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Differentiation Formulas Trigonometry

d
k=0 (1)
dx
d y
[f (x) ± g(x)] = f 0 (x) ± g 0 (x) (2)
dx
(0, 1)
d (− 12 ,

3

3
( 12 ,
[k · f (x)] = k · f 0 (x) (3) 2
)
120◦ 60◦ 2
)
dx √
2
√ √ √
(− 2
, 22 ) 135◦ 45◦ ( 22 , 22 )
d
[f (x)g(x)] = f (x)g 0 (x) + g(x)f 0 (x) (4) √
3 1
150◦ 30◦ √
dx (− 2
, 2) ( 23 , 21 )
 
d f (x) g(x)f 0 (x) − f (x)g 0 (x) (−1, 0)
= 2 (5) x
dx g(x) [g(x)] (1, 0)
√ √
d (− 3
, − 12 ) (3
, − 12 )
f (g(x)) = f 0 (g(x)) · g 0 (x) (6) 2
210◦ 330◦ 2
dx √
2

2
√ √
(− 2 , − 2 ) 225◦ 315◦ ( 22 , − 22 )
d n √ 240◦ 300◦ √
x = nxn−1 (7) (− 12 , −2 3 ) ( 12 , − 23 )
dx (0, −1)
d
sin x = cos x (8) sin θ = y cos θ = x
dx
d
cos x = − sin x (9)
dx
d Basic Identities
tan x = sec2 x (10)
dx sin x
tan x = (1)
d cos x
cot x = − csc2 x (11)
dx 1
cot x = (2)
d tan x
sec x = sec x tan x (12) 1
dx sec x = (3)
cos x
d
csc x = − csc x cot x (13) 1
dx csc x = (4)
sin x
d x
e = ex (14)
dx
Pythagorean Identities
d 1
ln |x| = (15) sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 (5)
dx x
2 2
d 1 1 + cot x = csc x (6)
sin−1 x = √ (16)
dx 1 − x2 2
tan x + 1 = sec x 2
(7)
d −1
cos−1 x = √ (17)
dx 1 − x2
Sum and Difference Formulas
d 1 sin(x ± y) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y (8)
tan−1 x = 2 (18)
dx x +1
cos(x ± y) = cos x cos y ∓ sin x sin y (9)
d −1
cot−1 x = 2 (19)
dx x +1
d 1 Power Reducing Formulas
sec−1 x = √ (20)
dx |x| x2 − 1 1 − cos 2x
sin2 x = (10)
2
d −1
csc−1 x = √ (21) 1 + cos 2x
dx |x| x2 − 1 cos2 x = (11)
2
Differentiation Formulas Integration Formulas

Z
d
k=0 (1) dx = x + C (1)
dx
d
[f (x) ± g(x)] = f 0 (x) ± g 0 (x) xn+1
Z
(2)
dx xn dx = +C (2)
n+1
d
[k · f (x)] = k · f 0 (x) (3) Z
dx
dx = ln |x| + C (3)
d x
[f (x)g(x)] = f (x)g 0 (x) + g(x)f 0 (x) (4)
dx Z

d f (x)

g(x)f 0 (x) − f (x)g 0 (x) ex dx = ex + C (4)
= 2 (5)
dx g(x) [g(x)] Z
1 x
d ax dx = a +C (5)
f (g(x)) = f 0 (g(x)) · g 0 (x) (6) ln a
dx Z
d n ln x dx = x ln x − x + C (6)
x = nxn−1 (7)
dx
d
Z
sin x = cos x (8) sin x dx = − cos x + C (7)
dx
d Z
cos x = − sin x (9)
dx cos x dx = sin x + C (8)
d
tan x = sec2 x (10) Z
dx tan x dx = − ln | cos x| + C (9)
d
cot x = − csc2 x (11)
dx Z
d cot x dx = ln | sin x| + C (10)
sec x = sec x tan x (12)
dx Z
d sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x| + C (11)
csc x = − csc x cot x (13)
dx
d x
Z
e = ex (14) csc x dx = − ln | csc x + cot x| + C (12)
dx
d x
a = ax ln a
Z
(15)
dx sec2 x dx = tan x + C (13)
d 1
ln |x| = (16) Z
dx x csc2 x dx = − cot x + C (14)
d 1
sin−1 x = √ (17)
dx 1 − x2 Z
sec x tan x dx = sec x + C (15)
d −1
cos−1 x = √ (18)
dx 1 − x2 Z
d 1 csc x cot x dx = − csc x + C (16)
tan−1 x = 2 (19)
dx x +1 Z
dx x
d −1 √ = sin−1 + C (17)
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d −1 Z
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Summary of Convergence Tests

Test Series Converges Diverges Comments

Often requires partial



X fraction
Telescoping Series (an − an+1 ) lim an+1 = L 6= ∞ lim an+1 DNE decomposition.
n→∞ n→∞
n=1 Converges to
a1 − lim an+1
n→∞


X a
Geometric Series arn |r| < 1 |r| ≥ 1 Converges to
1−r
n=0


X Cannot be used to lim an 6= 0 Cannot be used to
nth-Term Test an n→∞
show convergence. show convergence.
n=1

Integral Test ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ Remainder:


X Z ∞
(f is continuous, pos- an , an = f (n) f (x) dx converges f (x) dx diverges 0 < Rn < f (x) dx
itive, and decreasing) n=1 1 1
N


X 1 Often used along with
p-Series p
p>1 p≤1
n a comparison.
n=1


X 1
Logarithmic p-Series p>1 p≤1
n=2
n(ln n)p

∞ 0 < an ≤ b n 0 < bn ≤ an
Direct Comparison X ∞ ∞
an and
X
bn converges and
X
bn diverges
(an , bn > 0)
n=1
n=1 n=1


lim an /bn = L > 0 lim an /bn = L > 0
n→∞ n→∞
Limit Comparison X ∞ ∞
an X X
(an , bn > 0) and bn converges and bn diverges
n=1
n=1 n=1


X 0 < an+1 ≤ an Cannot be used to Remainder:
Alternating Series (−1)n−1 an and lim an = 0
n→∞ show divergence. |RN | ≤ aN +1
n=1


X
an+1

an+1 Test is
inconclusive
if
an lim <1 lim >1 an+1
Ratio Test lim =1
n=1
n→∞ an n→∞ an n→∞ an

X p
n
p
n
Test ispinconclusive if
nth-Root Test an lim |an | < 1 lim |an | > 1 lim n |an | = 1
n→∞ n→∞
n=1 n→∞



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Ordinary Differential Equations

1. Separable Equation
dy
• Form: = f (x) g(y)
dx
Z Z
dy
• Solution obtained from = f (x) dx + C
g(y)

2. Exact Equation
∂M ∂N
• Form: M (x, y) dx + N (x, y) dy = 0 where =
∂y ∂x
• Solution is defined implicitly by F (x, y) = C where
Z
F (x, y) = M (x, y) dx + g(y)

and
Z
F (x, y) = N (x, y) dy + h(x)

3. 1st Order, Linear Equation


dy
• Form: + p(x)y = q(x)
dx
R
• Let µ(x) = e p(x) dx
Z
• The solution follows from µ(x)y(x) = µ(x)q(x) dx.

4. Bernoulli’s Equation
dy
• Form: + p(x)y = q(x)y n
dx
• Let v = y 1−n to obtain the linear equation
dv
+ (1 − n)p(x)v = (1 − n)q(x)
dx

5. Exact after Integrating Factor


• Form: M (x, y) dx + N (x, y) dy = 0
(a) If (∂M/∂y − ∂N/∂x) = 0, the equation is exact.
R
g(y) dy
(b) If (∂M/∂y − ∂N/∂x) ÷ (−M ) = g(y) is a function of only y, then µ(y) = e is
the integrating factor. Multiplication will make the equation exact. R
g(x) dx
(c) If (∂M/∂y − ∂N/∂x) ÷ N = g(x) is a function of only x, then µ(x) = e is the
integrating factor. Multiplication will make the equation exact.

6. Homogeneous Equation
dy y
• Form: =F
dx x
• Substitute v = y/x and dy/dx = v + x dv/dx.
• The new equation is separable.
7. Reducible to 1st-order (Type 1)
• Form: F (x, y 0 , y 00 ) = 0
• Substitute y 0 = u and y 00 = u0 .
• The new equation involves only x, u, and u0 . Solve for u(x) and then for y(x).

8. Reducible to 1st-order (Type 2)


• Form: F (y, y 0 , y 00 ) = 0
du
• Substitute y 0 = u and y 00 = u.
dy
• The new equation involves only y, u, and du/dy. Solve for u(y) and then for y(x).

9. Euler’s Method
dy
• Given = f (x, y), y(x0 ) = y0
dx
• y(xn ) ≈ yn where
yn+1 = yn + h f (xn , yn )
xn+1 = xn + h (h is the constant step size.)

10. Improved Euler’s Method


dy
• Given = f (x, y), y(x0 ) = y0
dx
• y(xn ) ≈ yn where

yn+1 = yn + h2 f (xn , yn ) + f (xn+1 , yn+1

)

yn+1 = yn + h f (xn , yn )
xn+1 = xn + h (h is the constant step size.)

11. Orthogonal Trajectories


• Given a one-parameter family of curves: g(x, y) = c
• Find dy/dx. (Must not contain the constant c.)
• Find a DE for the orthogonal trajectories by taking a negative reciprocal.
• Solve the new DE.

12. Homogenous, 2nd Order, Linear, Constant-Coefficient Equation


d2 y dy
• Form: a +b + cy = 0
dx2 dx
• The characteristic equation is at2 + bt + c = 0.
p
• Let r = −b/2a and ω = |b2 − 4ac|/2a.
(a) If b2 − 4ac > 0, the solution is y(x) = c1 e(r+ω)x + c2 e(r−ω)x .
(b) If b2 − 4ac = 0, the solution is y(x) = c1 erx + c2 xerx .
(c) If b2 − 4ac < 0, the solution is y(x) = c1 erx cos ωx + c2 erx sin ωx.

13. 2nd Order Cauchy-Euler Equation


d2 y dy
• Form: x2 + bx + cy = 0
dx2 dx
• The substitution x = et transforms the original equation to
d2 y dy
2
+ (b − 1) + cy = 0.
dt dt
• Solve the new constant coefficient equation and resubstitute.
14. Free Mechanical Vibrations
• Model: mx00 + bx0 + kx = 0
(a) No damping if b = 0 (Simple harmonic motion)
(b) Underdamped if b2 − 4mk < 0 (Damped oscillations)
(c) Overdamped if b2 − 4mk > 0 (No oscillations)
(d) Critically damped if b2 − 4mk = 0 (No oscillations)

15. Simple Harmonic Motion


• c1 cos ωt + c2 sin ωt = A sin(ωt + φ), A>0
where
c1 = A sin φ, c2 = A cos φ
p
A = c21 + c22
tan φ = c1 /c2
• Amplitude = A, Angular frequency = ω, Frequency = f = ω/(2π), Period = T = 1/f
Undetermined Coefficients for y 00 + c y 0 + d y = g(x) (c and d are constants)

g(x) yp (x)

(1) pn (x) = an xn + . . . + a1 x + a0 xs Pn (x) = xs (An xn + . . . + A1 x + A0 )

(2) aeαx xs Aeαx

(3) a cos βx + b sin βx xs (A cos βx + B sin βx)

(4) pn (x)eαx xs Pn (x)eαx

(5) pn (x) cos βx + qm (x) sin βx, xs {PN (x) cos βx + QN (x) sin βx},
where qm (x) = bm xm + . . . + b1 x + b0 where QN (x) = Bn xN + . . . + B1 x + B0 and N = max(n, m)

(6) aeαx cos βx + beαx sin βx xs (Aeαx cos βx + Beαx sin βx)

(7) pn (x) eαx cos βx + qm (x) eαx sin βx xs eαx {PN (x) cos βx + QN (x) sin βx},
where N = max(n, m)

The nonnegative integer s is chosen to be the least integer such that no term in yp (x) is a
solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation y 00 + c y 0 + d y = 0.

Variation of Parameters

If y1 are y2 are two linearly independent solutions of y 00 +p(x)y 0 +q(x)y = 0, then a particular
solution of y 00 + p(x)y 0 + q(x)y = g(x) is y = v1 y1 + v2 y2 , where

−g(x)y2 (x) g(x)y1 (x)


Z Z
v1 (x) = dx, v2 (x) = dx,
W [y1 , y2 ](x) W [y1 , y2 ](x)

and W [y1 , y2 ](x) = y1 (x)y20 (x) − y10 (x)y2 (x).

2nd Solution from a 1st

If y1 is a nonzero solution of y 00 + p(x)y 0 + q(x)y = 0, then y2 = v · y1 , where


1
Z R
− p(x)dx
v(x) = · e dx,
[y1 (x)]2

is also solution. Furthermore, y1 and y2 are linearly independent.


Basis Vectors Curvature
dT
= 1
dT |v × a|

i = h1, 0, 0i κ= dt = |v|3

ds |v|
j = h0, 1, 0i
|f 00 (x)|
y = f (x) ⇒ κ=
k = h0, 0, 1i [1 + (f 0 (x))2 ]3/2

u = hu1 , u2 , u3 i = u1 i + u2 j + u3 k Principal Unit Normal Vector

Magnitude 1 dT dT/dt
N= =
q κ ds |dT/dt|
|u| = u21 + u22 + u23
Osculating Circle
Dot Product 1
radius: ρ =
u · w = u1 w1 + u2 w2 + u3 w3 κ(t0 )

1
u · w = |u||w| cos θ center: C = r(t0 ) + N(t0 )
κ(t0 )
Projection Unit Binormal Vector
u·w
 
projw u = w B=T×N
w·w
Cross Product Torsion


i
x0 (t) y 0 (t) z 0 (t)
j k
00

x (t) y 00 (t) z 00 (t)

u × w = u1 u2 u3

000
x (t) y 000 (t) z 000 (t)

w1

w2 w3
dB
τ =− ·N=
ds |v × a|2
|u × w| = |u||w| sin θ
Acceleration
Position, Velocity, Acceleration a = aT T + aN N
r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k d v·a
aT = |v| =
dt |v|
v(t) = r0 (t) = x0 (t)i + y 0 (t)j + z 0 (t)k
q
|v × a|
a(t) = r00 (t) = x00 (t)i + y 00 (t)j + z 00 (t)k aN = κ|v|2 = |a|2 − a2T =
|v|

Arc Length Projectile Motion


s
Z b  2 2 2
dx dy dz r(t) = ((v0 cos θ)t + x0 ) i
 
L= + + dt
a dt dt dt
1
 
+ − gt2 + (v0 sin θ)t + y0 j
Z b 2
L= |v(t)| dt
a
Gradient Vector
Z t ds
s(t) = |v(τ )| dτ, = |v(t)| ∂f ∂f ∂f
t0 dt ∇f = i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z
Unit Tangent Vector Directional Derivative
dr v 1
T= = Du f = (∇f · u)
ds |v| |u|
MuPAD Light Version 2.5.3 — Examples
MuPAD is a computer algebra system originally developed in the early 1990’s at the Uni-
versity of Paderborn. It is now developed in cooperation with SciFace Software.
1. (Comments) To type a comment, start a line with two slashes.
• // It’s a great day to do math!

2. (Numeric Computation) Find the exact and approximate values of cos(π/5).


• num:=cos(PI/5)
51/2
+ 1/4
4
• float(num)
0.8090169944
• DIGITS:=25
25
• float(num)
0.8090169943749474241022934
• delete(DIGITS)

3. (Functions) Define f as a function and evaluate at the given point.


f (x) = 2 sin2 x cos x, x=π
• f:=x->2*sin(x)^2*cos(x)
x → 2 ∗ sin(x)ˆ2 ∗ cos(x)

• f(PI)
0

4. (Expressions) Define f as an expression and evaluate at the given point.


f (x) = 2 sin2 x cos x, x=π
• f:=2*sin(x)^2*cos(x)
2 cos(x) sin(x)2
• subs(f,x=PI)
2 cos(PI) sin(PI)2
• simplify(%)
0

5. (Graphing) Sketch the graphs of y = sin x and y = cos x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.


• plotfunc2d(sin(x),cos(x),x=0..2*PI)
output omitted

1
6. (Inequalities) Find the solution set for the inequality x2 − 3x ≥ 4.

• solve(x^2-3*x>=4,x)

] − infinity, −1] union [4, infinity[

7. (Linear Systems) Solve the following system of equations.

2x + 3y − z = 9
−4x + y + 3z = 0
5x − 7y − 2z = −5

• solve({2*x+3*y-z=9,-4*x+y+3*z=0,5*x-7*y-2*z=-5},{x,y,z})

{[x = 121/36, y = 73/36, z = 137/36]}

8. (Limits) Compute the left- and right-hand limits at x = 2 for the function
 2
 x, x<2
f (x) = 3, x=2 .
4 − x, x > 2

• f:=piecewise([x<2,x^2],[x=2,3],[x>2,4-x])

piecewise(x2 if x < 2, 3 if x = 2, −x + 4 if 2 < x)

• limit(f,x=2,Left)
4
• limit(f,x=2,Right)
2
• limit(f,x=2)
undefined

9. (Continuity) Find all points at which the following rational function is discontinuous.
x−2
R(x) =
x2 − 5x − 6
• discont((x-2)/(x^2-5*x-6),x)
{2, 3}

2
sin x
10. (Limit at Infinity) Evaluate: lim .
x→∞ x

• limit(sin(x)/x,x=infinity)
0

0
11. (Derivative
√ by Definition) Use the limit definition of the derivative to find g (x) if
g(x) = 2x + 1.

• g:=x->sqrt(2*x+1)
x → sqrt(2x + 1)
• limit((g(x+h)-g(x))/h,h=0)
1
(2x + 1)1/2

2
12. (Derivative of an Expression) Find the slope of the line tangent to the graph of y = x+
x
at the point (1, 3).

• y:=x+2/x
2
x+
x
• dydx:=diff(y,x)
2
1−
x2
• subs(dydx,x=1)
−1

13. (2nd Derivative of a Function) Find the 2nd derivative of f (x) = x sin x.

• f:=x->x*sin(x)
x → x ∗ sin(x)
• f’’(x)
2 cos(x) − x sin(x)

14. (Graphing) Sketch the graph of y = sin(x)/x and label the x-axis in units of π.

• plotfunc2d(Ticks=[Steps=[PI,3],Automatic],sin(x)/x,x=0..20)

output omitted

3

15. (Linearization) Find the linearization, L(x), of the function f (x) = x2 + 9 at x = −4.
Sketch the graph of both f and L near x = −4.

• f:=sqrt(x^2+9); df:=diff(f,x)

(x2 + 9)1/2
x
(x2 + 9)1/2
• x0:=-4; fx0:=subs(f,x=x0); dfx0:=subs(df,x=x0)

−4

5
−4/5
• L:=fx0+dfx0*(x-x0)
4x
9/5 −
5
• plotfunc2d(f,L,x=-8..0)
output omitted

16. (Newton’s Method) Starting with x0 = 1, take five steps of Newton’s method to ap-
proximate a solution of x − cos x = 0.

• f:=x->x-cos(x)
x → x − cos(x)
• x:=1.0
1.0
• for i from 1 to 5 do x:=x-f(x)/f’(x); print(x) end_for:

0.7503638678

0.7391128909
0.7390851334
0.7390851332
0.7390851332

17. (Regression) Fit the following data to a model of the form y = A + B ln x + C/x2 .

(1, 1), (4, 2), (11, 3), (31, 4), (83, 5), (227, 6)

• stats::reg([1,4,11,31,83,227],[1,2,3,4,5,6],A+B*ln(x)+C/x^2,[x],[A,B,C])

[[0.5971200686, 0.995516558, 0.4028178245], 0.0004391734841]

4
18. (Riemann Sums) Partition the interval [1, 5] into 20 subintervals of equal width and use
right endpoints to find the corresponding Riemann sum for the function f (x) = 1/x.

• export(student)
• f:=1/x
1
x
• riemann(f,x=1..5,20,Right)
 
1
sum  , i1 = 1..20
 
i1
+1
5
5
• float(%)
1.532624844
• plotRiemann(f,x=1..5,20,Right)

plot::Group()

• plot(%)
output omitted
Z
2z dz
19. (Indefinite Integrals) Evaluate the indefinite integral √
3
.
z2 + 1
• int(2*z/(z^2+1)^(1/3),z)
3z 2
+ 3/2
2
(z 2 + 1)1/3

20. (Partial Fraction Decomposition) Find the partial fraction decomposition of


1
R(x) = .
x2 − x
• partfrac(1/(x^2-x))
1 1

x−1 x
• normal(%)
1
x2 −x

21. (Finite Sums) Find the 100th harmonic number.

• sum(1/n,n=1..100)
output omitted
• float(%)
5.187377518

5
22. (Vector Operations) Let ~u = 3ı̂ + 2̂ − k̂ and ~v = −3ı̂ + 7k̂. Find ~u · ~v , ~u × ~v , and the
angle between ~u and ~v .

• export(linalg)
• u:=matrix(3,1,[3,2,-1]); v:=matrix(3,1,[-3,0,7])
 
3
 2 
−1
 
−3
 0 
7
• scalarProduct(u,v)
−16
• crossProduct(u,v)  
14
 −18 
6
• angle(u,v)
4 141/2 581/2
 
PI − arccos
203

23. (Partial Derivative) Find fx (1, π, 2) if f (x, y, z) = y sin(xyz).

• diff(y*sin(x*y*z),x)
y 2 z cos(xyz)
• subs(%,x=1,y=PI,z=2)
2 PI2 cos(2 PI)
• simplify(%)
2 PI2
• float(%)
19.7392088

24. (Higher-Order Partial Derivative) Compute fxxyz if f (x, y, z) = sin(3x + yz).

• f:=sin(3*x+y*z)
sin(3x + yz)
• diff(f,x,x,y,z)
9yz sin(3x + yz) − 9 cos(3x + yz)

6
25. (Implicit Differentiation) Given the equation xy + z 3 x − 2yz = 0, find ∂z/∂x at the
point (1, 1, 1).

• f:=x*y+z^3*x-2*y*z
xy − 2yz + xz 3
• dzdx:=-diff(f,x)/diff(f,z)
y + z3

3xz 2 − 2y
• subs(dzdx,x=1,y=1,z=1)
−2

26. (Critical Points) Let V (y, z) = 108yz − 2y 2 z − 2yz 2 . Find all points for which Vy (y, z)
and Vz (y, z) are simultaneously zero.

• V:=108*y*z-2*y^2*z-2*y*z^2

108yz − 2yz 2 − 2y 2 z

• solve({diff(V,y)=0,diff(V,z)=0},{y,z})

{[y = 0, z = 0], [y = 18, z = 18], [y = 0, z = 54], [y = 54, z = 0]}

27. (Gradient Vector) Compute ∇f at the given point.

f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 − 2z 2 + z ln x, (1, 1, 1)

• export(linalg)
• f:=x^2+y^2-2*z^2+z*ln(x)

z ln(x) + x2 + y 2 − 2z 2

• gradf:=grad(f,[x,y,z])  z 
2x +
 x
 2y 
−4z + ln(x)
• subs(gradf,x=1,y=1,z=1)  
3
 2 
ln(1) − 4
• simplify(%)  
3
 2 
−4

7
28. (Curvature) Find the curvature of ~r(t) = (2t − sin t)ı̂ + (2 − 2 cos t)̂ at the point where
t = 3π/2.

• export(linalg)
• assume(t,Type::Real)
Type::Real
• r:=matrix[2,1,[2*t-sin(t),2-2*cos(t)])
 
2t − sin(t)
−2 cos(t) + 2

• v:=diff(r,t)  
− cos(t) + 2
2 sin(t)
• mag_v:=norm(v,2)
(cos(t)2 − 4 cos(t) + 4 sin(t)2 + 4)1/2
• T:=v/mag_v
output omitted
• K:=norm(diff(T,t),2)/mag_v

output omitted

• curvature:=subs(K,t=3*PI/2)

output omitted

• simplify(curvature)
21/2
16

29. (Surface
√of Revolution) Sketch the graph of the surface obtained by rotating the graph
of y = x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, about the x-axis.

• f:=sqrt(x)
x1/2
• plot(plot::xrotate(f,x=0..1))

output omitted

8
30. (Directional Derivatives) Find the directional derivative of

f (x, y) = 2xy − 3y 2

at (5, 5) in the direction of ~u = 4ı̂ + 3̂.

• export(linalg)
• f:=2*x*y-3*y^2
2xy − 3y 2
• u:=matrix(2,1,[4,3])  
4
3
• gradf:=subs(grad(f,[x,y]),x=5,y=5)
 
10
−20

• scalarProduct(gradf,u)/norm(u,2)

−4

31. (Ordinary Differential Equations) Solve the following differential equation:

xy 0 + 2y = xex/2

• eq:=ode(x*y’(x)+2*y(x)=x*exp(x/2),y(x))
 x 
ode 2 y(x) + x diff(y(x), x) − x exp , y(x)
2
• solve(eq)
8 exp(x)1/2 16 exp(x)1/2
 
c1 1/2
+ 2 exp(x) − +
x2 x x2

32. (Initial Value Problems) Solve the following initial value problem:

y 00 + 2y 0 + y = e2x ; y(0) = 2, y 0 (0) = 1

• eq:=ode({y’’(x)+2*y’(x)+y(x)=exp(2*x),y(0)=2,y’(0)=1},y(x))

ode({y(0) = 2, D(y)(0) = 1, y(x) + · · · − exp(2x)}, y(x))

• solve(eq)
17 exp(−x) exp(x)2 8x exp(−x)
 
+ +
9 9 3

9
33. (Laplace Transforms) Find the Laplace transform of f (t) = t2 − 1 + cos t.

• export(transform)
• laplace(t^2-1+cos(t),t,s)
2 1 s
3
− + 2
s s s +1
• invlaplace(%,s,t)
cos(t) + t2 − 1

34. (One Variable Statistics) Find the mean, median, mode, and standard deviation of the
data set given below.

{92.5, 43, 78, 82, 57.5, 63, 78, 91, 84.5, 68}

• export(stats)
• data:=[92.5,43,78,82,57.5,63,78,91,84.5,68]

[92.5, 43, 78, 82, 57.5, 63, 78, 91, 84.5, 68]

• mean(data)
73.75
• median(data)
78
• modal(data)
[78], 2
• stdev(data)
15.73080841
• stdev(data,Population)
14.92355521

35. (Surface Plots) Sketch the surface defined by z = sin xy.

• plotfunc3d(sin(x*y),x=-PI..PI,y=-PI..PI,Grid=[200,200])

output omitted

36. (Parametric Plots) Sketch the space curve defined by the parametric equations.

x = sin t, y = cos t, z=t

• p1:=plot::Curve3d([sin(t),cos(t),t],t=0..4*PI)

plot::Curve3d([sin(t), cos(t), t], t = 0..4 PI)

• plot(p1)
output omitted

10
37. (Matrix Operations) Given the two matrices A and B as shown below, find A + 2B,
AT , AT A, and B −1 .
   
1 0 4 1 1 1
A= 3 2 −2  B= 3 0 3 
0 −1 2 −1 −3 −5

• A:=matrix(3,3,[[1,0,4],[3,2,-2],[0,-1,2]])
 
1 0 4
 3 2 −2 
0 −1 2

• B:=matrix(3,3,[[1,1,1],[3,0,3],[-1,-3,-5]])
 
1 1 1
 3 0 3 
−1 −3 −5

• A+2*B  
3 2 6
 9 2 4 
−2 −7 −8
• C:=linalg::transpose(A)  
1 3 0
 0 2 −1 
4 −2 2
• C*A  
10 6 −2
 6 5 −6 
−2 −6 24
• B^(-1)  
3/4 1/6 1/4
 1 −1/3 0 
−3/4 1/6 −1/4

11
38. (Gauss-Jordan Elimination) Use Gauss-Jordan elimination to solve the following sys-
tem of equations.
2x + 3y − z = 9
−4x + y + 3z = 0
5x − 7y − 2z = −5
• M:=matrix(3,4,[[2,3,-1,9],[-4,1,3,0],[5,-7,-2,-5]])
 
2 3 −1 9
 −4 1 3 0 
5 −7 −2 −5
• linalg::gaussJordan(M)  
1 0 0 121/36
 0 1 0 73/36 
0 0 1 137/36

39. (Nonlinear Equations) Sketch the graphs of the following equations and numerically
approximate a point of intersection of the graphs.
4x2 + y 2 − 4 = 0
x + y − sin(x − y) = 0
• f:=4*x^2+y^2-4; g:=x+y-sin(x-y)
4x2 + y 2 − 4
x + y − sin(x − y)
• p1:=plot::implicit(f=0,x=-2..2,y=-2..2)
plot::Group()
• p2:=plot::implicit(g=0,x=-2..2,y=-2..2)
plot::Group()
• plot(p1,p2)
output omitted
• numeric::solve({f=0,g=0},{x=1,y=0})
{[y = −0.1055304923, x = 0.9986069441]}

40. (ODE Direction Fields) Sketch the direction field associated with the differential equa-
tion
dy y
=−
dx x
• p1:=plot::vectorfield([1,-y/x],x=-10..10,y=-10..10)
plot::Group()
• p2:=plot::Scene(p1,Scaling=Constrained,Title="dy/dx=-y/x")
plot::Group()
• plot(p2)
output omitted

12
z
Cylindrical Coordinates

z (r, θ, z)
x = r cos θ r 2 = x2 + y 2
y = r sin θ tan θ = y/x
y z=z z=z
θ r

dV = r dr dθ dz

0≤φ≤π
z
z

θ
φ
ρ≥0

r

(ρ, θ, φ)

y
Spherical Coordinates

x = ρ sin φ cos θ
y = ρ sin φ sin θ
z = ρ cos φ
ρ2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2
tan θ = y/x
φ = cos−1 (z/ρ)

θ is the same angle used in cylindrical


coordinates for r ≥ 0.

dV = ρ2 sin φ dρ dθ dφ
x
Miscellaneous Evaluation/Substitution
Enter or Shift+Enter evaluates a cell f(x):=x*sin(x); f(2)
; End of command/Show output subst( 2, x, f )
$ End of command/Suppress output at( f, x=2 )
% Most recent output Calculus
%th(5) 5th previous output limit( sin(x)/x, x, 0 )
: Assignment e.g. x : 2 or f : x2 + 1 limit( abs(x)/x, x, 0, plus )
:= Function definition e.g. f (x) := sin(x) diff( f, x )
’ Prevents evaluation diff( f, x, 2 )
/* ... */ Comments depends( y, x ); diff( x*y=sin(x), x );
solve( %, ’diff( y, x ) )
kill(...) Delete variables or expressions
integrate( g, x )
Constants
%pi π = 3.14159 . . . integrate( g, x, 0, 5 )

%e e = 2.71828 . . . sum( 1/k, k, 1, 25 )

%gamma Euler’s constant, γ = 0.5772 . . . taylor( exp(x), x, 0, 6 )


√ Vectors & the vect1 package
%i Imaginary unit, i = −1
Must load vect1 package
%phi Golden ratio, φ = 1.618 . . .
u: [1,2,3]; v: [-1,0,3]
inf Infinity, ∞
norm( u ) Magnitude
minf Negative infinity, −∞
Numerics normalize( u ) Unit vector

float(x) Decimal form, 16 digits dot( u, v )

fpprec Floating-point precision cross( u, v )

bfloat(x) Decimal form, fpprec digits angle( u, v )


Equations proj( u, v ) projv u
solve( x^2-3*x+2=0, x ) Plotting
find_root( cos(x)=x, x, 0, 1 ) plot2d( sin(x), [x,-5,5] )

linsolve( [x+y=0, 2*x+3*y=2], [x,y] ) plot2d( [sin(x),cos(x)], [x,-3,3] )


ode2( ’diff(y,x) = -x*y, y, x ) plot3d( x^2-3*sin(x)*y, [x,-5,5], [y,-5,5] )
rhs( x^2+x=cos(x) ) Right-hand side Matrices & lists
Simplifying x: [3,6,9,12,15]
factor( x^2-3*x+2 ) x[2] Element 2 of list x
expand( (x+3)*(2*x+1)^3 ) A: matrix( [2,1], [-1,3] )
partfrac( 1/(x^2-x), x ) A[i][j] ij-element of A
ratsimp( 1/x + 1/(x-1) ) A+B Matrix addition
radcan( sqrt(135) ) A.B Matrix multiplication
trigsimp( sin(5)^2 + cos(5)^2 ) A^^(-1) Matrix inverse
trigreduce( cos(x)^3 ) determinant(A)

 

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