Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Brackets Brackets
• Metal bracket • Clear Bracket
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Plastic brackets Ceramic brackets
• Staining and discoloration • Advantages over plastic brackets:
• Poor dimensional stability – Durable, resist staining
• Larger friction – Can be custom-molded
– Dimensionally stable
• Disadvantages over metal brackets:
– Bulkier than metal bracket
– Fractures of brackets
– Friction is bigger than that in metal bracket
– Wear on teeth contacting a bracket
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– Enamel damage on debonding
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“Smart” Clips
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Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5:
Visit your Invisalign® You receive You wear You've
• Lingual brackets
• Invisalign
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Invisalign
•
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Clear aligner therapy (CAT)
applicability
Fig 11-16
CAT performs well: CAT does not perform well:
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Wires Wire
• Type:
– NiTi wire (Nickel-Titanium wire)
– TMA wires (Titanium-Molybdenum-Alloy)
– Stainless steel wire
• Shape
– Round wire
– Rectangular wire
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Fixed appliance: properties of arch wires General Characteristics of
– related to force levels, rigidity, formability, etc. Orthodontic Forces
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Bending Properties of an Orthodontic Wire Stiffness of an Orthodontic Wire
Defined by 3 points Modulus of elasticity (E)
1. Proportional limit – Young’s modulus
• Point at which
permanent deformation – Stiffness below
is first observed proportional limit
• Similar to “elastic limit”
– Slope
p of load-
2 Yield
2. Yi ld strength
t th
• Point at which 0.1%
deflection curve
deformation occurs – Stiffness α E
3. Ultimate tensile (yield) – Springiness α 1/E
strength
• Maximum load wire can
sustain
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Ideal Orthodontic Wire Material Wire Materials
• Deflection properties: • Precious metal alloys
– High strength – Before 1950’s: gold alloys, corrosion resistant
– Low stiffness (usually)
– High range
• Stainless steel, cobalt-chromium (elgiloy®)
– High formability alloys
• Other properties: – Improved strength
strength, springiness
– Weldable, solderable – Corrosion resistant: chromium
– Reasonable cost • Typical: 18% chromium, 8% nickel
• No one wire meets all • Nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloys
criteria! – 1970’s applied to orthodontics
– Select for purpose
– Demonstrates exceptional springiness
required
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• Wire properties
– Significantly affected
by wire (beam) cross
section and length
g
6 weeks later • Magnitude of change
varies with wire
material
• Similar proportional
changes among wire
materials
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Elastic Properties: Effects of Size and
Effects of Diameter: Cantilever
Shape Effects of Diameter: Cantilever
• Strength
• Range
– Changes to third power
• Ratio between larger to – E.g., double
smaller beam diameter: half the
• E.g., double diameter: range
deliver 8x strength
• Springiness
– Changes to fourth
power
• Ratio between smaller
to larger beam
• E.g., double diameter:
wire 1/16 as springy 43 44
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Design Factors in Orthodontic Design Factors in Orthodontic
Appliances Appliances
– Moment: product of force times
the perpendicular distance from – Couple: two forces equal
the point of force application to in magnitude but opposite
the center of resistance in direction
• Units: gm-mm • No translation
• Created when line of action of a • Produces pure rotation
force does not pass through the around center of resistance
center of resistance
– Force will translate and tend to rotate
object around center of resistance
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Alternatives to Sliding (Friction)
Tooth Movement
• Effects of bracket Segmented mechanics
material or closing loops
– Stainless steel: least mechanics
friction • Activate loops
– Titanium brackets: • Loops close to original
shape
p
hi h ffriction
high i ti lik
likely
l
• Retract teeth toward
– Ceramic: space as loops close
• Rough, hard surface • No sliding, no friction
• Increases friction • “Frictionless” mechanics
– Ceramic with steel
slot
• Reduced friction
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Summary
• Ideal orthodontic forces
• Wire properties
– Strength, stiffness, range
(springback)
– Resilience, formability
• Wire materials
• Changes in diameter, length
• Design factors
– Force, center of resistance,
moments, couples, center of
rotation
– Use of rectangular wires: couples
• Friction 57
– Contact angle, wires, brackets
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