*syefuxdGKif.qGwfSxef.xdkSref;crf;aem0fS aeif. 1945 Am. vmar(3)eDSaem0fS t*FvdyfwyfpdGKSzHk.

EdGK@SvGOfcdGKkefcsm,if;
a0ifS&ef.uGKef.aem0fSoGL? vmar (17)eDSaem0fS _Adwdostpdk;&zHk. axcef; ref;crf;qJki.f &mStGKwfc|Kwfa&Srl0g;'
“puULjzLpmwrf;” vdwfau.nm.wJif ref;crf;,dkaem0fS tGKwfc|Kwfa&S wGrf.pDSyGmSa&S,dk a0GSoD;tD.cGKrfrmS
avGS,if;'sm. tpD.pJOf.atm0f.eJif;aem0fSoGL? aeif. 1945 Am. vmZGef (4)eDSaem0fS ref;crf;vdkSwefzHk. zqyv
tpdGKSc|Kyf rmSavGSyG,fSpDSa0GS a0ifS&ef.uGKef./ csmcsDwzlS/ trJkif(8)udkwJif apmuf SvdkSwef apmbOD;}uD; wGrf.
apmbarmifoD;zHk.vJS xif.vGOfaem0fSoGL? yG,fSpDSa0GSaem0fSaem0fS eJif;iH.a&S/ Armhwyfrawm.ta&S/ pdGK;cdGKS
avGmif.Al.a&S pwJifzHk.,dk pDSa0GSudkqGHKSzswfcsaxGmSh vifScef; EJkif;aem0fSoGL? uGyfydGK;pJhSyG,fSzHk.wJif uokrfSuJkif
xdkS'g.crf;,dk crf;om;vdkSxHSomSzHk. wGrf.oDG.xDSavGmif.Al.rkSawGmhS atm0f.vdk.wJ.axmif.cdGKefcsm,if;tausmifS
yG,fSpDSa0GSudkaem0fS EdkSaqm.wrmavGSygEJkif;aem0fSoGL? vmZGef(20)eDSaem0fS “avmhvl0Darmifhbufwef” (Lord
Louis Mountbatten) pD.pJO.f az.rkStvhSwJifS ydk.c|Kwf atmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGef;/ OD;baz/ OD;&mZwf/
qmarmif}uD;/ OD;bOD;/ OD;yk/ apmqpf'eDvleD/ OD;boef;/ OD;zdk;aysmh/ OD;buav; pwJifvdkSwefzHk.,dk armhc;JG cef;
wGrf.bk&ifcHa':refprpf &ef.uGKef.ajcmifwefSukd uwdGK.qGdKufvGOf'g. uifbJvDpJhSoif;abmfavmif;udkawGmSh
a'ghS&DwdGKif.yif.cef; ref;crf;wm.tem.*gwftGKwfc|Kwfa&SwGrf. ref;crf;om;vHk.0erf;yJif.tGKwfc|KwfcGifS az.uvS
aEGmifSa&SzHk.aem0fSoGL? aeif. 1945 Am. vmZGef(30)eDSAwGdK. vmZlv+dif(1)eDS apmufSrmSavGScef;yG,fSpDSa0GS
tdGK.a0ifS&ef.uGKef./ atmuf-unfhjrifwdkif/ trJkif(528)wJif yG,fSpDSa0GSudkaem0fS wdufowfrwfcef;a0GSoD;[H.
e,f.wGrf. apmufScrf;e,f. wJ.axmif.cGifSrmSa&SzHk.,dk tD.'if.oGifuDGSavG _Adwdostpdk;&xsS qHGK.zswfvGcef;
eJif;aem0fSoGL?

aeif. 1945 Am. vm-o*wf(19)eDS aeol&defyG,fSpDSa0GSudkaem0fS zJG@Al.cdGKef,if; (zqyv)A[dk.tGOfigpdGKSwJif

aem0fSudkaem0fS apmbOD;}uD;/ ref;bcdkifwGrf. q&momxdkoD;zHk.vJSygaomhSaem0fSoGL? yG,fSpDSa0GSaem0fSaem0fS
(1) Armhwyfrawm. zJG@Al.a&S
(2) crf;om;vdkSxrfSom;zHk. EdGK@yg'sm. ,m.,D.tpdk;&zJG@Al.a&S
(3) crf;&ifSom;um;uatm0f.wGrf. eJif;iH.awm.vdkSwefuxGm'g. zqyv tpdGKSc|KwfzHk.,dk jcGOf;Al.vdk@xGLw0ifS
awGmhS vGpfwjcifa&S wGrf.wJ.axmif.cdGKefcsma&S xmSrmSzHk.,dk avGmif;avGmif;Al.Al. ,Huaqmif;&GufavGSa&S
qHGK.zswfcef;eJif;aem0fSoGL? ydk.c|Kwfatmifqef;tGOfigawGmSh uzJG@Al.cdGKef,if;'g. zqyv tpdGKS,dk t"dua0GSoD;
armSaumhcsufaem0fS ref;crf;wcrf;vGKrf; vHk;0yJif.qJki.f 'sm. tc|Kyftqmtm.%m.awGmhS vGpfwjcifa&S
,HuvSAm.aem0fSoGL? armSaumhcsuf,dkaem0fS crf;&ifSom;um;uatm0f. tcsifScsifSoDG.xDS&ufSyJifS avGmif;
Al.a&S ,Haz.uatm0f.aem0fS atm0f.vdk.ig.tausmifS ydk.c|Kwfatmifqef; cH.xl.cef;eJif;aem0fSoGL? aem0frSh
apmufSwGrf.ref; oDG.xDS&ufSyJiSf a&S,dkaem0fS t"duxGmtxsSwJif udpP,dkaem0fS ydk.c|Kwfatmifqef; atm0f.
tm.udGKS apmbOD;}uD;/ ref;bcdkifwGrf. q&momxdkoD;zHk.aem0fSoGL?

aeol&defyG,fSpDSa0GSaem0fS a0GSoD;u'if.[dGKef'g. cdGKif;0dGK@wGrf.ArmSwyfrawm.womudpPwJif tmosuGOf.aem0f

r[m.rdwfwyfjcGOf;pkpJhSaoemywdc|Kwf avmhvl0Darmifhbufwefaem0fS zdpf[JhSvGOfcef; ref;crf;erf;ajcmifSwmpdGKS
od[dkVcf rf;(,dkcg[JhS)oD&dvuFmcrf;(Srilanka) a0ifSuEND(Kandy)aem0fSoGL? aem0fSrhS aeif. 1945 Am. vm
pufwifbmudkaem0fS uxGm'g.ref;crf;erf;ajcmifSwmpdGKS ydk.c|Kwfatmifqef;/ ydk.vuFsm/ ydk.ae0if;/ ydk.aZ,s/
ydk.ausmfaZm/ ydk.aZmfrif;/ ydk.armifarmif/ OD;baz/ apmbOD;}uD;/ OD;ndKxGef;/ ocifoef;xGef; avGcef; od[dkVfcrf;
a0ifS*EDNaem0fSoGL? vmpufwifbm(7)eDSaem0fS wJrf;uJpfaEGmifScef; *EDNoSabmfjzGOf;nD.csuf Kandy Agreement
aem0fSoGL? aeif. 1945 Am. vmatmufwdkbm(16)eDSaem0Sf ref;crf;a[mfcHScH. qma':refprpf Sir Reginald
Dorman Smith azsmfcGKd ef,if;a0ifS&ef.uGKef.aem0fSoGL? a[mfcSH cH.trkSaqmif. aumifoDudkaem0fS zwyv
vJhSaz.uygaomhSaem0fS a[mfccH H.qma':refprpf zdpf[JhSygcef; zwyv aem0fSoGL? zwyvvJh a[mfcHScH.
uzdpf[JhStwdGKifS &yfcH.xGLawGmhS tD.EGdK@nDSa[mfcHScH.trkSaqmif.aumifoDudk qHGKSzswf cef;eJif;aem0fSoGL?
a[mfcSH cH.trkSaqmif.aumifoDudkaem0fS ydk.c|Kwfatmifqef;wGrf. apmbOD;}uD;vJS ygaomhS axif;xH.cef;
wm.0Gef.aem0fSoGL?
*ENDvvdwfc|KwftvS ArmSwyfrawm.aem0fS zsifwomxdkSwJif rmSEJki;f iH.a&SxmSrmSvawm0f;'GKrfwJif
ydk.c|Kwfatmifqef;vJS AJhxef;csmerf;Armhwyfrawm.udkawGmSh aeif. 1945 Am.vm'DZifbm(1)eDS a0GSzJG@Al.wom,if;
“jynfol@&JabmfwyfzJG@” Burma Volunteer Organization aem0fSoGL? aeif. 1946 Am. vmar(18)eDSaem0fS
vJki;f om;wGrf.jynfol@&JabmfwyfpdGKSEGdK@om;zHk. ,HuwdGKufSuJkifwdk um.uG,f.a&S Oya'.tae.awGmhS rmSavGyG,fS
ysqEN a0ifSxef;wyifudkaem0fSoGL? ysSqENvdkSpdGKSaem0fS ,,fSzHk.cSySvDxdkS vdkSpdGKS wGrf.weufwJif vdkSoDxdkSpGOf.
(3)jzmS qmxdSk pGOf.tjzmS(20)aem0fSoGL? uGyfaem0fSrhSwJif zqyv tpdGKSc|Kwfaem0fS cdGKif;0dGK@wGrf. xef;wyifyG,fS
ysSqENaem0fS vdkSoDysif.Am.xmSta&S,dk tGOf.[dGKefavGS ref;crf;a[mfccH H. qma':refprpfxsS xGLawGmSh ref;crf;
wcrf;vGKrf; yG,fSysSqENvJS ayg.vGOfwJif crf;xDwòzH. vGKrf.tac.ae.vJS ,HGK.,if;vGOfpGOf.aem0fSoGL?
ref;crf;wcrf;vGKrf; tac.ae.,HGK.,if;vGOfwJif _Adwdostpdk;&vJS [JhSoJifScsm,if; ref;crf;a[mfcSH cH. qma':ref
prpft*FvefudkawGmSh aeif. 1946 Am. vm-o*wf(30)eDSaem0fS a[mfcSH cH.wom “qm[l.bwf&ef@(pf) Sir
Hubert Rance azsmfwGdK.vGOf,if;ref;crf;udkaem0fSoGL? qm[l;bwf&ef@(pf) wdGK.vGOfnawm0f; vmpufwifbm
(5)eDSaem0fS wJ.pykvdyfpdGKSxdGKif.xSxmwJif tpdk;&xmSrmSom;wcrf;vGKrf;vJh xdGK.xSpGOf.EkJif;EkJif;aem0fSoGL?

'kwd,urBm.pJhSuxdGKif.0JkifSaem0fS pdGK;cdGKSa&SzHk.vJh atm0f.vGKHSytl.'GKef;wJif pdGKScdGKSa&SyÉdyuQaz.uiDScGScef;aem0fS

atm0f.vdk.ig.aem0fSoGL? utD.vGOf'g.ref;crf;EkJif.iH.a&SudpPzHk.,dk apmufSpdGK;cdGKSutD.&JkifSwodGK.'g. tcefSu¾udk
aem0fS atm0f.vdk.avGmif.Al.ig.aem0fSvJS atm0f.vdk.ig.aem0fSoGL? uGyfpGOf.tausmifSc&m.aem0fSzHk.wJif aeif. 1945
Am. vmatmufwdkbm (1)eDS AwdGK.avGS(3)eDSudk atm0f. KCAB ,dk zJG@ajymifSawm;,if; Karen Central
Organization (KCO) tdGK.a0if&ef.uGKef.ukdaem0foGL? nawm0f;vmatmufwdkbmudkaem0fSvGKrfS *syefacwfudk
uEdGK@Syg&JkifSwodGK;'g. wGL.w&ef*syefa&Sudk uygaomhS'g. apmufSvdkS,J.G pJhSydk.ay.zHk.aem0fS ,Haz.uwJ.axmif.az.
apmufSvdkS,JGpdGKStausmifS apmxGef;pdef avGmif;[dGKef'if.ysSe,fuDGScGifScef; KCO vdkSwefxsSaem0fSoGL?
apmufSvdkS,JGudpP,dkaem0fS acwfaem0fScg uxGm'g.apmufSvdkSwef Adkvfr–;apm-um'kd;/ apmpHzdk;oif/ apmpdefwif/
apmbOD;}uD;/ apmbJ&Dbcdki/f a'gufwma*svwf pwJifa0GSoD;zHk.,dkaxmufcH.vGoGL? apmufSvdkSwefzHk.vJS
apmufSzHk.tpdGKStAl.rOf.ayg.orf;xJif;xJif;aem0fS tcsifScsifSrJhoDG.cG,f'g.w0ifS atm0f.w&sKd;cef; eJif;aem0fSwJif
apmxGef;pdefvJS utD.zJG@Al.'g. apmufSvdkS,JGpdGKS,dk tD.pJG;yif.avGSudktD KCO xmSrmSydGKif twm.'sm.tausmifS
osifSysSe,fxGLwJif Karen Youth Organization (KYO) ,dkzJG@Al.cGifSvScef; aem0fSoGL? KYO OuUXaem0fS
apmxGef;pdefxl.wm.0Gef.xGLawGmhS trkSaqmif.aem0Sf ref;0if;armif/ ausmfpdef/ apmjrif hodef;/ apmatmfvDAm
oD;zHk.aem0fSoGL? 0JkifSaem0fS apmxGef;pdefEdGK@Srmcsm,if;pJhSwyfudkwJif apmuf SvdkS,JpG dGKS OuUXwm.0Gef.,dk a0GSxl.
wm.0Gef.aEGmifSawm0f; 'GKrfaem0fSrhS az.tyfavGSvJki.f ref;bcdik faem0fSoGL? aeif. 1945 Am. vm'DZifbm
(14)eDSaem0fS uodGKef.zJG@Al.cdGKefcsm,if; apmufSvdkS,JGpdGKSuEdGK@yg'sm.yk*~dKvf.zHk. aem0fS=
(1) OuUX ref;bcdkif
(2) 'k=OuUX ref;0if;armif
(3) tGOftudka&S ausmfpdef eJif;aem0foGL?
ytdk0f.ay.zHk.uxGm'g. ausmfpdefaem0fS xGmcef;tGOftudka&SawGmSh cGefyef;pdef/ cGefba&G wGrf.apmb&ifoD;zHk. aem0fS
xGmtpdGKSEdGK@om;zHk.aem0fSoGL?

zqyv tpGdKSc|Kwfaem0fS wcrf;vGKrf;tae. tGOfig&JkifSwodGK;avGS EkJif;iH.a&SwJif AGKefyDeJif;aem0fSaeae KCO

vJSapmufSpdGK;cdGKSwcdGKSvGKrf;ta&Swm. tGOfig&JkifSwodGK;avGSaz.aem0fSoGL? aem0fSrhS zqyv aoe*FAsL[mwGrf.
KCO oD; pdGK;cdGKSa&S0g;'aem0fS orf;wavmif.awm0f;w0ifSaem0fSoGL? KCO 0g;'aem0fS apmufScrf;e,f.,dk
wJ.axmif.ac:ac:'sm. oabmfw&mS atm0f.tmvG'g.eJif;aem0fSoGL? wJ.axmif.ac:crf;e,f.tae.,dkaem0fS
ydk.c|Kwfatmifqef; tD.oSabmfusvufcH.Am.aem0fS waygSatm0f.awm0f;aem0fSoGL? apmufScrf;e,f. utD.
vSAm.ta&SudpPaem0fSvJh apmufSpdGK;cdGKStcsifScsifStudkaem0fS osKSw&defarG;ig;aem0fSoGL? KCO wGrf. KYO
oD;zHk.aem0fSvJh oSabmfw&mS AGKefzsifawm0f;w0ifSaem0fSoGL? wJ.axmif.avGSapmufScrf;e,f.a&S,dk eDpdGKSeD
acg0foSabmfAGKefvJOf;&dSk uD.pGOf.vJh KYO aem0fStD.zdGK@qGKefSwGrf. jynfrxGLawGmhS crf;axmif.pktudk erf;yJif.
tGKwfc|KwfcGiSf vS wJ.axmif.avGScrf;e,f. oSabmfatm0f.eJif;aem0fSwJif KCO aem0fS zdGK@qGKefSawm0f;
wGrf.jynfrawGmhS wJ.axmif.ac:ac:'sm.crf;e,f. oSabmfatm0f.eJif;aem0fSoGL? aem0fSrhS a0GSoD;oSabmf
w&mSaem0fSeDpm. AGKefzsifawm0f;w0ifSaem0fSrhSwJif KYO aem0fS zqyv wosKd'sm.tausmifS apmufS
vdkSwef,m[ef.aem0fS ,GL;a&.a&mifvGcef;eJif;aem0fSoGL? tcdef;aem0fScg apmufSvdkS,JGOuUXaem0fS ref;bcdkif
atm0f.cGKrfSwJif ref;bcdkifaem0fS xGmydk.c|Kwfatmifqef; oDG.txDSoGwfS abmhoSoGwfS vdkSwjzmSxGLrum.
ydk.c|Kwfatmifqef; tm.udGKStvSoGwfS vdkSwjzmSvJharG;aem0fSoGL?

aeif. 1946 Am. w,f.p vmrwf(2)eDS AwdGK.(28)eDSudk urmS'g. ajzm0fScrf;e,f. plrkSynm.trOfSaz.aoScgS

ysSyG,fSu&dk'g. yxrvJif.yif.vHknD.vm.cH.aem0fS zqyv=erf;ajcmifSwm(udk,fpm;vS,f) OD;bat;/ ocifEk/
*ÏKHOD;apm/ rdwdÎvmOD;b&if/ apmufzm;ajzm0fScrf;ay.wefzHk./ cif'l;0g;zHk.tygt0if. jzm;AGmvazvJhxif.Am.yg
nD.vm.cH.udkaem0fSoGL? yxrnD.vm.cH.udkaem0f armhScJG;ygwGrf. jzm;AGmOD;jzL/ xGufeEWm.[def/ ydk.[defarmif
oD;zHk.aem0fSoGL? a0GSoD;zHk.,dkaem0f xif.vGOfwGrf. “&Srf;jynfvGwfvyfa&;tzJG@(&yv)” erf;ajcmifSwmzHk. aem0fSoGL?
nD.vm.cH.uxdGKif.xGLaem0fS jzm;AGmvaz oJifSarmhScJG;,if; ytdk0f.pdGK;cdGKStGOfig apmufSzm;cGef -unf
oxHGK.ay.(oD.oJif.)aem0fSoGL? ref;crf;tajymifStvJkif.ayg.vGOfwJif ytdk0f.pdGK;cdGKSzHk.vJh ,Haz.uxJhqJkif SAm.rGef; 0ifS
vdGK;,l.axGEJkif;aem0fSrhS atm0f.yif.vHkyG,fSnD.vm.cH. oJifSvGOfnawm0f; aeif. 1946 Am. vmZGef(30)eDS aem0fS
a0ifSe,f.oxHGK./ 'Hkaqmif.udk uatm0f.'g. ytdk0f.vdkSrsKdSorm."dyk*~dKvf.wefzHk. wGrf.jzm;AGmvazoD;
wdGKif.yif._cdSxGLvdk@0ifawGmSh zJG@Al.avGScef; “ytdk0f.pdGK;cdGKStpdGKSc|Kyf” (ytdk0f;awmifoltrsKd;om;tzJG@csKyf) aem0fS oGL?
1947 Am.aeif. vmrwf(9)eDS rGL;eDpae. (11)em.&D.tcdef;udk rmSavGScef;t&D;oGwfS “ytdk0f.pdGK;cdGKS tpdGKSc|Kyf”
yG,fSnD.vm.cH. tdGK.a0ifSoxGHK./ us,fwm,m(-u,fwm,m)&GKyfrGef,HGK.udkaem0fSoGL? atm0f. nD.vm.cH.aem0fS
tGOf.axGmSh vifSaz.cef;=
a&.rdk.csuf
(1) cGdKSytdk0f.zHk. aomif.omvGxGLwJif bHKG SwHScdkS az.uwefxdkvGOf
(2) cGdKSytdk0f.zHk. az.uvGL;wJifavGS oS&ufScdGKSyigy&mS eJif;aem0fSoGL?

aum;tGOfigom;aem0fS
(1) jzm;AGmvaz(OD;vaz) pdGK;cdGKSacgif;aqmifwef
(2) OD;cJ tpdGKSc|Kwf em,u
(3) OD;bd;k rsif tpdGKSOuUX
(4) OD;jyL; tpdGKSc|Kwf tGOftudka&S eJif;aem0fSoGL?

“ytdk0f.pdGK;cdGKStpdGKSc|Kwf” u&&kJifSwodGK;'g.[H.e,f.zHk.aem0fS oxHGK.c&Ji.f wGrf. ðcwfS_cdwfS/ zm;tH/ awmif.tl/

w&Gyfwef=xefSwrGL;/ 'JufOD;/ vrf;iif;(40)zHk.,dk xGmvGOfpGOf. {&d,m.&JkifSwodGK;cif.vrf;zHk.aem0fSoGL?

urBm.orJifSudk rOfSuwGif.vGOf'g. 1947 Am.aeif. vmazazmf0g&D(12)eDS vdwfc|Kwfyif.vHkudkaem0fSvJh

apmufSerf;ajcmifSwmtae. jzm;AGmvazxif.avhvmAm.aem0fSoGL? 1947 Am. vmazaz:0g&D(11)[m apmufSzm;
“awmifyidk f =0pfcGefyefpdef” uvGL;wJif'g. yG,f.tH.'JO[
f mudkaem0fS wGrf.ydk.c|Kwfatmifqef;/ rpP wmabmfwGrf.rav
(t*FvdyfvdkSrsKdSbdvyfygvSrefyk*~Kdvf.wef) qm;rm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif(cif)/ OD;0rfudka[m (csifS)/ apmufSzm&GD. p0f;&GD.
p0f;a&Gwdkuf=oD;awGmhS jzm;AGmvazaem0fSvJh uGsSxif.yga'ghS az.ygAm. aig0f;rdef.iGg aem0fSoGL? nD.vm.cH.
udk,f.pm.v,f. OD;azcif(tjidrf;pm;oHtrwfwGrf. Edkifi*H k%f&nf yxrtqif@) oGKHSoyf jzm;AGmavmif=
jzm.AGmvazaem0fS EJkif;iH.a&S tcJGtusKH.aqhSig.awm0f;/ xmSxD.vJki;f / xmSaoatm0f.tm yk*~dKvf.wefwjzmS
'sm.tausmifS/ a0GS,dkcg;vm; 'kwd,pJhS urBm.uxGmaem0fS vGwfawm. 'kwd,OuUX'sm. tausmifS/ a0GS
uxif.vGOf nD.vm.cH.aem0fSvJh xif.vGOf&dkS&dkSarG;awm0f;/ xif.cGKrfyqdk;'sm. EkJif.ief.a&StausmifS/ jzm;AGmvaz ,dk
ajzm0fS/ cif/ csifS/ apmufwEsmS pwJifuyg'g.zHk.,dk az.uw,f.qdk@S zuf'&,fcrf;xDw òzH.aem0fS a0GSatm0f.
usrf.p,f.'sm.tausmifS a0GSzef.oGHKSoyfaoSEJkif;aem0fSoGL?

aeif. 1947 Am. vmazazmf0g&D(5)eDSudk a0ifS&ef.uGKef./ Aifweftxdrftrwf cef;rudkaem0fS KCO tGOfigxGL awGmSh
rmSavGScef;nD.vm.cH.wòzH.wJif ref;crf;udk &yfaygifSpGKrf;uxGm'g. KCO erf;ajcmifSwm (700)vdGKS
xif.vGOfvGaem0fSoGL? apmufSpdGK;cdGKStpdGKStAl. KCO, BKNS, KYO zHk. jcGOf.Al.cdGKef,if;w0ifSawGmhS wJ.
axmif.womorf;,if; KNU apmufSpdGK;cdGKStpdGKStAl.aem0fSoGL? apmufSpdGK;cdGKSor*~pdGKSaem0fS OuUX apmpHzdk; oif/
'k=OuUX jzm;AGmvaz wGrf.vdk@vdk@pifpif EdGK@tpdGKSom;atm0f.(17)jzmSaem0fSoGL? jzm;AGmvazaem0fS
pdGK;cdGKSwjzmStae. atm0f.aomhS “ytdk0f.pdGK;cdGKStpdGKSc|Kyf”udkwJif apmufSpdGK;cdGKSor*~pdGKSaem0fS xGm'k=OuUX
aem0fSoGL? vmazazmf0g&D(22)eDSaem0fS KCO, BKNA, KYO oGHKrJhigcG,f.awm.rmSavGSxGLyG,fSpDSa0GSwJif
zJG@Al.orf;,if; “xmSrmSpJpfSaqSa&StpdGKS”aem0fSoGL? xmSrmSpJpfaqSa&SpdGKSaem0fS cJG;armhSa'ghS&Dcef;wGrf.
a[mfcSH cH.trkSaqmif.0Gef.wefSawGmSh apmufSpdGK;cdGKSutD.uDGS'g. a0GSoD;xmSvdk.csufzHk.,dk 'if.e,fcGifSvS oSabmf
jzGOf;nD.cef;aem0fSoGL? a0GSxmSvdk.uDGScsufzHk.aem0fS=
(1) tif;pdef/ yudkS/ [Hom0wD/ zsmyHk/ xm.0,fwGrf._rdwfc&Ji f. rJqENe,f.zHk.,dk ysKcrf;ysKxDvGwfawm. twGuf
,Haz.uvdGKufaomaz.h apmufStrwf(17)jzmSwGrf. a[mfcSH cH.trkSaqmif.0Gef.weftpdGKSudk aem0fS
apmufSerf;ajcmifSwm ,Haz.uygaomhaz. crf;vrf;(25µ)
(2) a[mfcSH cH.usm;zswf ysKOya'.vGwfawm.,dk ,Huaz.apmufSerf;ajcmifSwm crf;vrf; (25 µ)
(3) apmufSpJhSwyf,Haz.utGOf.ac:ac:'sm.0ifSpGLpGL
(4) avGmif.Al.'sm.ref;crf;eJif;iH.awm.tudk,dk yif.v,f.qdyfurf;atm0f. apmufScrf;e,f.rltae. ,Haz.
uae;plSaz.
(5) tGKwfc|Kwfa&SXmezHk.aem0fS apmufSpdGK;cdGKSvdkSjzmSaygifcsKdtavGmuf,HuydGKif.az.
(6) zJG@Al.xGLysKcrf;ysKxDvGwfawm.awGmhS wdusrJOf.arG.'g. oefacgifpmS&ifS,dk ,HuwGrfSxl.cdGKef,if;Am.
pwJifeJi;f aem0fSzHk.oGL?
aeif. 1947 Am. vmazazmf0g&D(1)eDSudk uxGm'g. KNU vdkSwef apmo'if/ apmpHzdk;oif/ ref;*sdef;(pf) xGef;atmif/
jzm;AGmvaz/ q&momxdkoD;zHk.aem0fS armhScJG;a'ghS&Dcef;wGrf. a[mfcSH cH.qm[l;bwf&ef@(pf)awGmhS òcJif;ajzm0f.e,fcef;
apmufSpdGK;cdGKSoD;xmSvdk.aem0fSoGL? tpdGKStGOfuwl. apmom'ifaem0fS apmufSpdGK;cdGKS nD.vm.cH.tudk uuDGScg'g.
tcsufzHk.aem0fS avGmufvGOfaz.rhS apmufSoD;twm. vGKef;AOf.rkStD.atm0f. aem0fSoGL?
rOf.wavGmufvGOfawm0f;aem0fS a0GSoD;wEdGK@aEGmifSawm0f;yG,fSvdGKufa&GStausmifS a'ghS òcJif;cef; eJif;aem0fSoGL?

0JkiSf aem0fS aeif. 1947 Am. vmazazmf0g&D(28)eDSudk apmufSpdGK;cdGKSerf;ajcmifSwmtpdGKSwGrf. a[mfcHScH.trkSaqmif.pdGKS

a'ghS&DtHkuGKHS,if;w0ifSaem0fSoGL? yG,fStHkuGHKSudkaem0fS uxGm'g. a[mfcSH cH.trkS aqmif.tpdGKSEdGK@ ydk.c|Kwfatmifqef;/
apmbOD;}uD;/ ref;bcdkifoD;vJhygaem0fSoGL? apmufSpdGK;cdGKSuuDGS'g. a0GSoD; xmSvdk.csuf(6)csufudkaem0fS vvJkif.udGK@
ta&Swwefawm0f;tcsuf(2)csufvGKrfSoGL? cdGKif;0dGK@wGrf. apmufS pdGK;cdGKSxmSuDGScsufzHk.,dkaem0fS
a[mfcSH cH.trkSaqmif.tudk uygaomhS'g. apmbOD;}uD;wGrf. ref;bcdik foD; zHk.aem0fS
rmS&mSxmSrJkifSvJhvSawm0f;aem0fSoGL? tqJkifSoGwfStae.aem0fS yG,fSvGdKufa&GwdGKufig.vJOf;wJif KNU
vJhta&SwGdK.qHGKSzswfcsufwefwAm.csvifSpGO.f a0GSoD;wEGdK@awm0f;'GKefyG,fSvGdKufa&Gaem0fSoGL? KNU
qHGKSzswfcsuftvS apmbOD;}uD;vJh xdGKif.xSyG,fSvdGKufa&Gtae.awGmSh 'if.pGOf.vdwfAJhxef.csmerf; a[mfcSH cH.
trkSaqmif.tpdGKSudk aem0fSoGL? uxGm'g. KYO tpdGKSEdGK@om; apmpHzdk;oif/ ausmfpdef oD;zHk.aem0fS rOf.wEdGK@
aEGmifSawm0f;yG,fSvdGKufa&Gaem0fS apmufSwGrf.ref;oGKyfwG,fa&SuJkifxGLrum. rJhepfem.aAmhapmufSvGKrf
atm0f.w&+d;cef;eJif;aem0fSoGL? ref;bcdik futGOfig'g. KYO aem0fS tD.EdGK@yG,fSvdGKufa&G qHGKSzswfcgxGLvJOf;eJif;
aem0fSoGL? 1947 Am.aeif. vm{_yD(9)eDSaem0fS rmSavGScef;'sm. ysKcrf;ysKxDvGwfawm.yG,fSvdGKufa&Gaem0fSoGL?
KYO OuUX ref;bcdik faem0fS cH.cef;0ifSvdGKufa&G[oFmw rJqENe,f./ 'k=OuUXref;0if;armifaem0fS
cH.cef;0ifSvdGKufa&G pHkaysmfapmufSrJqENe,f.aem0fSoGL? vGwfawm.yG,fSvdGKufa&GxGLnawm0f; vmZlvkdi(f 19)
eDSaem0fS ref;bcdik f wGrf.ydk.c|Kwfatmifqef;oD;wpdGKSwzHk. cH.Am.0ifSusH.oD xdkS 0Gef.wefyG,fSpDSa0GScefudkaem0fS oGL?
KYO OuUXcrf;vrf;atm0f.ajcifxdkaem0fSrhS 'k=OuUX ref;0if;armif xif.xl.aomhSvJOf.wm.0Gef.wJif
vmZlvdki(f 20)eDSaem0fS apmufSvdkS,JGpdGKS KYO ,dk OuUXref;0if;armif zJG@ajymifxdkcef;rOf “crf;axmif.pk
apmufSpdGK;cdGKStpdGKSc|Kyf” (jynfaxmifpku&iftrsKd;om;tzJG@csKyf)awGmSh OuUXwm0Gef.aem0fS ref;0if;armif
xl.wm.0Gef.,if;'sm.pGLpGL AwdGK.pGOf. 1957 Am.aeif. vmrwf(12)eDSaem0fSoGL? (1957 Am.aeif. vmrwf
(13)eDSaem0fS rGL;a&m0fc.dk (11)em;&D.tcdef.aem0fS vGwfawm.eDzJhaygif (atmufvGwfawm. wGrf.txuf
vGwfawm.)rmSavGSyG,fSpDSa0GSwJif vGdKuf'if.tGOf.wD.cef;ref;0if;armif eJif;iH.awm.orRwt&m.xGLawGmSh
xGmvJOf;eJi;f iH.awm.orRwtausmifS wJrf.uJpfScef;plrJkifwGrf.&Gpfcef;aig0f;opPm. tdGK.eJif;iH.awm.w&mSa&S
0Gef.wefc|KyfxsSaem0fSoGL?)

1947 Am.aeif. vmar(4)eDSaem0fS apmbOD;}uD; 'if.[dGKefxGL'g. vdwfAJhxef.csmerf; 0JkifSweDSaem0fS a[mfcSH cH.

qm[l;bwf&ef@(pf)armhScJG;a'ghS&DwGrf. apmbOD;}uD;wJif tcdef;,dkcgaem0fS apmufSpdGK;cdGKStwm. ta&Swefig.
ra&.r&m.aem0fSrhS tusKdSwtJOfaxm0f;trkSxmSrmSrsKdS,dk a[m0faqmif.&Gufawm0f.tausmifS/ apmufS
tem.*gwfa&Stwm. ysKcrf;ysKxDvGwfawm.Oya'.wzlStvS a[m0fuDGS'sm.eJif;aem0fStausmifS/ apmb OD;}uD;
u'if.[dGKef'g. vdwfAJhxef.csmerf;aem0fSvJh a0GSoSabmfwvSawm0f; wvufcH.aEGmifSawm0f;tausmifS
a'ghScsmcef;eJif;aem0fSoGL? rJOfeJif;rJkifeJif;wJif tqJkifSoGwfSaem0fS apmbOD;}uD;wGrf. KNU erf;ajcmifSwm
wygaomhawm0f;yG,fSvdGKufa&G xGLxdkcef;'sm.aem0fSoGL?

aeif. 1947 Am. vmar w,f.p(19)eDS ASwdGK.(23)eDSaem0fS jcufAl.tGKyfc|KyfyGHK. cif.rGOfOya'.

yxrrlusHSwJrf.uJpfa&Stwm. zqyv rmSavGScef; r%mrzsifqifrkS yG,fSnD.vm.cH.wefwòzH.aem0fSoGL?
yG,fSnD.vm.cH.udkaem0fSaem0fS jcyfAl.tGKwfc|KwfyHGK. cif.rGOfOya'.udk atm0f.vdk.ygxdGKwfygoifS'g.tcsufzHk.aem0fS
ydk.c|Kwfatmifqef;erf;udk.wJif. ,D;e,favGSaz.aem0fSoGL? yG,fSnD.vm.cH.udkaem0fS tpdGK@EdGK@atm0f.tjzmS
aygif(111)ygaomhSxGLaem0fSrhS zqyvtpdGKSc|KyfA[dk.xmSrmStrkSaqmif.aem0fS ygaomhStjzmS(10)/ zqyv
tpdGK@c|KyfA[dk.tGOfigtpdGKSEdGK@atm0f.tjzmS(25)/ ysKcrf;ysKxDvGwfawm.0ifSuvGdKuf'if.cgaem0fS atm0f.tjzmS (45)/
uatm0f.uJkifStjzmS(31)aem0fS xGm'sm. zqyvtpdGKSc|Kyf c&Jif.erf;ajcmifSwmzHk.aem0fSoGL? apmufS
erf;ajcmifSwmzHk. u'if.e,f'g. crf;e,f.owfrwfa&SudpP,dk oHvGifc&Jif.aem0fS xGm'sm.e,f.we,f.ac:
wygaomhawm0f;jynfrudk owfrwfaz.cef;eJif;aem0fSoGL? ref;crf;tudk uatm0f.tHkaomhS'g. apmufSpdGK;cdGKSzHk.
cdGKif;0dGK@wGrf.ta&SudpPref;orsaem0fS ,Huul.nD.aqmif.&GufavGaz.twm.rl/ cdGKif;0dGK@wGrf.apmufSpdGK;cdGKS udpPzHk. wm.
,Huul.nD.avGtDScrf;axmif;pktpdk;&twGuf zJG@Al.avGSaz.Am.apmufSa&S&m.tpdGKSwpdGKS azm;ysSe,feJif; aem0fSoGL?
uxif.wdGK.vGOf'g. yG,fSnD.vm.cH.udk apmufSysKscrf;ysKSxDvGwfawm.erf;ajcmifSwmzHk. udOf;tm tmaem0fS
oSabmfwaygSvSawm0f; azm;ysSe,fcsufzHk.aem0fSoGL? nD.vm.cH.aem0fSudk u'if.oGif'g.
jcyfAl.tGKwfc|KwfyHGK.rlusHSaem0fS apmufSpdGK;cdGKStwm. avGmufaz.csuf yg0if.aomhS'sm. aqhaqhay.vGKrfS ,l.vG
eJif;aem0fSoGL? ysKScrf;ysKSxDapmufSvGwfawm.zHk.tcsifScsifStudk oSazmfw&mSatm0f.'sm.jzmSrsKdSjzmSpm.
wAGKefawm0f;w0ifSzHk.aem0fSoGL? cdGKif;0dGK@wGrf.apmufScrf;e,f. owfrwfa&SudpP,dk 0ifSuvdGKuf'if.yif.'g.
apmufSpdGK;cdGKS trwfzHk.aem0fS a0GSoD;tcsifScsifStudk,dk uxGm'g.oSabmfwAm.aem0fS y,f.xef.xdkxGL
apmufSwEsm.[H.e,f.awGmhS ajcmifwefppfawmif; tbuGOf.zJhS atm0f.yOf.rem.aumifa&Gaem0fS AwdGK.avGS
ajcmifweftwˆ&HtbuGOf.ajcmifzif.avmif;a'.oudk pwJif[H.y,f.zHk. ,dk ,Haz.uxGm apmufScrf;e,f.ac:ac:
erf;yJif.tGKwfc|KwfcGifvS rOftGOf.owfrwfaz.eJif;aem0fSoGL? ausmfpdefoSabmfw&mSaem0fS erf;uHusrRm.
erf;wGrf.erf;awGmSh zefqifyJif.cGifv crf;e,f.wòzH.ac:ac: rOfwJ.axmif.'sm.eJif;aem0fSoGL? apmbOD;}uD;/
q&momxdk/ apmpHau/ apm0D&DausmfoD;zHk.aem0fS _cDSajcm0fSuDGSvG apmufScrf;e,f.wòzH.ac:ac:aem0fSoGL?
0JkiSf aem0fS apmufcKdG SzHk.uatm0f.udGKefSaomhS'g. oxHGK.c&Jkif.udk,dk xGmvGOfpGOf.(pHSxGm.)[H.e,f.aem0fSoGL?
zqyvtpdGKSc|Kyfudk OD;ausmf_idrf;wGrf. OD;AaqGaem0f apmuf/ ytdk0f./ ref;/ rJifSzHk. rdGK;pdGK;zmyef
uyJif.qJif.vGKyfrmSvGOf'g. vJki;f [H.,m.zHk.,dk az.awm0f;&GOfa,m.xl.odrfSajcifxGLawGmhS a0G.zef;avGSaz.,if;
vJki;f [H.,m.wtJOfaxm0f;ref;cdKG SzHk. uatm0f.tHk'g. a0ifSudzk Hk.aem0fSoGL? udpP,dkaem0fS vJki;f aAG.om;zHk.
a'g.oSar.òyH.wif.vGOfpGOf.aem0SfoGL? aem0fSrhSwJif aeif. 1947 Am. vmrwfudkaem0fS ytdk0f.pdGK;cdGKStpdGKSc|Kwfudk
uxGmS'g.jzm;AGmvaz tGOfigxkrf.xGKd@Al.xGLvdkSzHk.awGmSh vJki;f [H.,m.a0G.zef;w0ifa&S tpD.tpJOf.,dk
uef.uGufvGdKSqefa&mifwJif rmSavGpGOf.vdkSxkyG,fSysSqENwòzH.aem0fSoGL? yG,fSysSqEN,dkaem0fS oxHGK.e,f.udk
ytdk0f.'Hk um;uatm0f.vdkSzHk.aem0fS wGrf.avGmif;Al.rkStm.&JifawGmSh xif.pJO.f avGScef; w0ifS a0ifSudk
tHkjcGOf;cef;w0ifS aAG.AGefausmifSwJif cGScGSndrfSndrfSysScef;qENzHk.aem0fSoGL? ae.wGrf.ndrfScGSa&SawGmhSysSavGqEN
vdkSpdGKS,dk uxdGKif.azsmfwdGK.avGS zqyv &GKrfSxsSigaem0Sf zqyv &GKrfom;zHk. eJif.qGKrf.wGrf.vHk;wl.zHk.
a'ghSoGrfSajcm0fqGKrf.wGrf.aig0f;iGga0G.zHk.wJif ysSqENpdGKSudkvdkS,[ef.om;aem0fS cH.aEGmifS'GKefawGmhS EdGK@&dGK@csmpGOf.
zqyv&GKrfaem0frhS tqJkio f Gwfaem0fS zqyv &GKrfS,dk wGdK.pGO.f zm.z0aem0fSoGL? ysSqENvdkSpdGKSaem0fSvJS
xif.wGdK.wdGK.avGSpGOf.ta&SyJif.&GKrfSwJif uxdGKif.wdGK.ta&SyJif.&GKrfSaem0f a0GSoD;_cDSajcm0fuDGcsufzHk.,dk
'if.e,faz.tyfavGSpGOf. ta&SyJif.wm.0Gef.om;aem0foGL?
a0GSoD;_cDajcm0fuDGcsufzHk.aem0f=
(1)ytdk0f.vdkSrsKdSzHk.,dk ,Hu[JhrGdKef;awmifol/ ,Hu[Jh'sm.aoGmhtrJOf.twGdKifS “ytdk0f.”
(2) vJki;f [H.,m.a0G.zef;a&S tpD.tpJOf.,dk ,Hu,m.uJkifa&S
(3) rOf.zJG@Al. Armhwyfrawm.aem0fS ,HuzJG@aomhaz.yg ytdk0f.wyf&if;(2)òzH.eJi;f aem0fSoGL?
cdGKif;0dGK@wGrf. aig0f;_cDSajcm0fuDGcsufzHk.,dk nawm0f;tcdef;ukd tpdk;&aem0f a*ZufaxtGOf.[dGKefa&S “awmifol”
u[Jh'g.vdkSrsKdSzHk.,dk wJ.tcdef.,dkcgrmig ,Hu[JhS'sm.aoGmh “ytdk0f.” vdkSrsKdSaem0fS todtrwfysKvJOf. tausmifS
au.nm.cef;eJif;aem0fSoGL? atm0f.uJkifaig0f;_cDajcm0fuDGcsuf eDScsufaem0fS az.awm0f;tajz. aem0fSoGL?

apmufSpdGKSzHk.wpdGKSwGrf.wpdGKStcg.udk osKSw&defrkStmSig.aem0fSrhS qJkifS0JkifSaem0fS 1947 Am. aeif.emudk ytdk0f.

ay.uatm0f.ygnDS axif;xH.'g.wm.0Gef. apmufSvdkS,JG.pGdKSudkaem0fS a0GSoD;AJhSxef.csmvGerf;zHk.wJif zJG@Al.avGS vJki.f
“ytdk0f.vdkS,JGpdGKS” Pa-O Youth Organization (PYO) a0ifSoxGKH.udkaem0fSoGL? tpdGKSaum;tGOf
igom;aem0fS=
(1) OuUX cGefyef;pdef (ydGKif;vJif. vrf;pOfygwD)
(2) 'k=OuUX cGefba&G (oxGHK.anmif.0dGKefS)
(3) tGOftudka&S cGefausmfpdef (yDtJeftdk OuUÏvD)

ytdk0f.vdkS,JGpdGKSa&.rdk.csufaem0fS
(1) pdGK;cdGKS/ bm.om./ om.oem. xif.xdkwaoGmif;a&S
(2) ytdk0f.crf;&ifSom;zHk. EJkif.iH.a&S/ xmSxD. ,Hxif.xdkwaoGmif;a&S
(3) oS&ufcKdG S vGL;wJifa&S eJif;aem0fSzHk.oGL?

aeif. 1947 Am. vm{_yD(23=24)eDSaem0fS KNU ta&Sayg.nD.vm.cH.udkaem0fS cscef;qGHKSzswfcsuf

tD.xdGK@Al.crf;&ifSom;vdkSrsKdSay.zHk.xGLawGmSh xkrf.xGdK@Al.avGcef; cif/ rJifS/ apmufSwEsm./ ytdk0f./ ajzm0fzHk.aem0fS oGL?
aeif. 1947 Am. vmZlvdki(f 16)eDS apmufSzHk.zJG@Al.avGS,if; apmufSpdGK;cdGKSum.uG,f.a&StpdGKS KNDO aem0fSoGL?
A[dk.udk ref;bZifaem0f xGmcef;pJhSOD;oD;c|Kwfaem0fSoGL? autdki'f DtdkwyfpdGKS,dk ac.cH.wGrf.'Hkaqmif. awGmhS
zJG@Al.cef;aem0fSoGL? aeif. 1948 Am. vmazazmf0g&D(11)eDS KNDO xkrf.xdGK@Al.rkSxif.xdktm.oef
vGOfarG.pGO.f aem0fSoGL? aeif. 1948 Am.aeif. vm-o*kwf (31)eDSaem0fS apmufSwGL.w&efa&Som;zHk. xl.odrfS
vSoxGHK.c&Jif.wòzH. vGKrf;wJif a0ifSoxGHK. tkwfcsKwfa&S tpdGKSaem0fS jzm;AGmvaz tGOfuwl. zJG@Al.EJkif;aem0fS oGL?
 1? jzm;vaz tGKwfc|Kwfa&StweftuJ.
2? apmtkef;aznGefh wG,fSzuf tweftuJ.
3? apma&G'kef; e,f.zJhSta&S tweftuJ.
u&dkSaem0fS zJG@Al.ae; EGKd@ tpdGK@om;(16) jzmSawGmSh tGKwfc|KwfavGS ,dkcgoxGHK.c&Ji.f wGrf. ydGKif;vJif. e,f.zmtif;/
,ifyG,f(vSKdif;bJG)/ ðcwf_cdufS(aumhu&dwf) up'g. EJkif;aem0fSzHk.oGL?

1949 Am.aeif. vmZefe0g&D(31)eDSaem0fS zqyvtpdk;&au.nm.xef.xdk KNDO pdGKSaem0fS

w&mSw0if.awm0f;tausmifSwJif teDaem0fSaem0fS wGrf.plcKG rfvufeuf pJShwdGKufSyG,fS pvGOfpGO.f aem0fSoGL? aeif.
1949Am. apm0f;cg apmufSvdkSwefapmbOD;}uD;/ jzmAGm=vaz/ ume,ftufpodrf;wGrf. cifvdkSwef aemfqdki;f oD;
armhScJGvdk@0ifS vG,faum.udkwJif aeif. 1949 Am. vmZlvJif&yfudk az.uxl.odrfSaEGmifS a0ifS awmifSuDS
&dkSEJkif;aem0fSoGL? uxl.odrfSa0ifSawmif.uDSaem0fS apmuf Swyf ume,ftufpodrf;/ cifwyf aemfqdkif;wGrf.
ytdk0f.wyf cGefyef;armif(w&Gyfwef) tGOfuwl.odrfSxl.aem0fSoGL? xl.odrfSxGL a0ifSawmif.uDS (5)eDSxGLrS cifwyf
aemifqdkif;pdGKSaem0fS atm0f.aemifcsKdw&ef.awGmSh qGwfSoJifScsm cifcrf;aem0fSoGL? a0ifSawmif.uDS aem0fSvJh
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 apmbOD;}uD;eifh (91)XmetkyfcsKyfa&; pmrsufem (13)
 apmbOD;}uD;eifh 1300 jynfhta&;awmfyHk pmrsufem (13)
 apmbOD;}uD;eifh bDtdkiaf tacwf pmrsufem (14=15=16)
 apmbOD;}uD;eifh *syefqef@usifa&; (16=17)
 tmZmenfref;bcdik feifh u&ifhordkif;tvJhtajymif;wpfck pmrsufem (82=83=84=85=86=87)
 ref;bZef pmrsufem (32=33=34)
 ref;0if;armif pmrsufem(36)
 rdk;qdk;aumfuqmwefwmomarG; (42=42)
(2) 'JOfoD;vufaqmif. trJkif (17) “jzm.AGmvaztwkwÎywWdttJOf.”
(3) udk,fawG@yifvHk (OD;azcif)
(4) jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif; yxrwJG (OD;av;armif) pmrsufem(600=614=615)
(5) &JabmfoHk;usdyf =ausmf_idrf; pmrsufem(31=32)
(6) ytrz pwkwÎt}udrftpD&ifcHpmrl-urf;
(7) wdki;f &if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ta&;eifh 1947 tajccHOya'? yxrwJG eifh 'kwd,wJG
(8) Pa-Oh People by Mika Rolly