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d
k=0 (1)
dx
d y
[f (x) ± g(x)] = f 0 (x) ± g 0 (x) (2)
dx
(0, 1)
d (− 12 ,
√
3
√
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( 12 ,
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)
120◦ 60◦ 2
)
dx √
2
√ √ √
(− 2
, 22 ) 135◦ 45◦ ( 22 , 22 )
d
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3 1
150◦ 30◦ √
dx (− 2
, 2) ( 23 , 21 )
d f (x) g(x)f 0 (x) − f (x)g 0 (x) (−1, 0)
= 2 (5) x
dx g(x) [g(x)] (1, 0)
√ √
d (− 3
, − 12 ) (3
, − 12 )
f (g(x)) = f 0 (g(x)) · g 0 (x) (6) 2
210◦ 330◦ 2
dx √
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√
2
√ √
(− 2 , − 2 ) 225◦ 315◦ ( 22 , − 22 )
d n √ 240◦ 300◦ √
x = nxn−1 (7) (− 12 , −2 3 ) ( 12 , − 23 )
dx (0, −1)
d
sin x = cos x (8) sin θ = y cos θ = x
dx
d
cos x = − sin x (9)
dx
d Basic Identities
tan x = sec2 x (10)
dx sin x
tan x = (1)
d cos x
cot x = − csc2 x (11)
dx 1
cot x = (2)
d tan x
sec x = sec x tan x (12) 1
dx sec x = (3)
cos x
d
csc x = − csc x cot x (13) 1
dx csc x = (4)
sin x
d x
e = ex (14)
dx
Pythagorean Identities
d 1
ln |x| = (15) sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 (5)
dx x
2 2
d 1 1 + cot x = csc x (6)
sin−1 x = √ (16)
dx 1 − x2 2
tan x + 1 = sec x 2
(7)
d −1
cos−1 x = √ (17)
dx 1 − x2
Sum and Difference Formulas
d 1 sin(x ± y) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y (8)
tan−1 x = 2 (18)
dx x +1
cos(x ± y) = cos x cos y ∓ sin x sin y (9)
d −1
cot−1 x = 2 (19)
dx x +1
d 1 Power Reducing Formulas
sec−1 x = √ (20)
dx |x| x2 − 1 1 − cos 2x
sin2 x = (10)
2
d −1
csc−1 x = √ (21) 1 + cos 2x
dx |x| x2 − 1 cos2 x = (11)
2
Differentiation Formulas Integration Formulas
Z
d
k=0 (1) dx = x + C (1)
dx
d
[f (x) ± g(x)] = f 0 (x) ± g 0 (x) xn+1
Z
(2)
dx xn dx = +C (2)
n+1
d
[k · f (x)] = k · f 0 (x) (3) Z
dx
dx = ln |x| + C (3)
d x
[f (x)g(x)] = f (x)g 0 (x) + g(x)f 0 (x) (4)
dx Z
d f (x)
g(x)f 0 (x) − f (x)g 0 (x) ex dx = ex + C (4)
= 2 (5)
dx g(x) [g(x)] Z
1 x
d ax dx = a +C (5)
f (g(x)) = f 0 (g(x)) · g 0 (x) (6) ln a
dx Z
d n ln x dx = x ln x − x + C (6)
x = nxn−1 (7)
dx
d
Z
sin x = cos x (8) sin x dx = − cos x + C (7)
dx
d Z
cos x = − sin x (9)
dx cos x dx = sin x + C (8)
d
tan x = sec2 x (10) Z
dx tan x dx = − ln | cos x| + C (9)
d
cot x = − csc2 x (11)
dx Z
d cot x dx = ln | sin x| + C (10)
sec x = sec x tan x (12)
dx Z
d sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x| + C (11)
csc x = − csc x cot x (13)
dx
d x
Z
e = ex (14) csc x dx = − ln | csc x + cot x| + C (12)
dx
d x
a = ax ln a
Z
(15)
dx sec2 x dx = tan x + C (13)
d 1
ln |x| = (16) Z
dx x csc2 x dx = − cot x + C (14)
d 1
sin−1 x = √ (17)
dx 1 − x2 Z
sec x tan x dx = sec x + C (15)
d −1
cos−1 x = √ (18)
dx 1 − x2 Z
d 1 csc x cot x dx = − csc x + C (16)
tan−1 x = 2 (19)
dx x +1 Z
dx x
d −1 √ = sin−1 + C (17)
cot−1 x = 2 (20) a2 − x2 a
dx x +1
Z
d 1 dx 1 x
sec−1 x = √ (21) = tan−1 + C (18)
dx |x| x2 − 1 a2 + x2 a a
d −1 Z
dx 1 |x|
csc−1 x = √ (22) √ = sec−1 +C (19)
dx |x| x2 − 1 2
x x −a2 a a
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Summary of Convergence Tests
∞
X a
Geometric Series arn |r| < 1 |r| ≥ 1 Converges to
1−r
n=0
∞
X Cannot be used to lim an 6= 0 Cannot be used to
nth-Term Test an n→∞
show convergence. show convergence.
n=1
∞
X 1 Often used along with
p-Series p
p>1 p≤1
n a comparison.
n=1
∞
X 1
Logarithmic p-Series p>1 p≤1
n=2
n(ln n)p
∞ 0 < an ≤ b n 0 < bn ≤ an
Direct Comparison X ∞ ∞
an and
X
bn converges and
X
bn diverges
(an , bn > 0)
n=1
n=1 n=1
∞
lim an /bn = L > 0 lim an /bn = L > 0
n→∞ n→∞
Limit Comparison X ∞ ∞
an X X
(an , bn > 0) and bn converges and bn diverges
n=1
n=1 n=1
∞
X 0 < an+1 ≤ an Cannot be used to Remainder:
Alternating Series (−1)n−1 an and lim an = 0
n→∞ show divergence. |RN | ≤ aN +1
n=1
∞
X
an+1
an+1 Test is
inconclusive
if
an lim <1 lim >1 an+1
Ratio Test lim =1
n=1
n→∞ an n→∞ an n→∞ an
∞
X p
n
p
n
Test ispinconclusive if
nth-Root Test an lim |an | < 1 lim |an | > 1 lim n |an | = 1
n→∞ n→∞
n=1 n→∞
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Ordinary Differential Equations
1. Separable Equation
dy
• Form: = f (x) g(y)
dx
Z Z
dy
• Solution obtained from = f (x) dx + C
g(y)
2. Exact Equation
∂M ∂N
• Form: M (x, y) dx + N (x, y) dy = 0 where =
∂y ∂x
• Solution is defined implicitly by F (x, y) = C where
Z
F (x, y) = M (x, y) dx + g(y)
and
Z
F (x, y) = N (x, y) dy + h(x)
4. Bernoulli’s Equation
dy
• Form: + p(x)y = q(x)y n
dx
• Let v = y 1−n to obtain the linear equation
dv
+ (1 − n)p(x)v = (1 − n)q(x)
dx
6. Homogeneous Equation
dy y
• Form: =F
dx x
• Substitute v = y/x and dy/dx = v + x dv/dx.
• The new equation is separable.
7. Reducible to 1st-order (Type 1)
• Form: F (x, y 0 , y 00 ) = 0
• Substitute y 0 = u and y 00 = u0 .
• The new equation involves only x, u, and u0 . Solve for u(x) and then for y(x).
9. Euler’s Method
dy
• Given = f (x, y), y(x0 ) = y0
dx
• y(xn ) ≈ yn where
yn+1 = yn + h f (xn , yn )
xn+1 = xn + h (h is the constant step size.)
g(x) yp (x)
(5) pn (x) cos βx + qm (x) sin βx, xs {PN (x) cos βx + QN (x) sin βx},
where qm (x) = bm xm + . . . + b1 x + b0 where QN (x) = Bn xN + . . . + B1 x + B0 and N = max(n, m)
(6) aeαx cos βx + beαx sin βx xs (Aeαx cos βx + Beαx sin βx)
(7) pn (x) eαx cos βx + qm (x) eαx sin βx xs eαx {PN (x) cos βx + QN (x) sin βx},
where N = max(n, m)
The nonnegative integer s is chosen to be the least integer such that no term in yp (x) is a
solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation y 00 + c y 0 + d y = 0.
Variation of Parameters
If y1 are y2 are two linearly independent solutions of y 00 +p(x)y 0 +q(x)y = 0, then a particular
solution of y 00 + p(x)y 0 + q(x)y = g(x) is y = v1 y1 + v2 y2 , where
Magnitude 1 dT dT/dt
N= =
q κ ds |dT/dt|
|u| = u21 + u22 + u23
Osculating Circle
Dot Product 1
radius: ρ =
u · w = u1 w1 + u2 w2 + u3 w3 κ(t0 )
1
u · w = |u||w| cos θ center: C = r(t0 ) + N(t0 )
κ(t0 )
Projection Unit Binormal Vector
u·w
projw u = w B=T×N
w·w
Cross Product Torsion
i
x0 (t) y 0 (t) z 0 (t)
j k
00
x (t) y 00 (t) z 00 (t)
u × w = u1 u2 u3
000
x (t) y 000 (t) z 000 (t)
w1
w2 w3
dB
τ =− ·N=
ds |v × a|2
|u × w| = |u||w| sin θ
Acceleration
Position, Velocity, Acceleration a = aT T + aN N
r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k d v·a
aT = |v| =
dt |v|
v(t) = r0 (t) = x0 (t)i + y 0 (t)j + z 0 (t)k
q
|v × a|
a(t) = r00 (t) = x00 (t)i + y 00 (t)j + z 00 (t)k aN = κ|v|2 = |a|2 − a2T =
|v|
• f(PI)
0
1
6. (Inequalities) Find the solution set for the inequality x2 − 3x ≥ 4.
• solve(x^2-3*x>=4,x)
2x + 3y − z = 9
−4x + y + 3z = 0
5x − 7y − 2z = −5
• solve({2*x+3*y-z=9,-4*x+y+3*z=0,5*x-7*y-2*z=-5},{x,y,z})
8. (Limits) Compute the left- and right-hand limits at x = 2 for the function
2
x, x<2
f (x) = 3, x=2 .
4 − x, x > 2
• f:=piecewise([x<2,x^2],[x=2,3],[x>2,4-x])
• limit(f,x=2,Left)
4
• limit(f,x=2,Right)
2
• limit(f,x=2)
undefined
9. (Continuity) Find all points at which the following rational function is discontinuous.
x−2
R(x) =
x2 − 5x − 6
• discont((x-2)/(x^2-5*x-6),x)
{2, 3}
2
sin x
10. (Limit at Infinity) Evaluate: lim .
x→∞ x
• limit(sin(x)/x,x=infinity)
0
0
11. (Derivative
√ by Definition) Use the limit definition of the derivative to find g (x) if
g(x) = 2x + 1.
• g:=x->sqrt(2*x+1)
x → sqrt(2x + 1)
• limit((g(x+h)-g(x))/h,h=0)
1
(2x + 1)1/2
2
12. (Derivative of an Expression) Find the slope of the line tangent to the graph of y = x+
x
at the point (1, 3).
• y:=x+2/x
2
x+
x
• dydx:=diff(y,x)
2
1−
x2
• subs(dydx,x=1)
−1
13. (2nd Derivative of a Function) Find the 2nd derivative of f (x) = x sin x.
• f:=x->x*sin(x)
x → x ∗ sin(x)
• f’’(x)
2 cos(x) − x sin(x)
14. (Graphing) Sketch the graph of y = sin(x)/x and label the x-axis in units of π.
• plotfunc2d(Ticks=[Steps=[PI,3],Automatic],sin(x)/x,x=0..20)
output omitted
3
√
15. (Linearization) Find the linearization, L(x), of the function f (x) = x2 + 9 at x = −4.
Sketch the graph of both f and L near x = −4.
• f:=sqrt(x^2+9); df:=diff(f,x)
(x2 + 9)1/2
x
(x2 + 9)1/2
• x0:=-4; fx0:=subs(f,x=x0); dfx0:=subs(df,x=x0)
−4
5
−4/5
• L:=fx0+dfx0*(x-x0)
4x
9/5 −
5
• plotfunc2d(f,L,x=-8..0)
output omitted
16. (Newton’s Method) Starting with x0 = 1, take five steps of Newton’s method to ap-
proximate a solution of x − cos x = 0.
• f:=x->x-cos(x)
x → x − cos(x)
• x:=1.0
1.0
• for i from 1 to 5 do x:=x-f(x)/f’(x); print(x) end_for:
0.7503638678
0.7391128909
0.7390851334
0.7390851332
0.7390851332
17. (Regression) Fit the following data to a model of the form y = A + B ln x + C/x2 .
(1, 1), (4, 2), (11, 3), (31, 4), (83, 5), (227, 6)
• stats::reg([1,4,11,31,83,227],[1,2,3,4,5,6],A+B*ln(x)+C/x^2,[x],[A,B,C])
4
18. (Riemann Sums) Partition the interval [1, 5] into 20 subintervals of equal width and use
right endpoints to find the corresponding Riemann sum for the function f (x) = 1/x.
• export(student)
• f:=1/x
1
x
• riemann(f,x=1..5,20,Right)
1
sum , i1 = 1..20
i1
+1
5
5
• float(%)
1.532624844
• plotRiemann(f,x=1..5,20,Right)
plot::Group()
• plot(%)
output omitted
Z
2z dz
19. (Indefinite Integrals) Evaluate the indefinite integral √
3
.
z2 + 1
• int(2*z/(z^2+1)^(1/3),z)
3z 2
+ 3/2
2
(z 2 + 1)1/3
• sum(1/n,n=1..100)
output omitted
• float(%)
5.187377518
5
22. (Vector Operations) Let ~u = 3ı̂ + 2̂ − k̂ and ~v = −3ı̂ + 7k̂. Find ~u · ~v , ~u × ~v , and the
angle between ~u and ~v .
• export(linalg)
• u:=matrix(3,1,[3,2,-1]); v:=matrix(3,1,[-3,0,7])
3
2
−1
−3
0
7
• scalarProduct(u,v)
−16
• crossProduct(u,v)
14
−18
6
• angle(u,v)
4 141/2 581/2
PI − arccos
203
• diff(y*sin(x*y*z),x)
y 2 z cos(xyz)
• subs(%,x=1,y=PI,z=2)
2 PI2 cos(2 PI)
• simplify(%)
2 PI2
• float(%)
19.7392088
• f:=sin(3*x+y*z)
sin(3x + yz)
• diff(f,x,x,y,z)
9yz sin(3x + yz) − 9 cos(3x + yz)
6
25. (Implicit Differentiation) Given the equation xy + z 3 x − 2yz = 0, find ∂z/∂x at the
point (1, 1, 1).
• f:=x*y+z^3*x-2*y*z
xy − 2yz + xz 3
• dzdx:=-diff(f,x)/diff(f,z)
y + z3
−
3xz 2 − 2y
• subs(dzdx,x=1,y=1,z=1)
−2
26. (Critical Points) Let V (y, z) = 108yz − 2y 2 z − 2yz 2 . Find all points for which Vy (y, z)
and Vz (y, z) are simultaneously zero.
• V:=108*y*z-2*y^2*z-2*y*z^2
108yz − 2yz 2 − 2y 2 z
• solve({diff(V,y)=0,diff(V,z)=0},{y,z})
f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 − 2z 2 + z ln x, (1, 1, 1)
• export(linalg)
• f:=x^2+y^2-2*z^2+z*ln(x)
z ln(x) + x2 + y 2 − 2z 2
• gradf:=grad(f,[x,y,z]) z
2x +
x
2y
−4z + ln(x)
• subs(gradf,x=1,y=1,z=1)
3
2
ln(1) − 4
• simplify(%)
3
2
−4
7
28. (Curvature) Find the curvature of ~r(t) = (2t − sin t)ı̂ + (2 − 2 cos t)̂ at the point where
t = 3π/2.
• export(linalg)
• assume(t,Type::Real)
Type::Real
• r:=matrix[2,1,[2*t-sin(t),2-2*cos(t)])
2t − sin(t)
−2 cos(t) + 2
• v:=diff(r,t)
− cos(t) + 2
2 sin(t)
• mag_v:=norm(v,2)
(cos(t)2 − 4 cos(t) + 4 sin(t)2 + 4)1/2
• T:=v/mag_v
output omitted
• K:=norm(diff(T,t),2)/mag_v
output omitted
• curvature:=subs(K,t=3*PI/2)
output omitted
• simplify(curvature)
21/2
16
29. (Surface
√of Revolution) Sketch the graph of the surface obtained by rotating the graph
of y = x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, about the x-axis.
• f:=sqrt(x)
x1/2
• plot(plot::xrotate(f,x=0..1))
output omitted
8
30. (Directional Derivatives) Find the directional derivative of
f (x, y) = 2xy − 3y 2
• export(linalg)
• f:=2*x*y-3*y^2
2xy − 3y 2
• u:=matrix(2,1,[4,3])
4
3
• gradf:=subs(grad(f,[x,y]),x=5,y=5)
10
−20
• scalarProduct(gradf,u)/norm(u,2)
−4
xy 0 + 2y = xex/2
• eq:=ode(x*y’(x)+2*y(x)=x*exp(x/2),y(x))
x
ode 2 y(x) + x diff(y(x), x) − x exp , y(x)
2
• solve(eq)
8 exp(x)1/2 16 exp(x)1/2
c1 1/2
+ 2 exp(x) − +
x2 x x2
32. (Initial Value Problems) Solve the following initial value problem:
• eq:=ode({y’’(x)+2*y’(x)+y(x)=exp(2*x),y(0)=2,y’(0)=1},y(x))
• solve(eq)
17 exp(−x) exp(x)2 8x exp(−x)
+ +
9 9 3
9
33. (Laplace Transforms) Find the Laplace transform of f (t) = t2 − 1 + cos t.
• export(transform)
• laplace(t^2-1+cos(t),t,s)
2 1 s
3
− + 2
s s s +1
• invlaplace(%,s,t)
cos(t) + t2 − 1
34. (One Variable Statistics) Find the mean, median, mode, and standard deviation of the
data set given below.
{92.5, 43, 78, 82, 57.5, 63, 78, 91, 84.5, 68}
• export(stats)
• data:=[92.5,43,78,82,57.5,63,78,91,84.5,68]
[92.5, 43, 78, 82, 57.5, 63, 78, 91, 84.5, 68]
• mean(data)
73.75
• median(data)
78
• modal(data)
[78], 2
• stdev(data)
15.73080841
• stdev(data,Population)
14.92355521
• plotfunc3d(sin(x*y),x=-PI..PI,y=-PI..PI,Grid=[200,200])
output omitted
36. (Parametric Plots) Sketch the space curve defined by the parametric equations.
• p1:=plot::Curve3d([sin(t),cos(t),t],t=0..4*PI)
• plot(p1)
output omitted
10
37. (Matrix Operations) Given the two matrices A and B as shown below, find A + 2B,
AT , AT A, and B −1 .
1 0 4 1 1 1
A= 3 2 −2 B= 3 0 3
0 −1 2 −1 −3 −5
• A:=matrix(3,3,[[1,0,4],[3,2,-2],[0,-1,2]])
1 0 4
3 2 −2
0 −1 2
• B:=matrix(3,3,[[1,1,1],[3,0,3],[-1,-3,-5]])
1 1 1
3 0 3
−1 −3 −5
• A+2*B
3 2 6
9 2 4
−2 −7 −8
• C:=linalg::transpose(A)
1 3 0
0 2 −1
4 −2 2
• C*A
10 6 −2
6 5 −6
−2 −6 24
• B^(-1)
3/4 1/6 1/4
1 −1/3 0
−3/4 1/6 −1/4
11
38. (Gauss-Jordan Elimination) Use Gauss-Jordan elimination to solve the following sys-
tem of equations.
2x + 3y − z = 9
−4x + y + 3z = 0
5x − 7y − 2z = −5
• M:=matrix(3,4,[[2,3,-1,9],[-4,1,3,0],[5,-7,-2,-5]])
2 3 −1 9
−4 1 3 0
5 −7 −2 −5
• linalg::gaussJordan(M)
1 0 0 121/36
0 1 0 73/36
0 0 1 137/36
39. (Nonlinear Equations) Sketch the graphs of the following equations and numerically
approximate a point of intersection of the graphs.
4x2 + y 2 − 4 = 0
x + y − sin(x − y) = 0
• f:=4*x^2+y^2-4; g:=x+y-sin(x-y)
4x2 + y 2 − 4
x + y − sin(x − y)
• p1:=plot::implicit(f=0,x=-2..2,y=-2..2)
plot::Group()
• p2:=plot::implicit(g=0,x=-2..2,y=-2..2)
plot::Group()
• plot(p1,p2)
output omitted
• numeric::solve({f=0,g=0},{x=1,y=0})
{[y = −0.1055304923, x = 0.9986069441]}
40. (ODE Direction Fields) Sketch the direction field associated with the differential equa-
tion
dy y
=−
dx x
• p1:=plot::vectorfield([1,-y/x],x=-10..10,y=-10..10)
plot::Group()
• p2:=plot::Scene(p1,Scaling=Constrained,Title="dy/dx=-y/x")
plot::Group()
• plot(p2)
output omitted
12
z
Cylindrical Coordinates
z (r, θ, z)
x = r cos θ r 2 = x2 + y 2
y = r sin θ tan θ = y/x
y z=z z=z
θ r
dV = r dr dθ dz
0≤φ≤π
z
z
θ
φ
ρ≥0
r
(ρ, θ, φ)
y
Spherical Coordinates
x = ρ sin φ cos θ
y = ρ sin φ sin θ
z = ρ cos φ
ρ2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2
tan θ = y/x
φ = cos−1 (z/ρ)
dV = ρ2 sin φ dρ dθ dφ
x
Miscellaneous Evaluation/Substitution
Enter or Shift+Enter evaluates a cell f(x):=x*sin(x); f(2)
; End of command/Show output subst( 2, x, f )
$ End of command/Suppress output at( f, x=2 )
% Most recent output Calculus
%th(5) 5th previous output limit( sin(x)/x, x, 0 )
: Assignment e.g. x : 2 or f : x2 + 1 limit( abs(x)/x, x, 0, plus )
:= Function definition e.g. f (x) := sin(x) diff( f, x )
’ Prevents evaluation diff( f, x, 2 )
/* ... */ Comments depends( y, x ); diff( x*y=sin(x), x );
solve( %, ’diff( y, x ) )
kill(...) Delete variables or expressions
integrate( g, x )
Constants
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