SEMINAR ON

PRESENTED BY :-

PRATIK
18 April MOR
2011 Green Engineering 1
 WHAT IS GREEN ENGINEERING.

Design, commercialization and use of processes

and products that are feasible and economical
while minimizing:

 Risk to human health and the environment

 Generation of pollution at the source

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 Principles of Green Engineering

The Sandestin Declaration on

Green Engineering Principles

Green Engineering transforms existing engineering

disciplines and practices to those that lead to
sustainability. Green Engineering incorporates
development and implementation of products,
processes, and systems that meet technical and cost
objectives while protecting human health and welfare
and elevates the protection of the biosphere as a
criterion in engineering solutions.
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 Principles of Green Engineering

The Sandestin GE Principles

1. Engineer processes and products holistically, use systems analysis, and
integrate environmental impact assessment tools.
2. Conserve and improve natural ecosystems while protecting human hea
and well-being
3. Use life-cycle thinking in all engineering activities
4. Minimize depletion of natural resources
5. Strive to prevent waste
6. Develop and apply engineering solutions, while being cognizant of loca
geography, aspirations, and cultures
7. Create engineering solutions beyond current or dominant technologies
improve, innovate and invent (technologies) to achieve sustainability
8. Actively engage communities and stakeholders in development of
18 April 2011 engineering solutions
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 SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Pre-Chemical Chemical Post-Chemical

Manufacturing Manufacturing Manufacturing Stage
Stages Process
• Final product manufact
• Extraction from the • Chemical reactions • Product usage in
environment • Separation operations commerce
• Transportation of • Material storage • Reuse/recycle
materials • Refining of • Loading and unloading • Treatment/destruction
raw materials • • Material conveyance • Disposal
Storage and • Loading • Waste treatment • Environmental release
and unloading processes

• Airborne releases wastewater releases • Solid/hazardous waste • Toxic chemical

releases• Energy consumption • Resource depletion

Environmental/Health Impacts
18 April 2011 • Global warming Green
• Ozone layer depletion • Air quality – smog • Acidification
Engineering 5
• Human health effects, carcinogenic and non carcinogenic • Resource depletion
 NUCLEAR ENERGY

It was commonly to think that nuclear energy is absolutely safe until

some serious incidents occurred on nuclear power plants of the
USA(Three Mile Island), Japan(Kashiwaszki-Kariwa) and the most
dangerous incident in the former USSR (Chernobyl) and latest in
Japan( Fukushima Daiichi ). The last of them had very serious
consequences. All these events changed the opinion of people about the
safety of nuclear energy. However the danger of nuclear energy was not
only in the nuclear accidents

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 RENEWABLE ENERGY

It is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain,
tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished).
in 2008, about 19% of global final energy consumption came from renewable
with 13% coming from traditional biomass, which is used for heating, and
3.2% from hydroelectricity. New renewable(small hydro, modern biomass,
wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuel) accounted for another 2.7% and are
growing very rapidly.

While many renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable technolog

are also suited to rural and remote areas, where energy is often crucial
inhuman development. Globally, an estimated 3 million households get powe
from small solar PV systems. Micro-hydro systems configured into village-sca
or county-scale mini-grids serve many areas. More than 30 million rural
households get lighting and cooking from biogas made in household-scale
digesters. Biomass cook stoves are used by 160 million households.
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 WORLD RENEWABLE ENERGY SHARE

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 WORLD TOP 10 COUNTRIES

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 SOURCE OF GREEN ENERGY

 Biomass

 Hydro

 Wind

 Solar
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 BIOMASS

Biomass, a renewable energy source, is biological material from living, or

recently living organisms, such as wood, waste, (hydrogen) gas, and
alcohol fuels. Biomass is commonly plant matter grown to
generate electricity or produce heat. In this sense, living biomass can also
be included, as plants can also generate electricity while still alive.
Biomass cook stoves are used by 160 million households.

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 Biomass energy resources is plentiful..

 It is easy to convert to fuel.

Helps to utilize idle farmland and deforested areas.

 Biomass absorbs CO2

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 HYDRO

Hydropower, hydraulic power or water power is power that is derived

from the force or energy of moving water, which may be harnessed for
useful purposes. Prior to the development of electric power, hydropower
was used for irrigation, and operation of various machines, such as
watermills, textile machines, sawmills, dock cranes, and domestic lifts.
Another method used a tromped to produce compressed air from falling
water, which could then be used to power other machinery at a distance
from the water.

It is the most widely used form of renewable energy. Once a hydroelectric

complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and has a
considerably lower output level of the greenhouse gas, carbndioxide (CO2)
than fossil fuel powered energy plants.

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 Generating method

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 DIFFERENT FORM OF HYDRO POWER

Hydrothermal Fluids:- are the only type of geothermal resource currently

being exploited for commercial energy production. Most of the reservoirs
that have been identified were discovered because of the discharge of hot
water or steam at the surface, although some have been found accidentally
while drilling wells for other purposes or through deliberate exploration....

Wave Power:- The third method of extracting energy from the oceans
involves capturing the mechanical energy of ocean waves, which are created
by winds. Hundreds of wave-power schemes have been patented around
the world, and a number of different approaches are considered possibilitie
for near-term commercial generation. Some use the up-and-down motion o
waves, others their...

Tidal Power:- Both the sun and moon exert gravitational force on the earth’
oceans, causing a slight bulge to develop that we see as tides. This bulge
constantly changes with the moon’s orbit and the earth’s rotation, and along
18 April 2011 with sea-coast and sea-bottom topography, this accounts for the differences
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 WIND

Wind, one of the oldest energy sources known to humanity, has been used
for millennia to pump water, thresh grain, and propel ships. In the early part
of this century, windmills for pumping water were a common sight in rural
areas of the United States, until rural electrification programs in the thirties
and forties caused many of these reliable and durable machines to be
abandoned.

Wind energy systems generate electrical energy by harnessing the power in

wind using machines called wind turbines. Wind energy can be produced in
stand-alone applications or can be produced centrally and distributed to
the electric grid.

Wind power is growing at the rate of 30% annually, with a

worldwide installed capacity of 157,900 MW in 2009, and is widely used
in Europe, Asia, and the United States. At the end of 2009, cumulative
18 April 2011 global photovoltaic (PV) installations surpassed 21,000 MW and PV power
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 Generation of Wind Energy

1:- Tower

2:- Blade

3:- Generator

4:- Controller

5:- Nacelle

6:- Anemometer

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 WIND POWER USAGE

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 SOLAR

The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation at the
upper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while
the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of
solar light at the Earth's surface is mostly spread across
the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-
ultraviolet.
Earth's land surface, oceans and atmosphere absorb solar radiation, and
this raises their temperature. Warm air containing evaporated water from
the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the
air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor
condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surface, completing
the water cycle.

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 GENERATION

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 DIRECT CONVERSION INTO ELECTRICITY

 Photovoltaic cells are capable of

directly converting sunlight into
electricity.

 A simple wafer of silicon with wires

attached to the layers. Current is
produced based on types of silicon
(n- and p-types) used for the layers
Each cell=0.5 volts.

 Battery needed as storage

 No moving partsdo no wear out,

but because they are exposed to th
weather, their lifespan is about 20
years.
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 FINAL THOUGHT

 Argument that sun provides power only during the day is

countered by the fact that 70% of energy demand is during daytime
hours. At night, traditional methods can be used to generate the
electricity.

 Goal is to decrease our dependence on fossil fuels.

 Currently, 75% of our electrical power is generated by coal-

burning and nuclear power plants.

 Mitigates the effects of acid rain, carbon dioxide, and other

impacts of burning coal and counters risks associated with nuclear
energy.

 pollution free, indefinitely sustainable.

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 Q
U
E
R
Y
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