia Cvens qveyanaSi ZiriTadad unda
eyrdnobodes mosaxleobis udidesi umravlesobis miswrafebebs
demokratiisadmi. vfiqrob, es gamoixateba Cveni mosaxleobis Ri-
rebulebebis sistemaSi, qcevis motivebSi da im konkretul aqti-
vobebSi, rac ganuxorcilebia qarTvel xalxs Tavisuflebis da
265
damoukideblobis idealebisaTvis. Cveni qveyana jer kidev Sorsaa
namdvili demokratiuli qveynisgan, magram saqarTvelos mosax-
leobac da msoflios politikuri sazogadoebac samarTlianad
miiCnevs, rom demokratiis sawyisebis aSeneba Cvens qveyanaSi Se-
saZlebelia.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. Seri bermani “rogor warmoiSva demokratiebi, “

krebulSi”sazogadoeba da politika.” Tbilisi, 2007.
2. Carlz ferbenksi „revoluciebis gadaazreba“
krebulSi”sazogadoeba da politika.” Tbilisi, 2007.
3. Tomas qaroderzi “Tanmimdevruli safexurebis iluzia”
krebulSi”sazogadoeba da politika.” Tbilisi, 2007.
4. Fareed Zakaria The Fiture of Freedom: llliberal democ-
racy at Home and Abroad .NY Norton, 2003
5. Crisis in Georgia: Preconditions, Reality, perspectives.
Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2008
6. Georgia, 2009: Post war Challenges and Perspectives,
Tbilisi, 2008.

266
 Abstract

Guguli Maghradze,
Democracy in Transition Countries

We review how the government of transition countries are

implementing the main components of democracy, such are rule
of law, stability and autonomy of state institutions and fair and
independent court.
Many government of transition countries came into power with
slogans of democracy but today we have half or well developed
autocratic regime in most countries.

The major interest of autocratic regimes is to maintain power.

For the sake of keeping power autocracy such governments often
declares that they are interested in state development. But as a
rule, state development is solely PR action. In most of the cases
autocrats put above all other interests which hinder not only social
economic politics but also damage foundation of rule of law and
any serious efforts of such manner.

Autocratic leaders are focused on gathering wealth, on protec-

tion of interests of concrete privileged groups of society or sectors
and elimination (or termination) of any potential political opponents.
These and other interests as a rule require systemic and important
deformation of law. . When autocratic government claims to be
implementing rule of law reform, the real reason and aim behind
is totally different than to achieve economic development. Often
these reforms and efforts have a form of anti-corruption campaigns
and politics directed towards elimination of crime. Such programs

267
lack major components required for rule of law reform and anti-
corruption campaigns consist of technocratic legislative changes,
spreading general education on the evil of corruption, foundation of
anti-corruption committees, and punishment of a handful of corrupt
public servants. These campaigns do not consist of serious mea-
sures such as implementation of systemic changes when law would
be implemented unbiased and equally towards all public servants
and political limitations and manipulation of law enforcement bod-
ies would stop. These campaigns are directed not towards strength-
ening of rule of law but on the contrary aim to create protection
strategy to eliminate society’s dissatisfaction towards government’s
actions and at the same time eliminate opponents. These activi-
ties of the government in the long run serve strengthening of au-
tocracy.

The main essence is that ruling based on laws and autocra-

cies are not compatible with each other. Rule of law is the major
element which creates threat to autocratic government. Unbiased
and just court treating everyone equally, respect of political and
civil rights are those important components of rule of law which
restrict or take away the major tools needed for autocratic gover-
nance. Thus, it is a lie when such government claims that they want
to create independent court by introducing jury trials and through
other means. Independent court and rule of law are actually end of
autocratic governments and thus autocratic governments will never
tolerate their existence.

268
 malxaz macaberiZe

ivane javaxiSvili da saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi mSeneblobis ZiriTadi
sakiTxebi (1919 weli)

winaTqma

1919 wlis 27-28 aprils Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer-

sitetSi Sekrebili profesuris da studentebis winaSe b-ni ivane
javaxiSvili erTi SexedviT misTvis uCveulo moxsenebiT wars-
dga. Rvawlmosili istorikosi Tavis sajaro leqciaze amjerad
`Tanamedrove moments~ aanalizebda, rogorc parizSi dawyebul
sazavo konferenciaze saqarTvelos mier wargzavnili deleg-
aciis erT-erTi wevri.
parizis sazavo konferenciisaTvis mzadebas did mniSvnelobas
aniWebdnen saqarTveloSi. pirvel msoflio omSi gamarjvebul
qveynebs msoflios axali wesrigisaTvis unda CaeyaraT safuZ-
veli da maT mir miRebul gadawyvetilebebze damokidebuli iyo
saqarTvelos bedic. `sul axlo momavalSi parizSi mowveuli
iqneba msoflio samSvidobo kongresi, romelzedac, sxvaTa So-
ris, sabolood gadawydeba aRdgenil, Tu axlad warmoSobil
saxelmwifoTa bedi. yvelani gafacicebiT emzadebian saerTaSor-
iso maRal krebulisaTvis, rom kulturul kacobriobas Tavisi
erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi saWiroebani warudginon~, _ 1919
wlis dasawyisSi werda gazeTi `saqarTvelo~.1

`saqarTvelo~, 1919 w. 7 ianvari

1

269
 parizis sazavo konferenciaze saqarTvelos poziciebis gasa-
Zliereblad saqarTvelos imdroindelma xelisuflebam daaCqara
damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi, romelic 1919 wlis 14-16 Teber-
vals Catarda, damfuZnebeli krebis pirveli sxdoma ki 12 marts
Sedga. damfuZnebeli krebis Sekrebis Taobaze sagangebod ecnoba
parizSi Casul saqarTvelos delegaciis wevrebs _ karlo C­xeiZes
da irakli wereTels. karlo CxeiZe, romelic saqarTvelos par-
lamentis Tavmjdomare iyo, dauswreblad airCies damfuZnebeli
krebis Tavmjdomaris postzec.
sanam saqarTvelos delegaciis wevrebi parizSi Cavidodnen,
maT mniSvnelovani sirTuleebis daZleva mouxdaT. 1919 wlis
9 ianvars saqarTvelos 12-kaciani delegacia Tbilisidan ba-
Tumisken gaemgzavra, saidanac parizSi unda Casuliyvnen. del-
egaciis wevri iyo prof. iv.javaxiSvili. delegaciis Semadgen-
lobaSi is saqarTvelos mTavrobis TxovniT aRmoCnda, Tumca
mas umjobesad miaCnda universitetSi darCena. iv.javaxiSvilis
universitetisgan droebiT mowyvetas universitetis TanamSrom-
lebi da studentebic ganicdidnen.1
sazavo konferenciaze mimavali delegacia baTumSi 11 ianvars
Cavida da erTkviriani lodinis Semdeg 17 ianvars stambolisken
moaxerxa gamgzavreba. iq delegacia didi xniT gaaCeres da pariz-
isken gamgzavrebis saSualeba ar misces. am informaciam saqarT-
veloSi ukmayofileba da miTqma-moTqma gamoiwvia. arasocialis-
tur presaSi gaCnda versia, rom mokavSireebs delegaciis `so-
cialisturi~ Semadgenloba ar moswondaT da amitom Seaferxes
stambolidan misi gamgzavreba.2 cxadia, delegaciis Seferxebis

1
ix. `saxalxo saqme~, 1919 wlis 14 marti
2
`saqarTvelo~, 1919 wlis 12 Tebervali
270
amgvari interpretacia socialisturi mimarTulebis gazeTebis
aRSfoTebas iwvevda.1
sabolood, saqarTvelos delegaciis mxolod or wevrs _
k.CxeiZes da i.wereTels mieca parizSi Casvlis ufleba. stam-
bolSi darCenili delegaciis danarCeni wevrebis didi nawili
ki, maT Soris iv.javaxiSvili ukan gamobrundnen da 2 aprils Tbi-
lisSi Camovidnen. `prof. i.javaxiSvili dabrunda stambolidan
da Seudgeba am mokle xanSi leqciebis kiTxvas~, _ werda amasTan
dakavSirebiT `saxalxo saqme~.2
iv.javaxiSvilma jer baTumSi, Semdeg ki stambulSi yofna
gamoiyena im sakiTxebze naSromebis Sesaqmnelad, romlebic misi
azriT, uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo imdroindeli qarTuli poli-
tikisaTvis. es naSromebia: `saqarTvelos sazRvrebi istoriulad
da Tanamedrove TvalsazrisiT ganxiluli~, romelic dawera 1919
wlis ianvar-martSi baTumsa da konstantinepolSi yofnis dros
da `damokidebuleba ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris XVIII sauku-
neSi~, romelic 1919 wlis Teberval-martSi stambulSi dawera.
naSromebis daweris adgili da dro Tavad iv.javaxiSvilis mieraa
aRniSnuli. orive naSromi 1919 wels TbilisSi daibeWda.
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi 1919 wlis 27-28 aprils
iv.javaxiSvilis mier wakiTxuli sajaro leqciis v­rceli anga-
riSi gamoqveynda gazeT `saqarTvelos~ ramdenime nomerSi (1919
wlis 4, 7 da 8 maisi) saTauriT: `profesor ivane javaxiSvilis
moxseneba Tanamedrove momentze~.3 universitetSi wakiTxuli sa-

1
ix. mag. `Sroma~, 1919 w. 20 Tebervali
2
`saxalxo saqme~, 1919 wlis 9 aprili
3
iv.javaxiSvili. moxseneba Tanamedrove momentze (1919 wlis 27-28
aprili, sagazeTo angariSi). Tb., 2009
271
jaro leqcia exmianeba da ajamebs im ideebs da mosazrebebs, rom-
lebic iv.javaxiSvilma baTumsa da konstantinepolSi daweril
naSromebSi Camoayaliba.
1919 wlis gazafxulze, rodesac iv.javaxiSvili univer-
sitetSi sajaro leqcias kiTxulobda, mimdinare momentis mTa-
vari sakiTxi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis
ganmtkiceba da saerTaSoriso aRiarebis miRweva iyo. damoukide-
blobis gamocxadebidan sul 11 Tve iyo gasuli. am droisaTvis
saqarTvelos mdgomareobas isic arTulebda, rom pirvel msof-
lio omSi damarcxda germania, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
mxardamWeri qveyana, saWiro iyo urTierTobis mowesrigeba gama-
rjvebuli antantis qveynebTan.1 es ki, rogorc iv.javaxiSvilis
moxsenebidanac Cans, iol saqmes ar warmoadgenda. simSvide ar
iyo saqarTvelos sazRvrebze, iseve rogorc Tavad am sazRvrebis
mimarTac qondaT mezoblebs seriozuli pretenziebi.

saqarTvelos istoriul-strategiuli sazRvrebis koncef-

cia
iv.javaxiSvili rogorc eqsperti, saqarTvelos xelisufle-
bas pirvel rigSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvrebis Taobaze
mosalodnel davasTan dakavSirebiT sWirdeboda. delegaciis
SemadgenlobaSi yofnisas saqarTvelos sazRvrebis Sesaxeb daw-

1
`germaniis aq yofniT ar gvisargeblia arc mezoblebis dasaCagravaT,
arc omis asatexaT, arc evropis mebrZol saxelmwifoTa konfliqtSi
CasarevaT, romelime mxareze. germaniis megobrobaSiac Cven vicavdiT
neitralitets, ramdenadac amis Zala Segvwevda. neitralitetis po-
zicias vadgavarT dResac~, _ werda social-demokratiuli partiis
mTavari gazeTi 1919 wlis ianvarSi (“erToba~, 18 ianvari 1919 weli).
272
eril naSromSi ivane javaxiSvili ayalibebs im principebs, rom-
lebic amosavali unda iyos saqarTvelos xelisuflebisaTvis am
sakiTxis gadawyvetisas:
_ saqarTvelos istoriulad Camoyalibebuli, mkafiod gami-
jnuli sazRvrebi aqvs da am sazRvrebSi saqarTvelos saxelmwi-
fos gauadvildeba Tavdacva;
_ sazRvrebis sakiTxSi saqarTvelos mTavroba unda xelmZR-
vanelobdes saxelmwifoebrivi interesebiT;
_ mezoblebTan urTierTobis mosawesrigeblad SeiZleba
garkveul daTmobebze wasvla, oRond ise, rom ar dazaraldes
saxelmwifoebrivi interesebi.1
ivane javaxiSvilma Camoayaliba saqarTvelos istoriul-
strategiuli sazRvrebis koncefcia. am sazRvrebSi, romelTac
ivane javaxiSvili dawvrilebiT ganixilavs, saqarTvelos Seu-
Zlia ganviTareba da sakuTar Zalebze dayrdnobiT Tavdacva.
`Cveni samSoblo isea Semofargluli, rom CrdiloeTidan da
samxreTidan mas bunebrivi simagreebi sazRvraven. dasavleTidanac
sazRvravs zRva. mxolod erTad erTi sazRvari, romelic Riaa,
es aris aRmosavleTis sazRvari. saqarTvelos Tavis dasacavad
mxolod am sazRvris xelovnurad gamagreba dasWirdeba. mSven-
ieri sazRvrebis gamo saqarTvelos ar dasWirdeba didi jaris
Senaxva~, – aRniSnavda iv.javaxiSvili.2
qveynis winaSe mdgari problemebis simravlis miuxedavad,
iv.javaxiSvili saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblo-

1
iv.javaxiSvili. saqarTvelos sazRvrebi istoriulad da Tanamedrove
TvalsazrisiT ganxiluli _ kreb.: istoriuli raritetebi. Tb., 1989,
gv.58-59.
2
iv. javaxiSvili. moxseneba Tanamedrove momentze. Tb., 2009,gv.17
273
bisaTvis umTavres safrTxes sul sxva rameSi xedavs, raSic mas
advilad ar daeTanxmebodnen ara mxolod imdroindeli qarTuli
politikis mesveurebi, aramed politikuri speqtris da mTli-
anad sazogadoebis arcTu mcire nawili. mTavari safrTxe saqarT-
velosTvis, ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, Tavad `qarTuli politi-
kis gulubryviloba~ iyo.

istoriis gakveTilebi Tanamedrove politikisaTvis

ivane javaxiSvili Tavis moxsenebas `Tanamedrove momentis~

Sesaxeb vrceli istoriuli mimoxilviT iwyebs. aq ivane javax-
iSvili eyrdnoboda mis mier cota xnis win daweril da jer
gamouqveynebel naSroms `damokidebuleba ruseTsa da saqarT-
velos Soris XVIII saukuneSi~. istoriuli eqskursi ar iyo
cnobili mecnieris mier Tavisi profesiisaTvis ubralo xarkis
moxda.
jer erTi, 1918-1921 wlebis saqarTveloSi did mniSvnelobas
aniWebdnen imis Cvenebas, Tu rogor daipyro ruseTis imperiam
saqarTvelo, rogor daarRvia saqarTvelosTan gaformebuli
SeTanxmebebi, maT Soris 1783 wlis georgievskis traqtatic. amiT
iqmneboda istoriuli argumentebi saqarTvelos damoukideblo-
bis aRdgenis dasasabuTeblad.
magram ivane javaxiSvilis warsulis gaxseneba ufro sxva ra-
misTvis sWirdeba. `saqarTvelos respublikis yoveli moqalaqe
movalea Tavis qveynis warsuli icodes, gansakuTrebiT iseTi
xana, rogoric XVIII saukunea. awindelma qarTvelma politiko-
sma am Cvens warsulSiac SeiZleba Tanamedrove mdgomareobisaT-
visac bevri rame sagulisxmo da gamafrTxilebeli amoikiTxos~,
_ aRniSnavs iv.javaxiSvili Tavis naSromis `damokidebuleba

274
ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris XVIII saukuneSi~ winasityvao-
baSi.
iv.javaxiSvili aanalizebs Tu ram ganapiroba qarTuli
saxelmwifoebriobis ngreva da me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi ruse-
Tis mier saqarTvelos okupacia. is asaxelebs erTaderT mizezs
_ `qarTuli politikis gulubryvilobas~ evropelebTan da, ker-
Zod, ruseTTan mimarTebaSi. `Cven winaprebs egonaT, rom Zlieri
qristiani eri uangaro daxmarebas gauwevs mcire qristian ers da
Zlieri eris politikaSi veragobas adgili ar eqneboda~.1
ivane javaxiSvili mokle istoriuli eqskursiT me-18 sau-
kunis saqarTvelos istoriaSi aCvenebs, Tu ra katastrofuli
Sedegebi moutana saqarTvelos vaxtang VI da erekle II-is mier
ruseTis mimarT gatarebulma amgvarma gulubryvilo politikam.
leqciis dasawyisSive ivane javaxiSvili ayalibebs mTavar daskv-
nas, romelic logikurad gamomdinareobda istoriuli mimox-
ilvidan: `Tu saqarTvelo TviTon damoukideblad awarmoebda
politikas, maSin iyo misi renesansic. rodesac ki saqarTvelo
uaxlovdeboda ruseTs, maSin misi saqmeebi aireoda, radganac
ruseTis politikaSi srulebiTac ar Sedioda saqarTvelosT-
vis daxmarebis gaweva. ruseTs Tavisi miznebi hqonda da saqarT-
velosTvis zrunva mxolod sityvis masala iyo~.2
Rvawlmosili mecnieris azriT, qarTvel politikosTa mier
daSvebulma sabediswero Secdomebma ganapiroba Cveni qveynis mi-
marT ruseTis imperialisturi politikis warmateba. `qarTul

iv. javaxiSvili. moxseneba Tanamedrove momentze. Tb., 2009,gv.7

1

iqve
2

275
politikis gulubryvilobam, ususurobam miiyvana saqarTvelo
okupaciamde~, _ aRniSnavs iv.javaxiSvili.1

damoukideblobis aRdgena da `gulubryvilo politikis~

axali saxe

iv.javaxiSvils gansakuTrebiT SemaSfoTeblad miaCnia is

faqti, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdegac
Zvelma sabediswero senma kvlav Tavi iCina qarTul politikur
azrovnebaSi. `qarTvelebi politikaSi isev ise gulubryviloni
davrCiT da Zvelma gamocdilebam Cven araferi gvaswavla~, _ ase
afasebs axali Taobis qarTvel politikosTa azrovnebas da moq-
medebas ivane javaxiSvili.2
qarTuli politikis gulubryviloba gamovlinda imaSi, rom
`ruseTs yvelaze gvian saqarTvelo CamoSorda~, radganac `Cven
mmarTvel partias gulwrfelad surda saqarTvelo nawili yo-
filiyo didi ruseTisa~. magram ivane javaxiSvils es ar miaCnia
did Secdomad da aRniSnavs, rom `pirveli nabiji saqarTvelos
gasanTavisufleblad gadidga Tavis drozed da es ganTavisufle-
ba saqarTvelos Zvirad ar dasjdomia~.3
iv.javaxiSvils `gulubryvilo politikis~ gagrZelebad
miaCnia qarTvel politikosTa ndoba antantis warmomadgenelTa
gancxadebebisa da dapirebebisadmi. parizis konferenciaze mimava-
li saqarTvelos delegacia mSvidad Sexvda im faqts, rom somxe-
Tis delegacia mokavSireebma baTumSi CamosvlisTanave gaagzavnes
parizisaken, saqarTvelos delegacias ki erTi kvira acdevines _

1
iqve, gv.11
2
iv. javaxiSvili. moxseneba Tanamedrove momentze. Tb., 2009,gv.11
3
iqve, gv.11-12
276
TqvenTvis specialurad Camova gemio. `zogierT Cven delegaciis
wevrebs gulwrfelad sjerodaT, rom mokavSireni gulwrfelni
iyvnen gemis dagvianebis mizezebis axsnaSi. aqac sCanda Cveni gu-
lubryvilo politikosoba~, _ aRniSnavs iv.javaxiSvili.1
imdroindeli qarTuli politikis gulubryviloba, rig Se-
mTxvevebSi, gamomdinareobda partiuli ideologiidanac. socia-
listuri partiebi did imeds amyarebdnen msoflio revoluciuri
moZraobis warmatebaze. iv.javaxiSvils uxdeboda im delegaciaSi
yofna, romlis wevrebis didi nawilic revoluciuri molodi-
nebiT iyo gamsWvalulni da am poziciidan aRiqvamda movlenaTa
ganviTarebas. iyo molodini imisa, rom `evropis did oms unda
mohyves didi gardaqmna~.2

iqve, gv.12
1

magaliTad, gazeTi `erToba~ 1919 wlis TebervalSi mowinave werilSi

2

`parizis konferencia~ imeds gamoTqvamda, rom parizis konferenci-

is muSaobaSi Caereoda mesame Zala. `aseT ZalaT SeiZleba gamovides
mxolod demokratia, pirvel yovlisa muSaTa klasi. misi Careva am
molaparakebebSi Seqmnis saimedo niadags vilsonis winadadebebisa-
Tvis, romelic uamisoT burJuaziul moRvaweTagan TanagrZnobas ver
moupovebs da ganxorcielebas ver eRirseba~ da `Cvenc am moZraobis
gaZlierebaze unda davamyaroT namdvili imedi evropis momavlis da
amiT im erebis momavlisac, romelnic gaevropelebis gzaze arian dam-
dgari~ (“erToba~, 14 Tebervali 1919 weli). 1919 wlis martis bolos
mowinave werilSi `evropis revolucia~ aRniSnavda: `TviT parizSi
Tavmoyrili Zalebi, romelnic dRes fiqroben qveynis warmarTvas Ta-
vis survilebis da ideebis Tanaxmad, ukve iZulebuli arian arsebiTad
gauwion angariSi axali Zalis aseT gamolaSqrebas, romelic maT pla-
nebs, gegmebs Zirianad fuSavs. evropa proletaruli, demokratiuli,
socialisturi, axalaxal razmebs agrovebs da mTel burJuaziul
evropas upirdapirdeba~ (“erToba~, 26 marti 1919 weli).
277
 iv.javaxiSvilma leqcia `mimdinare momentis~ Sesaxeb waukiTxa
universitetis studentebs, romelTa didi nawilic politikaSi
iyo CarTuli da Tu studenturi gamgeobis Semadgenlobis mixed-
viT vimsjelebT, mniSvnelovanwilad socialisturad ganwyobi-
li. swored im studentebis saxeliT, romlebic iv.javaxiSvilis
leqcias usmendnen, damfuZnebeli krebisaTvis gagzavnil mi-
marTvaSi naTqvami iyo: `tfilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
studentoba esalmeba qarTvel eris suverenobis damadasture-
bel saqarTvelos damfuZnebel krebas da gamosTqvams survils,
rom kapitalizmis rRvevis xanaSi saqarTvelos socialisturi
warmomadgenloba gabedulad amoudges gverdSi mebrZol socia-
listur demokratias da cxovrebis burJuaziuli safuZvlebi
Sescvalos socialisturi safuZvlebiT, rac saqarTvelos mia-
niWebs im Sromis sufevas, risTvisac sisxlidan icleba mowinave
evropa~.
iv.javaxiSvili mouwodebs qarTul politikaSi gulubryvi-
lobis daZlevisaken. qarTuli politikisaTvis araferi Seicv-
leboda ukeTesobisaken, Tuki erTmorwmuneobiT ganpirobebul
gulubryvilobas Caanacvlebda garkveuli ideologiiT ganpiro-
bebuli politikuri gulubryviloba. ivane javaxiSvilis es ga-
frTxileba, samwuxarod, saTanadod ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli.

1919 wlis aprili: saqarTvelos geopolitikuri mdgomare-

obis analizi

sainteresoa iv.javaxiSvilis mier 1919 wlis gazafxulze sa-

qarTvelos saxelmwifosTvis Seqmnili saerTaSoriso viTarebis
Sefaseba. `saqarTvelosTvis imisTana pirobebia, rom mis damou-
kideblobas araviTari safrTxe ar moelis~,_ aseTia b-ni ivanes
daskvna. saqarTvelos mezoblad aRar Candnen qveynebi, romlebic
278
sasikvdilo safrTxes uqmnidnen xolme saqarTvelos saxelmwi-
foebriv damoukideblobas. irani dasustebuli iyo da didi xania
aRar ereoda kavkasiis politikaSi, osmaleTi pirvel msoflio
omSi damarcxda da mas antantis qveynebi inawilebdnen, ruseTi
revoluciisa da samoqalaqo omis qarcecxlSi iyo gaxveuli da
saqarTvelosTvis ar ecala. Tundac rom momxdariyo ruseTis
gaZliereba, iv.javaxiSvili varaudobs, rom omSi gamarjvebuli
britaneTi aRar dauSvebda ruseTis xelaxal Semosvlas samxreT
kavkasiaSi. `ingliss Zalian eSinian, rom kvlav moRonierebulma
ruseTma indoeTisken ar gaiwios, amisTvis mis interess Seadgens
ruseTis batonoba kavkasionis qeds aqeT ara scildebodes~.1
Tumca, erTi SexedviT es myari argumenti sul male gabaTil-
da. 1919 wlis maisis pirvel ricxvebSi cnobili gaxda, rom didi
britaneTis jarebi saqarTvelos teritorias datovebdnen da maT
italielebi Caenacvlebodnen.
imdroindel viTarebaSi iv.javaxiSvils marTebulad miaCnia
saqarTvelos mier 1918 wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis aqtiT
gamocxadebuli neitralitetis politikis gagrZeleba. ras ni-
Snavda `neitraliteti~ saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi? es iyo la-
vireba did geopolitikur moTamaSeebs Soris, romlebic moce-
mul momentSi kavkasiis regionSi moqmedebdnen da amis meSveobiT
erovnuli interesebis dacva, saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblo-
bis SenarCuneba. radganac 1919 wlis gazafxulze saqarTvelos
aRar emuqreboda didi dampyrobeli, iv.javaxiSvilis azriT, `sa-
qarTvelosTvis saWiro ar aris visime proteqtorati. bedi cva-
lebadia, sxvisi mfarveloba ki Cven mogvadunebs. saqarTvelos
mxolod da mxolod Tavisi imedi unda hqondes~. mas kargad esmis

iv. javaxiSvili. moxseneba Tanamedrove momentze. Tb., 2009,gv.17

1

279
isic, rom saqarTvelos SeiZleba mouwios samxedro Tavdasx-
mis mogerieba romelime mcire mezoblis an calkeuli Zalebis
mxridan, magram iv.javaxiSvilis daskvniT, saqarTvelos SeuZlia
Tavisi ZalebiT aseTi Tavdasxmebis mogerieba. `saWiroa mxolod
rom saqarTvelos politikuri azrovneba SeeCvios im azrs, rom
saqarTvelo mudam unda emyarebodes Tavis Tavs da Tavisi ZalRo-
niT mas SeuZlia Semusros garedan Semoseuli mteri~.1 mxolod
saqarTvelom saTanado yuradReba unda miaqcios samxedro saqmis
organizebas.
iv.javaxiSvilis daskvniT, `Cveni samSoblosaTvis sazrunavia,
rom man ganamtkicos Tavis damoukidebloba, daemyaros mxolod
Tavis Zalebs, darCes kvalad neitraluri am msoflio omSi da
saxelmwifoT fexis xmas ar ahyves~. am sityvebiT mTavrdeba misi
sajaro leqcia `mimdinare momentis~ Sesaxeb.
iv.javaxiSvilis daskvna imis Taobaze, rom saqarTvelos da-
moukideblobas safrTxe ar emuqreboda, ra Tqma unda, swori iyo
1919 wlis gazafxulze arsebuli viTarebisaTvis, magram movle-
naTa Semdgomma ganviTarebam geopolitikuri situacia saqarT-
velos sazianod Secvala. antantis qveynebma samxreT kavkasia
datoves, damoukidebeli saqarTvelo ki saboloo jamSi marto
aRmoCnda wiTeli ruseTisa da aTaTurqis mier aRorZinebul Tur-
qeTis pirispir. yovelive amis ganWvreta 1919 wels SeuZlebeli
iyo. magram es arafers cvlis iv.javaxiSvilis moxsenebaSi Ca-
moyalibebul principul debulebebSi, rasac unda emyarebodes
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi aRmSenebloba:
qarTul azrovnebaSi sagareo politikisadmi `gulubryvilo~
midgomis aRmofxvra da sakuTar Zalebze dayrdnoba.

1
iv. javaxiSvili. moxseneba Tanamedrove momentze. Tb., 2009,gv.17
280
 dRevandeli gadasaxedidan Tu SevxedavT, saqarTvelos de-
mokratiuli respublikis dacema 1921 wels mniSvnelovanwilad
ganapiroba sabWoTa ruseTis mimarT gatarebulma `gulubryvilo
sagareo politikamac~. saqarTvelos xelisuflebaSi did imeds
amyarebdnen ruseTTan dadebul 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrule-
bas da sruliad moulodneli aRmoCnda sabWoTa ruseTis kargad
momzadebuli Tavdasxma 1921 wlis TebervalSi.
ivane javaxiSvilis mier 1919 wlis aprilis bolos wakiTxu-
li moxsenebidan 90 weli gavida, magram didi mecnieris mier mo-
cemul analizs aqtualoba dResac ar dakargavs. saqarTvelos
mimarT agresiuli politikisagan ruseTi ar gaTavisuflebula
da, miT umetes, saqarTvelom unda dasZlios ruseTisadmi `gu-
lubryvilo~ midgomis axali mcdelobebi. principSi igive iTqmis
sxva saxelmwifoTa mimarTac. yvela moqmedebs Tavisi interesebis
Sesabamisad da `uangaro mxardaWeris~ imedad yofna ar SeiZleba.
Tumca aucilebelia interesTa Tanxvedris Zieba da am yvelafri-
saTvis amosavali unda iyos, rogorc iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnavs
`Tavis Tavsa da Tavis ZalRoneze dayrdnoba~.

281
 Abstract

Malkhaz Matsaberidze
Ivane Javakishvili and the Main Issues of the
State-Building in Georgia (1919)

The famous Georgian historian Ivane Javakishvili was actively

involved in the preparatory works of the delegation of Georgia to
the Peace Treaty Conference of Paris by the government of the
Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918-1921) and was appoint-
ed as the member of the delegation of Georgia. In this period
Iv.Javakishvili created the two works – „The Borders of Georgia
through Historical and Modern Perspectives“ and „The relations
between Georgia and Russia in the 18th Century“, and delivered
as special lecture when he was back to Georgia, entitled as „Con-
temporary Moment.“
Iv. Javakishvili created the conception of the historical-strate-
gic borders of Georgia, within which Georgia is capable of devel-
opment and self-defense relying on its own forces. The naivety of
the Georgian politics was seen as one of the main threats to the
independent statehood of Georgia. In the 18th century this state-
ment was revealed through the over-reliance and great hopes
for the co-religiousness with Russia, which brought the state-
hood of Georgia to the catastrophic ends. Whereas in the times
of the Democratic Republic of Georgia the of the „naivety of the
Georgian politics“ took somewhat different shape – the trust in
the statements and promises of the European thinkers and the
naivety determined by the party ideology.

282
 magda memaniSvili

geronti qiqoZe da gazeTi

`saqarTvelo~ – 1915-20 ww

meoce saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli presis istoria jerje-

robiT mxolod fragmentulad aris Seswavlili. arada, es pe-
riodi, rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise mTel msoflioSi umniSvne-
lovanesi movlenebiT iyo gajerebuli. pirveli msoflio omis
dawyebisa da ruseTis imperiis revoluciebis paralelurad
saqarTveloSi gamomaval Jurnal-gazeTebSi sul ufro mcire
adgili rCeboda XIX saukunis publicisturi Jurnalistiki-
saTvis, samagierod Zlierdeboda axali ambebis Cqari, saqmiani da
`sadepeSo~ Jurnalistika.
am tendenciisaTvis Tval-yuris misadevneblad 1915-20 wleb-
Si gamomaval yoveldRiur gazeT `saqarTvelos~ gadafurcvlac
ki sakmarisia. qarTvel erovnul-demokratTa es partiuli ga-
zeTi, sxva gamocemebis msgavsad, faqtobrivad Seuswavlelia.
gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ meoce saukunis dasawyisis 471 beWdur ga-
mocemas Soris erT-erTi yvelaze xangrZlivad gamomavali gaze-
Ti iyo. (gagoSiZe SoTa, qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria (me-20
saukunis 20-iani wlebi) nakv. I Tb., 2004, gv. 3)
TiTqmis eqvswliani arsebobis ganmavlobaSi gazeTma `saqar-
Tvelom~ oTxi redaqtori gamoicvala. pirveli redaqtori iyo
aleqsandre SanSiaSvili _ cnobili qarTveli poeti da litera-
tori, meore redaqtori gaxldaT grigol veSapeli, SemdgomSi
saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partiis wevri da saqarT-
velos damfuZnebeli krebis erT-erTi deputati, mesame redaqto-
ri iyo geronti qiqoZe _ cnobili publicisti, literatori, xe-

283
lovnebaTmcodne, mTargmneli da qarTuli sityvierebis erT-erTi
yvelaze mravalmxrivi moRvawe, mogvianebiT qiqoZe damoukidebe-
li saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis erTaderTi upartio wevri
gaxda. meoTxe redaqtori ki, gaxldaT spiridon kedia, SemdgomSi
erovnul-demokratiuli partiis damfuZnebeli da Tavmjdomare,
saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis wevri, cnobili politikosi
da publicisti.
Cveni statiis mizania gazeT `saqarTveloSi~ geronti qiqoZis
Jurnalisturi da saredaqtori moRvaweobis mokle mimoxilva.
geronti qiqoZe gazeTis redaqtori 1918 wlis 15 agvistodan,
anu mas Semdeg gaxda, rac Cvenma qveyanam damoukidebloba moipova
da saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikad iqca. Tumca, qiqoZe
gazeT `saqarTvelos~ erT-erTi TvalsaCino publicisti reda-
qtoris postis dakavebamdec gaxldaT. man redaqtorad mxolod
Svidi Tve (anu 1919 wlis martamde) imuSava, magram es Tveebi
gazeTis xuTwliani arsebobis manZilze marTlac gamorCeulad
mravalferovani, Jurnalisturi TvalsazrisiT ufro sisxlsa-
vse da datvirTuli gamodga.
profesori eduard kodua, romelmac geronti qiqoZis Semoq-
medeba filosofiuri da sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT mimoixi-
la, werda, rom qiqoZis msofmxedveloba iyo `inteleqtualuri
adamianis gancdisa da STagrZnebis Sedegi, mecnierulobaze pre-
tenziis gareSe, isaa kulturis realur RirebulebaTa amxsneli
da ganmcdeli, misi xedva kulturis qmnilebaTa sazrisis gageba
da wvdomaa, magram ara cnebobriv-inteleqtualuri analizi...
misi msoflxedvelobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mravalmxrivoba,
adamianisa da socialuri samyaros yvela mimarTulebaTa ganxil-
va, Tanac yoveldRiuri STabeWdilebebisa da gancdis formiT da
vrwmundebiT, rom sinamdvile uSualo gancdaSi ufro gveZleva,
vidre mis Sesaxeb TeoriebSi~.(3. gv. 29-30)

284
 marTlac, geronti qiqoZem, rogorc saqarTvelos imdroin-
deli sinamdvilis TviTmxilvelma da Tanamedrovem, rogorc ma-
Sindeli saerTaSoriso politikuri mdgomareobis meTvalyurem
da rogorc saqarTvelos istoriuli warsulis ubadlo mcodnem
1918 wels Seqmnili umZimesi politikuri suraTis brwyinvale
analizi da zusti prognozi SemogvTavaza. es gansakuTrebiT
TvalsCinod 1918 wlis dasawyisis umniSvnelovanesi politiku-
ri movlenis, kerZod pirveli msoflio omis monawileTa Soris
gamarTuli sazavo konferenciis gaSuqebisas gamoCnda.
1917 wlis noembridan 1918 wlis martamde belorusiis qalaq
brestSi pirveli msoflio omis monawileTa Soris samSvidobo
molaparakebebi daiwyo. molaparakebis Sedegad sabWoTa ruseT-
ma mowinaaRmdegeebis (anu, germaniis, avstria-ungreTis, Turqe-
Tisa da bulgareTis) moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad daTmo poloneTi,
ukraina, baltiispireTi, fineTi, xolo amierkavkasiaSi faqto-
brivad TurqeTs dauTmo yarsi, ardagani da, rac CvenTvis yvelaze
mtkivneuli iyo, saporto qalaqi baTumi. molaparakebebis dros
saqarTvelo, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifo erTeuli ar
arsebobda, arsebobda saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis
teritoriuli warmonaqmni, romelsac erTiani mTavroba, anu
amierkavkasiis komisariati marTavda. amierkavkasiis mmarTveli
politikuri Zala, anu menSevikebi saqarTvelos erovnuli da-
moukideblobis perspeqtivas maSin arc ki ganixilavdnen. isto-
rikos revaz grZeliZis TqmiT, komisariatis pirvel saprogramo
gancxadebaSi naTqvami iyo, rom `mTavrobis Seqmna amierkavkasia-
Si droebiTi movlenaa da iarsebebs droebiTi krebis mowvevamde,
amierkavkasia ruseTisgan ganuyofelia da kvlav masTan erTad
iqneba, roca iq wesrigi damyardeba da yvelasaTvis aRiarebuli
xelisufleba Seiqmneba~. (grZeliZe revazi, saqarTvelos poli-

285
tikuri partiebis istoria, (1910-24ww) Tbilisi, 1998 w. (2,
gv. 128)
demokratiuli ruseTis molodinSi amierkavkasiis komisa-
riatma leninis ruseTs boikoti gamoucxada da brest-lito-
vskis molaparakebaze warmomadgenlebi ar gaagzavna, TumcaRa
molaparakebaze miwveuli ki iyo. (2, gv. 192) es nabiji gazeT
`saqarTvelos~ publicistma geronti qiqoZem amierkavkasiis
mTavrobis, metadre ki qarTveli menSevikebis udides Secdomad
(lamis danaSaulad) Seafasa: `kavkasiis saxelmwifo moRvaweebma
... xelidan gauSves saukeTeso SemTxveva, rom brest-litovskis
molaparakebebSi pirdapiri monawileoba mieRoT da uzrunvele-
yoT maqsimumi sagareo Zalebis daxmarebisa da am xalxs kidev
ruseTis demokratiis imedi aqvs~, werda qiqoZe. (gazeTi `saqar-
Tvelo~ 1918 w # 30, gv 1.)
misi azriT, ruseTis demokratiul saxelmwifod qcevis lo-
dini drois fuWi xarjva iyo, mefis ruseTi da leninis ruseTi,
qiqoZis rwmeniT, erTmaneTisgan ar gansxvavdeboda da orive Ta-
visi arsiT imperias warmoadgenda. `leninidan mefemde mxolod
erTi nabijia da Sors ar unda iyos is dro, rodesac ruseTi
gadadgams am nabijs, maSin amierkavkasiis demokratiisa da qar-
Tveli menSevikebisaTvis dagvianebuli iqneba kbilTa RrWena da
cremlTa frqveva~, _ aseTi prognozi publicistma 1918 wlis Te-
bervalSi, anu maSin gaakeTa, rodesac saqarTvelo damoukidebel
saxelmwifod gamocxadebulic ki ar iyo. ((gazeTi `saqarTvelo~
1918 w # 30, gv 1. iqve.)
qiqoZe miiCnevda, rom qarTvel ers SeeZlo iseTi dampyro-
blebisgan Tavis dacva, rogoric leninis ruseTi da TurqeTis
otomanuri imperia iyo. Tavdacvis or ZiriTad saSualebad mas
qarTuli politikuri wreebis diplomatiuri moxerxebuloba da
Zlieri erovnuli armiis Seqmna miaCnda. pirveli saSualeba evro-

286
puli erebis mokavSired gaxdomas gulisxmobda, meore saSualeba
ki _ mterTan iaraRiT brZolas. `saqarTvelo dRes ganmartoe-
buli ar iqneba am brZolaSi, brest-litovskis xelSekruleba
mimarTulia aramarto qarTveli eris, aramed im didi evropuli
koaliciis winaaRmdeg, romelic ganagrZobs osmaleTTan brZo-
las. msoflio omi jer ar gaTavebula, Cven SegviZlia didi sa-
erTaSoriso Zalebis gamoyeneba, Cven garSemo rom moqmedoben...~,
(gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ (1918 w # 40, gv 2.) _ werda qiqoZe.
diplomatiuri brZolis garda, qiqoZes garduvalad miaCnda
omi iaraRiT. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom es ase moxda kidec, radgan
1918 wlis pirveli oTxi Tve TurqeTis armiasTan brZolas movan-
domeT, sabolood am omma wertili dausva amierkavkasiis respu-
blikis arsebobas, qarTvel menSevikebs demokratiuli ruseTis
imedi daakargvina da saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukide-
bloba gamoacxadebina. Tumca, am logikuri Sedegis dadgomamde
ramdenime TviT adre geronti qiqoZem movlenaTa swored aseTi
ganviTareba ivarauda. igi mixvda, rom amierkavkasiis ZaliT Seqm-
nili saxelmwifo TurqeTTan omis dros daiSleboda, SemoWril
Turqul armiasTan SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba ki garduvali
iyo.
„Cven kidev SegviZlia gulgrilad vuyuroT, Tu rogor hyi-
dian TavianT samSoblos batoni lenini da batoni trocki, magram
roca maTi xelebi Cven samSoblosac exeba, sxva pasuxi ara gva-
qvs garda usazRvro guliswyromisa~ (iqve.). Semdeg publicisti
ixsenebs aspinZis cnobil oms, romelSic rusma generalma tot-
lebenma mefe erekle mravalricxovani mtris pirispir miatova,
`... magram maSin mefe mxolod qarTl-kaxeTs batonobda, dRes
ki qarTuli demokratia gaerTianebulia Savi zRvis napirebidan
artaanamde da es erTsulovani qarTuli demokratia daanaxvebs
qveyanas, rom mas iseve kargad SeuZlia Zalian patara samSoblo-

287
saTvis brZola, rogorc aqamde did sakacobrio idealebisaTvis
ibrZoda~. (iqve).
am sityvebis daweridan sul ramdenime TveSi qarTulma so-
cial-demokratiam marTlac SeiZina erovnuli elferi da da-
moukidebeli saqarTvelos 33 Tviani arsebobis manZilze cxadi
gaxda, rom qarTvelma social-demokratebma (sxva qarTul par-
tiebTan erTad) iseTive TavdadebiT ibrZoles saqarTvelos sa-
xelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis SenarCunebisaTvis, rogorc
manamde internacionalizmis, socializmis da sxva zogadsaka-
cobrio idealebisaTvis ibrZodnen.
Cveni dakvirvebiT, geronti qiqoZes arasdros dauyenebia al-
ternativa _ ruseTi, Tu TurqeTi? radgan mas, rogorc WeSmarit
evropels, saqarTvelos bunebriv partniorad yovelTvis evro-
pis ganviTarebuli qveynebi miaCnda. Tumca, 1918 wlis martsa da
aprilSi, rodesac TurqeTis sajariso nawilebma aiRes ardaga-
ni, yarsi, baTumi, natanebi da ozurgeTic ki, amierkavkasia axali
dampyroblis winaSe pirispir aRmoCnda da TurqeTis, rogorc
faqtobrivi agresoris arseboba, udavo gaxda. geronti qiqoZe,
romelic arsdros ayenebda dilemas _ ruseTi, Tu TurqeTi? _
am dilemis winaSe aRmoCnda. maSin ki, publicistma dauSva saqar-
Tveloze osamleTis proteqtoratis perspeqtiva, magram erTi
pirobiT, saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas safrTxe ar
unda Seqmnoda da samcxe-saaTabago, iseve rogorc afxazeTi, aWa-
ra da saingilo saqarTvelos administraciul erTeulSi unda
Sesuliyo. (6, gv 1)
am droisaTvis daSlili amierkavkasiis respublikis sami-
ve qveyana gansxvavebul sagareo politikur orientacias adga:
azerbaijanis erovnul politikur elitas xiblavda TurqeTis
proteqtorati, somxeTi am mxriv Seurigeblobas iCenda da kvlav
ruseTs natrulobda, saqarTvelo ki, damoukideblobis SenarCu-
nebas amaod cdilobda.

288
 qiqoZem miuTiTa, rom TurqeTTan molaparakebisas amierkavka-
siis samive ers, rogorc calke subieqts ise unda emoqmeda.
`Cvenma sazavo delegaciam xeli unda aiRos im muxlis dacva-
ze, romelic osmaluri somxeTis avtonomias moiTxovs. somxeTis
sakiTxis mogvareba osmaleTis Sinauri saqmea. Cven ar unda Caveri-
oT mezobeli eris Sinaur saqmeSi, magram Tavis mxriv osmaleTic
unda scnos, rom misTvis winandeburad aucilebeli aRar aris
yarsis, artaanisa da miT umetes, baTumis cixe-simagre. patara,
naxevradmahmadianur amiekavkasias agresiuli politikis warmoe-
ba ar SeuZlian osmaleTis winaaRmdeg, piriqiT, amierkavkasiis da
otomanuri imperiis politikuri interesi moiTxovs, rom es ori
saxelmwifo SekavSirdes, raTa Tavi daicvan ruseTis SesaZlebe-
li Tavdasxmisagan~. (iqve.)
dabolos, imis sailustraciod, rom geronti qiqoZes saqarT-
velosTvis yvelaze did safrTxed bolSevikuri ruseTi miaCnda,
gTavazobT ramdenime amonarids publikaciidan (leqciidan) `re-
volucia da saqarTvelo~.(7, gv 2. ) avtori am statiaSi gvTa-
vazobs sam arguments, romelic bolSevikuri da monarqiuli
ruseTis identobaze miuTiTebs. pirveli, nikoloz meores, iseve
rogorc lenins, germaniasTan separatistuli zavis dadeba sur-
da, Tumca mas didi winaaRmdegoba Sexvda progresuli rusuli
burJuaziis mxridan. rac ver moaxerxa nikolozma, ganaxorciela
leninma 1918 wlis martSi qalaq brestSi.
meore, nikolozma 1906 wels mowveuli saTaTbiro gare-
ka, xolo leninma igive 1918 wlis ianvarSi gaimeora, rodesac
mowveuli saTaTbiro daSala, radgan bolSevikuri mmarTveloba
(iseve rogorc monarqiuli) ver egueboda gansxavavebul azrs da
xelisuflebis ganawilebas. da mesame, `bolSevikebi centrali-
stebi arian, rogorc es WeSmarit velikorusul partias Seefe-
reba, Tumca lenini da stalini juRaSvili, programulad TiTqos
teritoriul avtonomias scnoben da {erTa} separaciis ufleba-
sac, magram mas aqeT gafantuli ruseTis Semokrebas Seudgnen da

289
maTi jarebi ebrZodnen ukrainas, donsa da amierkavkasias~,(iqve)
werda publicisti.
qiqoZis SiSs iwvevda is garemoeba, Tu ramdenad momzadebuli
aRmoCndeboda wiTeli ruseTis agresiis mosagerieblad, agreTve,
erovnuli da damoukidebeli saxelmwifos samarTavad saqarTve-
los xelisuflebaSi mosuli social-demokratTa menSevikuri
frTa. am saqmeSi, qiqoZes ufro momavali Taobebis imedi hqon-
da, manamade ki, Tvlida, rom damoukidebeli saqarTvelos ZiZis
roli romelime evropul ers unda Seasrulebina.
maSasadame, 1918 wlis TebervalSi, g.qiqoZis azriT, saqarT-
velos ori gza hqonda, pirveli _ SeerTeboda gawiTlebul ru-
seTs, rac saxelmwifoebriobis ideis daRupvas niSnavda da meore,
ufro daxlarTuli gza, romelic erovnuli damoukideblobis
gamocxadebas gulisxmobda. `Tu saqarTvelo am [meore] gzas da-
adga unda gamoeTiSos ruseTs da xeli gauwodos erT-erTs sa-
gareo Zalas, romelic Cven garSemo moqmedobs. SeiZleba Tavda-
pirvelad ver avscdeT romelime didi evropuli saxelmwifos
politikur gavlenasa da fianansur kontrols, magram bolos,
imedia, mainc SeveCveviT sakuTari TvalebiT cqerasa da sakuTari
fexebiT siaruls~, amasobaSi axali Taoba wamogveweva `romel-
sac jansaRi xerxemali da jansaRi kunTebi aqvs da datvirTuli
ar aris arc Zveli codvebiT da arc Zveli crumorwmunoebiT~,
(7, gv.3) ase sjeroda geronti qiqoZes.
daskvnis saxiT aRvniSnavT, rom gazeT `saqarTveloSi~ gamo-
qveynebul im ramdenime publikaciaSi, romlebic aq ganvixileT,
warmoCenilia geronti qiqoZis, rogorc politikuri mimoxil-
velis udidesi niWi. igi flobda saerTaSoriso politikuri
mdgomareobis rTul suraTs da rogorc Tavisi patara qveynis
istoriis ubadlo mcodnem da SesaniSnavi kalmis patronma gazeT
`saqarTvelos~ furclebze jer arSeqmnili damoukidebeli sa-
qarTvelos dabadebis prognozic gaakeTa da gamokveTa is mTavari
safrTxe, anu bolSevikuri ruseTi, romelic, misi Rrma rwmeniT,
axalgazrda qarTuli demokratiisTvis udides da mTavar safr-
Txed iqceoda.

290
 Abstract

Magda Memanishvili
Geronti Kikodze and the „Sakartvelo“
newspaper – 1915-20
(Thesis)

The aim of our article is to briefly review the journalistic and

editorial activities of Geronti Kikodze in the periodical of the Na-
tional Democratic Party of Georgia – the `Sakartvelo~ newspaper.
Geronti Kikodze was a famous Georgian publicist, literary man,
art critic, translator as well as one of the versatile personalities
of the sphere of Georgian philology.
1. Peace negotiations had been held between the parties of
the First World War in the town of Brest of Belorussia from No-
vember, 1917, to March, 1918. In the Trans Caucasusthe Soviet
Russia gave up Kars, Ardagan and, what was the most painful for
Georgia, Batumi, to Turkey. The Trans Caucasus Commissariat
boycotted Lenin’s Russia and did not send its representatives
to the Brest-Litovsk negotiations, despite the fact that they had
been invited to take part. Geronti Kikodze considered this step as
one of the biggest mistakes of the authorities of Trans Caucasus,
especially, of those of Georgian Mensheviks: `Officials of Cauca-
sus... missed a very good opportunity to take immediate part in
Brest-Litovsk negotiations and insure maximum assistance with
the help of foreign forces and after this people still believe in
Russian democracy~, he wrote.
2. Geronti Kikodze has never made a choice between Rus-
sia and Turkey. He always considered that the natural partners
of Georgia were European developed countries. But when in

291
March and April of 1918 Turkish armed forces took Ardagan,
Kars, Batumi, Natanebi and even Ozurgeti, the Trans Caucasus
found itself face to face with a new conqueror. After this the pub-
licist admitted possibility of Turkish protectorate over Georgia,
but only in case that the territorial integrity of Georgia would be
safe and Samtskhe-Saatabago, as well as Abkhazia , Adjara and
Saingilo would join the administrative unit of Georgia.
3. According to Kikodze Tsarist Russia didn’t differ from
Lenin’s Russia as they both were empires. `There is only one step
from Lenin to the Tsar and Russia will soon make that step. It
will be too late for the Trans Caucasian democracy and Georgian
Mensheviks to grin or shed tears~, such prognosis was made by
the publicist in February, 1918, i.e. when Georgia had not yet
been declared as an independent state.
In conclusion, it should be stated, that in the publications ap-
peared in the `Sakartvelo~ newspaper Geronti Kikodze predicted
and indicated birth of independent Georgia as well as Bolshevik
Russia to become the main threat to the young Georgian democ-
racy.

gamoyenebuli da citirebuli literatura:

1. gagoSiZe SoTa, qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria (me-20
saukunis 20-iani wlebi), nakveTi I; Tbilisi; 2004w.
2. grZeliZe revaz, saqarTvelos politkuri partiebis
istoria (1910-24ww); Tbilisi; 1998w.
3. kodua eduard, geronti qiqoZis filosofiuri da so-
ciologiuri Sexedulebani, Tbilisi, 2000w.
4. qiqoZe geronti, `ruseT-germaniis Serigeba da saqarTve-
los gansacdeli~; `saqarTvelo~, 1918 w, # 30

292
5. qiqoZe geronti, `baTumisaTvis~; `saqarTvelo~, 1918 w,
# 40
6. qiqoZe geronti, `sazavo molaparakebis gamo~; `saqarT-
velo~, 1918 w, #56
7. qiqoZe geronti, `revolucia da saqarTvelo~; `saqarT-
velo~, 1918 w, #46,47

293
 dali osefaSvili

rogor Secvala web-ma swavleba –

personaluri vebgverdidanLM LMS-mde

(Jurnalisturi ganaTlebis magaliTze)

codnis menejmentze damyarebuli Tanamedrove ganaTleba

TiTqmis warmoudgenelia cifruli teqnologiebis gareSe da
SeiZleba iTqvas, marTlac ganuzomelia eleqtronuli swavlebis
roli. Tumca, rasakvirvelia, is ar cvlis tradiciul swavle-
bas, aramed avsebs da amravalferovnebs mas. teqnologiebi Sua-
mavalia studentebsa da leqtorebs Soris. `ICT es aris saSu-
aleba, daexmaros ganaTlebis xarisxis amaRlebas~ (1).
rogorc cnobilia, arsebobs eleqtronuli swavlebis ram-
denime saxe – dawyebuli yvelaze umartivesiT, eleqtronuli
fostis gamoyenebiT da damTavrebuli, – videokonferenciebiT.
Sereuli swavlebis tipi erT-erTi yvelaze ufro popularuli
da gavrcelebulia. am mizniT gamoiyeneba araerTi Ria saswav-
lo LMS (Learning Management System swavlis marTvis sistema)
platforma. „LMS gamiznulia saswavlo procesis administri-
rebisaTvis, moswavlis mier gamomuSavebuli unar-Cvevebis da
codnis donis Sesafaseblad, saswavlo kursebis Sesaqmnelad,
misawodeblad da kursis swavlebis procesis gasaZRolad.
LMS uzrunvelyofs TvalsaCinoebis da interaqtiuri
saswavlo saSualebebis tradiciul saswavlo procesSi gamoy-
enebas, moswavleTa gaerTianebas saganmanaTleblo-SemoqmedebiT
proeqtze koleqtiuri muSaobisaTvis, risTvisac moswavleebs
sTavazobs Tematur forumebSi, diskusiebSi da videokonfer-
enciebSi gawevrianebas, `viki~-s da Cats“ (2).
294
 Moodle erT-erTi yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli saswav-
lo platformaa. igi 200-mde qveyanaSi gamoiyeneba. erT-erTi
umTavresi mizezi misi amgvari popularobis isicaa, rom
es platforma ufasoa da garda amisa, saintereso da mraval-
ferovanic aris sxva LMS platformebs Soris. Tumca, es ra
Tqma unda, ar aris distanciuri swavleba, romelic kidev ufro
mravalferovania da miznebic sxva aqvs. aramed es aris saSualeba,
romelic aadvilebs saswavlo process.
terminis ganmarteba aseTia: Moodle – Modular-Object-Ori-
ented-Dynamic-Learning-Environmental (modularul obieqtze
orientirebuli saswavlo garemo). rogorc saxelmZRvaneloSi
vkiTxulobT: „Moodle erT–erTi platformaa, sadac SeiZleba
eleqtronuli swavlebis procesi daigegmos, ganxorcieldes
da Seiqmnas. es aris swavlis marTvis sistema, sadac saswavlo
procesebis marTva SeiZleba. is amasTanave sawarmoo instru-
mentia – authoring tool, risi meSveobiTac sakuTari resursebis
Seqmna SegiZliaT~.

Moodle sxvadasxva modulisgan Sedgeba. SesaZlebelia

resursebisa da saswavlo saqmianobaTa damateba. pedagogs eZl-
eva saSualeba airCios ramdenime moduli – ganaTavsos saswavlo

295
kursis masalebi anu riderebi; prezentaciebi; gamoiyenos davale-
bebis atvirTvis moduli; onlaintestireba; forumi; „Cati“;
viki; rveuli; glosariumi; davalebaTa dialoguri reJimi da a.
S. amavdroulad, bmulebis saxiT SeuZlia, erT vebgverdze gana-
Tavsos sxvadasxva saxis damxmare saswavlo resursebic – PDF,
audio Tu video failebi da a.S.

Tsu–Si Moodle es–esaa, rac inergeba da ramdenime sapiloto

kursi mzaddeba. erT–erTi avtori kursebis mec var.

296
 ra saxis aqtivobebs viyeneb Moode–is platformidan? CemTvis
inovacia onlaintestireba da davalebaTa dialoguri modulia,
romelic uzrunvelyofs interaqcias. testirebis moduli Ses-
aZleblobas iZleva sxvadasxva tipis kiTxvebi (mraval kiTxviani
erTi SesaZlo swori pasuxiT; Ria kiTxviani; Sereuli kiTxvebiT
da a.S.) ganaTavso da marTo testirebis procesic – Sesabamisi
parametrebiT, daaweso droiTi limitic. amavdroulad, SesaZle-
blobas gaZlevs, daubruno ukukavSiri students – ratom ar
aris pasuxi swori.
2009 wlis Semodgomis semestrSi, rogorc Sualeduri
gamocdis erT–erTi saxe, ukve gamoviyene onlaintestirebebi.
297
vfiqrob, es sakmaod efeqturi formaa da bevri Rirseba aqvs
tradiciul anu, qaRaldze testirebisgan gansaxvavebiT.
• testia pasuxs iqve igebs studenti. programa uwers,
swored Semoxaza Tu ara testi da romeli pasuxia swori –
ukukavSiri xdeba, riTac studenti gamocdis CabarebasTan erTad
swavlobs kidec;
• es programa pedagogsac umsubuqebs Sromas. testis gas-
woreba aRar uwevs. programa yvelafers TviTon Tvlis, Sedegebis
statistikasac gviCvenebs.
• furcelze weris dros studentebi gadaxazavdnen ram-
denjerme pasuxebs da ver mixvdebodi, romeli hqondaT Semoxa-
zuli. Tan 10 qulidan absoluturi umravlesoba 10–s iRebda,
iSviaTad 9–s . erTmaneTs eZaxdnen mesameSi an mexuTeSi da a.S.
romeli Semoxaze, „a“ Tu „g“ da a.S. aq testebi areulia. viRa-
casTan rom mesamea, sxvasTan meSvidea da a.S. amgvarad gadaweris
Sansi ar aris. es daadastura kidec Sefasebebma. daiwera, rogorc
umaRlesi – 10 qula, aseve 6 da 7.

testirebis Sedegebi `beWduri media~

298
 testirebis Sedegebi `axali ambebis Jurnalistika~

onlaintestireba saSualebas maZlevs wavaxaliso student-

ebi. magaliTad, Tu tests erTxel ver gascemen pasuxs, meore
cdis saSualebac aqvT, magram am SemTxvevaSi qula naxevrdeba.
amdenad, Cemi azriT, pirveli testirebis Sedegebma, rogorc
miCvena, TiTqmis zustad izomeba codna.
SesaZlebelia, ara mxolod, gamocdis an Sualeduri Sefaseb-
is formad gamoiyeno testireba, aramed, SesaZlebelia, TviToeu-
li leqciis Semdeg mimarTo am formas, rac saswavlo process
ufro orientirebuls xdis moswavleze – arcerTi studenti
ar rCeba ukukavSiris gareSe da izrdeba maTi aqtivoba. Tanac, es
yoveli momdevno leqciis Temis ukeT aTvisebasac uwyobs xels.
amavdroulad, testirebis moduli, pedagogsac umsubuqebs Sro-
mas – mas ar sWirdeba saTiTaod, TviToeuli testis gasworeba.

299
 testireba SesaZlebelia warmatebiT gamoiyeno Jurnalisti-
kis nebismier saswavlo saganSi. Tumca, e. w. SemoqmedebiTi sag-
nebisTvis, praqtikuli kursebisTvis, maTive specifikidan gamom-
dinare, damaxasiaTebelia yovelkvireuli weriTi davalebebis
warmodgena.
Cemi azriT, efeqturia, Moodle–is davalebaTa modulis am
mizniT gamoyeneba. es moduli SesaZleblobas iZleva, student-
ebma atvirTon sakuTari namuSevrebi mxolod calkeul failebad
an dialoguri reJimi gamoviyenoT, rac ufro interaqciuls xdis
saswavlo process.
vfiqrob, garda testirebisa da davalebebis modulisa,
aranakleb efeqturia saswavlo masalebis, riderebis ganTavseba,
risTvisac Moode-is platformis saqmianobebidan vebgverdis
moduls viyenebT. mTeli xibli, SeiZleba iTqvas, is aris, rom
TiTqmis yvela ZiriTadi Tu damxmare saswavlo resursi stu-
dents erT gverdze aqvs Tavmoyrili.
iqamde vidre Moode-is danergva daiwyeboda Tsu–Si, mi-
wevda saleqcio Tu sxva saswavlo masalebis eleqtronulad
miwodeba studentebisaTvis da bolo 2 semestris manZilze
(2008–2009 saswavlo weli) am mizniT blogs viyenebdi. Jur-
nalistika iseTi dargia, romelic „dRes is aRar aris, rac guSin
iyo“. Sesabamisad, saxelmZRvaneloebic Zalzed swrafad Zveldeba
da maswavleblebs periodulad gviwevs Cveni saleqcio kursebis
ganaxleba axali saswavlo masalebiT. qarTul enaze TiTqmis ar
moipoveba saxelmZRvaneloebi da gvixdeba ucxouri, ZiriTadad,
inglisurenovani literaturis damuSaveba da eleqtronuli
saxiT miwodeba.
wlebis manZilze am mizniT eleqtronul fostas viyenebdi
da amave formiT viRebdi davalebebsac studentebisgan. Tumca,
1 wlis win, 2008 wlis Semodgomaze studentebma TviTon Se-

300
momTavazes idea – gamekeTebina vebgverdi, sadac ganvaTavsebdi
Cems saleqcio masalebs. „Cveni warmodgeniT, Tanamedrove leq-
tors usaTuod unda hqondes sakuTari vebgverdi“ – es frazaa
IV kurseli studentebis 1 leqciidan („Jurnalis warmoebis“
jgufi).
ase avawyve vebgverdi, sadac Cemi orive sagnis („axali ambe-
bis Jurnalistika“, „Jurnalis warmoeba“), rogorc sakiTxavi
masalebis, aseve praqtikuli savarjiSoebis ganTavseba xdeboda
www.journalism.ucoz.com. aqve vaqveynebdi Sualeduri gamocde-
bisTvis warmodgenil saukeTeso prezentaciebs, iseve, rogorc
saerTod, Sualeduri Tu saboloo gamocdis Sedegebsac. Tumca,
es gverdi ar iyo yvelasTvis misawvdomi. mxolod aq daregistri-
rebul studentebs SeeZloT esargeblaT saswavlo masalebiT,
risTvisac specialur kods iyenebdnen.

aqve, web-2 teqnologiaze dafuZnebul am vebgverdze, blogze

SeeZloT komentarebis an kiTxvebis datoveba, riTac interaqcia
myardeboda Cemsa da studentebs Soris.
rac Seexeba Moodle-s, is gacilebiT mravalferovania, Tav-
isi interaqciuli saSualebebiT. garda davalebebis moduli-
sa, aranakleb efeqturia interaqtiuli gamokiTxvebis, iseve,

301
rogorc forumebis gamoyeneba. Tumca, forumis moduli mniS-
vnelovania ara mxolod zogadad saswavlo kursisTvis. is
SesaZlebelia gamoiyeno aseve ama Tu im konkretul saleqcio
TemasTan mimarTebiT.
Cemi gamocdilebidan SemiZlia vTqva, rom forumebi gansa-
kuTrebiT efeqturia gunduri muSaobisaTvis, sadac SesaZlebelia
azrTa gacvla–gamocvla da diskusiebSi aqtiuri monawileoba,
rac xels uwyobs interaqciis process. magaliTisaTvis davi-
mowmebT socialur qsels, romelic sagangebod gavxseni gundur,
sadiplomo proeqtze momuSave studentTa erTi jgufisaTvis
(www.journalimstudy.ning.com).

radganac mTliani jgufis xSiri Sexvedrebi ver xerxdeboda

(umravlesoba muSaobda da amis gamo ver axerxebda universitetSi
302
siaruls), gadavwyviteT urTierToba onlainreJimSi. gamiCnda
idea, gamekeTebina socialuri qseli, romelic daxuruli sivrce
iqneboda sxvebisTvis da Ria – Tavad proeqtis monawileTaTvis.
idea maTac moewonaT, radgan profesiuli, viwro socialuri
qselebi saqarTveloSi jer kidev, SeiZleba iTqvas, ucxo xilia
(maSin, rodesac ning.com-ze, Tundac mxolod JurnalistTa
araerTi profesiuli, socialuri qselia ganTavsebuli).
Tumca, es, rasakvirvelia, ar gamoricxavda pirispir Sexve-
drebs. minimum, kviraSi erTxel mainc vxvdebodiT. am gunduri
proeqtis monawileni qmnidnen dargobriv eleqtronul Jurnals
– „reportiori“. proeqti ornawiliani iyo. pirveli – kvlevas
gulisxmobda, xolo meore nawili Tavad SemoqmedebiTi produq-
tis momzadeba iyo. orive etapze studentebi am socialur qsels
sakmaod xSirad mimarTavdnen. maswavlebeli aq, SeiZleba iTqvas,
fasilitatoris rols asrulebda.
garda forumisa, kidev ra saxeobebi gamoiyeneboda? „Cati“,
romelic sakmaod popularuli iyo „laivSi“ urTierTobebisT-
vis. iyenebdnen blogebsac; ZiriTadad ki, davalebebis, Jurnal-
isTvis momzadebuli statiebisa Tu fotoebis atvirTva xde-
boda. es davalebebi misawvdomi iyo yvela monawilisaTvis,
da e.w. ukukavSirs ara mxolod pedagogi ubrunebda maT, aramed
gundis wevrebsac SeeZloT SeniSvnis Tu ubralod STabeWdile-
bebis gamoTqma ama Tu im statiasTan mimarTebiT.
anu nawerebis sajaro ganxilva, rac, saerTod, Jurnalistikis
tradiciuli swavlebis drosac specifikuri formaa praqtikul
sagnebSi SemoqmedebiTi muSaobisTvis, metad efeqturi aRmoCnda
eleqtronuli saSualebebis gamoyenebisas. xels uwyobs inter-
aqciul process da gamoricxavs pasiur monawileobas, leqciasa
Tu praqtikul mecadineobaze ver daswrebis gamo. maT sasurvel

303
dros SeuZliaT CaerTvnen ama Tu im davalebasTan gamarTul dis-
kusiaSi.
vfiqrobT, kidev erTi xibli Tu Rirseba aqvs davalebebis
atvirTvas – aqve xdeba Semdgom Sesworebuli variantebis at-
virTvac da erT gverdzevea SesaZlebeli, rogorc Zveli, iseve
axali namuSevrebis xilvac da aRar ar aris saWiro amisTvis
eleqtronuli fostis gamoyeneba. aTobiT „meilis“ calcalke
gaxsna da wakiTxvac aRar uwevs pedagogs.
es saSualebebi ki, yvelaferi erTad Tavmoyrili gvxvdeba
Moode-is platformaze. rac, ufro moqnilsa da efeqturs xdis
swavlebis procesis organizebasa Tu warmarTvas. da aRar miw-
evs calke socialuri qselis Tu personaluri vebgverdis gamoy-
eneba, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, davalebebis elfostiT miRebaze.
axla ukve erTian saswavlo sivrceSi, erT Tsu–s eleqtronuli
swavlebis portalSi vaxerxeb swavlebis procesis organize-
bas, davalebaTa miReba–Sefasebas, Cemi saswavlo kursebisaTvis
saWiro yvela resursis Tavmoyras, risTvisac adre sxvadasxva
saSualebas Tu meTods viyenebdi.
vfiqrobT, inovaciuri meTodebis gamoyeneba, da saerTod,
eleqtronuli swavlebis danergva, marTlac xvalindeli dRea,
rogorc Tsu-s, iseve saqarTvelos sxva umaRles saswavleblebi-
sTvisac.

304
 Abstract

Dali Osepashvili, TSU Associated Professor

How Web changed learning: from personal
websites to LMS

The purpose of this Article is to represent the role of e-learning

in modern media education. At present it is being implemented at
TSU (www.e-learning.tsu.ge). Several pilot courses are being pre-
pared. One of the pioneers of it is the author of this article. She
shows her own practical experience – how web changes the learn-
ing process and what e-ways were used until the implementation
MOODLE at TSU; how is she using LMS (Learning Management
System) now.
If the Author used to placeher learning resources on the personal
websites (www.journalism.ucoz.com) – readers for students in Geor-
gian language and for the team projects for undergraduate students
she used social net (www.journalismstudy.ning.com), at present her
study courses are on a distance learning portal of TSU. The online
testing is the innovation for the authors.
According to her conclusion, it is possible to use testing pro-
cess not only as a final exam or mid exam form, but also use it at
every lecture or workshop. It makes learning process more student-
orientated; none of them is left without feedback and it helps to
increase their activity.
In her opinion it is possible to use testing successfully in any
course of journalism. Although, for so-called creative subjects (e.g.
for practical courses) weekly written tasks are typical. The author
concludes that the task module of MOODLE is effective for this pur-
pose. In her opinion usage of study forum is also effective, because
305
students can leave their comments concerning this or that article
there. Discussing students’ written tasks in the auditorium publicly,
(which is also typical for traditional journalism teaching and cre-
ative works) turned out to be very effective in e-learning process.
It helps interactive process and excludes passive participations and
the reasons for not attending lectures or workshops; they can take
part on web forum at any convenient time for them.
The final conclusion of the author is that usage of innovated
methods and, generally, implementation of e-learning methods, is
really the future not only for TSU, but also for all other universi-
ties.

gamoyenebuli da citirebuliლიტერატურა:

1. Victoria L. Tinio, ICT in Education, New York., eleq.

wigni;
2. www.itvet.ge/moodleix. prof. T. CiCuas prezentacia
„eleqtronuli swavleba“2007;
3. Moodle saxelmZRvanelo; www.moodle.org
4. Berggren A., Practical and Pedagogical Issues for Teacher
Adoption of IMS Learning Design Standards in Moodle
LMS. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 2005
(2).

306
 ioseb saluqvaZe, daviT gogiSvili

`TviTSemoqmedebiTi urbanizmi~1 TbilisSi:

`miSenebebi~ da samosaxlo garemos gardaqmna
dedaqalaqis sacxovrebel masivebSi

Sesavali

sacxovrebeli garemos formireba da ganviTareba nebismieri

qalaqis sivrciTi struqturis efeqturobis, saqalaqo garemos
xarisxisa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis mniSvnelovani maxa-
siaTebelia. sacxovrebeli garemos tipi da xarisxi sazogadoebis
keTildReobisa da socialur-kulturuli simwifis indikato-
ria. amitom, am aspeqtis Seswavla bevri did qalaqis SemTxveva-
Si urbanistuli kvlevis erT-erT prioritetul mimarTulebas
warmoadgens.
Tbilisis SemTxvevaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom is 1 milionze
met macxovrebels uyris Tavs da misi teritoriis didi nawili
(aranakleb 50 km²-sa) samosaxlod aris gamoyenebuli, sacxovre-
beli garemosa da misi calkeuli aspeqtebis kvleva metad mwiria.
es viTareba ar iZleva saTanado masalasa da analizs Teoriuli
daskvnebisa da praqtikuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisaTvis.
es naSromi aRniSnul sferoSi arsebuli naklovanebis ga-
mosworebis mokrZalebul mcdelobas warmoadgens. statiaSi asa-

gamoyenebuli termini vixmareT inglisurenovani `Do-It-Yourself

1

(DIY) urbanism~-is Sesatyvisad, rac araprofesionalebis (araspecia-

listebis, xSirad Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis) mier saqalaqo sivrcis
gardaqmnas gulisxmobs.
307
xulia Tbilisis sacxovrebel masivebSi 1980-iani wlebis bolo-
dan mimdinare binebis gafarToebis, e.w. `miSenebis~ procesi, ro-
melmac mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina sacxovrebeli masivebis/
mikroraionebis samosaxlo garemos gardaqmnaze. kerZod, man ara
marto sacxovrebeli masivebis iersaxis formirebaze moaxdina
gavlena, aramed mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa saqalaqo garemos
xarisxis formirebasa da mosaxleobis socialur `gadanawile-
baze~ qalaqis teritoriaze.
Tavdapirvelad mas dadebiTi miznebi hqonda, rogoricaa sa-
cxovrebelis farTis gazrda da sacxovrebeli standartebis
gaumjobeseba, Tumca Sedegi negatiuri aRmoCnda da masobrivi
saqalaqo da socialuri problemebi Seqmna. am problemebis aRqma
gansxvavebulia qalaqis mosaxleobisa da specialistebis sxva-
dasxva jgufebis mier, rac arTulebs erTiani midgomis ganxor-
cielebas, miT umetes, rom qalaqis xelisuflebas dRemde ar aqvs
SemuSavebuli problemis gadaWris met-naklebad misaRebi gegma.

istoriuli da socialuri winapirobebi

`miSenebebis~ procesis dawyebasa da ganviTarebas sruliad
konkretuli socialur-ekonomikuri wanamZRvrebi da winapiro-
bebi hqonda. is sabWoTa sabinao politikis Sedegsa da gamoZa-
xils warmoadgens. jer kidev 1920-ian wlebSi sabWoTa mTavrobam
daadgina sacxovrebeli sivrcis norma sabWoTa moqalaqisaTvis
– 8 kvadratuli metri. aRsaniSnavia, rom sabWoTa mTavroba mka-
crad akontrolebda, Tu rogor icavdnen sabWoTa moqalaqeebi am
normebs, xolo TviT moqalaqeebi metwilad emorCilebodnen am
standartebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom es normebi maT ralurad ar
akmayofilebdaT.
`perestroikis~ periodSi, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiris xeli-
sufleba erTgavarad `Semobrunda~ mosaxleobisaken da aRiara
308
sabWoTa moqalaqis sacxovrebeli pirobebisa da normebis araa-
deqvaturoba, adgili hqonda sabinao problemis gadaWris masS-
tabur mcdelobas. am mimarTulebiT, yvelaze mniSvnelovni iyo
saxelmwifo programa `sacxovrisi – 2000~, romlis miznad ga-
mocxadda yoveli sabWoTa ojaxis uzrunvelyofa izolirebuli
biniT an individualuri saxliT, sacxovrebeli farTis normis
etapobrivi gazrdis gziT (vardosaniZe, gv. 10).
imis gamo, rom am programis ganxorcielebisaTvis sabWoTa
mTavrobas aRar hqonda saTanado finansur-ekonomikuri saSua-
lebebi, man dasaSvebad miiCnia mosaxleobis Tanamonawileoba da
iniciativac ki procesis warsamarTavad. am mizniT, sabWoTa sa-
qarTvelos xelisuflebam 1987 wels saqarTvelos ssr-m gamos-
ca dadgenileba, romelic uflebas aZlevda mravalsarTuliani
(maqsimum 9-sarTuliani) saxelmwifo da kooperatiul saxlebis
macxovreblebs TavianTi binebisaTvis sakuTari xarjebiT mieSe-
nebinaT lojiebi, verandebi da aivnebi. es nabiji, xelisuflebis
azriT, xels Seuwyobda sabinao problemis mogvarebas. aRsaniS-
navia, rom mTavrobis mier gamocemul dokumentebSi mkacrad iyo
gawerili is normebi da standartebi, romlebic moqalaqeebs
unda daecvaT mSeneblobis dros. mosaxleobis didma nawilma
dadgenili standartebi ugulvebelyo; rig SemTxvevebSi isini
gacilebiT met farTobs iSenebdnen, vidre amis uflebas dadge-
nili normebi aZlevda.
aseTma miSenebebma mravalsarTuliani sacxovrebeli saxlebis
didi nawili moicva da warmoiqmna Senobebis erTgvari vertika-
luri gafarToebis tipi, romelsac dabali xarisxisa da usaxu-
robis gamo SeiZleba `vertikaluri jurRmulebi~ vuwodoT.

309
 kvlevis struqtura da meTodika
miSenebebis procesisa da Sedegebis ufro Rrma Seswavlis
mizniT Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis socialur da po-
litikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis sazogadoebrivi geografiis
departamentma Catarda studenturi kvleva. misi ZiriTadi nawi-
li moicavda sociologiur gamokiTxvebsa da savele Seswavlas.
sociologiuri gamokiTxvis farglebSi Sedga pirispir inter-
viuebi Tbilisis meriis TanamSromlebTan, urbanist eqspertebTan
da im moqalaqeebTan, romlebic cxovroben miSenebis mqone bineb-
Si. am ukanasknelTa gamokiTxva Catarda specialurad Sedgenili
standartuli kiTxvarebis safuZvelze. gamoikiTxa Tbilisis
sxvadasxva ubanSi mcxovrebi 115 ojaxi, romlebic cxovroben
saburTalos, diRmis masivis, Temqis, varkeTilis, didubisa da
vakis ubnebSi da romelTa sacxovrebel saxlebsac uSualod Se-
exo zemoT naxsenebi procesi. maT pasuxi gasces 18 SekiTxvas,
romlebic dakavSirebulia sakvlev TemasTan. sxva, specifiurad
struqturirebuli kiTxvaris safuZvelze Catarda kidev xuTi,
ufro detaluri interviu qalaqis xelisuflebisa da samSene-
belo sferos warmomadgenlebTan. studentebma aseve Seasrules
miSenebebis mqone Senobebisa da binebis daTvaliereba winaswar
Sedgenili gegmis safuZvelze. miRebuli informaciis siste-
matizaciis da damuSavebis Semdeg moxda Sedegebis analizi da
interpretacia, rac winamdebare naSromis Semdgom nawilebSia
asaxuli.

miSenebis procesis dinamika

mravalsarTulian saxlebze binebis gafarToebis mizniT li-
Tonis samSeneblo karkasebis udidesi nawili 1988-1992 wlebSi

310
aigo (ix. nax. 1). aseTi konstruqciebi ZiriTadad 5, 8 da 9 sar-
Tulian saxlebze aRimarTa.
Tavdapirvelad samSeneblo samuSaoebs saxelmwifo samSene-
blo kompaniebi atarebdnen, romlebic Semdeg Secvales arqite-
qturulma da samSeneblo kooperativebma. miuxedavad imisa, rom
es procesi dasawyisSi Zalze dinamiuri iyo, mcxovrebTa umete-
sobam ver SeZlo miSenebis droulad dasruleba. amis mizezi ki
ZiriTadad 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Seqmnili arastabiluri
politikuri mdgomareoba da ekonomikuri siduxWire iyo. 2000-
ian wlebSi, roca situacia ukeTesobisaken Seicvala, samSeneblo
procesebi kvlav ganaxlda, Tumca ar gamxdara iseTi masStaburi,
rogoric iyo procesis dasawyisSi.
nax. #1-ze Cans, rom dReisaTvis miSenebaTa 12% jer kidev
daumTavrebelia.
nax. 1 miSenebis procesis dinamika TbilisSi

311
 miSenebis farTobi da funqciebi

miSenebuli sivrce macxovreblebma sxvadasxva miznebisaT-

vis gamoiyenes. gamokiTxvis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT, romelic nax.
2-Sia mocemuli, kargad Cans rom mosaxleobas ZiriTadad sacx-
ovrebeli sivrcis nakleboba awuxebda. Sesabamisad, axal Seqmnil
farTSi maT umetesad ganaTavses saZineblebi, sastumro oTaxi da
sxva ZiriTadi sacxovrebeli oTaxebi.
rac Seexeba komerciuli miznebisaTvis miSenebuli sivrcis
gamoyenebas, es sakmaod iSviaTia da ZiriTadad im SemTxvevaSi
xdeba, rodesac bina pirvel sarTulze aris ganlagebuli.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom miSenebuli farTi iSviaTad icvlida
funqcias da ZiriTadad dResac inarCunebs Tavdapirvel datvirT-
vas. amis mizezi ki is unda iyos, rom nebismieri tipis cvlileba
damatebiT finansebTan aris dakavSirebuli.
rac Seexeba miSenebuli farTobis odenobas, is cvalebadia da
gansxvavdeba kerZo SemTxvevebidan gamomdinare. rodesac macxov-
reblebi met-naklebad icavdnen kanoniT dawesebul normebs, mi-
Senebuli sivrce ar aRemateboda binis Tavdapirveli farTobis
20-25%-s. Tumca, xSir SemTxvevaSi dadgenili normebi irRveo-
da da miSeneba keTdeboda binis ori da sami mxridanac ki. aseT
SemTxvevebSi binis farTi mniSvnelovnad, zogjer 100%-iTac ki
izrdeboda (ix. nax. 3).
gamokiTxvaze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom saSu-
alod miSenebuli farTobi binis Tavdapirveli farTis 40%-s
Seadgens.

312
nax. 2 miSenebuli farTis daniSnuleba

313
 mSeneblebi da samSeneblo masala

mSeneblobaSi sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva Semsruleblebi

iyvnen CarTuli. Tavidan, rogorc ukve vTqviT, process awar-
moebda saxelmwifo samSeneblo kompania, romlebic TandaTano-
biT arqiteqturulma da samSeneblo kooperativebma Caanacv-
les. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, scenaze
gamovidnen kerZo samSeneblo kompaniebi. mSeneblobis procesSi,
gansakuTrebiT mis daskvniT nawilSi, aqtiurad iyo CarTuli Ta-
vad mosaxleobac (nax. 4).
sabWoTa periodSi samSeneblo masala iolad xelmisawvdomi
da sakmaod iafi iyo. mogvianebiT, saqarTveloSi damkvidrebulma
ekonomikurma da politikurma krizisma samSeneblo masalis ba-
zarzec imoqmeda – masala Znelad xelmisawvdomi da Zviri gax-
da, ramac Seaferxa mSeneblobis procesi. 2000-iani wlebidan,
qveyanaSi mdgomareobis gamosworebis Sedegad, samSeneblo masala
ufro mravalferovani da iafi xdeba, mosaxleobis Semosavlebi
ki izrdeba, ramac kvlav dinamiuroba SesZina mSeneblobis pro-
cess.

SeniSvna: pasuxi
dadebiTi, magram.. -
aRniSnavs gamokiTxulTa
zogad kmayofilebas,
magram garkveul
xarvezebis aRiarebas,
rogoricaa mSeneblobis
xarisxi, usafrTxoeba.

314
 `vertikaluri jurRmulebi~
miSenebaTa vizualuri da sxva tipis maxasiaTeblebis ganxil-
vis Semdeg, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini garkveulwilad emsgavse-
bian e.w. `vertikalur jurRmulebs~ (Vertical Slums). maT xSir
SemTxvevebSi aqvT araesTetiuri da depresiuli vizualuri mx-
are da, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, qmnian arajansaR da arcTu
usafrTxo sacxovrebel garemos.
Tumca, isic aRsaniSnavia, rom klasikuri jurRmulebisagan
gansxvavebiT, isini xSirad uzrunvelyofilni arian sxvadasxva
tipis komunikaciebiT (ix. nax. 5).

i
l
be
bo
T
ma
ga
s
zi
ga

nax. 5 miSenebuli farTis uzrunvelyofa komunaluri saS­

ualebebiT

SeniSvna: miSenebuli farTis udidesi nawili uzrunvelyofilia

deniT

socialuri jgufebi
kvlevis Sedegebi safuZvels gvaZlevs vifiqroT, rom social-
uri jgufebi, romlebmac yvelaze metad isargebles mTavrobis

315
am gadawyvetilebiT, iyvnen saSualo da dabali fenis warmomad-
geneli ojaxebi, SedarebiT SezRuduli SemosavlebiT.
garkveuli garemoebebis gamo, yvelaze karg mdgomareobaSi sa-
Sualo fenis ojaxebi aRmoCdnen. maT gaaCndaT sakmarisi finansebi
raTa uzrunveleyoT mSeneblobis procesi da garkveulwilad
gadaeWraT sabWoTa periodisaTvis sayovelTaod mZime sacxovre-
beli farTis problema. Sesabamisad, isini pirvelebi iyvnen, vinc
SeZlo mSeneblobis procesis dasruleba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ojaxebi, romlebic iumjobeseben finan-
sur mdgomareobas, xSir SemTxvevaSi gadadian kerZo saxlebSi
an qalaqis prestiJul ubnebSi aSenebul axal sacxovrebel ko-
rpusebSi.

gavlena mosaxleobis ganawilebaze

binaTa gafarToebis procesma mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia
saqarTveloSi da yvelaze metad TbilisSi arsebul samosaxlo
arealebze.
am procesma garkveulwilad Caanacvla da Seamcira mosax-
leobis mobilobis, anu ubnebs Soris macxovrebelTa moZraobis,
saWiroeba. SedarebiT SezRuduli Semosavlebis mqone mosaxleo-
bis udidesi nawili aRar Tvlis saWirod sacxovrebeli adgilis
Secvlas. moqalaqeTa didi nawili, romelmac gaafarTova binebi,
dReisaTvis gacilebiT ukeT grZnobs Tavs miSenebul farTSi
da aRar fiqrobs sacxovreblis gamocvlaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom
gamokiTxulTa garkveuli nawili arc mSeneblobis dawyebamde
apirebda binis gamocvlas. gamokiTxulTa mxolod 12%-ma ganacx-
ada, rom maT Seicvales sacxovrebeli adgili am procesebis daw-
yebis Semdeg.
aRsaniSnavia, rom `vertikalurma jurRmulebma~ mniSvnelo-
vani gavlena iqonia sacxovrebeli saxlebisa da garemos usafrTx-
316
oebaze. imis gamo, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi mSeneblobis dadgenili
normebi irRveoda, xdeboda Seumowmebeli masalisa da kustar-
uli samSeneblo teqnologiis gamoyeneba, moxda degradirebuli
gare sivrcis, dazianebuli komunikaciebis da sacxovreblad
naklebad usafrTxo binebis tiraJireba. aRsaniSnavia, rom ram-
denime miwisZvris Semdeg aseTi saxlebi dazianda da xelmeored
gamagreba gaxda saWiro.
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom Tbilisis masobrivi samosax-
lo ganaSenianebis ubnebma, romlebic am procesebis dawyebamdec
arcTu ise mimzidvelad gamoiyurebodnen, kidev ufro maxinji
iersaxe miiRes. zogierTi arqiteqtori da mSenebeli varaudobda,
rom mSeneblobis procesebis dasrulebis Sedegad masobrivi gan-
Senianebis ubnebi gacilebiT mimzidveli gaxdeboda, Tumca maTi
iluziebi male daimsxvra. amis Sedegad Seiqmna realoba, rom
Tbilisis mcxovreblebs depresiul da damaxinjebul garemoSi
uwevs cxovreba. problemebi SeeqmnaT calkeul binebsac: zogier-
Ti gamokiTxulis TqmiT, dRes binaSi bevrad naklebi sinaTle aR-
wevs vidre miSenebamde; qveda sarTulebze gazrdilia nestianoba,
rac mTlianobaSi safrTxes uqmnis sacxovrebel saxlebs.

damokidebuleba miSenebebis mimarT

sazogadoebis da oficialuri wreebis damokidebuleba am

procesebis mimarT gansxvavebulia.
centraluri da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis, aseve eqsperte-
bis azri miSenebebis mimarT aris mkveTrad uaryofiTi. Tumca,
mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi saubrisas aRniSnaven, rom daSvebu-
lia miSenebuli farTobebis kerZo sakuTrebaSi daregistrireba
da aseTi SemTxvevebi arsebobs kidec. meores mxriv, iyo SemTx-
317
vevebi rodesac miSenebebi daangries, ise, rom maTi SerCevis kri-
teriumebi da mizezebi ar yofila mkafiod gansazRvruli da das-
abuTebuli.
saxeze gvaqvs situacia, rodesac qveynisa da dedaqalaqis
xelisuflebas ar aqvs gamokveTili midgoma da strategia, Tu
ra politika unda gaataron miSenebebis mimarT, rac realurad
sakmaod did problemas warmoadgens TbilisisaTvis.

SeniSvna: pasuxi
dadebiTi, magram.. -
aRniSnavs gamokiTxulTa
zogad kmayofilebas,
magram garkveul
xarvezebis aRiarebas,
rogoricaa mSeneblobis
xarisxi, usafrTxoeba.

am sakiTxis mimarT gansvavebuli damokidebuleba arsebobs

mosaxleobaSi. im macxovreblTa udidesi nawili, romlebmac mi-
iRes am procesSi monawileoba, afaseben mas, rogorc dadebiT
faqts da SesaZleblobas sakuTari cxovrebis pirobebis gaum-
jobesebisaTvis. macxovrebelTa meore, ufro mcirericxovani
nawili uaryofiTad afasebs am movlenas da ambobs, rom igi
safrTxes uqmnis sacxovrebel saxlebs da amaxinjebs mis gare
fasads. es situacia kargad Cans nax. #6-ze, sadac vxedavT, rom
gamokiTxulTa naxevari saerTod Tavs ikavebs am Temaze saubrisa
da movlenis Sefasebisagan. aRsaniSnavia, rom macxovreblebs So-

318
ris, swored miSenebebis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli azris gamo kon-
fliqtebic xdeboda, Tumca seriozuli konfliqtis SemTxveva
respondentTa mxolod 3%-ma daadastura. ar gamovricxavT, rom
zogierTi respondenti malavs konfliqtis faqts da ar surs
masze saubari.

daskvna
sakvlevi sakiTxis ganxilvis Sedegad gamovyofT ramdenime
mniSvnelovan Sedegs:

• miSenebuli farTobi Tbilisis macxovreblebs daexmara

gaeumjobesebinaT TavianTi sacxovrebeli pirobebi da
gamoeyenebinaT Seqmnili axali sivrce sxvadasxva mizne-
bisTvis.
• es procesi TiTqmis 20 weliwadia grZeldeba da masSi
CarTulia rogorc samTavrobo da kerZo seqtori, aseve
binebis mesakuTreebi, Tumca saTanado koordinacia da
TanamSromloba maT Soris ar aRiniSneba.
• mSeneblobis procesis Sedegad Tbilisis samosaxlo are-
alebis saqalaqo garemo, romelic arc adre iyo sasurvel
mdgomareobaSi, kidev ufro gauaresda da sacxovrebeli
saxlebis usafrTxoeba mniSvnelovnad Semcirda.
• centraluri da adgilobrivi xelisufleba, rogorc
sabWoTa periodSi iseve saqarTvelos damoukideblo-
bis pirobebSi, ar aRmoCnda mzad miSenebis procesis sa-
Tanado gakontrolebisaTvis. Sedegad mosaxleobas mieca
sazogadoebrivi da sacxovrebeli sivrcis stiqiuri da
metwilad gauazrebeli miSenebis saSualeba, koleqtiuri
interesebis uzrunvelyofis sruli ugulebelyofiT.
• problema, romelic yvelaze mniSvnelovanad SeiZleba
miviCnioT, aris is, rom Tbilisis mosaxleobis udides

319
 nawils ar aRelvebs im garemos xarisxi da mdgomareoba,
romelSic Tavad cxovrobs. swored amitom, igi sakuTar
Tavs da Tanamoqalaqeebsac advilad aZlevs uflebas av-
nos saqalaqo garemos usafrTxoebas, sijansaResa da
komfortulobas, daamaxinjos garemos iersaxe sacxovre-
beli farTis ramdenime kvadratuli metriT gazrdis san-
acvlod. samwuxarod, es migvaniSnebs moqalaqeTa dabal
urbanul kulturasa da fsevdo-urbanul qcevaze, rac
udavod warmoadgens Tbilisis ganviTarebis seriozul
problemas.

320
 Abstract

Joseph Salukvadze, David Gogishvili

The paper aims at providing an overview on a process of

residential space extension in multi-storey block housing dis-
tricts of Tbilisi, undergoing since late 1980s, and known also as
vertical building extensions(VBEs). Many multi-storey residential
buildings in mass housing areas, called mikrorayons in the Soviet
times, have been transformed by the construction of such VBEs
on the balconies and façades. While such structures are often of
a makeshift, improvised character, many of them possess rein-
forced concrete frame constructions that often parallel the ‘host’
building in terms of size and function. The paper examines the
social and spatial underpinnings of such extensions, with the aid
of a field study, including a population poll among 115 house-
holds, and interviews of several experts and representatives of
Tbilisi city hall.

A primary objective of this study is to investigate the social,

economic and institutional forces that drive this phenomenon in
Tbilisi while scrutinising its impacts on the use and development
of urban space. The paper thus examines the extent and type
of such structures, the socio-economic needs that they address,
their physical effects on the appearance and function of urban
micro-territories, the legal and institutional framework that al-
lows them to be built and created.

The study outcomes indicate that the size of space added to

apartments through the multiple functions and uses served by

321
VBEs differs significantly across different districts and dwellings
in the city. In the cases where extensions are implemented in
line with official regulations, which allow for only the balconies
of the building to be enlarged according to strictly defined con-
struction parameters, the amount of added space rarely exceeds
20-25 per cent of the size of the original flat. However, VBEs are
often attached to the housing blocks from two and even three
sides – thus doubling the size of the apartment to which they
are added – in situations where the flats are extended without
regard to official restrictions and rules.

The primary reason for such expansion of flats lies in the

need for ‘in-place’ adjustments of the size and function of the
home. This, at certain extent, compensated inability and unwill-
ingness of the dwellers to change their place of residence. It is
noteworthy that the most of interviewees, who dared to answer
the question about their satisfaction by such extensions (~50%
didn’t answer), expressed their contentment with obtaining ex-
tra residential space through VBE. However, many of them real-
ize serious shortcomings (e.g. poor appearance, deterioration of
healthiness of extended flats and buildings) and increased tech-
nical insecurity in such houses.

In their entirety, the field observations, surveys and inter-

views indicated that there is no unified approach and defined
policy towards VBEs: municipal governments simply lack effec-
tive measures to regulate the process. However, local authori-
ties and experts are absolutely negative about this phenomenon,
which is seen as menace to the development of the city.

322
 citirebuli da gamoyenebuli literatura:

vardosaniZe, l. qalaquri sacxovrisis aswliani ideologi-

ur-politikuri peripetiebi _ ruseTis imperiidan damoukideb-
el saqarTvelomde (xelnaweri Cabarebulia gamosacemad wignSi:
Tbilisi cvlilebebis xanaSi: urbanuli sivrcis socialur-
kulturuli da gegmarebiTi ganzomilebani)

saxelmwifo da kooperaciul sacxovrebel saxlebze sazaf-

xulo da sxva damxmare saTavsebis miSenebis sakiTxis mowesrige-
bis Sesaxeb. (1990). saqarTvelos respublikis ministrTa sabWos
19 dekembris #776 dadgenileba

Borén, T., & Gentile, M. (2007). Metropolitan processes in post-

communist states: an introduction Geografiska Annaler, Series B:
Human Geography, 89, 95-110.
Buzar, S., Salukvadze, J. & Gentile, M. Do-it-yourself Urbanism:
Vertical Building Extensions in the Urban Landscapes of Skopje and
Tbilisi. Paper/manuscript submitted to Urban Studies. Manuscript
ID: CUS-580-08-11.
Gachechiladze, R. (1995). The New Georgia: Space, Society,
Politics. London: UCL Press.
Salukvadze, J. (2009). Market Versus Planning? Mechanisms of
Spatial Change in Post-Soviet Tbilisi. In Urban Culture and Urban
Planning in Tbilisi: Where West and East Meet; Van Asche, Saluk-
vadze & Shavishvili (eds). Lewiston, Queenston & Lampeter: Edwin
Mellen Press; p 159-187.

323
 nana sumbaZe

agvistos omi: mosaxleobis Sefasebebi

da ganwyobebi

2008 wlis agvistos omi Tanamedrove saqarTvelos erT-erT

yvelaze mniSvnelovan movlenas warmoadgens. ruseTis agresiis
Sedegad okupirebulia saqarTvelos teritoriis 20 procen-
ti, daclili da ganadgurebulia aTeulobiT sofeli, devni-
lia 35  000-mde adamiani. omis bolos saqarTvelom aRniSna,
rom daeRupa 170 samxedro, 14 policieli da 228 samoqalaqo
piri da rom 1,747 adamiani daiWra. rusuli mxaris monacemebiT
maTi mxridan daRupulia 67 samxedro da daWrilia 283 piri.
samxreT oseTi miuTiTebs, rom daeRupa 365 adamiani, savaraudoT
samxedro da samoqalaqo piri erTad. sul daRupulia 850-mde
adamiani. 100,000-ze met moqalaqes mouxda saxlis datoveba.
(IIFFMCG, 2009).
magram omis Sedegebi mxolod zemoT CamoTvliliT ar Semoi-
fargleba. omma, Tumca gansxvavebuli xarisxiT, magram zegavlena
moaxdina qveynis nebismier moqalaqeze.
sazogadoebrivi politikis institutis mier Catarebul
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis gamokiTxvaSi `barometri 2008~ ga-
rkveulwilad asaxul iqna is zegavlena, rac omma mosaxleobaze
moaxdina.
gamokiTxva reprezentatuli iyo. igi Catarda 2008 wlis 14-
30 noembers saqarTvelos yvela regionSi, aWarasa da TbilisSi
ierarqiuli SemTxveviTi SerCevis meTodis gamoyenebiT. amdenad
respondentebis ganawileba Seesatyiseba saqarTvelos mosaxle-

324
obis ganawilebas asakis, sqesis, regionis da dasaxlebis tipis
mixedviT.
sul gamokiTxuli iyo 1,156 respondenti (48.9 procenti kaci
da 51.1 procenti qali). respondentTa Soris 13.0 procents iZu-
lebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi Seadgendnen. maTgan 5.5 procenti
iyo devnilobaSi 1992 wlidan, xolo 7.5 procenti 2008 wlis
agvistodan.

omisa da misi Sedegebis Sefaseba

mosaxleobis 89.3 procenti agvistos oms afasebs, rogorc
2008 wlis yvelaze mniSvnelovan movlenas. im 120 responden-
tidan, vinc es movlena ar Seafasa mniSvnelovnad 56.7 procenti
qvemo qarTlSi, 13.3 procenti samegreloSi, xolo 8.3 procenti
imereTSi cxovrobs.
omi warmoadgenda saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris bolo wle-
bSi arsebuli daZabulobis kulminacias, mis mier afxazeTisa da
samxreT oseTis `mcocavi aneqsiis~ dasasruls. Tumca daZabulo-
bis zrdis da miuxedavad mosaxleobis udidesi nawili (67.5 pro-
centi) ar eloda ruseTis Tavdasxmas. Tavdasxmis mizezad umra-
vlesoba (68.3 procenti) afxazeTisa da oseTis teritoriebis
ruseTTan mierTebas, 57.6 procenti saqarTvelos xelisuflebis
Secvlas, xolo 43.4 procenti saqarTvelos nato-Si gawevria-
nebis xelisSeSlas miiCnevda (respondentebs SeeZloT SeerCiaT
warmodgenili cxra mizezidan sami). mizezebis realurad arse-
bobis miuxedavad mosaxleobis naxevarze mets (58.0 procenti)
SesaZleblad miaCnda omis Tavidan acileba. gamokiTxulTa didi
nawili (65.4 procenti) miiCnevda, rom saqarTvelo rom yofi-
liyo natos wevrobis kandidati ruseTi ar ganaxorcielebda mis
winaaRmdeg agresias.
agvistos movlenebSi brals sxvadasxva xarisxiT 95.0 pro-
centi ruseTs, 84.3 procenti samxreT oseTis de faqto xeli-

325
suflebas, 80.9 procenti afxazeTis de faqto xelisuflebas da
80.2 procenti saqarTvelos xelisuflebas debs (responden-
tebi cal-calke afasebdnen konfliqtis ZiriTad moqmed pirTa
braleulobis xarisxs Skalaze didi, saSualo, mcire, araviTa-
ri). konfliqtis monawileTa braleulobaze calsaxa daskvnas
saerTaSoriso faqtebis moZiebis komisiac (IIFFMCG), romelic
xSirad moixsenieba, rogorc taliavinis komisia, ver akeTebs.
angariSSi miTiTebulia, rom konfliqti mraval sxvadasxva dros
ganxorcielebul moqmedebebis Sedegs warmoadgenda da amdenad
SeuZlebelia mTeli pasuxismgeblobis konfliqtis monawi-
le erTi romelime mxarisaTvis miwera. damnaSavea yvela- aseTi
daskvan gamoaqvs komisias (IIFFMCG 2009).
omis mimdinareobis procesSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebis
qmedebebi zogadad uaryofiTad iyo Sefasebuli. gamokiTxulTa
udidesi nawili (79.4 procenti) miiCnevs, rom xelisuflebas
unda gaefrTxilebina SesaZlo safrTxis Sesaxeb konfliqtis
da mis mimdinare zonis macxovreblebi. gamokiTxulTa mxolod
naxevari miiCnevs mizanSewonilad omis periodSi jaris (50.7
procenti) da mxolod mesamedi saqarTvelos mTavrobis moqme-
debebs (29.5 procenti).

nax. 1
saqarTvelos prezidentisa da saxelmwifo uwyebebis moqme-
debebis mizanSewoniloba
326
 gamokiTxulTa udidesi nawili (89.9 procenti) aRiarebs
sxva qveynebisa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis wvlils omis
SewyvetaSi. amasTan umravlesoba (72.5 procenti) amaSi evrokav-
Siris da Semdeg amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis (68.3 procenti)
wvlils xedavs.
erTsulovneba ar aRiniSneba imis SefasebaSi, Tu vin darCa
omis Sedegad mogebuli da vin wagebuli. gamokiTxulTa mxolod
naxevarze naklebi (45.5 procenti) miiCnevs ruseTs mogebulad.
saqarTvelo mogebulad miaCnia 9.6 porcents.

nax. 2
omis Sedegad mogebuli qveynebi

omis Sedegebis aracalsaxa Sefaseba gamoxatulia taliavinis

komisiis daskvnaSi. masSi miTiTebulia, rom konfliqtSi ar aris
gamarjvebuli mxare, mis yvela monawilem ganicada garkveuli
saxis danakargi, sicocxlis, qonebis, imedebisa Tu momavlis Se-
saZleblobebis saxiT (FFIIFFMCD 2009).

327
 mosaxleobis erTi mesamedi (33.9 procenti) uaxloes Tve-
ebSi ar eloda saomari moqmedebebis ganaxlebas. ruseTTan kon-
fliqtis mogvarebaSi mosaxleobis yvelaze didi nawilis (66.5
procents) imedi evrokavSirs, Semdeg ki a.S.S.-s (62.5 procenti)
da nato-s (37.1 procenti) ukavSirdeboda. mosaxleobis Zalze
mcire nawils (18.4 procenti) qonda am saqmeSi saqarTvelos xe-
lisuflebis imedi.
omis Sedegebis Sefaseba mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli mo-
saxleobis politikur simpaTiebTan. xelisuflebis mxardamWe-
rebi mniSvnelovnad ufro dadebiTad afasebden prezidentis da
xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebul qmedebebs, ufro metad
iziarebdnen konfliqtis Sedegebis oficialur Sefasebas, vi-
dre opoziciis mxardamWerebi an isini, visac ar qondaT Camoya-
libebuli politikuri simpaTiebi. ase mag. omis Tavidan acileba
SesaZleblad miaCnda opoziciis mxardamWerTa 83.3, gaurkveveli
politikuri simpaTiebis mqone mosaxleobis 62.8 da xelisu-
flebis mxardamWerTa 42.3 procents. omis periodSi preziden-
tis qmedebebs mizanSewonilad miiCnevda xelisuflebis mxardam-
WerTa 75.2, Camouyalibebel poziciis mqoneTa 17.6 da opoziciis
mxardamWerTa 4.8 procenti. saqarTvelos omSi gamarjvebulad
miaCnda xelisuflebis mxardamWerTa 19.4, Camouyalibebeli po-
ziciis mqone mosaxleobis 5.8 da opoziciis mxardamWerTa 2.4
procents.
TavisTavad politikur mxardaWera sxva faqtorebTan erTad
damokidebuli unda iyos im zegavlenaze, rac omma mosaxleobaze
moaxdina. SiSi, SfoTva da ususurobis gancda es is ZiriTadi
emociebia, romelsac omi adamianSi iwvevs. SiSi ki zrdis sxva-
ze, Zalauflebis mqone pirebsa Tu institutebze damokidebu-
lebas da maT mier gatarebuli politikis mxardaWeras. aqedan
gamomdinare unda velodoT prezidentis da saxelisuflebo

328
struqturebis met mxardaWeras im regionebSi, sadac uSualod
ganxorcielda ruseTis agresia – Sida qarTlsa da samegreloSi.
marTlac, xelisuflebisadmi simpaTia gamoxata omis samoqmedo
zonaSi myofi mosaxleobis 47.9 procentma, maSin rodesac ase-
Ti adamianebis wili saqarTvelos danarCen teritoriaze 24.6
procents Seadgenda. sacxovrebeli adgili nakleb zegavlenas
axdens mosaxleobis opoziciisadmi damokidebulebaze, romel-
sac mxars uWers samegrelosa da Sida qarTlis mosaxleobis 5.7
procenti da saqarTvelos danarCeni mosaxleobis 8.6 procenti.
Tumca sacxovrebeli adgili mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs
gadauwyvetelTa raodenobas, romelic saqarTvelos sxva kuTxe-
ebTan SedarebiT (66.8 procenti), bevrad ufri mcirea (46.4 pro-
centi) samegrelosa da Sida qarTlSi. analizma cxadyo rom sa-
qarTvelos danarCen mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT (27.1 procenti)
swored am ori regionis mosaxleobis ufro didma nawilma (49.6
procenti) gamoTqva prezidentis da xelisuflebis yvela sxva
struqturebis qmedebebiT kmayofileba. aseve omSi saqarTvelo
gamarjvebulad miiCnia Sida qarTlisa da samegrelos macxovre-
belTa 20.6 procentma, maSin rodesac saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
mxolod 5.8 procentma gaiziara aseTi Sefaseba.

separatistuli regionebis reintegraciis SesaZleblobebi

omis Sedegad Seicvala mosaxleobis damokidebuleba afxa-
zeTisa da oseTis dabrunebis strategiis mimarT. mkveTrad Sem-
cirda im adamianTa wili, vinc momxrea, rom es Zalis gamoyenebiT
moxdes. Tu 2007 wels afxazeTis SemTxvevaSi Zalis gamoyeneba
SesaZleblad miaCnda 37.0 procents, 2008 wels ase fiqrobda
mxolod 16.5 procenti. oseTis SemTxvevaSi 2007 wels Zalis
gamoyenebis momxre iyo 27.6 procenti, xolo 2008 wels 16.3
procenti. Cans aris mosaxleobis stabiluri nawili, romelic
329
konfliqtis mogvarebas SesaZlebels xedavs Zalis gamoyenebis
meSveobiT. statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba aRmoCnda
Zalis gamoyenebis momxreTa da mowinaaRmdegeTa Soris sqesTan,
asakTan da sacxovrebel adgilTan dakavSirebiT.
Zalis gamoyenebis momxre qalebze metad ufro kacebi arian.
gamokiTxul mamakacTa mexuTedi (20 procenti) momxrea Zala ga-
moyenebul iqnes afxazeTSi da TiTqmis amdenive (19.8 procenti)
oseTSi. qalebTan 13.5 procenti da 13.3 procenti, Sesabamisad.
Zalis gamoyenebis momxreTa wili klebulobs asakTan erTad. af-
xazeTSi Zalis gamoyenebas mxars uWers 18-24 wlis respondentTa
25.8 procenti, xolo oseTSi am asakis respondentTa 25.7 pro-
centi, maSin rodesac Zalis gamoyenebas mxars uWers 65 welze
ufrosi mosaxleobis 11.6 procenti afxazeTis SemTxvevaSi da
11.7 procenti oseTis SemTxvevaSi.

nax. 3
im respondentebis wili, vinc mxars uWers afxazeTis da ose-
Tis Zalismieri gziT dabrunebas asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT.
konfliqtiT dazarebuli mosaxleoba ufro metad uWers
mxars afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis Zalismieri gziT dabrune-
bas. afxazeTTan mimarTebaSi amis momxrea gamokiTxul Sida qar-
Tlis mosaxleobis 36.2 procenti, maTi kidev ufro didi nawili
(40.0 procenti) mxars uWers samxreT oseTis Zalismieri gziT
330
dabrunebas. aseve SedarebiT didia Zalismieri meTodebis gamoye-
nebis momxreTa wili TbilisSi, aWaraSi da imereTSi, yvelaze
mcire ki igi mcxeTa-mTianeTSi, samcxe-javaxeTSi da kaxeTSia.
mosaxleobis Zalze mcire nawils (15.8 procents) uaxloes
3 weliwadSi SesaZleblad miaCnda devnili mosaxleobis kodo-
ris xeobaSi dabruneba. aseve mcirea im respondentTa wili (16.5
procenti) vinc eloda mosaxleobis samxreT oseTSi dabrune-
bas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom omma ar gamoiwvia mosaxleobaSi qsenofobia
(IIFFMCG, 2009). miuxedavad dabrunebis Sansebis skeptikuri
Sefasebisa, mosaxleobis did nawils SesaZleblad miaCnia ose-
bTan (67.3 procenti) da afxazebTan (66.0) Tanacxovreba.

saomar moqmedebebis teritoriaze cxovrebis zegavlena mo-

saxleobis damokidebulebebsa da Rirebulebebze
omma mniSvnelovani zegavlena moaxdina mTeli saqarTvelos
mosaxleobaze, magram unda vivaraudoT rom misi Sedegebi ufro
gamokveTili unda iyos maTze vinc uSualod ganicada dabobmva,
iyo brZolis da ngrevis mowme, sikvdilis da daWris TviTmxil-
veli.
mosaxleobaze omis gansxvavebuli zegavlenis dasadgenad Cven
saomar moqmedebebis arealSi myofi mosaxleoba, Sida qarTlisa
da samegrelos respondentebi erT jgufSi gavaerTianeT da maTi
monacemebi xelisuflebisadmi da mmarTvelobisadmi damokidebu-
lebasTan, usafrTxoebis gancdasa da RirebulebebTan mimarTebaSi
saqarTvelos danarCen raionebSi mcxovreb mosaxleobis monace-
mebs SevadareT. yvelgan, sadac ganxilulia am ori jgufis mona-
cemebi, maT Soris gansxvaveba statistikurad mniSvnelovania.
saomari moqmedebebis arealSi mcxovreblebma ufro meti
mowoneba gamoxates xelisuflebis mimarT da ufro dadebiTad
331
Seafases misi moqmedebebi. saomar moqmedebaTa arealSi macxovre-
belTa 52.1 procents winaaRmdeg saqarTvelos danarCeni mosax-
leobis 38.5 procentisa miaCnda, rom saqarTvelo ganviTarebis
swor gzas adgas. aseve maTi ufro didi nawili uWerda mxars
imas, rom Zalauflebis udides nawils flobdes prezidenti
(27.0 procenti 15.8 procentis winaaRmdeg), aseve ufro did na-
wils (37.4 procents winaaRmdeg 20.8 procentisa) miaCnda, rom
xelisufleba iTvaliswinebda mosaxleobis azrs, da rom igi
2007 wlis noemberTan SedarebiT ufro metad usmenda xalxs
(52.6 procenti winaaRmdeg 23.1 procentisa).

usafrTxoebis gancda ufro maRali iyo saomar moqmedebis

zonaSi mcxovreb mosaxleobaSi. es maT mier gakeTebul mTel rig
SefasebebSi gamoCnda. adamianis uflebebi saqarTveloSi dacu-
lad miaCnda omis regionSi macxovrebelTa 34.1 procents wina-
aRmdeg saqarTvelos danarCeni macxovreblebis 15.6 procentisa.
aseve maRali iyo omis arealSi macxovrebelTa Soris imis aRqma,
rom saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi kanonis winaSe Tanasworni arian
(33.9 procenti winaaRmdeg 18.8 procentisa). amasTan isini Tavs
ufro daculad grZnobden usamarTlobisagan (37.1 procenti wi-
naaRmdeg 18.2 procentisa) da ufro did nawils miaCnda kerZo
sakuTreba saqarTveloSi daculad (38.3 procenti winaaRmdeg
17.4 procentisa).
gansxvavebulia omisadmi eqsponirebuli mosaxleobisa da da-
narCeni saqarTvelos mosaxleobis damokidebuleba sxvadasxva
Rirebulebebisadmi. saomar moqmedebaT arealSi macxovreblebma
nakleb upiratesobas mianiWes prezidentis mier adamianis ufle-
bebisa da samarTlianobis dacvas (19.3 procenti winaaRmdeg 26.4
procentisa) da bevrad ufro meti prezidentis mier normaluri

332
sacxovrebeli pirobebis uzrunvelyofas (51.4 procenti winaaR-
mdeg 45.3 procentisa).
demokratia mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formad miiCnia omis
arealSi mcxovrebelTa 75.6-ma da danarCeni mosaxleobis 67.1
procentma. maTTan ufro didi iyo imaTi wili (37.0 procenti
winaaRmdeg 19.4 procentisa), vinc fiqrobda, rom saqarTveloSi
dRes aris demokratia.
omis arealSi macxovreblebma ufro didi ndoba gamoucxades
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, ris erTerT gamovlinebasac warmo-
adgens is, rom ufro didma nawilma (24.5 procenti winaRmdeg
15.3 procentisa) miiCnia, rom qveynis winaSe mdgari amocanebis
gadaWra moqalaqeebis aqtiuri monawileobis gareSec aris Sesa-
Zlebeli.
saomar moqmedebis zonaSi macxovreblebs Soris Cans ufro
didia sakuTari moqmedebebis efeqturobis gancda, radgan maTma
ufro didma nawilma (31.3 procenti winaaRmdeg 21.5 procentisa)
miuTiTa, rom SeuZlia zegavlenis moxdena mTavrobis gadawyve-
tilebebze. aseve ufro meti (44.1 procenti winaaRmdeg 34.0
procentisa) Tvlida, rom saqarTveloSi patiosani SromiT Sesa-
Zlebelia cxovrebis normaluri donis miRweva. Tumca qveynis Se-
saZleblobas marTos movlenebi saomar moqmedebaTa teritoriaze
mcxovrebi mosaxleoba ufro nakleb SesaZleblad miiCnevda. maTi
20.5 procenti, winaaRmdeg danarCeni saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
24.6 procentisa fiqrobda, rom saqarTvelos momavali ZiriTa-
dad saqarTveloze iyo damokidebuli.
respondentTa am orma jgufma gansxvavebuli sagareo orien-
taciebi gamoamJRavna. natosa da evrokavSirSi gaerTianebis mo-
surneTa wili saqarTvelos danarCen mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT
ufro didi iyo samegrelosa da Sida qarTlis mosaxleobaSi.
nato-Si gaerTianebis momxre iyo sabrZolo moqmedebebis arealSi

333
mcxovrebTa 73.2 procenti da saqarTvelos danarCeni mosaxleo-
bis 64.9 procenti, xolo evrokavSirSi gaerTianebis mosurneebi
Sesabamisad Seadgenden 85.0 procentsa da 75.0 procents.
gasakviri ar unda iyos is, rom saomari moqmedebebis arealSi
myofi adamianebis cxovrebis xarisxi saqarTvelos danarCeni mo-
saxleobis cxovrebis xarisxze ufro dabalia. maTi ufro didi
nawili (39.5 procenti winaaRmdeg 31.4 procentisa) fiqrobda,
rom adgili ver ipova cxovrebaSi, aseve ufro mcire odenoba
(17.1 procenti winaaRmdeg 21.4 procentisa) iyo sakuTari cxo-
vrebiT kmayofili.

saqarTvelo agvistos omis Semdeg

omi, mniSvnelovani da masStaburi movlenaa, romlis zegavle-
na aisaxeba, rogorc individualur, aseve mcire jgufis, Temisa
da mTeli sazogadoebis doneze. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi xanmok-
le iyo da aqtiuri saomari moqmedebebi mxolod 5 dRe mimdina-
reobda, omis zegavlena ar Semoifargla mxolod im adamianebze
zemoqmedebiT, vinc saomari moqmedebebis arealSi cxovrobda.
man didi daRi daasva saqarTvelos mTel mosaxleobas. amitom
omis Sedegebis ganxilvisas ar unda SemovifargloT daRupulTa
da daWrilTa, ganadgurebul soflebis, devnili mosaxleobis,
dakarguli teritoriebis raodenobis ganxilviT, aramed aseve
unda gaviTvaliswinoT is cvlilebebi, romlebic omma mTeli mo-
saxleobis damokidebulebebsa da qcevebSi gamoiwvia.
Tanamedrove omebi aRiniSneba mzardi danakargebiT samoqala-
qo mosaxleobaSi. meoce saukunis dasawyisSi omebSi samxedro pi-
rebis sikvdilianoba cxrajer aRemateboda samoqalaqo pirebis
sikvdilianobas, xolo saukunis bolos omebSi samxedroebze
cxrajer meti samoqalaqo piri daiRupa (Mollica, et al. 1994).
saqarTvelos mxridan agvistos omSi daRupulTa 55.3 procents
334
samoqalaqo pirebi warmoadgenen. omSi adamianis uflebebis darR-
veva gavrcelebuli movlenaa, magram is gansakuTrebuli odeno-
biT da sisastikiT iCens Tavs kombinirebul omebSi, iq sadac
sabrZolo moqmedebebi warmoebs qveynis Sida da gare mowinaaR-
mdegesTan. am mxriv gamonaklis arc agvistos omi warmoadgen-
da (LLFFMCG FFmcG, 2009). omi Seexo mTel qveynas da omiT
uSualod dazaralebul Tanamoqalaqebis Tanadgomisa da maTTan
solodarobis garda mosaxleobaSi sayovelTao SiSi gamoiwvia,
radgan yovelTvis, rodesac irRveva usafrTxoebis CarCoebi, qce-
va SiSis kontrols eqvemdebareba (Mcauly, 2002). SiSi xSirad
iwvevs braleulobis grZnobas, ganapirobebs sxvebisgan emociur
distancirebas, situaciaze kontrolis dakargvis, ususurobis
gancdas, sircxvilis, sibrazis da usamarTlobis grZnobas. mas
ZaluZs mosaxleobaSi warmoSvas undobloba da gamoiwvios so-
cialuri dezorganizacia (Schlebush & Bosch, 2002).
apaTia da nihilizmi, romelic gamoikveTa 2008 wels, ro-
gorc sazogadoebis saerTo mdgomareobis mniSvnelovani maxasia-
Tebeli aisaxa, rogorc im adamianebis wilis gazrdiT, vinc uari
ganacxada mTel rig kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemaze, aseve im pirTa
did odenobaSi, visac ar qonda Camoyalibebuli sakuTari poli-
tikuri simpaTiebi an SesaZloa Tavi Seikava maT gamoxatvisgan.
aseve iklo politikiT dainteresebul pirTa raodenobam da im
pirTa wilma, vinc gamoxata mzaoba aqtiurad daicvas sakuTari
uflebebi.
SiSis Sedegad izrdeba sakuTari umweobis gancda da sxvebze,
gansakuTrebiT ki Zalauflebis mqone adamianebsa Tu institu-
tebze damokidebuleba. umweobis gancda gamovlinda, rogorc
individualur, aseve Temisa da sazogadoebis doneze. Semcir-
da im adamianTa raodenoba visac jeravs, rom is rasac adamiani
cxovrebaSi miaRwevs, ufro metad masze, vidre situaciebsa da
335
sxva adamianebzea damokidebuli. aseve imis gancda, rom patiosani
SromiT SesaZlebelia normaluri cxovrebis donis miRweva. omis
Sedegad unda CaiTvalos im adamianTa rigebis Semcireba, visac
miaCnia, rom saqarTvelos bedi ufro saqarTeloze, vidre sxva
qveynebzea damokidebuli, rom konfliqtis ganaxlebis SemTvevaSi
misi mogvareba saqarTvelos xelisuflebis ZalisxmeviT iqneba
SesaZlebeli. pasuxismgeblobis da Zalauflebis amgvari gadana-
cvleba qveynisa da xelisuflebidan sxva qveynebsa da maT xeli-
suflebebze ar aris mxolod mosaxleobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli.
msgavsi damokidebuleba gamJRavnda mTel rig sajaro gamosvle-
bSi, mag. 2008 wlis 26 agvistios saakaSvilis mier mosaxle-
obisadmi gakeTebul mimarTvaSi naTqvamia: `axla, saqarTvelos
teritoriuli mTlianobas aRdgenis da saqarTvelos Tavisufle-
bis dacvis sakiTxi arc Sida qarTuli amocana aRar aris da arc
Tundac saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobisa. es sakiTxi ruseTsa
da danarCen civilizebul samyaros Soris unda gadawydes... sa-
qarTvelos damoukidebloba da Semdgomi gaZliereba aRviraxs-
nil ruseTsa da mTel Tavisufal samyaros Soris gansaxilveli
sakiTxia...
saqarTvelos momavali... ukve mxolod saqarTvelos momavali
araris, es demokratiis, Tavisuflebis da e.i. mTeli civilize-
buli kacobriobisa da mTeli msoflio sazogadoebriobis moma-
valia~. (saakaSvili, 2008a)
respondentTa mier omis dros xelisuflebis qmedebebis ua-
ryofiTad Sefasebis da miuxedavad (mag. umravlesobas miaCnda,
rom SesaZlebeli iyo omis Tavidan acileba; gamokiTxulTa didma
nawilma uaryofiTi Sefaseba misca saxelisuflebo struqture-
bis moqmedebebs omis dros) savaraudoT sakuTari umweobis gan-
cdis gamo gaizarda Zalauflebis mqone sxvebisadmi damokidebu-

336
lebis gazrda. omamdel periodTan SedarebiT gaizarda saxeli-
suflebo struqturebisadmi ndoba da saakaSvilis reitingi.
omma zegavlena moaxdina mosaxleobis cxovrebis xarisxze.
miuxedavad imisa, rom omis Semdeg ucvleli darCa mosaxleobis
mier sakuTari ekonomikuri mdgomareobis aRqma, Semcirda eko-
nomikuri optimizmi, imaTi raodenoba, vinc uaxloes erT an sam
weliwadSi elis sakuTari ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebas. omis Semdgom mosaxleobas ufro metad aRelve-
bs sakuTari janmrTelobis mdgomareoba. Semcirda im adamianebis
wili, vinc gamoTqvams sakuTar TavSi rwmenas, cxovrebiT kmayo-
filebas da zogadad ndobas sxva adamianebis mimarT.
zemoT CamoTvlili cvlilebebis ufro didi simwvave saoma-
ri moqmedebebis arealSi mcxovreb mosaxleobaSi SeiZleba imis
dasturad CaiTvalos, rom Cven or gamokiTxvas Soris momxdari
cvlilebebi swored omiT aris gapirobebuli.
safrTxe xSirad iwvevs fsiqologiuri dacvis reaqcias, rac
warmoadgens iseTi mtkivneuli emociebis regulaciis proces,
rogorebicaa SfoTva, depresia da TviT-Sefasebis Semcireba
(Freud, 1936). dacvis amoqmedeba xdeba, rogorc Sinagani mizeze-
biT – sakuTari azrebisa da survilebis SiSis Sedegad, aseve gare
safrTxis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi (Paulhus, Fridhander., & Hayes,
1997). im SemTvevaSi, rodesac adamiani ver axerxebs arsebuli
gamocdilebis integracias is dgeba arCevanis winaSe, an gaac-
nobieros gamocdilebiT gamowveuli SfoTva an uari Tqvas mis
gacnobierebaze, ugulvebelyos realoba da am gziT Seamciros
SfoTva. uaryofa dacvis yvelaze martiv da pirovnebis ganviTare-
bis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze primitiul formas warmoadgens. igi
ZiriTadad gare samyaros mtkivneuli mxareebisgan Tavis dacvas
warmoadgens (Goldberg, 1983), Tavis motyueba ki misi ganxor-
cielebis erT-erT meqanizmia.

337
 omiT gamowveuli SiSis, damcirebis, depresiis Sedegad da-
cvis meqanizmis amoqmedeba gasakviri ar unda iyos. uaryofis
gamoxatulebad SeiZleba miviCnioT 2008 wlis 11 agvistos par-
lamentis win gamarTuli karnavaluri xasiaTis (kaWkaWiSvili,
2008) mitingi da aseve gancxadebebi imis Taobaze, rom saqar-
Tvelos omi ar waugia (mag. saakaSvili, 2009). drois xanmokle
perspeqtividan dacvis meqanizmi xSirad funqcionaluria, radgan
racionaluri qmedebebis meSveobiT usiamovno situaciis Secvlis
SeuZleblobis SemTxvevaSi mas droebiT Sveba moaqvs adamianis-
Tvis, magram igi Zalze saSiSia drois xangrZlivi perspeqtivi-
dan, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, rodesac didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
moqmedebs da miTumetes, rodesac es sazogadoebis doneze xdeba.
uaryofa da Tavis motyueba, sxva araferia Tu ara uaryofa da
Tavis motyueba, rac infantilizmis gamoxatulebas warmoadgens.
rogorc es grigol robaqiZem jer kidev saukunis win aRniSna:
`Tavis motyuebas Zvirad dagvijens istoriuli WeSmariteba~
(citirebulia kiknaZe, 2008 mixedviT). uaryofa an simarTlis
aRiarebaze uaris Tqma konfliqtis gadaWrisa da ganviTarebis
ZiriTadi Semaferxebeli faqtors warmoadgens.
calsaxaa, rom omi Zalze uaryofiTi da mZime gamocdileba
iyo mTeli qveynisaTvis, man Seiwira mravali adamianis sicocxle
da kidev ufro metis janmrTeloba, saxli daakargina aseulobiT
ojaxs, sxva gezi misca uamravi adamianis cxovrebas. magram exla
gvinda avRniSnoT is, rac SeeZlo rom oms gamoewvia da sabednie-
rod ar gamoiwvia. es upirveles yovlisa aris qsenofobia. omma
ar gamoiwva siZulvili osi da afxazi adamianebis mimarT, ki ar
gaizarda, aramed Semcirda konfliqtis Zalismieri gziT mogva-
rebis momxreTa raodenoba.
qveynis momavali garkveulwilad mis arCevanzea damokidebu-
li, imaze Tu ra Sefasebas miscems is omSi miRebul gamocdilebas,
gaacnobierebs omis mizezebs da daSvebul Secdomebs, Tu Tvals
daxuWavs maTze da droebiT simSvidis mopovebas WeSmaritebis
ugulvebelyofiT Seecdeba.

338
 Abstract

Nana Sumbadze
Public Opinion on August War

The article reflects fo the results of the representative survey

of Georgia’s population on August, 2008 war carried out in No-
vember, 2008.
Population rated the August war as the most important event of
the year, the majority of the population (68.3 percent) considered
annexation of Abkhazia and Ossetia as the main motive behind Rus-
sian invasion, but more than the half of the population thought that
it was possible to avoid the war.
The actions of Georgian authorities in the war were generally
negatively evaluated. The majority (79.4 percent) thought that the
authorities should have warned the population on the possibility of
the conflict and on potential threats. Merely half of the surveyed
(50.7 percent) and only one-third (29.5 percent) considered the ac-
tions of the army and the authorities as appropriate respectively.
Assessment of the consequences of the war was closely con-
nected with political preferences of the population. The supporters
of the authorities evaluated the deeds of the President and the
Government much more positively, and shared the official assess-
ment of the results of the conflict, than the supporters of opposition
or people without any definite political preferences.
Political affiliation can be assumed to depend on the impact of
the war on population. Fear, anxiety and feeling of helplessness
are emotions mostly associated with war. Fear increases person’s
dependence on people in power and institutions, and strengthens
the support of the actions carried out by them. Therefore, in the

339
regions directly affected by war, i.e. Kvemo Kartli and Samegrelo,
the population exhibited greater support of the President and the
Government (47.9 percent) compared to 24.6 percent in the rest
of the country.
The war did not induce xenophobia in the population . Despite
the critical evaluation of the possibility of return, the majority (67.3
percent with respect to Abkhazia and 66 percent to Ossetia) con-
sidered peaceful coexistence with Abkhazians and Ossetians as pos-
sible.
The impact of the war was reflected not only in the evaluation
of the deeds of authorities in regard to the war, but also on their
overall effectiveness. Compared to 38.5 percent of the rest of the
population, 52.1 percent of the war zone population believed that
Georgia was on the right path of development. They also sup-
ported more the idea of the President having the biggest share of
the power (27 percent compared to 15.8 percent of the population
of the unaffected zone). Larger section of war affected population
(37.4 percent compared to 20.8 percent) believed that authorities
took into account the needs and wishes of citizens.
The feeling of security was also higher among the population
of the war affected territories. More respondents from the war
effected zone (34.1 percent in contrast to 15.6 percent) thought
that human rights were protected in the country; that citizens
were equal under the law (33.9 percent in contrast to 18.8 per-
cent). In addition, more of them felt further secured from injustice
(37.1 percent compared to 18.2 percent). The share of those who
thought that there was democracy in Georgia was bigger among
people from the war affected territories (37 percent compared to
19.4 percent).

340
 Threat often evokes reaction of psychological defence, which is
a process of regulating painful emotions such as anxiety, depres-
sion and decrease of self-esteem. Denial is the simplest and the
most primitive form of defence. Providing temporal relief, defence
mechanisms are often functional from short-term perspective, but
are very dangerous from a long-term perspective. Refusal or inability
to acknowledge the truth creates significant hindrance in conflict
resolution and development in general.
The future of the country considerably depends on the choices
it makes and on how it will utilize the experience gained from the
war, will it become aware of the causes of war and mistakes com-
mitted, or will it ignore them and try to find temporal relief through
denial.

gamoyenebuli da citirebuli literatura:

kaWkaWiSvili, i. (2008). omidan karnavalamde. cxeli Soko-

ladi, oqtomberi, 42.
kiknaZe, z. (2008). mijaWvuli amirani. cxeli Sokoladi,
oqtomberi, 42.
saakaSvili, m. (2008a).saqarTvelos prezidentis mimarTva Ta-
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342
 irina Rvineria

multimediuri formebis gamoyenebis

pirveli Sedegebi Jurnalisturi ganaTlebis
sistemaSi
nawili 1

Cveni samizne auditoria

XXI saukunis studentebi, dameTanxmebiT, gacilebiT nakle-

bad wignierni arian, vidre wina Taobebi iyvnen. miuxedavad amisa,
isini informaciis vrcel masas floben. rogor gadaviyvanoT
raodeneba xarisxSi? Cemi azriT, upirvelesad, unda davexmar-
oT axalgazrdebs maTi informaciis sistematizaciaSi, rameTu,
ganaTleba – sistemaSi moyvanili codnaa.
komunikaciis Teoriebis arsis codna gvaZlevs Semecnebis pro-
cesis axleburad gaazrebis saSualebas. TeoriaSi Zalian Rrmad
rom ar SeviWraT, sakmarisia gadavxedoT saswavlo process sim-
boloTa sistemebis[1] gamoyenebis efeqturobis poziciidan. cno-
bilia, rom dawerili sityva – yvelaze dabalgadamcemunariani
simboloa: simboloTa am sistemis gamosayeneblad saWiroa wera-
kiTxvis codna im enaze, romelzec teqstia Sesrulebuli, an,
Tundac, zogadad wera-kiTxvis codna. daweril teqstTan muSaoba
sakmaod did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs adamianisagan. Tu Tanamedrove
studentebs vigulisxmebT, maTTvis es kidev ufro rTul amo-
canad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. amis ramdenime mizezi arsebobs. um-
Tavresi isaa, rom dawyebiTi skola, rogorc wesi, veRar uzrun-
velyofs moswavleebis mier Sesabamisi kiTxvis teqnikis aTvise-
bas. amis mizezad SeiZleba isic vivaraudoT, rom teqnologiebis

343
ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze axalgazrda Taoba informaciis
aTvisebis sxva sistemasaa SeCveuli. amerikeli mecnieri duglas
raSkofi Tavis wign `mediavirusSi~ wers: „amerikis nebismier sax-
lSi dRes informaciuli saSualebebis gacilebiT ufro didi
raodenobaa Tavmoyrili, vidre yvelaze Tanamedroved aRWurvil
axali ambebis studiSi iyo 10 wlis win... modemiani personaluri
kompiuteri – mozardis oTaxis standartul elementad iqca...
mogvwon Tu ara, magram Cven informaciaze dafuZnebul sazoga-
doebad viqeciT“.[2]
skolaSi misvlamde bavSvi informaciis Camoyalibebuli momx-
marebelia, is misTvis saWiro codnis misaRebad teqnologiebis
gamoyenebasaa SeCveuli. es teqnologiebi mas gacilebiT ufro
maRalgadamcemiani simboloebiT operirebas sTavazobs. mosme-
nili da danaxuli informacia gacilebiT ufro advilad aRwevs
cnobierebaSi, vidre dawerili, xolo codnis gaziarebis trad-
ciciuli zepirsityvieri, anu, informaciis mxolod audioarx-
ebiT miwodebis formebi veRar uweven saTanado konkurencias
eleqtronul saSualebebs. „. . . dadginda, rom bavSvebi vizualu-
ri komponentebidan met informacias Rebuloben, vidre verba-
luridan. Tumca, am ori komponentis Serwymis Sedegad miRebuli
Warbi informacia mTlianobaSi xels uwyobs aRqmas, – vkiTxu-
lobT `riCard harisis wignSi~ masobrivi komunikaciebis fsiqo-
logia, – es Cveni kognitiuri sistemis bunebrivi maxasaTebeli da
ara televiziis gaCeniT gamowveuli Tvisebaa. vizualuri aspeqti
zrdasruli adamianebis cxovrebaSic inarCunebs upiratesobas...
testirebis Sedegad dadginda, rom zrdasrul adamianebsac vi-
zualuri mexsiereba verbalurze ufro mtkice aqvT“[3].
yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, sruliad logikuri iqneba
maqsimalurad mivuaxlovoT swavlebis, anu, informaciis gazia-

344
rebis meTodi, studentebisaTvis nacnob, martiv da metad efeq-
tur formebs.
saswavlo procesis srulyofis gzebi.
am amocanis gadasaWrelad, upirvelesad, unda ganvsazRv-
roT kriteriumebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac daviwyebT tradiciuli
swavlebis meTodebis gaTanamedrovebas. yoveli pozicia Tanabrad
mniSvnelovania. sasurvelia, cxadia, rom dasmuli problemebis
gadaWra paralelur reJimSi mimdinareobdes.
CamonaTvali ase gamoiyureba:
• saqarTvelos pirobebTan adaptirebuli Tanamedrove sas-
wavlo programebis SemuSaveba;
• pedagogebis mudmivi profesiuli zrdisaTvis pirobebis
Seqmna;
• saswavlo procesis materialur-teqnikuri uzrunvely-
ofa;
• pedagogebis uzrunvelyofa Tanamedrove dargobrivi li-
teraturiT;
• studentebis uzrunvelyofa saswavlo literaturiT;
• eleqtronuli swavlebis formebis danergva TiToeuli
umaRlesi saswavlebis materialur-teqnikuri bazis Se-
sabamisad da a.S;
vfiqrob, es problemebi metnaklebad saerToa yvela qarTuli
universitetisTvis.
riT daviwyoT?
Cveni azriT, imis lodini, rodis mova qarTuli umaRlesi
saswavleblebis baza msoflio standartebTan SesabamisobaSi,
wamgebiani pozicia iqneba, miT ufro, rom aseTi standarti ar
arsebobs. igive aSS-Si gverdigverd arseboben gansxvavebuli
teqnikuri bazebis mqone „mdidari“ da „Raribi“ universitetebi.

345
Tanac, materialur-teqniluri bazis srulyofa ar aris akade-
miuri personalis prerogativa.
rogorc Cvenma gamocdilebam gviCvena, yvelaze rTuli – pe-
dagogebisTvis swavlebis eleqtronul meTodebze gadasvlis
swori motivaciis Camoyalibebaa. inovaciebis danergva etapo-
briv reJimSi axali meTodikis popularizaciis paralelurad,
Cveni azriT, gacilebiT ufro swrafad gamoiRebs dadebiT Se-
degs, vidre forsirebul reJimSi Catarebuli kampania. ganaT-
lebis sfero, Tavisi arsiT, memkvidreobiTobaze da didaqtika-
zea agebuli, amitomac, araracionaluria, roca revoluciuri
cvlilebebi Zveli miRwevebis kategoriuli uaryofis da maTi
araaprobirebuli axliT upirobo Canacvlebis gziT xdeba. swav-
lebis eleqtronul meTodebze gadasvlisas kargi iqneboda gag-
veTvaliswinebina es momenti da inovaciebi evoluciuri gziT
dagvenerga.
„evoluciuri“ meTodis upiratesobani
sul samiode welia, rac Tbilisis saxelmwifo universi-
tetSi pedagogebi maT mier wakiTxuli yoveli sagnis silabuss
qmnian. Tavdapirvelad am moTxovnam profesorTa kritika da
ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. bevrSi sityva „silabusi“ rTulad
dasaZlevi dabrkolebis asociacias iwvevda, arada, silabusi
– studentebTan kontraqtis saxiT dasadebi modernizebuli
kargad nacnobi kalendaruli gegmaa, sadac gansazRvrulia mxa-
reTa ufleba-valdebulebani. vfiqrobT, amgvari ganmarteba Tavis
droze gacilebiT gaamartivebda da daaCqarebda process.
analogiurad, eleqtronuli swavlebis meTodebis danergvis
process gacilebiT ufro gaamartivebs ganmartebiTi samuSaoebi
profesor-maswavleblebTan eleqtronuli swavlebis calkeuli
formebis, rogorc tradiciuli pedagogiuri instrumentaris
ganviTarebis Semdegi etapis, warmoCena.

346
 dRes gvinda visaubroT sam formaze: riderze (sakiTxavi ma-
sala), eleqtronuli fostis gamoyenebaze da prezentaciaze.
rideri
Cvens sferoSi qarTulenovani sakiTxavi masala yvela droSi
problema iyo. zogi profesori leqciebis kursis gamocemas ax-
erxebda, magram iseT dinamiur dargebSi rogorc Jurnalistikaa,
aseTi kursebi aqtualobas maleve kargaven:
• gamosacemad momzadebas da dabeWdvas sakmaod didi dro
sWirdeba:
• wignis dabeWdva seriozul TanxebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
Tu avtori ar finansdeba sponsoris mier, mas xarjebis
gaReba Tavad uwevs, am xarjebis wignis sakuTar studen-
tebSi realizaciidan Semosuli TanxebiT anazRaurebis
perspeqtiviT, rac arsobrivad araeTikur situacias qm-
nis;
• rideris versiis qseroaslebis gavrceleba erTgvari al-
ternativaa, magram misi redaqtirebis SemTxvevaSi Zveli
asli aqtualobas kargavs;
rideris eleqtronuli versia agvaridebs TiTqmis yvela
problemas. cxadia, dawyebiT etapze masze muSaoba pedagogisgan
sakmaod did Sromas moiTxovs, samagierod, Semdgom etapze Tqven
sruliad ufasod RebulobT saxelmZRvanelos, romelsac Sem-
degi dadebiTi Tvisebebi axasiaTebs :
• etapobrivad, yoveli leqcia-seminaris Temis Sesbamisad
Sedgena;
• eleqtronuli rideris teqstze saxlidan gausvlelad
muSaoba erTdroulad ramdenime avtors SeuZlia;

347
 • avtors SeuZlia miiwvios specialisti on-lain reJimSi
konsultirebis an teqstze nebismieri sxva formiT samu-
Saod misi geografiuli mdebareobis miuxedavad;
• nebismier dros teqstis koreqtireba, Secvla, gavrcoba,
revizia;
• Tavisufali an SezRuduli wvdomis reJimSi internetSi
ganTavseba;
• studentebisaTvis teqstis mxolod masalis garkveuli
monakveTis Cveneba;
• teqstSi ilustraciebis, grafikebis, diagramebis, audio-
da videomasalis ganTavseba;
• originaluri naSromis internetSi ganTavsebis SemTxve-
vaSi arsebobs saavtoro uflebebis dacvis saerTaSoriso
meqanizmebi.
cxadia, universitetebis administracia diferenciulad
unda moekidos pedagogebis mier riderebis momzadebis sakiTxs.
im pedagogebisagan, romlebic sargebloben tradiciuli da xel-
misawvdomi literaturiT, riderebis teqstis Sedgenis moTxo-
vna, cxadia, savaldebulo ar unda iyos.
eleqtronuli fostis gamoyeneba – swavlebis interaqtuli
meTodi
rogorc wesi, internetis aTvisebisas eleqtronuli fostiT
sargebloba pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani miRwevaa. risTvis
da rogor SeiZleba gamoviyenoT is saswavlo procesSi?
eleqtronuli fostis gamoyeneba gansakuTrebulad amartive-
bs im pedagogebis yofas, visac weriTi davalebebis did raode-
nobasTan uwevs muSaoba:
• naSromis dakargvis saSiSroeba ar arsebobs;
• zustad fiqsirdeba davalebis gamogzavnis TariRi da
dro;

348
 • moxsnilia naSromebis SenaxvasTan dakavSirebuli pro-
blemebi;
• profesors SeuZlia sakuTari dro ukeT dagegmos;
• muSaobis aseTi forma qaRaldis da, Sesabamisad, tyeebis
dazogvis erTerTi ZiriTadi saSualebaa.
am formis gamoyeneba Zalian mosaxerxebelia saatestacio naS-
romebze muSaobisas, Tumca, dRes ukve kidev ufro gamartivebuli
da mravalfunqciuri eleqtronuli resursebic arsebobs.

prezentacia
bolo Tema, romelzec gvinda SeCereba – prezentaciaa. logi-
kurad, is exmianeba Cvens msjelobas axalgazrda Taobis infor-
maciul Cvevebze [4].
arsobrivad, ra aris prezentacia da romeli aprobirebuli
meToduri xerxis memkvidrea is?
jer kidev saskolo asakidan kargad gvaxsovs „TvalsaCino“
masalebi – rukebi, plakatebi, muliaJebi, romlebic axalisebd-
nen swavlis process da, garveulwilad, codnis xarisxis amaR-
lebdnen kidec. Power Point-is programaSi Sesrulebuli prezen-
tacia Zalian nayofierad aviTarebs am tradicias. am programaSi
muSaoba SeuZlia elementaruli kompiuteruli anbanis mcodne
nebismier adamians.
ra dadebiTi mxareebi aqvs prezentaciis gamoyenebas:
• prezentacia – ekranze gamotanili konspeqtia;
• mexsierebis maqsimalur gaaqtiurebas teqsturi slaide-
bis Sesabamisi ilustraciebiT gaformeba uwyobs xels;
• maRalgadamcemunariania, radganac studentebi er-
Tdrould Rebuloben verbalur da araverbalur, akus-
tikur da vizualur informacias;
• slaidebi iZleva nebismieri vizualuri informaciis de-
monstrirebis saSualebas (nax. 1);
349
                  

naxati 1. ilustrirebuli slaidebi

• kargi maorganizebeli momentia pedagogisTvis;

• redaqtireba adviladaa SesaZlebeli.
ra Tqma unda, prezentaciebis momzadebas azri eZleva mxo-
lod im SemTxvevaSi, roca universitets misi demonstrirebis-
Tvis saWiro pirobebi aqvs.

ramdenad efeqturia eleqtronuli swavlebis meTodebis ga-

moyeneba
pedagogis arsenalSi yoveli axali eleqtronuli resursis
damatebas, cxadia, gamarTleba unda hqondes. Rirs ki yvelafer
amaze drois da energiis daxarjva?
bolo 3 wlis gamocdilebam gviCvena, rom namdvilad Rirs.
Cveni qarTuli umaRlesi Jurnalisturi skolisTvis, zoga-
dad umaRlesi saswavleblebis winaSe mdgar problemebTan erTad,
specifikuri problemebis nakrebicaa damaxasiaTebeli. upirvele-
si – saxelmZRvaneloebis da sxva damxmare literaturis ararse-
boba qarTul enaze. ra sirTuleebi axlavs axali saxelmZRvane-
los Seqmnas – ukve ganvixileT. rideris eleqtronuli versiis
Seqmnam bevrad gaamartiva studentebisTvis saswavlo litera-
350
turiT sargeblobis SesaZlebloba, xolo me, rogorc rideris
avtors, yoveli leqciis win, Tu es saWiroa, teqstSi koreqti-
vebis Setanis saSualeba maqvs. bolo 4 semestris statistikis
Tanaxmad, rideris teqsts studentebma 2475-jer mimarTes. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom am periodSi sagani `mediamenejmenti~ 274
studentma gaiara, Sesabamisad, saSualod, TiToeulma studentma
riders 9-jer mimarTa.
amave periodSi (2007-2008 da 2008-2009 saswavlo wlebis
4 semestri) eleqtronuli fostis saSualebiT studentebisgan
1453 weriTi davaleba da sxva informaciaa Semosuli. cxadia, da-
fiqsirebulia Semosvlis TariRi, rac davalebebis Sefasebisas
SeiZleba damatebiT kriteriumad iyos gamoyenebuli – magali-
Tad, dagvianebuli davalebebis qulaTa naklebi raodenobiT Sefa-
sebis dros. garda amisa, fiqsirdeba naSromis pirveladi saxe da
pedagogis mier Setanili koreqtivebi da SeniSvnebi, rac, aseve,
Sefasebis dros myari argumentia. aseTi zusti aRricxva gamori-
cxavs nebismier gaugebrobas Tu spekulacias stdentebis mxridan
da Sefasebis process sruliad gamWirvales xdis. minda mogaxse-
noT, rom orive es eleqtronuli resursi, momsaxureobis sxva
formebTan erTad, Cvens mier gamoqveynebulia pedagogis saitze
da nebismier dros xelmisawvdomia yvela studentisaTvs.
mesame forma, romelzec iyo saubari, prezentaciaa.
did akademiur jgufebSi muSaobisas sakmaod rTulia mTeli
leqciis ganmavlobaSi auditoriis stabiluri interesis Senar-
Cuneba. adgilidan wamoWril romelime sakiTxTan dakavSirebul
msjelobas SeuZlia gamoiwvios Temidan gadaxveva da, Sedegad,
gasavleli saswavlo masalisTvis naklebi drois daTmoba. peda-
gogisTvis slaidze ganTavsebuli informacia erTgvari karnaxia,
raze SeCerda da riTi gaagrZelos saubari, Tanac, gasavleli Te-

351
mis Sesabamisi slaidebis raodenoba gvexmareba zusti qronome-
traJis dadgenaSi.
rogorc ukve visaubreT, masalis kompleqsuri (verbalu-
ri da araverbaluri, akustikuri da vizualuri komponentebis
gamoyenebiT) meTodiT miwodeba studentebis mier masalis aTvi-
sebis xarisxze dadebiTad moqmedebs. swavlebis efeqturobis
amaRlebis TvalsazrisiT, slaid-Sou yvelaze qmediTi saSualeba
aRmoCnda.
2008 wlis pirvel semestrTan SedarebiT, SemoviReT da
davxveweT ra prezentaciebis sistema, studenTa Sedegebis maCve-
nebeli sagrZnoblad gaizarda (ix. grafiki 1).

grafiki 1. studentebis raodenoba da slaid-Sous gamoyeneba

jgufSi:

1. 2008 wlis I semestri – 77, slaid-Sou gamoyenebuli ar

aris;
2. 2008 wlis II semestri – 74, slaid -Sou gamoyenebulia
rTuli masalis asaxsnelad;
3. 2009 wlis I semestri – 66, slaid -Sou gamoyenebulia
calkeul leqciebze;
4. 2009 wlis II semestri – 66, leqciaTa kursi mTlianad
uzrunvelyofilia slaid-SouTi .
352
 miuxedavad imisa, rom muSaobis procesSi kursis Sinaarsma
garkveuli cvlilebebi ganicda da 2008 wlis I semestrTan Se-
darebiT damatebulia sakmaod vrceli da rTuli masala, stu-
dentebis mier miRebuli finaluri niSnebis saSualo ariTmeti-
kulis Sedarebis Sedegad dadginda, rom saSualo maCvenebelma
54,6 qulidan 69,7 qulamde aiwia (ix. grafiki 2).
grafiki 2. semestruli Sefasebebis saSualo maCveneblis di-
namika

daskvna

swavlebis eleqtronuli meTodebis gamoyenebis bolo oTxi

semestris analizma gviCvena, rom saswavlo procesis daxvewis
TvalsazrisiT maT Zalzed didi resursi gaaCnia:
• moixsna qarTulenovani saswavlo literaturis defici-
tiT gamowveuli problemebi;
• saxelmZRvanelos teqstis redaqtireba da daxvewa perma-
nentul reJimSi mimdinareobs;
• rideris teqstTan gamartivebulma wvdomam gazarda stu-
dentebis mier saswavlo masalebis gamoyenebis intensi-
voba;

353
 • eleqtronuli fostiT davalebebze muSaobis meTodis Se-
moRebis Semdeg gaizarda studentTa aqtivoba am mimarTu-
lebiTac;
• zusti aRricxvianobis pirobebSi gaizarda yuradReba Se-
fasebis am komponentis mimarT;
• Tematuri slaid-Souebis rogorc swavlebis procesis
vizualizaciis saSualebis gamoyenebam xeli Seuwyo
studentTa codnis gaRrmavebas da akademiuri moswrebis
amaRlebas.
cxadia, miRweuli progresi ara mxolod eleqtronuli swa-
vlebis am sami formis gamoyenebiTaa miRweuli. Cven saswavlo
procesSi bevri sxva resursic gvqonda CarTuli, magram ride-
ri, davalebebi da slaid-Sou ZiriTad saswavlo komponentad iyo
gamoyenebuli, danarCeni resursebi ki damatebiT saorganizacio
funqciebs asrulebdnen.
________________________________________
[1] informacias simboloTa sistemebis Sesaxeb SegiZliaT ga-
ecnoT: http://irgemar.piczo.com/?g=27602750&cr=2
[2] Дуглас Рашкофф. Медиавирус.
[3] Ричард Харрис. Психология массовых коммуникаций.
[4] ix. gv.1, Cveni samizne auditoria

354
 Abstract

Irine Ghvineria

This work is a review of the first practical results of imple-

menting e-learning methodology into some of Journalism courses
at Tbilisi State University.
We speak on the ways of making the communication pro-
cess during classes between professors and students more effec-
tive, on the positive results of using the most high-corresponding
symbols to present the data, on specifics and habits of infor-
mation consuming by new generation of students, on tools of
e-learning as the modified and modernized forms of traditional
pedagogic methods.
According to our experience we represent, bring to a sys-
tem and qualify the most easy-to-use at the beginning forms of
e-learning, such as e-readers, e-mail and PowerPoint presenta-
tions.
At the end we share statistics on how using of e-learning
methods affected on students and their grades during last 4 se-
mesters ( 2007-2009 academic years).

355
 baadur wereTeli

brendis roli regionis kulturuli

landSaftis CamoyalibebaSi da qveynis
ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi
(borjomis magaliTze)

borjomi saqarTvelos upirvelesi da uZvelesi kurortia,

romelsac Tavisi ganviTarebis metad mniSvnelovani istoria
gaaCnia.
1912 wels borjomis mineraluri wylebis parkSi, ekater-
ines mineraluri wylis sabados sakaptaJo samuSaoebis Catare-
bis dros, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda inJineri a.m. korSini, 9
arSinis siRrmeze aRmoaCina Svidi pirvelyofili patara auzis
iatakisa da gverdebis naSTebi, romlebic uxeSad gaTlili qvis
nawilebisagan Sedgeboda. borjomis mamulis mmarTvelis p.z. vi-
nogradov-nikitinis azriT, igi 1000 wlis xandazmulobisaa. am
azrs iziarebs profesori g.nioraZe.
istoriul warsulSi borjomis xeoba Sedioda e.w. Toris
mxareSi, Toris saerisTavoSi, romelic II-IV ss. daarsda. XVI-
XVIII saukuneebSi borjomis xeoba mitacebuli iyo Turqebis
mier. igi ganadgurda da gaukacrielda. warmoebulma omebma da
mosaxleobis migraciam borjomis kulturuli landSafti abso-
luturad waSala da igi uRrani tyeebiT daifara. Tu XVI sau-
kuneSi saavaliSvilo mamuli did teritoriaze iyo gadaWimuli
da 56 sofels moicavda 110-1500-mde komliT, 1595 wlisaTvis
e.w. `gurjistanis vilaeTis didi davTaris~ Sedgenisas, saaval-
iSviloSi 12 sofeliRaa, sul 79-mde komliT.
1829 wels ruseT-TurqeTis zavis safuZvelze ruseTma Semoi-
erTa Zveli qarTuli qalaqebi da maT Soris borjomis xeobac.

356
q. gorSi imxanad mdgarma xersonis cxenosanTa polkmaa `meored~
aRmoaCina borjomis mineraluri wylebi. borjomis mineraluri
wylebis aRmoCenis oficialur TariRad miCneulia 1825 weli.
swored am droidan iwyeba borjomis xeobis kulturuli land-
Saftis axali Camoyalibebis istoria.
Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli TaviseburebebiT borjomis miner-
aluri wylebis Seswavla da kurortis mSenebloba pirobiTad
sam ZiriTad epoqad SeiZleba daiyos: dafuZnebis, aRorZinebis da
ganviTarebis periodebad.
dafuZnebis periodi iwyeba borjomis mineraluri wylebis
samkurnalo Tvisebebis SeswavliT.
1837-42 wlebSi daniSnuli amierkavkasiis mTavarmarTeblis,
generlis qaliSvili saswaulebrivad gankurneba iyo borjomis
mineraluri wylebis pirveli triumfaluri gamarjveba. aqedan
iwyeba kurortis arqiteqturuli renesansi: maT sapativsacemod
mineraluri wylebis zeda wyaros daerqva ekaterines saxeli,
xolo qvedas – evgeniasi. 1841 weli iTvleba borjomis miner-
aluri wylebis dafuZnebis periodad da aqedan iwyeba misi aRor-
Zinebis xana.
brendis aRmoCenasTan erTad iwyeba regionis ekonomikuri gan-
viTareba: 1830 wels ruseTis mTavrobam borjomis xeobaSi SuSis
qarxana aago. tyis meurneobis ganviTarebasaTan erTad amoqmedda
skipidaris qarxana.
1844 wels kavkasiis mefisnacvlad dainiSna m. voroncovi. man
borjomi sazafxulo rezidenciad aqcia, misi uSualo xelis-
SewyobiT regionSi movlenili iyvnen im periodisTvis sakmaod
cnobili eqimebi, aSenda ramdenime sacxovrebeli saxli, wylis
biuvetebi, saabazanoebi, eklesiebi, sastumroebi, mineraluri
wylis parki, gaiyvana gzebi, mdinare mtkvarze borani Secvala
xis xidiT, amasTanave gaumjobesda kurortis sanitaruli mdgo-

357
mareoba, gaizarda agarakebis mepatreoneTa pasuxismgebloba,
wylis maragisaTvis aSenda auzi, xe-tyeze momuSave jariskace-
bisaTvis moewyo lazareTi 16 sawolze, afTiaqiTa da labora-
toriiT, damyarda satelefono kavSiri borjomsa da Tbiliss
Soris, dawesda safosto mimosvla marSrutiT – borjomi-gori;
borjomi-axalcixe, borjomi miekuTvna qalaqis tipis dasax-
lebis jgufs da ewoda daba borjomi. gaiyvanes gza borjomi-
dan sadgeris platoze, 1849 wlis martSi mixeil voroncovma
borjomis mineraluri wylebi gadasca samoqalaqo uwyebas da
daavala e.s. andreevskis borjomis mineraluri wylebis mowyo-
bis proeqtis Sedgena, romlis gansaxorcieleblad gamoyo 5000
maneTi.
1850 wels borjomis samxedro lazareTSi Tbilisidan mov-
linebulma afTiaqarma zaxarovma, sacobis kargad mowyobiT 1300
– 0,5 litrian ovalur boTlSi Camoasxa borjomis mineraluri
wyali da Caitana TbilisSi gasayidad. 1 boTli 20 kapiki Rirda.
es iyo borjomis mineraluri wylebis boTlebSi Camosxmisa da
mis gareT gatanis pirveli mcdeloba.
rusuli politikisa da borjomis garusebis mizniT mixeil
voroncovma 1853 wels poltavidan da Cernigovodan Camoasaxla
malorasielebis 200 komli da daasaxla soflebSi, aqedan 132
ojaxi ver Seegua aqaurobas da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gadasaxlda.
es aris regionis eTnikuri da kulturuli gardaqmnis dasaw-
yisi.
kurortis ganviTrebas xeli SeuSala yirimis omma. Tumca 1865
wels amierkavkasiis mTavarmarTeblad iniSneba mixeil nikolozis
Ze romanovi, romelmac Tavisi winamorbedsaviT kurorti bor-
jomi sazafxulo rezidenciad airCia. 1870 wlisaTvis borjomi
ruseTis imperiaSi pirveli xarisxis samkurnalo sadguri gaxda
da evropis samkurnalo centrebs ar Camouvardeboda.

358
 1871 wels damTavrda m.n. romanovis mavritanuli tipis
sasaxle, romlis gaxsnasac daeswro TviT ruseTis imperatori
aleqsandre II, man borjomis mamuli samemkvidreod aCuqa mixeil
romanovs.
1869 wels Seiqmna Tbilisis guberniis mineraluri wylebis
sammarTvelo, romlis mmarTvelad dainiSna medicinis mecniere-
baTa doqtori adolf aleqsandres Ze remerti. misi mcdelobiT
saxelmwifom gamoyo 24 000 maneTi kurortis keTilmowyobisaT-
vis.
am periodSi wylebis eqspluataciis gasaumjobeseblad kapi-
talurad gadakeTda ekaterines wyaro, galerea da saabazano,
danergil iqna mkurnalobis axali meTodebi (m.S. eleqtropro-
cedurebi), aSenda parkebi, borjomulaze gakeTda rkinis xidebi,
mdinare borjomulas sanapiroebi gamagrda jebirebiT, aSenda me-
teorologiuri sadguri da sxv.
1891 wels daiwyes mineraluri wylebis Camosxma. ucxoeli
mecnierebis mier Catarda #1 mineraluri wyaros kaptaJi, ramac
gamoiwvia mineraluri wylis debitisa da xarisxis gazrda. iwye-
ba kurortis strategiuli resursis mecnieruli Seswavla.
1892 wels m.n. romanovma likanSi renesansis tipis Zvirfasi
sasaxle aago (l.n. benuas proeqtiT). 1893 wels sergei mixeilis
Ze romanovma (umcrosi Zma) Toris platoze aaSena orsarTuliani
sasaxle. regionSi evropuli arqireqturuli stili mkvidrde-
ba.
amave dros, saqarTveloSi kapitalizmis manufaqturuli pe-
riodi icvleba, safabriko-saqarxno periodiT, ramac gamoiwvia
daqiravebuli muSaxelis Semodineba. borjomSi gaixsna saxelos-
no saswavlebeli.

359
 amave periodSi Caeyara safuZveli borjomis nakrZalis Se-
qmnas, romlis florisa da faunis movlas germaneli special-
istebi emsaxurebodnen.
1894 wlisaTvis inJiner puSCeCnikovis proeqtiT aSenda
xaSuri-borjomis rkinigza, 1902 wels bakurianis rkinigzis
mSenebloba damTavda, ramac xeli Seuwyo kurortisa da raionis
Semdgom aRorZinebas.
1896 wels aSenda Camomsxmeli qarxana, aRWurvili axali man-
qana-danadgarebiT, aqve mzaddeboda borjomis marili da kverebi.
aSenda agreTve minis warmoebis qarxana, romelic 80% akmay-
ofilebda moTxovnilebas Sromis primitiuli warmoebis gamo.
1899 wels borjomis parkis teritoriaze aigo saqarTvelo-
Si pirveli hidroeleqtrosadguri, 300 cxenis Zalis simZlavr-
iT, romelic akmayofilebda imJamindeli kurortis ganaTebas.
damTavrda saorTqlmavlo depos mSenebloba Carxiswyalze.
iwyeba borjomis eqsporti sazRvargareT. mis realizacias
xeli Seuwyo mineraluri wylis gamokvlevebma ruseTis wamyvan,
avtoritetul klinikebSi da laboratoriebSi.
am periodSi borjoms mravali gamoCenili adamiani stumrob-
da.
me-19 saukunis meore naxevridan borjomSi, waRverSi, axal-
dabasa da bakurianSi gaixsna kerZo afTiaqebi. am droisTvis
borjomSi iyo 10-mde samrewvelo sawarmo, izrdeboda savaWro
obieqtebi, umjobesdeboda kurortis infrastruqtura.
1904-06 wlebSi mdinare mtkvris marcxena napirze aSenda sa-
avadmyofos orsarTuliani Senoba 15 sawolze.
borjomis mineraluri wyali saerTSoriso gamofenaze ram-
denjerme aRiniSna sapatio jildoebiT:
1907 wels q. spaSi (belgia) sapatio diplomi, didi prizi;
1909 wels q. yazanSi – oqros medali;

360
 1911 wels drezdenSi (germania) – sapatio diplomi.
amave periodSi saqarTveloSi mogzaurobda rusi fotogra-
fi prokudin-gorski. unikaluri feradi fotomasala, mowmobs
borjomis imJamindel realur saxes.
saqarTvelos gasabWoebis pirvelive wlebidan (1922weli)
romanovis sasaxleebi sanatoriumebad gadakeTda. borjoms mie-
niWa sabWoTa kavSiris strategiuli kurortis statusi. sawar-
moebi da mineraluri wylis sabadoebi respublikis umaRles
sameurneo sabWos gadaeca.
1926 wels Seiqmna `borjomminwylebis~ sammarTvelo (Ca-
momsxmeli, gazis da minis qarxnebi, borjomhesi da mineraluri
wylebis realizaciis kantora). 1928 wels gaimarTa saqarTve-
los kurortologTa pirveli yriloba, SemuSavebuli iqna ku-
rortis ganviTrebis gegma. 1932 wels kurortebis ganviTarebaze
10,935,000 maneTi gamoiyo.
1933 wels borjomi gamocxadda daxurul kurortad, dawe-
sda sakurorto baraTebiT mkurnaloba. 1940 wlisaTvis borjo-
mis xeobis 17 sanatoriumsa da dasasvenebel obieqtebSi aRiri-
cxeboda 2550 sawoli.
mniSvnelovnad gaizarda borjomis mineraluri wylebis Ca-
mosxma da boTlebis gamoSveba. izrdeba kurortis geografiuli
sazRvrebi. es etapi SeiZleba CaiTvalos sabWoTa arqiteqturisa
da socialisturi kulturis danergvis periodad.
omis periodSi borjomis xeobis yvela samkurnalo-profi-
laqtikuri dawesebulebebi gadakeTda evakohospitlebad. omis
Semdgom periodSi farTod gaiSala kurortis ganviTarebis per-
speqtivebi. borjomi uSualod moskovis yuradRebis centrSi mo-
eqca. igi kremlis oficialuri brendi xdeba. boTls sagangebo
spec-etikets akravdnen.

361
 borjomi erTaderTi wyalia sabWoTa kavSirSi, romelis eq-
sportic sazRvargareT xdeba. 1961 wels 423 000 boTli eq-
sportirebuli iqna msoflios 15 qveyanaSi, maT Soris aSS-Si,
safrangeTSi, avstriaSi da sxv.
1980 wlisaTvis borjomis xeobaSi moqmedi samkurnalo-
dasasvenebeli obieqtebis stumarTa raodenoba ganisazRvrebo-
da 5195 sawoliT. am periodisaTvis borjomi #1 brendi gaxda,
yoveldRiurad milionamde naxevarlitriani boTli iyideboda,
xolo warmoebis moculobam rekordul maCvenebels – 400 mi-
lion boTls miaRwia.
swored q. borjomis ganviTarebam ganapiroba bakurianis saku-
rorto zonis Camoyalibeba.
politikurma krizisma, romelic saqarTveloSi 1991 wels
daiwyo, TiTqmis daangria aramarto mineraluri wylis warmoeba,
aramed mTeli sakurorto dawesebulebebi, iseve rogorc qveynis
ekonomika.
Semdgomi aRorZinebis etapi 1995 wels ukavSirdeba. qarTuli
ekonomikis precendentad SeiZleba CaiTvalos ucxouri investi-
ciebisa da menejmentis mowveva da qarTvel mewarmeebTan erTad
borjomis mwarmoebeli kompania `Georgian Glass & Mineral
Waters~-is dafuZneba. 15 wlian periodSi warmoebis modernia-
zaciaSi 50 milion dolarze meti investicia iqna dabandebuli.
warmoebis moculoba 20-jer gaizarda, gafarTovda misi eqspor-
tis geografiac. am manZilze borjomi warmodgenilia 30-ze met
qveyanaSi, TiTqmis yvela kontinentze da xSir SemTxvevaSi qveynis
saimijo saxea. dsT-s zogierT saxelmwifoSi `borjomi~ zogadad
mineraluri wylebis sinonimia.

362
 wylis mwarmoebeli kompania aris regionaluri infrastru-
qturis aRorZinebis, xolo brendi qveynis socialuri da kul-
turuli proeqtebis sponsori.
kompania `borjomis~ Svilobili kompania `borjomminwylebi~
akontrolebs `borjomis~ sabados da WaburRilebs, romelTa me-
SveobiTac moipoveba mineraluri wyali.
2004 wels, kvlav pirvelad qarTul ekonomikaSi, kompania
`borjomi~ saerTaSoriso holdingi gaxda. man SemoierTa ukrai-
nuli wylis mwarmoebeli kompania da 3 brendi, 2006 wels – 2
rusuli brendi. mravali winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, (magaliTad
2006 wlis maisSi qarTuli produqciis ruseTis bazarze embar-
gos Semdeg, erTi Tvis Tavze, moskovSi Catarebul saerTaSoriso
gamofenaze borjomma oqros medali miiRo) holdingi inarCunebs
mineraluri wylebis umsxvilesi da swrafadmzardi mwarmoeblis
statuss dsT-sa da aRmosavleT evropis sivrceSi.
brendis saerTaSoriso imiji regionis infrastruqturisa da
turistuli potencialis ganviTarebis saukeTeso winapirobaa.

363
 Abstract

Baadur Cereteli,TSU assistant Professor

The Role of Brand in the Cultural Landscape Formation
and Economic Development of Country (on the example
of Borjomi)

The formation of the cultural landscape of the Borjomi region

started about a millennium ago. In the Middle Ages, the Borjomi
gorge was occupied and devastated by the Turks. The wars and
a large scale migration of the population annihilated the cultural
landscape of Borjomi.
It was in the 19th century that the Russian Royal family re-
discovered it, with the Borjomi mineral water being the main
incentive behind the cultural revitalization of the region.
The study of the properties of the Borjomi mineral water and
the development of the resort encompasses three main stages: the
establishment, revitalization and development.
The discovery of the brand stimulated the economic develop-
ment of the region accompanied by new style architecture. The
period was highlighted by the scientific and medical achievements
and the first rail line.
As a result „Borjomi“ export to Russia and abroad started.
„Borjomi“ was the only exported mineral water in the former
USSR. In 1961, 423  000 bottles of „Borjomi“ were exported to
15 countries.
Borjomi used to be one of the top Soviet resorts. It was owing
to the development of the town of Borjomi that the Bakuriani
resort zone has developed too.

364
 The collapse of the USSR and the accompanying economic
slump was followed by the second renaissance of Borjomi in 1995,
which was brought about by the foreign investments and the
establishment of mixed Georgian-foreign Management. Owing
to over 50 mln USD investment into the modernization of the
enterprise in the last 15 years, the production now is 20 times
larger and the Borjomi mineral water exported to more than 30
countries has become a kind of an icon, as much as to symbolize
the mineral waters per se in some of the CIS States.
For the first time in the history of the Georgian economy,
„Borjomi“ became an international holding in 2004.
The brand’s international image holds promise of further de-
velopment of the regional infrastructure and its tourism poten-
tial.

citirebuli da gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. m.p. Tvauri – `kurorti borjomi da misi unikaluri mine-

raluri wylebi~ 2000 da 2006 ww.gamocemebi.
2. `kurort borjomis wvlili saqarTvelos mecnierebis
calkeuli dargebis ganviTarebaSi~ (wars­uli, awmyo, mo-
mavali – 2007 wlis 6 ivlisis samecniero-Teoriuli
konferenciis masalebidan). borjomi-2008w.
3. kompaniis veb gverdi www. Borjomi.com.ge

365
 giorgi yifiani

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da mcirewlovanTa

dacva mediis mavne zegavlenisagan
saqarTveloSi

saqarTvelos evropis sabWos wevroba gulisxmobs marT-

visa da regulirebis iseTi meqanizmebis danergvas, romlebSic
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aqtiurad unda iyos CarTuli. evropis
sabWos rekomendaciebi mauwyeblobis sferoSi detalurad ad-
gens damoukidebeli maregulirebeli organoebis funqciebsa da
regulirebis konkretul meqanizmebs, romelTa Soris sanqciebi
da finansuri jarimebi aucileblobas warmoadgens (rekomenda-
ciebi R(89)7, R(97)19.,  ix. mediasTan dakavSirebuli evropis
sabWos samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli, 2004, gv.15-43,153-184,
rekomendacia(2000)23, 2000). Tana-regulirebis evropuli
modeli saxelmwifo regulirebasa da TviTregulirebas Soris
iseTi Sualeduri formaa, rodesac saxelmwifosa da moxmare-
belTa warmomadgenlebi qmnian regulirebis erTobliv organos,
romelic axorcielebs TviTregulirebis efeqturobis moni-
torings (Palzer C., 2002).evropuli gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom
iq sadac arsebobs aqtiuri da aseve damoukidebeli samoqalaqo
seqtori, maregulirebeli organoebi mniSvnelovnad damoukide-
belia, maT samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi akom-
pleqteben, magram maregulirebeli organoebi araefeqturia im

366
qveynebSi, sadac samoqalaqo seqtori sustad aris ganviTarebuli
(Телевидение в Европе, 2005).
Tanaregulirebis modeli farTod gamoiyeneba mcirewlovanTa
(pirovneba 18 wlamde) dacvis dros mediis informaciuli zemoq-
medebisgan, rac gulisxmobs kontrolis sxvadasxva meqanizmebisa
da jarimebis dawesebas dRis saaTebSi bavSvebisTvis Seuferebeli
masalis translirebisTvis (Palzer C., 2002 gv.4). am tipis dar-
RvevebisTvis evropaSi jarima minimum 25 aTasi evroa, aSS-Si
325 aTasi dolari. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos
praqtikaSi sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba meore adgilze
gadadis, rodesac sazogadoebis zneobriobis dacvis amocana dgas
an im pirTa, romlebic asakis gamo specialur dacvas saWiroeben.
Tu Tanaregulirebas ar moaqvs sasurveli Sedegebi, saxelisu-
flo organo unda itovebdes kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli zomebis
pirdapir ganxorcielebis uflebas. qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi
bavSvis am uflebas icavs mauwyeblobisa da reklamis kanonebi,
romlebic unda uzrunvelyofdes sazogadoebrivi normebisa da
eTnofsiqologiis Sesabamisi kriteriumebis Camoyalibebas in-
formaciis kategorizaciisTvis mediaSi. am kriteriumebis Camoya-
libeba mauwyeblobis kanonis 50-e muxlis mixedviT mauwyebelTa
qcevis kodeqsis Semadgeneli nawilis saxiT xdeba sazogadoebis
warmomadgenlebTan da mauwyeblebTan konsultaciebis safuZ-
velze komunikaciebis maregulirebeli komisiis mier (kanoni
mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb, 2004)
qarTul mauwyeblobaSi 90-ian wlebSi sabWoTa periodis cen-
zuris moxsnis Semdeg mcirewlovanTa dacvis RonisZiebebi saer-
Tod ar xorcieldeboda da mauwyeblebs SeuzRudavad SeeZloT
367
iseTi masalis translireba, romelic akrZaluli iyo sxva qveyneb-
Si Ramis saaaTebSic ki. sazogadoebis moTxovnas xelisuflebas
wesrigi daemyarebina satelevizio eTerSi araviTari cvlileba
ar mohyolia daaxloebiT 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi. rogorc Cans,
arasrulwlovanTa mavne zemoqmedebisgan dacvis kanonisa da mavne
zemoqmedebis informaciis ganmsazRvreli kriteriumebis miReba
2001 wels umetesad evropis sabWoSi saqarTvelos gawevriane-
bam ganapiroba (kanoni mavne zegavlenisagan arasrulwlovanTa
dacvis Sesaxeb, 2001). kanoni ise daiwera, rom masSi ar iyo gan-
sazRvruli regulirebis konkretuli meqanizmi, ar iyo miTiTe-
buli organizacia, romelic daakisrebda mauwyeblebs sanqciebs
mcirewlovanTaTvis mavne masalis translirebisTvis. raTqma
unda aseTma araqmediTma kanonma ver Secvala saqmis viTareba da
Zaladobisa Tu seqsis scenebis translireba isev grZeldeboda
dRis saaTebSi. kanonis aseTi saxiT miReba SeiZleba imis maCven-
ebelic iyos, rom kanonmdeblebs arc hqondaT viTarebis arsebi-
Tad Secvlis survili da evropuli kanonmdeblobis analogi-
uri, magram arasruli cvlileba mxolod qaRaldze moaxdines.
mauwyeblobaSi mcirewlovanTa dacvis RonisZiebaTa damkvidrebis
mimdinareoba saintereso masalas iZleva sazogadoebrivi inter-
esebis dacvis procesis Sesaswavlad saqarTveloSi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom arasrulwlovanTa mavne zemoqmedebisgan
dacvis kanoni lobirebuli iyo parlamentSi im arasamTavrobo
organizaciebis mier, romlebic bavSvTa problemebze muSaobdnen,
magram am organizaciebs ar gaugrZelebiaT kanonis amoqmedebisT-
vis saqmianoba, erT-erTma lobistma saerTo seriiT `aucilebeli
wigni mozardTaTvis~ gamosca wignebi (lebaniZe T., 1998, beli
368
r. 2001), romlebic axalgazrdobis departamentis mier Semdeg
Sefasda rogorc mozardTaTvis Seuferebeli arasrulwlovanTa
mavne zemoqmedebisgan dacvis kanonis kriteriumebis safuZvelze
(adamianis uflebebis mimoxilva, 2003). samoqalaqo seqtoris
mniSvnelovani nawilis mcire interess mcirewlovanTa dacvi-
saTvis mediaSi isic adasturebda, rom im periodSi ar gamoCnda
sazogadoebrivi Zala, romelic izrunebda kanonis amoqmedebaze
satelevizio sivrceSi. amdenad kanons 2004 wlamde praqtiku-
lad arc umoqmedia.
2003 wels dazustda komunikaciebis damoukidebeli maregu-
lirebeli komisiis statusi, rogorc konkretuli organizaci-
isa, romelsac SeeZlo arasrulwlovanTa mavne zemoqmedebisgan
dacvis kanonis darRvevisTvis sanqciebis dakisreba. sayura-
dReboa, rom samoqalaqo seqtoridan mcirewlovanTa dacvis
moTxovniT mxolod mcirericxovani religiuri organizacie-
bi aqtiurobdnen, rac bunebrivia dabrkolebas ver Seuqmnida
satelevizio kompaniebs da satelevizio eTerSi grZeldeboda
Zaladobis, narkotikebis moxmarebisa da seqsis scenebis demon-
strireba dRis saaaTebSi. komunikaciebis komisiam am mimarTvebis
safuZvelze daadastura mravlobiT darRvevaTa faqti da ramden-
jerme gaafrTxila mauwyeblebi sanqciebis amoqmedebis Sesaxeb
(komunikaciebis komisiis gadawyvetileba # 218, 2004).
aRsaniSnavia, rom mavne zemoqmedebisgan dacvis kanoni pirda-
pir iTvaliswinebda filmisTvis evropul qveynebSi miniWebuli
kategoriis gadmotanas qarTul sivrceSi, Tu mauwyebeli gansx-
vavebul Sefasebas ar mianiWebda. unda aRiniSnos, rom kanoni gu-
lisxmobda saxelmwifos sxvadasxva struqturis monawileobas
369
regulirebaSi: modeli moicavda axalgazrdobis departaments,
romlis xelmZRvaneli amkicebda arasrulwlovanTaTvis mavne
produqciis ganmsazRvrel kategoriebs, xolo axalgazrdul
departamentTan arsebuli centri mimarTvis safuZvelze ax-
orcielebda filmebisa Tu wignebisTvis kategoriis miniWebas;
saxelmwifo organizaciebs – ganaTlebis an janmrTelobis samin-
istros aseve SeeZlo saganmanaTleblo filmebis demonstraci-
is nebis darTva televiziiT. kanonis amoqmedebidan mxolod 3
wlis Semdeg komunikaciebis komisiam kanonis mravlobiTi dar-
RvevebisTvis orjer daajarima telekompania `rusTavi-2~ da
gaafrTxila ramdenime telekompania (komunikaciebis komisiis
gadawyvetilebebi N 558, N 721, 2004).
aseTi sanqciebis Semdeg mauwyebelTa ZiriTadi nawili iZule-
buli gaxda saerTod Seecvala samauwyeblo bade, SeeZinaT ax-
ali filmebi, raTa SeevsoT satelevizio eTeri. rogorc Cans,
mniSvnelovanma xarjebma mauwyeblebis seriozuli ukmayofileba
gamoiwvia da ramdenime Tvis Semdeg mauwyeblobis kanonis miRe-
basTan dakavSirebiT komunikaciebis komisiam arasrulwlovanTa
mavne zemoqmedebis kanoni SeCerebulad CaTvala da Sewyvita
telekompaniebis dajarimeba, miuxedavad imisa rom yoveldRiuri
darRvevebi grZeldeba (saagento „media.ge“, 16 dekemberi, 2005).
(komunikaciebis komisiis gadawyvetileba N 775, 2005). axalma
mauwyeblobis kanonma praqtikulad SeaCera mediaSi mcirewlo-
vanTa dacvis RonisZiebebi ramdenime TveSi axali samauwyeblo
qcevis kodeqsis miRebis sababiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom mauw-
yeblobis kanoni adamianis uflebaTa damcveli arasamTavrobo
organizaciis – `Tavisuflebis institutis~ mier Seiqmna (Lib-
370
erty Institute, 2009). 2000 wlis oqtombridan aSS ganviTarebis
saagento, xolo 2002 wlidan ki evropis sabWo konsultaciebs
uwevdnen saqarTvelos mediis regulirebis sakiTxebSi (evropis
sabWosTan TanamSromloba, 2005) da am konsultaciebSi aqtiurad
monawileobda `Tavisuflebis instituti~, xolo garkveuli pe-
riodis Semdeg konsultaciebs samauwyeblo kodeqsis Taobaze
evropis sabWos adamianis uflebaTa dacvis direqtorati da
Tavisuflebis instituti erToblivadac awyoben (Workshop on
a Code of Conduct for Broadcasters, 2006). rogorc evropaSi,
aseve aSS-Si mcirewlovanTa dacva mediis zemoqmedebisgan uaR-
resad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, magram `Tavisuflebis insti-
tutis~ samauwyeblo kanonmdeblobis SeqmnaSi aqtiuri CarTvis
Semdeg kanonmdebloba arsebiTad icvleba mcirewlovanTa dacvis
RonisZiebebis gauqmebis mimarTulebiT, biznes seqtoris inter-
esebi prioritetuli xdeba da komunikaciebis komisiis Tavmjdo-
mare pirobas debs, rom samauwyeblo kodeqsi mauwyeblis ufle-
bebis damcveli iqneba (saagento „media.ge“, 13 dekemberi, 2006).
rogorc vxedavT mcirewlovanTa dacva saerTod aRar aris aqtua-
luri arc komisiisTvis da arc media saSualebebisTvis.
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis daxasiaTeba saqarTveloSi 19 ti-
pis organizacias miuTiTebs (gurgeniZe, 2005), maT Soris CvenT-
vis sainteresoa mediis, politikuri da arasamTavrobo orga-
nizaciebis midgoma mauwyeblobis regulaciis sakiTxebisadmi.
sayuradReboa, rom am periodSi media da satelevizio arxebi
saqarTveloSi saerTod ar awvdian informacias televiziaSi
mcirewlovanTa dacvis RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb, ar ganumartaven
momxmareblebs maT uflebebs, aseve ar xdeba samauwyeblo kod-
371
eqsis sajaro ganxilva satelevizio eTerSi, mayureblisTvis
ar miuwodebiaT informacia, rom maT SeeZloT am ganxilvaSi
monawileobis miReba, ar CautarebiaT sazogadoebrivi azris
gamokiTxva. samauwyeblo kodeqsis ganxilvis Temas gazeTebidan
mxolod `saqarTvelos respublika~ aSuqebda (mxeiZe, d. 2006,
xaCiZe d. 2006, yifiani g. 2006) da sainformacio saaagentoe-
bidan mxolod saagento media.ge (ixile saagento media.ge-s, ma-
salebi), arcerTma satelevizio arxma obieqturad ar gaaSuqa
samauwyeblo kodeqsis ganxilvebi, romelic sakmaod mwvaved
mimdinareobda da araerTxel gadaido. samauwyeblo kodeqsTan
dakavSirebuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis sapatriarqosa da
wminda sinodis mimarTvebic ki ar gaSuqebula mas-mediaSi (saagen-
to „media.ge“, 4 ivlisi, 2008). rodesac samauwyeblo kodeqsis
proeqtis sajaro gamoqveyneba da ganxilva Segnebulad ar xdeba,
sainformacio saSualebebi samauwyeblo kodeqss mxolod medi-
is Tavisuflebis konteqstSi aSuqeben da saerTod ar axseneben
sanqciebisa da jarimebis arsebobis mniSvnelobas mcirewlovanTa
dacvisaTvis, adgili aqvs saqmis viTarebis calmxrivad gaSuqe-
bas. faqtiurad aseTi diskursi unda Sefasdes, rogorc mauw-
yebelTa komerciuli interesebze orientirebuli. sapirispiro
azris gamomxatvelebi samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi mcirericx-
ovnebi arian an am poziciis sajarod gamotana saerTod ar xdeba
mediis saSualebaTa mier.
sayuradReboa, rom kanonmdeblobis etapobrivi cvlileba
saxelisuflebo da opoziciuri partiis, memarjveneebisa da
giga bokerias Sejerebuli iniciativiT moxda, kerZod, ganxor-
cielda sasamarTloSi mauwyeblis pasuxis gasaCivrebis akrZal-
372
va, jarimebisa da arasrulwlovanTa mavne zemoqmedebisgan dacvis
kanonSi mTeli Tavis gauqmeba (asaniSvili g. 2006), rasac mohyva
sajaro mmarTvelobis iseTi meqanizmis gauqmebac, rogoric iyo
axalgazrduli departamentis centri. memarjveneTa erTerTi
lideris azriT kodeqs ar unda hqonoda normatiuli aqtis
Zala (qarTuli presis mimoxilva, 2006 wlis 18 dekemberi,). Tu
sazRvargareT konservatiuli midgoma upirvelesad zneobasa da
ojaxis Rirebulebebs icavs, saqarTveloSi memarjveneebisTvis
umTavresi biznesis interesebi aRmoCnda, maTi midgoma Semdgom
qristian-demokratebma da konservatorebma ganagrZes samauwye-
blo kodeqsis rogorc normatiuli aqtis gauqmebis moTxovniT
(konservatorebi `qcevis kodeqss aprotesteben, 2009, saagento
`medianiusi~ 17 marti, 2009). calkeuli opoziciuri politi-
kuri moRvaweebi individualur saubrebSi CvenTan am period-
Si miuTiTebdnen, rom samauwyeblo arxebTan kodeqsis gamo da-
pirispireba maT ar awyobdaT, radgan SeiZleba saerTod daekargaT
satelevizio eTeri. es ki imis maCvenebelia, rom media axdenda
informaciis tendenciur gadarCevas.
arasamTavrobo seqtoris 15 wlian istoriaSi dafinansebis
prioritetebidan gamomdinare ramdenime koalicia Seiqmna, rom-
lebic uSualod unda yofiliyvnen dainteresebuli mcirewlo-
vanTa dacvis kanonmdeblobis daxvewasa da qmediTobaSi. aseTebia
bavSvTa uflebebis damcveli, adamianis uflebebisa da fsiqi-
kuri janmrTelobis arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa koaliciebi,
magram arcerTi maTgani ar CarTula diskusiaSi mcirewlovanTa
interesebis dacvis mizniT. arasamTavrobo seqtoris adamianis
uflebaTa dacvis sfero yvelaze ganviTarebuli da uxvad dafi-
373
nansebadia saqarTveloSi (gurgeniZe, 2005, gv., ). `Tavisuflebis
instituti~ – wamyvani organizacia adamianis uflebaT dacvis
sferoSi im periodSi miuTiTebda, rom jarimebi da sanqciebi aRar
imoqmedebda axali kodeqsiT, axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis
gamgeobis Tavmjdomare ki Tvlida, rom kanoni ar iTvaliswinebda
mauwyeblis saqmianobaSi Carevas da mTavari amosavali TviTregu-
lirebaze orientacia unda yofiliyo (unda eSinodes Tu ara me-
dias mauwyebelTa qcevis kodeqsis? 2008). mTeli rigi sxva orga-
nizaciebi – saxalxo damcvelis ofisi, media sabWo, axalgazrda
iuristTa asociacia, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis centri mxars
uWerdnen samauwyeblo kodeqsis iZulebiTi xasiaTis gauqmebas
(qarTuli presis mimoxilva, 16 maisi, 2008, Georgia: A Flicker-
ing Beacon of Democracy, 2008 p.145,).
sayuradReboa, rom saqarTvelos xelisufleba sasamarT-
loSi mimarTvis akrZalvas mcirewlovanTa dacvisa Tu pasuxis
uflebis SemTxvevaSi mauwyeblebisadmi yvelaze liberalur
midgomad miiCnevs evropaSi (Georgia’s Democratic Transformation,
2007). Tu sazRvargareT diskusia satelevizio mauwyeblobaSi
mcirewlovanTa dacvis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad sasamarTloebSi mim-
dinareobs, saqarTveloSi sasamarTloSi mimarTvis akrZalvas ki
ar gamouwvevia samoqalaqo sazogadoebis farTo protesti. aR-
saniSnavia, rom calkeuli pirebis mier sasamarTloSi mimarTvis
akrZalvis gaprotestebis Semdeg sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi
2007 wlis maisSi (pirveli ganmwesrigebeli sxdoma, 2007), pro-
cesi mxolod weliwadnaxevris Semdeg daiwyo (rodesac 10 TveSi
unda dasrulebuliyo saqmis ganxilva), ganxilvebi dasrulda
2008 wlis dekemberSi (saqme #421, 422, 2008), magram gadaw-
374
yvetileba ar iyo gamotanili 2009 wlis noemberSic ki. es kidev
erTi maCvenebelia samauwyeblo biznesis seriozuli kavSirebisa
xelisuflebasTan da maTi zewolisa sasamarTlos sistemaze.
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba mxars uWerda mediisTvis meti Tav-
isuflebis miniWebis mizniT 2004-2006 wlebis seriozul cvli-
lebebs samauwyeblo kanonmdeblobaSi, magram adamianis uflebe-
bis damcvel organizaciebsac ki ar miuqceviaT yuradReba, rom
aseTi liberaluri midgomis Sedegad Seilaxeboda mcirewlo-
vanTa uflebebi. mavne zemoqmedebis mqone masalis Sefasebis kri-
teriumebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli iyo kanoniT, sanam ar iqneboda
miRebuli mauwyebelTa qcevis kodeqsi, magram komisia isev ar
ganixilavda saCivrebs mcirewlovanTa dacvis sakiTxebze. 2004
wlidan 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi xdeboda kodeqsis ganxilvis ga-
dadeba, rac aseve xels aZlevda samauwyeblo kompaniebs, radgan
maT SeeZloT dausjelad gaeSvaT nebismieri masala eTerSi dRis
saaTebSi. calkeuli religiuri organizaciebis mimarTvebis
miuxedavad mcirewlovanTa dacvis mizniT, arc komunikaciebis
komisias da arc samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan nawils
am SesaZleblobaze yuradReba ar gaumaxvilebia. aman aseve xeli
Seuwyo mauwyebelTa mier yoveldRiur darRvevebs, rac araerTx-
el aRiniSna evrokavSiris mier saqarTvelos samezoblo poli-
tikis ganxorcielebis angariSebSi (Progress Reports Georgia,
2008, p.18: 2009, p.19).
2007-2008 wlebSi imdenad gaizarda Zaladobisa da sisasti-
kis SemTxvevebi mozardTa Soris, rom arasamTavrobo seqtorma
saqarTvelos parlamentTan koaliciac ki Camoayaliba, romel-
mac ramdenime Sexvedra da konferenciac ki moawyo, magram am
375
Sekrebebsa da arc maT masalebSi saerTod ar iyo saubari mediaSi
Zaladobis SezRudvaze an mcirewlovanTa dacvis RonisZiebebze
mauwyeblobis kanonmdeblobaSi (bavSvTa da mozardTa Zaladobis
Semswavleli aliansi, 2007; kanonmdeblobis analizi mozardTa
Soris Zaladobis problemis gadasaWrelad, 2008). sazRvargare-
Tuli kvleva aCvenebs uSualo kavSirs media-Zaladobis zemoqmede-
bisa kriminalis an avtoavariebis raodenobis zrdaze (Huesmann,
L. R., Moise-Titus, J., Podolski, C. L., & Eron, L. D. (2003), Centerwall
BS. 1989). garkveulad aseTi zemoqmedeba SeiZleba saqarTveloS-
ic dadasturdes, radgan 2005 wlidan mniSvnelovnad matulobs
mkvlelobaTa da avtoavariebis Sedegad daRupulTa ricxvi.
amrigad, mediaSi mcirewlovanTa dacvis sakiTxSi samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis sxvadasxva – media, politikuri Tu arasamTav-
robo seqtoris moqmedeba arsebiTad ar aris gansxvavebuli.
gansxvavebulia mxolod calkeuli religiuri organizaciebis
mcirericxovani aqciebi, romlebic mauwyeblobaSi arasrulw-
lovanTa dacvis RonisZiebaTa aRdgenas iTxoven, marTalia, isini
aRweven garkveul warmatebebs satelevizio eTeris monitor-
ingis gamkacrebis, mauwyebelTa gafrTxilebis Tu samauwyeblo
kodeqsis ganxilvaTa gamwvavebis mxriv, magram kanonmdeblobaSi
mcirewlovanTa dacvis RonisZiebaTa TandaTanobiTi Semcireba da
evropuli standartebis gauqmeba 2004, 2006, da 2009 wlebSi
TvalsaCinoa da swored samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ZiriTadi aq-
tivistebis saqmianobiT unda aixsnas. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia,
rom samauwyeblo kodeqsi aqtiurad da intensiurad ganixile-
boda 5 wlis manZilze samoqalaqo seqtoris wamyvan warmomadgen-
lebis monawileobiT (10 sakonsultacio Sexvedra) or ucxoel
376
eqspertTan evropis sabWos egidiT (List of Activities for Georgia,
2007), Semdeg ki evrokavSirisa da evropis sabWos egidiT (EU
and CoE joint programes, 2009), aseve IREX programis mediis
mdgradi ganviTarebis programis sadiskusio Sexvedrebze (Media
Sustainability Index-Georgia, 2008-2009). amitom Znelia vivarau-
doT sakanonmdeblo viTarebis gauaresebis mizezad iniciati-
vaTa avtorebis arakompetenturoba an maTi drois ukmarisoba,
aq ufro saqme mediisTvis Segnebuli prioritetis miniWebaSia
mcirewlovanTa dacvasTan SedarebiT.
saagento media.ge-s informaciaTa qcevis kodeqsis ganxil-
vebis Sesaxeb analizi 4 wlis manZilze aCvenebs, rom diskusia
samauwyeblo kodeqsis miRebaze sakmaod mwvaved mimdinareobda
komunikaciebis komisiaSi da kodeqsis miReba 7-jer gadaido,
radgan arasrulwlovanTa dacvis RonisZiebaTa aRdgenis mcir-
ericxovani momxreebi winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen mauwyebelTa ko-
merciul interesebs, romlebic `Tavisuflebis institutiT~ iyo
warmodgenili. miuxedavad aseTi winaaRmdegobisa da intensiuri
ganxilvebisa ucxouri konsultaciebi araefeqturi aRmoCnda an
saerTod ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli (rogorc sabolood miRebu-
li kodeqsidan Cans), radgan mcirewlovanTa dacva praqtikulad
qarTul telesivrceSi aRar xdeba.
sazogadoebrivi interesebis aseTi ignorireba ar SeiZleba
axsnil iqnes mxolod samoqalaqo seqtoris sisustiT, rasac
zogadad postsabWoTa qveynebSi xSirad miuTiTeben (Howard,
2003, musxeliSvili 2006). vardebis revoluciis Semdeg aras-
amTavrobo seqtoris liderTa xelisuflebaSi gadanacvlebis
gamo (gv. 25, gurgeniZe, 2005) sazogadoebrivi interesebis pri-
377
oriteti ufro unda gazrdiliyo. samoqalaqo seqtoris sisuste
aSkaraa rwmenaze dafuZnebuli organizaciebis SemTxvevaSic. ad-
gili aqvs religiuri organizaciebis araefeqtur moqmedebas
kodeqsis ganxilvis dros. marTalia, sapatriarqo da wminda
sinodi akeTebdnen zogad gancxadebebsa da mimarTvebs, magram
konkretuli rekomendaciebi ar miuwodebiaT kodeqsis ganxil-
visTvis, rodesac did britaneTSi anglikanurma eklesiam saku-
Tari rekomendaciebi oficialurad waradgina(Ofcom’s strategy
and priorities, 2004).
samauwyeblo kodeqsTan dakavSirebiT mxolod orma reli-
giurma organizaciam gamoxata aqtiuroba pres-konferenciebis
doneze da erTma moawyo quCis aqciebi. es kidev erTxel imis
damadasturebelia, rom saqarTveloSi religiuri organizaciebi
ar aris mravalricxovani, rac maT erTgvar organizaciul sisus-
tes miuTiTebs. analogiur situaciaSi sazRvargareT yvela re-
ligiuri jgufi Tavs valdebulad CaTvlida sajarod gamoexata
protesti. samauwyeblo qcevis kodeqsis sakomisio ganxilvaSi
qarTuli sazogadoebis farTo warmomadgenlobas monawileoba
praqtikulad ar miuRia(ix. saqarTvelos komunikaciebis komisiis
2009 wlis 12 martis dadgenileba); monawileobdnen calkeuli
pirebi da ori mcire ricxovani religiuri jgufi. Znelia es Se-
fasdes rogorc saqarTvelos sazogadoebis interesTa realiza-
ciad, radgan masmedia saerTod ar awvdida am Temaze informacias-
sazogadoebas,
sayuradReboa, rom mauwyebelTa umetesoba faqtiurad arc
monawileobda ganxilvebSi, romlebic komunikaciebis komisiaSi
tardeboda, radgan biznesis interesebs faqtiurad arasamTav-
robo organizacia `Tavisuflebis instituti~ icavda (saagento

378
„media.ge“, 29 marti, 2007), komisiam araerTxel mimarTa mauwye-
blebs interesi gamoeCinaT da winadadebebi miewodebinaT qcevis
kodeqsis ganxilvisTvis.
samoqalaqo seqtoris mier sazogadoebrivi interesebis ase-
Ti ignorireba axsnili unda iqnes xelisuflebas, samoqalaqo
seqtorsa da bizness Soris mWidro kavSirebiT saqarTveloSi,
rac SeiZleba ganpirobebulia post-sabWoTa qveynebSi Zveli
saxelisuflo nomenklaturis gadanacvlebiTa da Zlieri kav-
SirebiT arasamTavrobo da biznes seqtorSi.
2009 wlis samauwyeblo kodeqsSi dafiqsirebul normebs
minimumze dahyavs mauwyeblobaSi mcirewlovanTa dacvis is Sez-
Rudvebi, romlebic Cveulebrivia sxva qveynebSi. Tu sxvagan wyal-
gamyofi 22 saaTze iwyeba, saqarTveloSi is 20 saaTidan iwyeba da
20 saaTidan ukve aRar aris SezRuduli uxamsoba, bilwsityvaoba
da SiSveli sxeulis demonstrireba (mauwyebelTa qcevis kod-
eqsi, 2009). amrigad, praqtikulad yvela evropuli standarti,
romelic gaTvaliswinebuli iyo 2001 wlis samauwyeblo regu-
laciebSi, ugulebelyofilia (Tanaregulireba, jarimebis arse-
boba kanonis darRvevisTvis, sasamarTloSi mimarTvis ufleba).
regulaciis evropuli standartebis danergvis cda faqtiurad
marcxiT damTavrda. aq isic unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelo ukve
ramdenime welia ar axdens evropis transsasazRvro televiziis
konvenciis ratifikacias, rac aseve biznesis interesebiT unda
aixsnas, radgan ratifikacias konvenciis moTxovnaTa Sesruleba
unda mohyves.
sayuradReboa, rom Tu saqarTveloSi mcirewlovanTa dacvis
RonisZiebebi ufro da ufro liberalur xasiaTs iZens, amerikis

379
SeerTebul StatebSi, piriqiT, ufro mkacrdeba zomebi. aSS-Si
2004 wlidan sxeulis nawilis wamis 1/3-iT gaSiSvlebis gamo
moxda jarimis gazrda 10-jer 325 aTas dolaramde da dainerga
pirdapiri transliaciis 7 wamiT Seyovneba (Super Bowl XXX-
VIII, 2005), rodesac saqarTveloSi 2009 wlidan daSvebulia:
uxamsobisa da SiSveli sxeulis translireba 20 saaTidan, Zala-
dobisa an daWrilTa wamebis translireba 15 wamis ganmavlobaSi.
aSS-Si 2008 wels SiSveli sxeuliT scenis CvenebisTvis 22 saa-
Tze satelevizio qseli 1,4 milioni dolariT jarimdeba (FCC
fines ABC over ‘NYPD Blue’, 2008), rodesac saqarTveloSi ja-
rimebi saerTod gauqmebulia. Zaladobis scenebis 15 wamis ganma-
vlobaSi daSveba satelevizio eTerSi praqtikulad xsnis Sez-
Rudvas filmebis umetesobis Cvenebaze.
amrigad, Tanamedrove qarTul mediaSi mcirewlovanTa dacvis
sakanonmdeblo garemo da praqtika principulad gansxvavdeba
2004 wlamde arsebuli situaciisgan da Sesabamisad evropuli
standartebisgan. saqarTvelos mauwyeblobaSi mcirewlovanTa
dacvis zomebis damkvidrebis cdebma aCvena, rom damoukidebeli
maregulirebeli organo – komunikaciebis komisia, aseve samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebac biznes-seqtoris Zlier gavlenas ganicdis,
rac maT damoukideblobas eWvis qveS ayenebs. Tu evropis umetes
qveyanaSi Tanaregulireba sazogadoebis warmomadgenelTa aqtiur
monawileobas gulisxmobs, saqarTveloSi sazogadoebrivi in-
teresebi mauwyeblobisas mcirewlovanTa dacvis TvalsazrisiT
absoluturad ignorirebulia da sazogadoebrivi Tanareguli-
rebis nacvlad mauwyebelTa TviTregulirebac ki ar funqcioni-
rebs.
380
 Abstract

Giorgi Kipiani
Civil society and minor protection from media
harmful content in Georgia

This paper aims to improve the understanding of following

questions: What are the obstacles for citizen participation in media
regulation? How have European Council, power elites and civil
society contributed to the balance of broadcaster and public inter-
ests in Georgia? These questions were born out of a need to un-
derstand juridical changes established by:1) Georgian Law for the
Protection of Minors (2001) which transposed of European Trans-
frontier TV convention and film classification of European countries;
2) Broadcasting Law approved by Georgian Parliament in 2006,
which excluded European TV standard transposition, banned citizen
right for appeal to the court or any administrative body in case of
broadcaster refusal of the complaint and right to reply, while these
documents recognize citizen interests and accountability of media.
Civil society strategies in recent media policy debate are examined
regarding citizen interests and freedom of media. Article discusses
role of different stakeholders and members of Georgian civil soci-
ety: political parties, human rights advocacy groups, faith based
NGO-s, broadcasting companies and regulatory bodies in changes of
minor protection measures. This paper concludes that as power elites
(industry, political parties and advocacy groups) emphasize more
neoliberal discourse in media policies, citizen and minor protection
381
interests had been neglected due to weakness of civil society and
regulatory framework.

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388
 mari xutaSvili

socialuri ekologia da sociologia

sazogadoeba ganviTarebis yvela stadiaSi mWidrod iyo dakav-

Sirebuli gare samyarosTan gamoiyenebda ra masSi arsebul bune-
briv resursebs da saxes ucvlida bunebas. sazogadoebisa da
garemos urTierTmoqmedebam gansakuTrebiT mwvave xasiaTi miiRo
gasuli saukunis meore naxevarSi. igi Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi
udidesi problemaa, romelic gamoixateba ar mxolod adamianis
zemoqmedebiT garemoze, aramed garemoSi mimdinare sasicocxlo
da sameurneo mniSvnelobis urTierTmoqmedebis procesebis uku-
moqmedebiT adamianze. SemTxveviTi araa rom 21-e saukune aRiare-
bulia ekologiuri problemebis saukuned.
pirvelad termini `ekologia~ gamoiyena germanelma biolog-
ma ernst hekelma (1868 wels) Tavis naSromSi `warmoSobis bune-
brivi istoria~ da safuZveli Cauyara bioekologias. ekologia
ganviTarebis sawyis stadiaSi miekuTvneboda sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebaTa sistemas, radgan cocxali organizmebisa da garemos
urTierTmoqmedebis sferoSi gamoricxuli iyo adamiani.
SemdgomSi garemos intensiurma aTvisebam gamoiwvia bunebaSi
arsebuli wonasworobis rRveva, am ukanasknelma ki ekosistemeb-
is kvlevis aucilebloba da XX sk-is 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
Cikagos universitetSi berouzma Seqmna `envaironmentologi-
uri~ skola. am periodSi ekologiuri kvlevis sferoSi Seis-
wavlian adamianis zemoqmedebas garemoze da piriqiT.
389
 termini `adamianis ekologia~ pirvelad gamoiyenes berjesma
da parkma, magram Tavdapirvelad adamianis ekologia gagebuli
iqna rogorc medicinis nawili, kerZod samedicino ekolo-
gia, romelic swavlobda garemos zemoqmedebas adamianis janm-
rTelobaze. ekologiurma interesebma bunebriv ekosistemebis
SeswavlasTan erTad moicva adamianisa da ekosistemebis urT-
ierTmoqmedebis Seswavla. ekologia gascda sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebaTa sistemas, Tumca samwuxarod, dResac zogierTi bi-
ologi mecnieri ekologiur mecnierebas biologiur mecnierebad
miiCnevs.
XX s-is 20-iani wlebidan Cndeba termini `sazogadoebrivi
ekologia~. 1950 wels amos heivleim gamoaqveyna naSromi `sa-
zogadoebrivi ekologia-struqturuli sazogadoebis Teoria~.
sazogadoebrivi Teoria aris interdisciplinaruli sfero,
romelic iyenebs sxvadasxva mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebs, swav-
lobs garemos zegavlenas adamianis qcevaze, maTi adaptirebis
strategias, cdilobs daexmaros adamianebs gadaWran ekologi-
uri problemebi ojaxur da sazogadoebriv garemoSi da xels
uwyobs pirovnebis, ojaxis, sazogadoebis keTildReobas.
ekologiis Taviseburi damagvirgvinebeli evoluciuri
ciklia kacobriobis ekologia, globaluri ekologia, social-
uri ekologia, ekonomikuri ekologia, politikuri ekologia,
konstruqciuli ekologia, kosmiuri ekologia. rigi mkvlevari
savsebiT marTebulad aRniSnaven, rom kacobriobis ekologia, sa-
zogadoebrivi ekologia, globaluri ekologia ar aris samecni-
ero disciplinebi, moicaven axal saazrovno sivrces da axdenen
sxvadasxva mecnierebis kvlevis Sedegebis interpretacias, ma-
390
gram ara disciplinaruli TvalsazrisiT, ar floben kvlevis
meTodebs, gaaCniaT mxolod masStabebi. amrigad, ekologiam
daakavSira sabunebismetyvelo da sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi
ekologiur mecnierebaTa sistemaSi. amave dros gamovlinda ori
urTierTsapirispiro tendencia: Tavdapirvelad diferenciacia,
xolo mogvianebiT integracia.
demografiulma afeTqebam da samecniero teqnikurma revo-
luciam ganapiroba bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis kolosa-
luri zrda, romelmac gamoiwvia garemos dabinZureba, bunebrivi
resursebis gamoleva, ekosistemebis rRveva, mosaxleobis janm-
rTelobis gauareseba da mTeli rigi daavadebebis zrda. gasuli
saukunis meore naxevarSi garemos daxasiaTebisas xSirad gvx-
vdeba iseTi gansazRvrebebi, rogoricaa `ekologiuri krizisi~,
`ekologiuri destabilizacia~, `mkvdari zonebi~, `ekologi-
uri sistemebis globaluri degradacia~, `bunebrivi sistemebis
rRveva~ da a.S. am periodSi Seiqmna kacobriobis momavlis prog-
nozirebis samecniero organizaciebi, romlebic kvlevas awar-
moebdnen sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri, demografiuli
da ekologiuri ganviTarebis modelze. am TvalsazrisiT mniS-
vnelovani kvlevebi Caatara 1968 wels daarsebulma msoflio
sistemis ganviTarebis modelirebisa da prognozirebis aras-
amTavrobo futurologiuri saerTaSoriso organizaciam `romis
klubi~, romelic aerTianebda dasavleTis asamde gamoCenil mec-
niersa da sazogado moRvawes.
Seiqmna alarmistuli mimarTulebis literatura, romlis
ZiriTadi laitmotivia ekologiuri krizisi da bunebis gardu-
vali daRupva. maTgan mniSvnelovania: h. da a. erlixebis `mosax-
391
leoba, resursebi, garemomcveli garemo~, b. komoneris `Caketi-
li wre-buneba, adamiani, teqnologia~, b. uordisa da r. diubos
`miwa mxolod erTia~, j. foresteris `msoflio dinamika~, d.
medouzis `zrdis sazRvrebi~ da a.S.
socioekologiurma problemebma mecnierebis winaSe daayena
ekologiuri problemebis kvlevisa da mosalodneli katastro-
fis Tavidan acilebis amocana. rodesac samyaroSi batonobs
teqnikuri revolucia, teqnogenuri gardaqmnebi SesaZlebelia
mxolod maSin, roca igi efuZneba garemoSi wonasworobis Senar-
Cunebis sakmaris codnas da aucilebelia sazogadoebrivi Semo-
qmedebiTi moRvaweobis mimarTeba bunebis mdgomareobisa da gan-
viTarebis optimaluri moTxovnilebebisadmi. amdenad, ekologia
ar SemoizRuda mxolod bunebrivi garemos dacviT. garemomcveli
garemo aucilebelia adamianis biologiuri arsebobisaTvis,
kulturuli garemo ki misi sulieri cxovrebis nawilia. kaco-
briobas, rogorc bunebis nawils, SeuZlia iarsebos bunebasTan
urTierTmoqmedebiT mxolod adamianis mier garemos gonivruli
marTvis pirobebSi. globaluri ekologiuri situaciis Seswav-
la Seicavs sociologiuri codnis segmentsac, ase magaliTad,
kulturis sociologia, envaironmentologiuri sociologia,
medicinis sociologia, qalaqis sociologia. TviTeuli maT-
gani ikvlevs adamianisa da mis saqmianobas garemos konkretul
aspeqtSi.
socialuri ekologia ganviTarda gasuli saukunis 60-ian
wlebSi, rodesac msoflios sxvadasxva wertilebSi gamovlinda
ekologiuri krizisi. 1966 wels varnaSi sociologebis saer-
TaSoriso kongresze socialuri ekologiis problematikasTan
392
dakavSirebiT Seiqmna sociologebis saerTaSoriso gaerTianebis
kvleviTi komiteti. socialuri ekologia disciplinaTaSoriso
mecnierebaa, romelic swavlobs sazogadoebisa da garemos urT-
ierTmoqmedebas, adamianTa moqmedebis organizaciis principebs
ekologiuri kanonebis obieqturi moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
socialuri ekologia, iyenebs ra sxva mecnierebis kvlevis
Sedegebs, xels uwyobs sazogadoebis ekologiuri cnobierebis
formirebasa da ganviTarebas da ZiriTadi problemebis gadaw-
yvetilebis gzebis Ziebas, raSic ekologiur da sociologiur
ganaTlebas mniSvnelovani roli ekisreba. socialuri ekologiis
principebs sociologia karnaxobs, Tumca aucilebelia, rogorc
ekologiuri mecnierebis socializacia, aseve sociologiis
ekologizacia.
socialuri ekologiis Seswavlis sagania ara mxolod buneb-
isa da sazogadoebis urTierTmoqmedebis procesi, aramed rTuli
socioekologiuri sistemebis urTierTmoqmedebis procesi. ker-
Zod, adamianTa jgufebis damokidebuleba urbanizebul garemo-
sTan, sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebis mier ekologiuri prob-
lemebis aRqma, garemos dacvis mizniT sazogadoebrivi kontro-
lis SesaZleblobis gacnobiereba da bunebaTdacviTi RonisZiebe-
bis praqtikaSi gamoyeneba da gaTvaliwineba, socioekologiuri
sistemis komponentebis gaanalizeba.
socialuri ekologia interdisciplinaruli dargia bune-
baTsargeblobis sferoSi socialuri jgufebis interesebis
Sesaxeb.
socialuri ekologiis Seswavlis obieqtia sazogadoe-
bis, socialuri fenisa da jgufebis ekologiuri cnobiereba,
393
ekologiuri problemebi , warmoqmnili sociumSi, romelic gan-
sakuTrebiT mwvavdeba ganviTarebad qveynebSi da gamovlindeba in-
dividualurad TviTeuli adamianSi.
sxvadasxva SefasebebiT ekologiuri problemebis Sedegebi sa-
zogadoebisaTvis zogadad ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre samxedro
konfliqtebi. regionaluri, da lokaluri ekologiuri krizi-
si da katastrofebi aisaxeba TiToeul adamiansa da socialur
fenebsa da jgufebze janmrTelobis mdgomarebis gauaresebiT,
sicocxlis xangrZliobis donis SemcirebiT. amasTanave, ekolo-
giur problemebs ar gaaCniaT sazRvrebi da sabolood global-
ur problemad gardaiqmneba da safrTxes uqmnis civilizaciis
mdgrad ganviTarebas.
msoflios rig regionebSi ekologiuri krizisi gardaiqmna
socialur-ekologiur katastrofad. ekologiur sistemaSi
warmoqmnili nebismieri problema mravalwaxnagovania, Znelad
prognozirebadi da gauTvaliwinebeli. ase magaliTad, msof-
lioSi sinTezirebulia 5 mln qimiur SenaerTze meti. toqsikur
nivTierebaTa gavrceleba atmosferoSi abinZurebs niadags, wy-
als, biotur garemos, iwvevs adamianTa toqsikur, alergiul, en-
dokrinul daavadebas, tyeebis ganadgurebas,am ukanasknelis Sed-
egad eroziuli procesebis daCqarebas, sabolood ekosistemis
degradacias. 1952 wels q.londonSi ori kviris ganmavlobaSi
smogis Sedegad 4 000 kaci daiRupa da 10 0000 stacionarSi
moaTavses, ZiriTadad sasunTqi da sisxlZarRvTa organoebis daa-
vadebiT. amJamad msoflioSi yovelwliurad diarhoialuri daa-
vadebebis Sedegad 5 mln adamiani kvdeba da maTgan 3 mln bavSvi.
samedicino ekologiuri gamokvlevebidan cnobilia cocxal or-
394
ganizmebze mxolod calkeuli qimiur elementTa da zogierT
SenarevTa uaryofiTi zegavlenis Sesaxeb, radgan socioekologi-
ur sistemebSi nivTierebaTa brunva bunebriv sistemebTan Sedare-
biT xarisxobrivad gansxvavebulia da SeuTavsebeli. amdenad,
SeuZlebelia socioekosistemaSi srulyofili korelaciuri
analizi, miTumetes perspeqtivis gaTvaliswinebiT. amis maga-
liTia Zvel romSi didgvarovanTa wyalsadenebSi tyviis milebis
gamoyeneba, romelsac romis imperiis dasustebas ukavSireben,
kerZod, didgvarovanTa samarxebis ConCxi didi raodenobiT Sei-
cavda tyvias, rac ar aRmoCnda danarCeni mosaxleobis ConCxSi,
radgan didgvarovnebis wyalsadeni tyviis milisagan keTdeboda,
mosaxleobis farTe masebis ki – Tixis milebisagan dRes dadge-
nilia korelacia tyviisSemcvel nivTierebebisa da miokardul
infarqtebs, sklerozebs, avTvisebian simsivneebs Soris.
socialuri ekologiis mizania individis, socialuri jgufe-
bis da mTeli sazogadoebis da ekosistemis urTierTmoqmedebis
da damokidebulebis Seswavla. agreTve sazogadoebis ekologi-
uri cnobierebis da ekologiuri ganaTlebis amaRleba.
adamianTa moqmedebis organizaciis principebi bevradaa damok-
idebuli imaze,Tu rogoria maTi ekologiuri Segnebis done am
problemasTan mimarTebiT, raTa sazogadoebam saTanadod gaiTval-
iswinos ekologiuri kanonebis obieqturi moTxovnebi.am Tval-
sazrisiT saintereso samuSao Caatara jorj gelapis saerTa-
Soriso institutma /q.prinstoni/. sociologiurma gamokiTx-
vam `planetis janmrTeloba~ gamoavlina planetis 22 qveynis
mosaxleobis azri Tu ra gavlenas axdens garemo pirobebi maT
cxovrebaze; rogori ekologiuri situaciaa nacionalur da
395
globaluri masStabiT; ra gavlenas axdens maT janmrTeloba-
ze; maT sacxovrebeli garemos mdgomareoba 10 wlis win, dRes,
momavalSi; garemos degradaciis gamomwvevi mizezebi; garemos
dabinZurebis problemebi; garemos gaumjobesebis gzebi da a.S.
aRniSnuli mamaqveynidan 15 qveyanam umniSvnelovanes problemebs
Soris ekologiuri, ekonomikuri da damnaSaveobis problemebi
daasaxela.
sazogadoebis informireba da misi monawileoba garemoze
zemoqmedebis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebaTa
miRebis procesSi aRiarebulia demokratiuli sazogadoebis
mSeneblobis aucilebel saSualebad da mZlavr instrumentad.
yvelas aqvs ufleba, miiRos drouli da zusti informacia ga-
remos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da miiRos monawileoba garemos
dacvasTan dakavSirebul gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesSi,
nebismieri organizaciuli formiT Caataros garemoze zemoq-
medebis Sefaseba. qveynis mdgradi ganviTareba moiTxovs erTiani
ekologiuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri midgomis strategias
da ara erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli gzebis Ziebas.

396
 Abstract

Mari Khutashvili
Social ecology and sociology

Ecologic interests with the ecosystem studies have connected the

study of human and ecosystem interaction. Ecology has surpassed
the systems of natural sciences, by connecting natural and social
sciences with each other in the systems of ecologic sciences.

The socio-ecologic problems have raised questions of research-

ing ecologic issues and avoiding possible disasters.
When the technical revolution has supremacy in all over the
world technogenic transformations are possible only when it is based
on sufficient knowledge of preservation balance and when it’s neces-
sary that socio-human creativity will be related to optimum needs
for conditions and development of nature.
That is why, studies on the global ecologic conditions also con-
tains the segment of social knowledge, for example sociology of
culture, sociology of environment, sociology of medicine, urban so-
ciology, each discipline researches human activities in specific envi-
ronmental aspect. social ecology is interdisciplinary science, which
studies interaction of society and environment, interests of social
groups and social strata in use of nature, principles of organizing
human activities, with the objective demands of ecologic principles;
It promotes formation and development of ecological consciousness

397
of society and searching the ways to resolve to general problems, in
which ecologic and social education has an important role.
Principles of sociologic ecology are distributed from sociologic
principles, although the socialization of ecologic sciences is as in-
evitable as the ecologization of sociology.
Stable development of the state demands the common ecologic,
social and economic strategic approaches and not the quest of in-
dependent resolving ways. Social ecology represents the significant
discipline, which discusses the specific character of interaction of
the society and the environment.

gamoyenebuli da citirebuli literatura:

1. g. babunaSvili, m. xutaSvili. zogadi ekologia da gare-

mos dacva. Tb., Tsu, 2005
2. Горелов А.А. Социальная экология. Учебное пособие
для студентов ВУЗов, М., 2009
3. Доклад о развитии человека 2007/2008 изд. Вес. 2007.
4. Прохоров б.б. Социальная экология. 4-е изд., Учебное
пособие для студентов ВУЗов, М., Академия, 2009
5. Human Development Report, Published for the United Na-
tions Development Programm (UNDP), New York , Oxford
, 1998

398
 nino javaxiSvili, maia xositaSvili,
nino siraZe, lika Zagania,

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universiteti
iohan Snaideri
zaarlandis universiteti
qarTvel da germanel morwmuneTa Sedareba
locvis aspeqtebis mixedviT

religiuri rwmenis indikatoria locva, romelic warmoad-

gens `religiis sulsa da arss~ (Josephs, 1998). aSS-Si Catare-
bulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom adamianebi sakmaod xSirad loculo-
ben (amerikelTa 90% zogjer mainc loculobs (Gallup Organiza-
tion, 1993). es exeba rogorc eklesiaSi mosiarule mlocvelebs,
aseve maT, vinc eklesiaSi ar dadis. kvlevebis mixedviT, aTeiste-
bic ki loculoben. mlocvelTagan umravlesoba sxvebTan erT-
ad locvas Cumad locvas amjobinebs. aseve umravlesobas swams,
rom maTi locva Sesmenil iqneba (97%), pasuxic gaecema, da rom
locva maT ukeTes adamianebad aqcevs (86%) (Josephs, 1998).
mlocvelTa 77% kmayofilia aseTi cxovrebiT. mravali adamiani
iyenebs locvas, raTa gadaWras cxovrebiseuli sirTuleebi, daZ-
lios janmrTelobis problemebi. locva daZlevis strategiaa
da mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs stresul situaciebSi, avad-
myofobis, frustraciis da sxvadasxva mZime danakargebis dros.
uaryofiTma da dadebiTma emociebma SeiZleba gazardon locvis
sixSire. usiamovno situaciaSi izrdeba TxovniTi locvis sixSi-
399
re, sasiamovnos dros ki – madlierebiTi locvis sixSire (Harris,
Schoneman, Carrera, 2005).
locvis intimurobidan gamomdinare, misi empiriuli aRwera
rTulia. saqmes isic arTulebs, rom sxvadasxva religiur ganzo-
milebasa da fsiqikur janmrTelobas Soris arsebuli kavSiris
Sesaxeb monacemebi xSir SemTxvevaSi orazrovani da urTierTsa-
winaaRmdegoa. igive SeiZleba iTqvas locvis kavSirze adamianis
fsiqikur da fizikur janmrTelobasTan (Harris, Schoneman, Car-
rera, 2005).
monacemTa amgvari aRrevis mizezi SeiZleba dakavSirebuli
iyos locvis definiciis sakiTxTan, terminis standartizaciis
problemasTan. iTvleba, rom locva RmerTTan komunikaciis gzaa,
komunikaciis terminis qveS SesaZlebelia mravalgvari qceva
igulisxmebodes. aqedan gamomdinare, arsebobs locvis tipebisa
da funqciebis klasifikaciis problema. cnobilia elkinis mier
SemoTavazebuli locvis tipebi: gamomqomagebeli (qomagi) da Ca-
fiqrebuli (moazrovne); riCardsis TxovniTi da urTierTobis;
melonisa da finis verbaluri da meditaciuri locvis tipe-
bi. magram am tipologiebze dayrdonibiT ver moxerxda locvis
sakvlevi validuri testis Seqmna. igive suraTs vxedavT loc-
vis funqciebis klasifikaciis SemTxvevaSic, locvis funqciebs
Soris gamoyves: moTxovnilebis gamoxatva, rwmenis ganmtkiceba,
relaqsacia, desensitizacia da sxva. magram es funqceibi empiri-
ulad validuri ar aris (Ladd, Spilka, 2002; Richards, 1991;Finney,
Malony, 1985; Byrd & Boe, 2001; Harris, Schoneman & Carrera ,
2005; Maltby, Lewis & Day, 1998).

400
 reliigis fsiqologiaSi arsebuli `SeTanxmebulobis hipo-
Tezis~ mixedviT, locvis sixSire da saerTod adamianis religi-
uroba, rwmena da qcevebi damokidebulia imaze, igi amrideblu-
ri Tu mSfoTvare tipia. pirvel SemTxvevaSi adamiani erideba
urTierTobebs sxvebTan, adamianebTan kontaqti misTvis diskom-
forts warmoadgens. meores dros saqme gvaqvs uaryofis da mito-
vebis SiSTan. erT-erTi kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom zemoTxse-
nebuli tipebi kavSirSi iyo imasTan, mimarTavda Tu ara locvas
adamiani stresul situaciaSi. amridebluri tipi stresuli
situaciis dros ar mimarTavs locvas, radgan locva mxolod
gazrdis mis diskoforts. misgan gansxvavebiT, araamridebluri
tipi stresuli situaciebis dros mimarTavs locvas. mSfoTvare
tipi amgvar situaciebSi mxolod TxovniT locvas ambobs (Byrd,
Boe, 2001).
locvis saintereso klasifikacias gvTavazoben poloma da
pendletoni. maT mier gamoyofili locvis oTxi saxe sxva av-
torebma Semdgom kvlevebSi gamoiyenes (Beasler, 2002;McCullough,
Larson, 1999;Laird, Snyder, Rapoff, Green, 2004):
WvretiT-meditaciuri mlocvels RvTaebrivTan intimuri, pi-
radi urTierToba aqvs; iyenebs daZlevis religiur meqanizmebs
(sulieri dasayrdenis Zieba), rac xSirad dakavSirebulia cxovre-
biseuli stresuli situaciis Semdgom periodTan; amsubuqebs
da pozitiur cvlilebebs iwvevs fsiqologiur simptomatikaSi;
iklebs kunTuri daWimuloba, brazi, SfoTva da depresia ;

401
 ritualuri mlocveli locvans kiTxulobs an damaxsovre-
bul locvebs imeorebs. es tipi dadebiT kavSirSia cxovrebiseul
keTildReobasTan, religiur kmayofilebasTan;
mTxovneli mlocveli ufals sakuTari Tavisa da sxvaTaT-
vis SesTxovs; Txovna locvis yvelaze primitiuli, pirveladi
formaa da pozitiuri, religiuri Tu sulieri, funqcionirebis
maCvenebelia. amgvari locva fsiqosocialuri stresis niSania da
aRiniSneba negatiuri cxovrebiseuli situaciis Semdeg. locvis
am saxes iyeneben Zlieri tkivilebis regulirebisa da Semcire-
bisaTvis;
sakuTari sityvebiT mlocveli esaubreba RmerTs; misi Txov-
nis elementebi ufro specifiuri da konkretulia, vidre mTx-
ovneli mlocvelis. aseT dros adamianebi uflisagan iTxoven:
Zalas, gaZRolas, sxvaTa dalocvas; is erTgvari progresis am-
saxvelia _ axalgazrdobidan zrdasrulobamde da pozitiur kav-
SirSia janmrTelobasa da keTildReobasTan (Poloma, Pendleton,
1989; Poloma, Pendleton, 1990; Poloma, Pendleton, 1991).
gert hofstedes mixedviT, kultura gavlenas axdens re-
ligiaze, Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva religiis warmomadgenlebs
gansxvavebuli religiuri Sexedulebebi da qcevebi ara mxolod
Tavad rwmenis dogmebidan, aramed ama Tu im kulturasTan mikuT-
vnebulobis gamo aqvT. gamonakliss arc qristianoba da masSi
gamoyofili sami msxvili jgufi – protestantebi, kaTolikebi
da marTlmadideblebi warmoadgenen. miuxedavad imisa, rom pro-
testantebi, kaTolikebi da marTlmadideblebi, rigi sxva deno-

402
minaciebisagan gansxvavebiT, Tanxmdebian, rom arsebobs erTi WeS-
mariteba, maT Soris aris sxvaoba hofstedes mier gamoyofil
iseT fsiqologiur ganzmilebebze, rogorebicaa:

 Zalauflebis manZili
 feminuroba-maskulinoba
 gaurkvevlobis Tavidan arideba

Zalauflebis manZilis konstruqti aRniSnavs, Tu ramdenad

misaRebia organizaciaSi naklebi Zalauflebis mqone wevrisaTvis
is mosazreba, rom Zalauflebis ganawileba Tanabari ar aris. sxva
sityvebiT, sazogadoebebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagn imisda mi-
xedviT, uWeren Tu ara misi wevrebi mxars ierarqias sazogado-
ebaSi. protestantuli religiis mqone qveynebSi Zalauflebis
manZili dabalia, es ufro demokratiuli qveynebia, xolo ka-
Tolikur da marTlmadideblur qveynebSi Zalauflebis manZili
maRalia. qristianul qveynebSi Zlieri, maskulinuri sazogadoe-
bebi RmerTis mniSvnelobis umTavresobas aRiareben. maskulinuri
sazogadoebisaTvis mama RmerTis saxeli mniSvnelovania, xolo
feminur sazogadoebebSi, da aseTebi ZiriTadad protestantebi
arian, ufro SeimCneva sekularizmisaken ltolva. gaurkvevlo-
bis Tavidan arideba niSnavs, rom adamianma ar icis, ra moxdeba
xval, momavali gaurkvevelia, xolo ukiduresi gaurkvevloba
autanel SfoTvas iwvevs. yovelma sazogadoebam am SfoTvis Sem-
cirebis gzebi monaxa. es teqnologiis, kanonmdeblobisa da reli-
giis meSveobiT moxda. religia adamianis piradi momavlis makon-
troleblad miCneul transcedentur ZalebTan dakavSirebis
403
saSualebaa. religia gvexmareba iseT gaurkvevlobas SeveguoT,
romlisganac Tavs ver davicavT. zogierTi religia sicocxlis
Semdeg sikvdilis, an mowinaaRmdegis damarcxebis saboloo ga-
rkveulobas gvTavazobs (Hofstede, Hofstede, 2004).
mravali qveynis monacemebis safuZvelze hofstedem aCvena,
rom zemoT aRniSnul ganzomilebebze protestantebs nakle-
bi qulebi aqvT, vidre marTlmadideblebs (Hofstede, Hofstede,
2004). amrigad, gamoikveTa saintereso gansxvavebebi protestan-
tebsa da marTlmadideblebs Soris. sainteresoa, aris Tu ara
gansxvaveba sxvadasxva kulturis morwmuneebs Soris, miTumetes,
Tu isini sxvadasxva religias miekuTvnebian. am mizniT SevadareT
erTmaneTs qarTveli – marTlmadidebeli da germaneli – protes-
tanti morwmuneebi locvis kuTxiT. SevarCieT locvis ramdenime
komponenti

 locvis da RvTismsaxurebaze daswrebis sixSire;

 locvis saxeebi;
 locviT kmayofileba.

Sesabamisad, kvlevis kiTxva Semdegnairad Camoyalibda: ra

gansxvavebebia qarTvel da germanel mlocvelebs Soris

• locvis da RvTismsaxurebaze daswrebis sixSiris

• locvis saxeebis da
• locvis gavlenis mixedviT?
meTodi:

404
 gamokiTxva Catarda germaniaSi da saqarTveloSi. qarTuli
SerCeva Sedgeboda 184 morwmunisagan, maTgan, 122 (66,5%) qali
da 62 (33,5%) mamakaci; 110 (60,0%) arastudenti da 74 (40,0%)
studenti. asaki meryeobda 14 – 83 wlamde, xolo saSualo asaki
iyo M = 34,74 (SD = 16,389). kvlevis 182 (98,9%) monawile iyo
marTlmadidebeli, xolo 2 (1,1%) – aramarTlmadidebeli. ger-
maniaSi kvleva Catarda 206 adamianze, maTgan, 133 (64,6%) qali
da 79 (34,4%) mamakaci; 96 (46,8%) arastudenti da 109 (53,2%)
studenti. asaki meryeobda 14 – 83 wlamde, xolo saSualo asaki
iyo M = 27,32 (SD = 162,657). kvlevis 175 (85,3%) monawile iyo
protestanti, xolo 30 (14,7%) – kaTolike.
instrumentad gamoviyeneT kiTxvari, romelic sami nawilisa-
gan Sedgeba. locvis saxeebis sazomi skala, locvis gavlenis sa-
zomi skala da kiTxvebi locvis da RvTismsaxurebaze daswrebis
sixSiris Sesaxeb. yvela kiTxva likertis skalis tipisaa.

polomasa da pendletonis locvis sazomi skala moicavs 15

debulebas, romlebic adgenen locvis romel saxes iyenebs ufro
xSirad mlocveli: ritualurs(2 debuleba), sakuTari sityvebiT
locvas(6 debuleba), meditaciurs(5 debuleba)Tu mTxovnels(2
debuleba). mag., debuleba _ `ramdenad xSirad kiTxulobT lo-
cvans?~ Seesabameba ritualuri locvis saxes. debuleba _ `ram-
denad xSirad SeigrZnobT, rom RmerTi TqvenTanaa? Seesabameba
meditaciuri locvis saxes da a.S. locvis skalis maqsimaluri
qulaa 75.

locvis gavlenis sazomi skala 9 debulebisagan Sedgeba. de-

bulebebi locvis dros aRmocenebul emociur damokidebulebas

405
da ganwyobebs afasebs. skala moicavs iseT kiTxvebs, rogorebicaa:
`locva amcirebs Cems SiSs~, `locva maniWebs ukeTes emociebs~,
`locva mamSvidebs~ da sxv. locvis gavlenis saerTo maqsimaluri
qula aris 36.

es ori skala inglisuri enidan qarTulad vTargmneT, Semdeg

isev inglisurad. gansvlebis aRmofxvris Semdeg skalebi pilo-
tur kvlevaSi gamovcadeT, mcireodeni Sesworebebis Semdeg kiTx-
vari mzad iyo kvlevaSi gamosayeneblad.

Sedegebi:

radgan locvis saxeebis da locvis gavlenis skalebi saqarT-

veloSi pirvelad tardeboda, qarTul SerCevaze sandoobis Se-
samowmeblad gamovTvaleT maTi α koeficientebi. locvis kiTx-
varis saerTo (15 debuleba) qulis mixedviT α= .8867. locvis
TiToeuli qveskalis mixedviT ki: ritualuri locva α= .7205,
sakuTari sityvebiT locva α= .8020, meditaciuri locva α=
.7390, mTxovneli locva α= .7167. locvis gavlenis skalis alfa
koeficientia α= .9179 amrigad, yvela skala da qveskala san-
doa.
qvemoT mogvyavs qarTveli da germaneli mlocvelebis mona-
cemebi:
locvis sixSiris monacemTa mixedviT, qarTveli da ger-
maneli morwmuneebi arsebiTad gansxvavdebian ori maCvenebliT:
meti germaneli morwmune ar loculobs da Sesabamisad, naklebi
germaneli morwmune loculobs dReSi erTxel an dReSi ramden-
jerme (χ2= 98,373, df = 7, p < .000).

406
 qarTvelebi germanelebi

saerTod ar loculobs 0.5% 8.7%

kviraSi ramdenjerme 13% 14.3%
dReSi erTxel 20% 13.9%

dReSi ramdenjerme 31.9% 24.2%

ufro iSviaTad 34.6% 38.9
χ2= 98.373, df = 7, p < .000

cxrili #1 locvis sixSire qarTvel da germanel morwmu-

neebTan.
RvTismsaxurebaze daswrebis sixSiris mixedviT, qarTve-
lebTan SedarebiT, meti germaneli arasodes dadis eklesiaSi,
xolo naklebi dadis kviraSi ramdenjerme (χ2= 41, 551, df = 7,
p< .000).

qarTvelebi germanelebi
arasodes 5.9% 11.1 %
kviraSi erTxel 20.0% 22.7 %
kviraSi ramdenjerme 20.5% 8.9 %
ufro iSviaTad 53.6% 57.3%
χ2= 41. 551, df = 7, p < .000

cxrili #2 RvTismsaxurebaze daswrebis sixSire qarTvel

da germanel morwmuneebTan.
locvis skalis maqsimaluri 75 qulidan qarTvelebis Ser-
Cevam daagrova M = 51,11 (SD = 10,67). locvis skalaze qulebi
meryeobda 15-dan 70-mde. locvis calkeuli saxis mixedviT sa-
Sualo monacemebi aseTia: ritualuri locva M =6,82 SD = 2,164,
sakuTari sityvebiT locva M = 22,76 (SD = 4,692), meditaciuri

407
locva M =16,39 (SD = 3,841), mTxovneli locva M = 5,17 (SD =
2,257). germanelebis SerCevam daagrova M = 44,89 (SD = 13,55).
locvis calkeuli saxis mixedviT saSualo monacemebi aseTia:
ritualuri locva M =5,42 SD = 2,742, sakuTari sityvebiT loc-
va M = 20,43 (SD = 5,298), meditaciuri locva M =15,02 SD =
4,765, mTxovneli locva M = 4,09 SD = 2,763. F (3, 386)=1.153,
p >.05
locvis gavlenis skalis mixedviT maqsimaluri 36 qulidan
qarTvelebma daagroves M = 28,79, SD = 5,695. xolo germaneleb-
ma: M = 27,93, SD = 6,369. amasTan, locvis gavlenis skalaze
qulebi meryeobda 9-dan 36-mde.

korelaciebi:

aRmoCnda, rom qarTvelebis SerCevisaTvis locvis skala

dadebiT korelaciaSia locvis gavlenis skala sTan, locvis
sixSiresa da RvTismsaxurebaze daswrebis sixSiresTan. locvis
gavlenis skala dadebiT korelaciaSia locvis sixSiresa da
RvTismasaxurebaze daswrebis sixSiresTan, aseve Tavad locvis
sixSiresa da RvTismsaxurebaze daswrebis sixSireebs Sorisac
dafiqsirda dadebiTi korelacia. yvela es korelacia mniSvnelo-
vania p < .01 -is doneze.

408
 locvis locvis locvis RvTismsaxurebaze
skala gavlenis sixSire daswrebis
skala sixSire
locvi s skala 1 .566** .482** .457**

locvis gavlenis .566** 1 .421** .462**

skala
locvis sixSire .482** .421** 1 .592**

RvTismsaxurebaze
daswrebis
sixSire .457** .462** .592** 1

cxrili #3: locvis maCveneblebis pirsonis korelaciebi

saqarTvelos SerCevis mixedviT
germanelebis SerCevisaTvis: locvis skala dadebiT korela-
ciaSia locvis gavlenis skalasTan, locvis sixSiresa da RvTi-
smsaxurebaze daswrebis sixSiresTan. locvis gavlenis skala
dadebiT korelaciaSia locvis sixSiresa da RvTismasaxurebaze
daswrebis sixSiresTan, aseve Tavad locvis sixSiresa da RvTi-
smsaxurebaze daswrebis sixSireebs Sorisac dafiqsirda dade-
biTi korelacia. yvela es korelacia mniSvnelovania p < .01 -is
doneze.

409
 locvis locvis locvis RvTismsaxurebaze
skala gavlenis sixSire daswrebis
skala sixSire
locvis skala 1 .746** .763** .660**
locvis gavlenis .746** 1 .671** .473**
skala
locvis sixSire .763** .671** 1 .665**
RvTismsaxurebaze .660** .473** .665** 1
daswrebis
sixSire

cxrili #4: locvis maCveneblebis pirsonis korelaciebi

germaniis SerCevis mixedviT
qarTvelebis SerCevaSi locvis yvela qveskala: ritualuri,
sakuTari sityvebiT locva, meditaciuri locva da mTxovneli
locva korelirebs erTmaneTTan:

ritualuri sakuTari meditaciuri mTxovneli

sityvebiT
locva
ritualuri 1 .584** .609** .177*
sakuTari .584** 1 .764** .346**
sityvebiT
locva
meditaciuri .609** .764** 1 .323**
mTxovneli .177* .346** .323** 1

cxrili #5:: locvis saxeebis pirsonis korlaciebi saqarT-

velos SerCevis mixedviT

410
 germanelebis SerCevaSic msgavsi suraTia: locvis qveskalebi
– ritualuri, sakuTari sityvebiT locva, meditaciuri locva
da mTxovneli locva – korelireben erTmaneTTan.

ritualuri sakuTari meditaciuri mTxovneli

sityvebiT
locva
ritualuri 1 .567** .589** .213*
sakuTari .567** 1 .812** .314**
sityvebiT
locva
meditaciuri .589** .812** 1 .378**
mTxovneli .213* .314** .378** 1

cxrili #6: locvis saxeebis pirsonis korlaciebi germaniis

SerCevis mixedviT

Sedegebis ganxilva:

gansxvaveba germanel da qarTvel mlocvelebs Soris praqti-

kulad ar gamovlinda. sxvaoba Cans mxolod locvis da eklesiaSi
siarulis sixSiris mixedviT: germanelebi nakleb loculoben,
vidre qarTvelebi da ufro iSviaTad eswrebian RvTismsaxure-
bas. es maCvenebeli germanuli sazogadoebis SedarebiT met seku-
larizmze metyvelebs, hofstedes mixedviTac, protestanturi,
feminuri sazogadoebebi ufro sekularulebi arian (Hofstede,
Hofstede, 2004).

rogorc qarTvel, aseve germanel morwmuneebTan locvis six-

Siresa da RvTismsaxurebaze daswrebis sixSires Soris dafiq-
sirda dadebiTi korelacia. analogiuri Sedegi miiRo Snaiderma

411
erT-erT kvlevaSi: aRmoCnda statistikurad mniSvnelovani ko-
relacia locvis sixSiresa da eklesiaSi siaruls Soris (Sch-
neider, 2004).

qarTvelebisTvisac da germanelebisTvisac yvela skala

dadebiT korelaciaSia erTmaneTTan. gamodis, rom is adamianebi,
vinc xSirad eswrebian RvTsimsaxurebas, aseve xSirad loculo-
ben da miaCniaT, rom locvas maTze pozitiuri gavlena aqvs da
– piriqiT. skalebs Soris korelaciis koefiecientebis maCven-
eblebi am or SerCevaSi msgavsia, germanelebTan es korelaciebi
odnav ufro maRalia.

aRmoCnda, rom qarTvelebic da germanelebic locvis erTi da

igive saxeebs iyeneben. yvelaze maRali saSualo qula miiRo sa-
kuTari sityvebiT locvam, Semdeg meditaciurma locvam, Semdeg,
TiTqmis Tanabrad ritualurma da mTxovnelma locvebma.

marTalia, germanelebis SerCevis mxolod 14% iyo kaTolike,

magram SesaZloa swored am faqtma gamoiwvia kvlevis aseTi Sede-
gi. rodesac hofstede ganzomilebebis mixedviT qristianuli
religiis SigniT gansxvavebebze saubrobs, ZiriTad aqcents imaze
akeTebs, rom protestantebi gansxvavdebian marTlmadideblebis
da kaTolikeebisagan da amave dros, marTlamadideblebi da ka-
Tolikeebi erTmaneTTan SedarebiT axlos dganan. garda amisa,
hofstede aRniSnavs, rom religiuri mikuTvnebuloba kulturu-
li Rirebulebebis mTlianad Secvlas ar iwvevs. misi azriT,
`Zalauflebis manZilis, individualizmisa da koleqtivizmis,
feminuroba maskulinobis da gaukrvevlobis Tavidan aridebis
Rirebulebebi religiur moqcevebs gadaurCa~ (Hofstede, Hofst-
ede, 2004, p. 126).

412
 Comparing Georgian and German Believers via Prayer aspects
Nino Javakhishvili, Maya Khositashvili,
Nino Siradze, Lika Dzagania

Tbilisi State University

Johan Schneider
Saarland University

The study looks at the differences in prayer in German (main-

ly Protestant) and Georgian (Orthodox) believers. Such aspects of
prayer as: prayer and church attendance frequency, prayer types
and prayer fulfillment were studied using Likert type scales. 184
Georgian and 206 German believers were questioned. The results
yielded no significant difference in prayer types used by Georgian
and German believers; neither prayer fulfillment revealed any dif-
ference. The reason might be a composition of German believers’
sample that consisted of although relatively small, but still sub
sample of Catholics.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. Byrd, K. R. & Boe, A. (2001). The correspondence between

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plative prayer as an adjust to psychotherapy. Journal of Psy-
chology and Theology, 13, 284-290
3. Gallup Organization. (1993). GO LIFE Survey on Prayer. Princ-
eton, NJ

413
 4. Harris, J. I., Schoneman S. W. & Carrera S. R. (2005). Pre-
ferred prayer styles and anxiety control.Journal of Religion
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den und Ergebnisse der empirischen Gebetsforschung, Asan-
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9. Laird, S. P. Snyder, C. R., Rapoff, M. A. & Green, S. (2004).
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14. Poloma, M., Pendleton. B. (1991). The effects of prayer and
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