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Tom Penick tom@tomzap.com www.teicontrols.com/notes PowerElectronics.pdf 5/12/2003 Page 1 of 21
 
POWER ELECTRONICS EE 362L
INDEX
10 Cornerstones...................21-phase bipolar inverter.....113-phase inverter.................143-phase power andcommutation......................73-phase PWM inverter.......143-phase rectifier...................73-phase Thèvenin equivalent...........................................8with
α
.............................83-phase voltage andcommutation..................7, 8air gap flux........................16amp......................................3Ampere's law.....................20amplitude modulation ratio12areasphere...........................20average................................2average value.....................19
  B
magnetic flux dens.......20binomial expansion............20binomial theorem...............20bipolar inverter..................12bridge rectifier.....................6buck converter...................10buck-boost converter...10, 11
C 
capacitance......................3calculus..............................19capacitance..........................3capacitor..............................2CF crest factor....................2commutation3-phase power................73-phase voltage..........7, 8power..............................6voltage............................6commutation interval...........6complex conjugate.............18complex numbers..............18conjugatecomplex........................18constant torque..................17constant volts/Hz...............17converterbuck..............................10buck-boost..............10, 11Cúk...............................11dc-dc...................9, 10, 11step-down.....................10step-up..........................10coulomb...............................3crest factor...........................2Cúk converter....................11
  D
electric flux dens...........20dB decibels.........................3dc...................................2, 19dc-ac inverters.............11, 14dc-dc converters......9, 10, 11decibel.................................3delta-wye transformer..........8dependent variable.............20derivatives.........................19diode current........................8distortion.............................2duty cycle............................9
 E 
electric field..................20efficiency of induction motor.........................................17electric motors...................15Euler's equation.................19even function.......................4farad....................................3Faraday's law.....................20Fourier series...............2, 4, 5square wave....................5frequency domain..............20frequency modulation ratio12
 f 
sl
slip frequency...............16full bridge converter..........11Gauss' law.........................20general math......................18generalized harmonics1-phase.........................133-phase.........................14graph paper........................21graphing terminology........20
  H  
magnetic field...............20half-wave rectifier...............5harmonicsgeneralized, 1-phase.....13generalized, 3-phase.....14henry...................................3Hoft.....................................2horsepower..........................3hyperbolic functions..........20
 I 
1
..........................................8
i
 A
rectifier current...............8independent variable.........20inductance...........................3induction motor.................16induction motor model......15inductor...............................2LC tank circuit...............3integration.........................19inverter........................11, 143-phase.........................14bipolar..........................11harmonic voltage..........13pulse width modulation12
  J 
current density...............20 joule.....................................3KCL.....................................2kelvin...................................3Kimbark's equations............7with
α
.............................7Kirchoff’s current law.........2Kirchoff’s voltage law.........2KVL....................................2
 L
inductance.......................3L’Hôpitol’s rule.................20LC tank circuit....................3linear range........................12linearizing an equation......20
m
a
amplitude modulationratio.................................12magnitude..........................18Maxwell's equations..........20
m
 f 
frequency modulationratio.................................12minimum inductance...........9modelinduction motor............15motorinduction motor............16newton.................................3
n
s
synchronous speed.......16odd function........................4overmodulation.................12parallel resistance................3PF power factor..................33-phase rectifier.............9phase.................................18phase current.......................8phasor notation..................18plotting
 I 
1
............................8plotting
i
 A
............................8plotting paper....................21plotting
V 
1
...........................8plotting
V 
dc
..........................8power..................................2electric motor...............15power and commutation......6power factor........................33-phase rectifier.............9pull out..............................15pulse width modulationsynchronous.................12pulse width modulation ininverters...........................12PWM pulse widthmodulation......................12PWM inverter3-phase.........................14rectifierthree-phase.....................7rectifiers..............................5resistancein parallel.......................3resistor.................................2rms................................2, 19square wave.................19rms harmonic voltage ininverters...........................13root mean square...............19rpminduction motor............16
s
slip.................................16S.S. capacitor principle.......2S.S. inductor principle.........2series.................................20single-phase bridge rectifier6slip....................................16slip frequency....................16slip speed..........................16space-time.........................18sphere................................20square waveFourier series.................5square wave inverter.........11starting torque...................15step-down converter..........10step-up converter...............10synchronous pulse widthmodulation......................12synchronous speed............16tank circuit..........................3temperature.........................3tesla.....................................3THD....................................2Thèvenin equivalent............73-phase...........................8with
α
.......................8three-phase rectifier............7time domain......................20time-average......................18time-averaged power.........18time-harmonic...................20torque................................15constant........................17starting.........................15trigonometric identities.....19
u
commutation interval......6unibipolar inverter.............12units....................................3
V 
1
........................................8
V 
dc
.......................................8
vi
relationship......................2volt......................................3voltage and commutation....6volts/Hz ratio.....................17volumesphere...........................20watt.....................................3weber...................................3wye-delta transformer.........8
φ
ag
air gap flux.................16
η
efficiency of inductionmotor...............................17
ρ
 ν
volume charge dens.....20
ω
sl
slip speed....................16
 
Tom Penick tom@tomzap.com www.teicontrols.com/notes PowerElectronics.pdf 5/12/2003 Page 2 of 21
 
10 CORNERSTONES OF POWERELECTRONICS - Hoft1. KVL
 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law. The sum of the changes involtage around a circuit loop is equal to zero. This istrue in both the instantaneous and average (integrateover one cycle) sense.
 
2. KCL
 Kirchoff’s Current Law. The current entering a node isequal to the current leaving the node. This is also truein both the instantaneous and average (integrate overone cycle) sense.
 
3.
vi
RESISTOR
 The voltage to current relationship in a resistor.
v ir 
=
 
4.
vi
CAPACITOR
 The voltage to current relationship in a capacitor.
dvi C dt 
=
 
5.
vi
INDUCTOR
 The voltage to current relationship in a inductor.
div Ldt 
=
 
6. AVERAGE (DC) AND RMS
 Average and dc will be synonymous in this class, butare not the same as rms.
( )
00
avg
1
t T t 
v v t dt T 
+
=
∫ 
 
( )
00
2rms
1
t T t 
v v t dt T 
+
=
∫ 
 
7. POWER
 We are concerned with both instantaneous andaverage power. As with rms values, power is relatedto heating.
( )
00
avg
1
t T t 
P p t dt T 
+
=
∫ 
 
( ) ( ) ( )
 p t v t i t 
=
 
 p
(
t 
)
= instantaneous power [
W
]
 
8. S.S. INDUCTOR PRINCIPLE
 Under steady state conditions, the average voltageacross an inductor is zero.
 
9. S.S. CAPACITOR PRINCIPLE
 Under steady state conditions, the average currentthrough a capacitor is zero.
 
10. FOURIER SERIES
 In the 1820s, Fourier came out with a 1-page paper onhis Fourier series. A periodic function may bedescribed as an infinite sum of sines and cosines.
( ) ( ) ( )
avg001
cossin
k k k 
v t V a k t b k t 
∞=
= + ω + ω
∑
 
See p4.
 
DISTORTION
[
%
]
 Distortion is the degree to which a signal differs fromits fundamental frequency.
RMS value of harmonics for 1THDRMS value of fundamental frequency 1
k k 
>==
 
disrms122rmsrms1rms1
%THD100100
V V V V V 
=−=
 
Use the polar form of the Fourier Series, see p4
.
 
V 
dis
= rms voltage distortion [
V
]
 
V 
rms1
= fundamental frequency rms voltage [
V
]
 
V 
rms
= rms voltage [
V
]
 
THD
= Total Harmonic Distortion [V]
 
CREST FACTOR
[
no units
]
 The crest factor quantifies the
smoothness 
of thewaveform and is related to the weight of its impact oncomponents. For DC and a square wave the crestfactor is 1, for a sine wave, it is 1.414. A large crestfactor means the wave is not as efficient at deliveringenergy.
peak rms
CF
V V 
=
 
 
Tom Penick tom@tomzap.com www.teicontrols.com/notes PowerElectronics.pdf 5/12/2003 Page 3 of 21
 
PF
POWER FACTOR
[
no units
]
 The power factor is the ratio of true power (the powerconsumed, ignoring the reactive factor) to apparentpower (the total power consumed). Also, the powerfactor is the cosine of the angle by which the currentlags the voltage (assuming an inductive load).
( )
PFcos
v i
= θ −θ
 
DECIBELS
[
dB
]
 A log based unit of energy that makes it easier todescribe exponential losses, etc. The decibel means10 bels, a unit named after Bell Laboratories.
voltage or current20logreference voltage or current
 L
=
 
power10logreference power
 L
=
 
UNITS, electrical
 
 I 
 
(current in amps)
 
=
 
····
q W J N m V C s V V s V s s
= = = =
 
q
(charge in coulombs) =
····
J N m W s I s V C V V V 
= = = =
 
C 
 
(capacitance in farads) =
 
222
··
q q q J I sV J N m V V 
= = = =
 
 H 
 
(inductance in henrys) =
 
·
V s I 
 
(note that
 
2
H·F
s
=
)
 
 J 
 
(energy in joules) =
 
22
······
q N m V q W s I V s CV C 
= = = = =
 
 N 
 
(force in newtons) =
2
···
 J qV W s kg mm m m s
= = =
 
T 
 
(magnetic flux density in teslas) =
 
222
··
Wb V s H I m m m
= =
 
V 
 
(electric potential in volts) =
···
W J J W s N m q I q I s q q C 
= = = = =
 
W 
 
(power in watts) =
2
···1·746
 J N m qV CV V I HPs s s s
= = = = =
 
Wb
(magnetic flux in webers) =
··
J  H I V s I 
= =
 
Temperature:
[
°C
or
K
]
 
0°C = 273.15K
where
s
is seconds
 
C 
 
CAPACITANCE
[
F
]
 
i t I I I e
 f o f t 
()()
 / 
= + −
− τ
 
v t V V V e
 f o f t 
()()
 / 
= + −
− τ
 where
τ =
RC 
 
v+
-
C R
 
i t C 
cdvdt 
()
=
 
V t C id V 
ct o
()
= +
∫ 
1
0
τ
 
 L
 
INDUCTANCE
[
H
]
 
i t I I I e
 f o f t 
()()
 / 
= + −
− τ
 
v t V V V e
 f o f t 
()()
 / 
= + −
− τ
 where
τ =
L R
 / 
 
v+
-
 R L
 
v t L
 Ldidt 
()
=
 
 I t  Lv d I 
 Lt o
()
= +
∫ 
1
0
τ
 
 LC 
 
TANK CIRCUIT
 
C L
 Resonant frequency:12
 f  LC 
π
=
 
PARALLEL RESISTANCE
 I never can remember theformula for two resistances inparallel. I just do it the hardway.
 
212121
||
 R R R R R R
+=
 
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