Carbohydrate

 Carbohydrates (from 'hydrates of carbon') or

saccharides (Greek meaning "sugar") are simple
organic compounds that are aldehydes or ketones
with many hydroxyl groups added, usually one on
each carbon atom that is not part of the aldehyde
or ketone functional group.
 They fill numerous roles in living things, such as
the storage and transport of energy (starch,
glycogen) and structural components (cellulose in
plants, chitin in animals).
Classification of Carbohydrate
 Classification of Carbohydrate
 Name  Derivation of name and Source
Monosaccharides
From Greek word for sweet wine; grape sugar, blood sugar,
 Glucose
dextrose.
Greek word for milk--"galact", found as a component of lactose in
 Galactose
milk.
Latin word for fruit--"fructus", also known as levulose,
 Fructose
found in fruits and honey; sweetest sugar.
Ribose and Deoxyribose are found in the backbone structure of
 Ribose
RNA and DNA, respectively.
Disaccharides - contain two monosaccharides
French word for sugar--"sucre", a disaccharide containing glucose
  Sucrose
and fructose; table sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar.
Latin word for milk--"lact"; a disaccharide found in milk
 Lactose
containing glucose and galactose.
French word for "malt"; a disaccharide containing two units of
 Maltose
glucose; found in germinating grains, used to make beer.

Common Polysaccharides
 Name  Source

Plants store glucose as the polysaccharide

starch. The cereal grains (wheat, rice, corn, oats,
 Starch
barley) as well as tubers such as potatoes are
rich in starch.

The major component in the rigid cell walls in

Cellulose plants is cellulose and is a linear polysaccharide
polymer with many glucose monosaccharide
units.
This is the storage form of glucose in animals and
 Glycoge humans which is analogous to the starch in
n plants. Glycogen is synthesized and stored
mainly in the liver and the muscles.

Karbohidrat
  persenyawaan
antara karbon,
hidrogen dan
oksigen yang
terbentuk di alam
dengan rumus
umum Cn(H2O)n
 Dari rumus
struktur akan
terlihat bahwa ada
gugus fungsi
penting yang
terdapat pada
molekul
karbohidrat yaitu
gugus fungsi karbonil (aldehid dan keton)
 Gugus-gugus fungsi itulah yang menentukan sifat
senyawa tersebut. Berdasarkan gugus yang ada pada
molekul karbohidrat, maka senyawa tersebut
didefinisikan sebagai polihidroksialdehida dan
polihidroksiketon
metabolisme karbohidrat

Proses2 pada metabolisme karbohidrat :

 Glikolisis
 Glikogenesis
 Glikogenolisis
 HMP Shunt
 Glukoneogenesis

GLIKOGENESIS
 Sintesis glikogen dari glukosa
 Terjadi di dalam hati dan otot
 H C H OH
1 -6 ] l i n kage
CHO 2
O 2
O [
- OH
O CH 2
O OH CH O
O H CH 2 O
CHO2
O O O
O O 2
........ O ] l i n k ag es
-[1- 4
Diagram of
Glycogenesis

GLIKOGENOLISIS

 Proses pemecahan glikogen

 Dalam otot :

* tujuannya untuk mendapat energi bagi otot

* hasil akhirnya : piruvat / laktat sebab glukosa 6-

p yg dihasilkan dr glikogenolisis masuk ke jalur

glikolisis di otot

 Dalam hati :

* tujuannya : untuk mempertahankan kadar glukosa

darah di antara dua waktu makan

* Glukosa 6-p akan diubah menjadi glukosa

Glukosa 6-p + H2O Glukosa + Pi

Glukosa 6-fosfatase
GLUKONEOGENESIS

 Pembentukan glukosa dari bahan bukan karbohidrat

 Pada mmalia terutama terjadi di : hati dan ginjal

 Substrat :

1. Asam laktat dr. otot, eritrosit

2. Gliserol dr. hidrolisis

Triasilgliserol dlm. jar.lemak ( adiposa )

3. Asam amino glukogenik

4. Asam propionat pd ruminansia

Glukoneogenesis penting sekali untuk penyediaan glukosa bila karbohidrat

tidak cukup dlm diet
HMP SHUNT
(HEKSOSA MONO PHOSPHAT SHUNT)
  Disebut juga : Pentose Phosphate Pathway

 Merupakan jalan lain untuk oksidasi glukosa

 Tidak bertujuan menghasilkan energi ( ATP )

 Aktif dalam :

1. Hati

2. Jar. Lemak

3. Klj. Korteks adrenal

4. Klj. Tiroid

5. Eritrosit

6. Klj. Mammae ( laktasi )

The significance of PPP

1) Ribose 5- phosphate:
Ribose 5- phosphate is the starting pointing for
the synthesis of the nucleotides and nucleic acids.
2) NADPH:
a. NADPH is very important ”reducing power”for
synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol, and the
synthesis of amino acids via glutamate
dehydrogenase.
b. In erythrocytes, NADPH is the coenzyme of
glutathione reductase to keep the normal level of
reduced glutathione
Additonally, NADPH serves as the coenzyme of
mixed funtion oxidases.
BIOKIMIA

“METABOLISME KARBOHIDRAT”

PROGRAM STUDI ILMU KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT

FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM
UNIVERSITAS HALUOLEO
KENDARI