Birth of Filipino Nationalism and the

Struggle for Nationhood

BOLIBOL, FATIMA P.
IV-2
BIRTH OF NATIONALISM
 Factors that gave rise to Nationalism
• British Invasion
• Opening of the Philippines to World
Commerce
• Influx of Liberal Ideas and Liberalism in the
Philippines
• Secularization in the Philippines
• Rise of the Middle Class and Principalia
• Cavite Mutiny
 The Roots of Nationalism in Europe
• British Invasion
and America
– They were the only foreign power who succeeded
in defeating the Spaniards.
– Encouraged the Filipinos to revolt against spanish
authorities
– Phil: Silang & Polaris revolt--- Demonstrated the
capability of the region to unite & expel the
Spaniards from their territories
 The Roots of Nationalism in Europe
and America
• Opening of the Philippines to World
Commerce
– 1834: ended Spain’s trade monopoly and marked the opening
of Manila to world trade; years after, other ports were also
opened for the same purpose
– Increase the value of export
– Manufacturing & agriculture developed to answer the
demands for local products
– Opportunity to communicate with other countrymen and
foreigners.
– Exchanging ideas broadened Filipino knowledge and created an
awareness among the Filipinos that other people share the
same thoughts, feelings and sentiments in politics, society,
religion and culture.
 The Roots of Nationalism in Europe
and America
• Opening of Suez Canal (1869)
– Travel time between Europe and Asia was greatly
shortened
– Encouraged many Europeans to travel to Asia and
facillitated communication between peoples and
countries
– Exposed the Filipinos to modern ideas of liberty

• Influx of Liberal Ideas

– through the opening of the Phil. To world trade,
liberal ideas of Europe and America trickled into the
country.
The Roots of Nationalism in Europe
and America
– Ideas of Liberalism from th French Revolution (motto:
Liberty, Equality and Fraternity)
– Books and Magazines that contain the ideas of French
and American Revolution:
• Social Contract (Jean Jacques Rousseau)
• Two Treatises of Government (John Locke)
• Common Sense (Thomas Paine)
~these social philosophers believed that people had the right
to change and establish a new gornment if the existing
government no longer meet their needs.
– Directly brought by men of liberal orientation who
came to the country and by the Illustrados who
imbibed them during their stint abroad
 The Roots of Nationalism in Europe
and America
• Liberalism in the Philippines
– Governor-General Carlos de la Torre
– Abolished censorship of press
– Abolished whipping as punishment
– Solved the agrarian unrest in Cavite
– Educational Decree of 1870 and Moret Decree: called for
limited secularization of educational institutions and the
government supervision and control of certain schools in
the Philippines
 Secularization in the Philippines
• 2 kinds of priests:
– Regulars- Spanish priests who belonged to any of
the religious orders (Franciscans, Augustinians,
Jesuits, Recollects or Dominicans)
• Main task was to establish religious missions and
propagate Catholic faith
– Seculars- priests who obtained their religious
training in the Phil. and who were in the direct
control of the bishops and archbishops.
• Assigned to serve in the parishes to sustain the spiritual
well-being of the parishioners
 Secularization in the Philippines
• 1774- royal decree issued ordering the
secularization of parishes
– Many complained against incompetent preists
• 1776- another royal decree restoring the regulars
to their old parishes and ordering Church officials
to provide furtehr training to Filipino priests
• Disputes over the appointment to parishes
• Secularization Movement
– Against racial discrimination
– Later called “Filipinization”
 Rise of the Middle Class and
Principalia
• A group of people below the aristocratic
Spanish officials, families & religious orders
but higher or above the masses.
• Businessmen, farmers, teachers and other
professionals who were greatly benefitted by the
improved economy
• Able to send their children to study in exclusive
colleges in Manila and Europe
• Growing wealth and prestigehigh position in
societyinfluential capaign peaceful reforms
through writing an dpublic speaking
 Emergence of the Filipino Sense of
Nationhood
• Cavite Mutiny
– June 20, 1872 during the height of the secularization, the
Cavite Mutiny occurred. The mutiners were workers &
some marine detachment
– Cause by the revocation of the privilege of shipyard
workers to be exempted from force labor & paying
tributes.
– Led by La Madrid
– Fr. Gomez, Burgos, Zamora were implicated through a
false testimony of Francisco Zaldua. They were found
guilty in the “mock trial” and were sentenced to die by
garrote.
 Emergence of the Filipino Sense of
Nationhood
• The Execution of GomBurZa
– Further aggravated the hatred of Filipinos against
the Spaniards.
– Began to think that unless they were united, they
would not be able to fight back and stop Spanish
attrocities against Filipino
– Become a rallying point of the nationalist
movement
REVOLTS AND REBELLION
 Revolts and Rebellion
• Causes of Filipino early revolts:
– Desire to regain the lost freedom of their
ancestors (Political)
– Religious intolerance of Spanish authorities
(Religious)
– Abuses of the Spaniards (Personal)
– The hated tribute and oppressive forced labor
– Loss of ancestral lands
Name of Date Place Cause Leader Result
Revolt
Lakandula 1574 Tondo, Failure of Gov. Lakandula Failed
Navotas Lavezares to
fulfill Legazpis’
promise to
Lakandula

Pampanga 1585 Pampanga Abuses of Failed. A

Spanish woman
Encomienderos betrayed the
revolt.

Todo 1587- Tondo, Desire for Magat Failed

1588 Cuyo, Independence Salamat, because the
Calamianes Martin plot was
Pangan, discovered.
Juan Leaders
Banal, were
Pedro executed.
Balingit
Name of Date Place Cause Leader Result
Revolt
Cagayan- 1589 Cagayan, Refusal to pay Failed.
Ilocos Ilocos Norte tributes, Easily
tyranny of suppressed.
tribute
collectors
Magalat 1596 Cagayan Abuses of the Magalat Failed. Hired
Tribute Assasins
Collectors killed the
Magalat.
Igorot 1601 Northern Desire for Failed
Luzon religious
toleration
Irrayas 1621 Cagayan Oppression of Felipe It was not
Valley the Indios by Cutabay, materialized
the Spanish Gabriel due to Fr.
officials Dayag Pedro Sto.
Tomas
preaching.
Name of Date Place Cause Leader Result
Revolt
Tamblot 1621- Bohol Desire to Babaylan It was
1622 abandon Tamblot suppressed
Christianity and by the
return to old Spaniards
religious faith and
Cebuanos.
Bankaw 1621 Leyte Desire for Bankaw Failed
Religious Pagali
Toleration
Cagayan 1625, Cagayan Desire for Miguel Failed.
1627, independence Lanab, Leaders
1639 and punishment Aldaban were
of a woman pardoned
whom and later
displeases killed when
certain Spanish they revolted
officials anew.
Name of Date Place Cause Leader Result
Revolt
Caraga 1629- Caraga, Dissatisfaction Failed
1631 Northern of townspeople
Mindanao to Spanish rule
Cagayan 1639 Cagayan Dissatisfaction It was
with Spanish suppressed.
rule

Ladia 1643 Malolos, Weariness from Pedro Failed

Bulacan and Spanish Ladia
Southern oppression
Luzon

Visayan/ 1649- Eastern Caused by Gov. Juan Ponce Leaders

Sumuroy 1650 Visayas, Fajardo’s order Sumoroy were
Northern to send Visayan and Pedro captured
Mindanao, laborers tyo Caamug and were
Zamboanga Cavite for beheaded.
shipbuilding
Name of Date Place Cause Leader Result
Revolt

Pampanga 1660- Bacoor, Failure of Francisco General

1661 Cavite and officials to pay Maniago amnesty
Pampanga rice purchased; granted to
repeated rebels. Initial
requirements payment for
for polo y services.
servico
Pangasinan 1660- Binalatongan, Quarrel Andres Failed
/ Malong 1661 Pangasinan between Fr. Malong
Gorospe and and Pedro
Malong Gumpaos
Ilocos 1661 San Nicolas, Spanish Juan Failed.
Bacarra, aggression Magsanop, Leaders
Laog, Ilocos Pedro were
Almazan executed.
and
Gaspar
Cristobal
Name of Date Place Cause Leader Result
Revolt
Panay / 1663 Oton, Panay Desire to put up Tapar It was
Tapar a modified form suppressed.
of Christianity
Agrarian 1745- Bulacan, Usurpation of Matienza Failed
1746 Morong Filipino lands
(Rizal), by religious
Cavite, orders
Laguna
Dagohoy 1744- Bohol Refusal of Fr. Francisco Failed but
1828 Morales to give Dagohoy rebels were
Dagohoy’s pardoned.
brother a
Christian Burial
Silang 1762- Ilocos Desire to expel Diego Failed.
1763 the Spaniards silang and Diego was
from Ilocos Gabriela assasinated .
Silang
Name of Date Place Cause Leader Result
Revolt

Palaris 1762- Pangasinan Demand for reforms Juan Dela Failed.

especially the
1765 Cruz Palaris was
changing of local
officials Palaris executed
Basi 1807 Ilocos Government Pedro Failed.
monopoly of basi
Mateo Rebels were
manufacturing
crushed by
government
troops.
Hermano 1840- Quezon Being a native, Pule Apolinario Failed
was denied to be
Pule 1841 Province dela Cruz
admitted as a monk.
He founded the
religious
brotherhood,
Confradia De San
Jose, which the
government
outlawed and
ordered to be
dissolved.
Muslim Resistance to Spanish Rule
• Moros
• Continous military expeditions failed to
subdue the Muslims who were bound by the
cohesive force of their religion, Islam and a
better-organized political system
• Muslim wars (1578-1898) were characterized
by periodic punitive expeditions to Mindanao
and Sulu which were initially foiled by the
Muslim defenders
Muslim Resistance to Spanish Rule
• 1578 (1st Spanish expedition in Mindanao)
– Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa
– Jolo
– Sultan Pagarigan Buddimon (Tausug)
– Jolo was taken after fierce fighting
– Spanish forces were forced to sail away when
most of the soldiers fell ill.
– Left Jolo after exacting tribute and the pledge of
obedience from Buddimon
Muslim Resistance to Spanish Rule
• 1596
– Figueroa obtained exclusive right to colonize
Mindanao
– Set to establish Spanish rule in Cotabato
– In Buwayan, Spaniards were firecely repulsed by
Rajah Sirongan
– Datu Ubal (brother of Rajah Sirongan) killed
Figueroa
– Spanish retreated. Established a garrison in La
Caldera at the tip of Zamboanga
Muslim Resistance to Spanish Rule
• Fort Pilar
– Military base in Zamboanga was established by
Gov. Juan Cerezo de Salamanca
– 1636: a fort was built under the supervision of
Father Melchor de Vera (Jesuit)---- Nuestra Senora
del Pilar
– To some degree deterred muslim offensive
activities against Spaniards and Christians
– Tagal (brotehr of Kudarat) raided Visayas. He was
pursued by the Spaniards and was killed
 Muslim Resistance to Spanish Rule
• Sultan Kudarat
– Son of Datu Buisan; Sultan of Maguindanao in 1620
– Tried to foster friendship with Spaniards and Dutch until
hostilities broke out between Muslims and Spaniards
– Spaniards began to gain victory and almost defeated Sultan
Kudarat. However, the Sultan and his wife were able to
escape
– Kudarat fought the Spaniards with the aid and support of
the Maranwas and other muslim groups
– June 24, 1645: treaty was signed by Kudarat and Francisco
Atientza, commandant of Zamboanga.
• recognaized Kudarat’s lordship over Pulangi area extending from
Sibuguey river to the Gulf of Davao.
• allowed Jesuit missionaries in Kudarat territory
– First to declare jihad
Muslim Resistance to Spanish Rule
• Sulu and Maranaw resistance
– Gov-Gen Corcuera
– Jolo (Jan 1638)
– Sultan Bungsu
– April 1638: Jolo was captured
– 1639: Maranaw were the next target
– Almost annihilated a second Spanish expedition
launched aginst them
– With encouragement of Kudarat, Maranaos fought off
successfully every attempt of the Spaniards to impose
rule in Lanao.
Muslim Resistance to Spanish Rule
• Lease of Sabah
– Capture of Jolo forced Sultan Jamalil A’lam to sue for
peace and relocate his capital to Maimbung
– To gain funds, he leased on Jan. 1878 his territory
Sabah in North Borneo to Baron Gustav Von Overbeck
and Alfred Dent, proprietors of British North Borneo
Trading Company.
– Annual rental of 5,000 Malayan dollars
– Sabah was previously owned by Sultan of Brunei, who
in 1704 ceded it to the Sultan of Jolo out of gratitude
for the aid given by Jolo warriors in quelling rebellion
in Brunei.
Muslim Resistance to Spanish Rule
• Significance of Moro wars:
– Proved that even if on the several instances the
Muslims were defeated they were able to
consolidate their forces and retaliated, as
opportunity wanted it against their enemies
– Moro’s response: MUSLIMS PREFERRED TO
PERISH AS FREEMEN IN BATTLE THAN BE
SUBJECTED TO VASSALAGE.
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
 Propaganda Movement
• (19th c.)A movement launched by a group of
Filipinos living and studying abroad
• There were also reform movements in the
Philippines where members met secretly to
distribute pamphlets, books, newspapers and
othe rpublications of the movement form HK
and Spain.
• Worked for reforms through speaches and
pubalished articles
 Propaganda Movement
• The Great Triumvirate
– Led the Propaganda movement
– Jose Rizal (the Great thinker)
• “Noli Me Tangere” & “El Filibusterismo”
– Marcelo H. Del Pilar (the Great Political analyst and
journalist)
• “Caiigat Cayo”. “Dasalan at Toksohon” & “10
Kautusan ng mga Prayle”
– Graciano Lopez-Jaena (the Great Orator)
• “Fray Botod”, “Esperanza” & “La Hija del Fraile”
 Propaganda Movement

• Other active members:

– Juan Luna
– Antonio Luna
– Felix Resurrection Hidalgo
– Jose Ma. Panganiban
– Eduardo de Lete- Espana en Filipinas
 Propaganda Movement
• Aims:
1. Equality between Spaniards and Filipinos before the law
2. Granting the Philippines the status of a regular province
of Spain
3. Freedom of Speech and of the press
4. Restoration of Filipino representation in the Spanish
Assembly
5. Secularization of the parished and turning over the
control of all vacant parishes to Filipino priests
6. Legal reforms
 La Solidaridad
• Official newspaper of the reform movement
• Established in Barcelona , Spain in 1889
• Graciano Lopez-Jaena- first editor
• Feb 15, 1889- 1st issue
• Nov 15, 1895- last issue
• Appeared twice a month and was funded by Filipino
nationalists in Spain and in the Philippines
• Able to express their ideals and desire for reforms
 La Solidaridad
• Pennames:
– Jose Rizal – Dimasalang at Laon-Laan
– Marcelo H. del Pilar– Plaridel
– Mariano Ponce – Naning, Tikbalang at
Kalipulako
– Jose Ma. Panganiban – Jomapa
– Antonio Luna – Taga-ilog
 Asociacion Hispano-Filipina
• Jan 12, 1889. Madrid
• President: DON MIGUEL MORAYTA
Vice President: RIVAS MORENO
Secretary: DOMINADOR GOMEZ
Treasurer: ANTONIO LUNA
• 3 DIVISIONS:
–Political- Marcel H. Del Pilar
–Literary- Mariano Ponce
–Sports- Tomas Arejola
 Asociacion Hispano-Filipina
– Demands:
• Compulsary teaching of Spanish in all schools
• Establishment of a civil register and register of
deeds
• Establishment of secondary schools
• Construction of government roads and railways
• Abolition of inhuman punishment in all jails
• Elimination of the tax on land’s harvest and the
tax on maintenance of churches
 La Liga Filipina
• Civic organization founded by JOSE RIZAL on July 3,
1892 in Tondo.
• President: AMBROSIO SALVADOR
Vice President: AGUSTIN DELA ROSA
Secretary: DEODATO ARELLANO
Treasurer: BONIFACIO AREVALO
• Aims (based on its constitution written by Rizal in Hongkong):
–Unification of the entire archipelago for everybody’s
welfare
–Cooperation in times of need nad emergency
–Promotion of education, agriculture and commerce
–Defense against all forms of violence and injustices
–Study and implementations of reforms
 Masonic Organizations
• Revolucion- 1st masonic lodge in Spain, founded by
Gracioano-Lopez Jaena; followed by Solidaridad
• Nilad- 1st Masonic lodge in the Phil.
• Demands:
– Make the Phil. a province of Spain
– Allow Filipino representation in the Spanish Assembly
– Establish a democratic governemnt
– Transform Phil. in to a dignified and progressive country
– Provide liberal administration in the gov’t.
 Counter-Reform Movements
• Caingat Kayo by Fr. Jose Rodriguez
– Warn the Fil not to read Rizal’s novels
• Anti-Fil writers: Wenceslao Retana; Vicente Barrantes;
Pablo Feced Fil had no civilization before Spaniards came
• La Politico de Espana en Filipinas
– Influential newsaper of the fiars; counteract whatever
impressions the Sol made
• Rizal’s deportation to Dapitan and the arrest of those
writing or expressing supposedly submersive ideas against
mother country.
 Propaganda Movement
• RESULTS OF PM:
– FAIL due to;
• Friars and bussinessmen
• Lack of funds
• Members were divided bec of disagreements, conflicts and
eny
• Significance
– Brought attention of Spaniards living in Spain the corruption of
their leaders in the Phil.
– Aroused a greater spirit of nationalism among Fil.
– Guiding light for revolution
REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT
 KKK

• Kataas-taasan, Kagalanggalangang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
• July 7, 1892
• Andres Bonifacio
• Principal objective:
– Unite the Filipino people and struggle for
separation from Spain through a revolution
 Political Structure of the Katipunan
• Copied the organizational structure of La Liga Filipina
• Supreme Council (Kataastaasang Sanggunian)
– Central organ of the Katipunan
• President or Supremo (Deodato Arellano, Roman Basa, Andres
Bonofacio)
• Fiscal
• Secretary
• Treasurer
• Provincial Council (Sangguniang Bayan)
• Popular Council (Sangguniang Balangay)
• Judicial Council (Sangguniang Hukuman)- decided
cases about violations of the rules of the Katipunan
by its members and settled disputes among them
 Katipunan Membership
• Triangle system
• Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislaw Diwa
• Slow and complicated
• Replaced by faster and simpler system: use of secret
rites copied form the Masonry
– Neophyte that passes the test on courage and love for
country swore to guard and defend the secrets of the
Katipunan, and signed his name in the society’s roster with
his own blood (Sanduguan) and will then adopt a
Katipunan name
 Katipunan Membership
• 3 grades of membership
– Katipun –wore black mask with a triangle formed
by letters and white ribbons
• Password: Anak ng Bayan
– Kawal- green mask and sash
• Password: Gomburza
– Bayani- red mask and sach, both lined with green
• Officials of Katipunan
• Password: Rizal
 Women of Katipunan
• Wife, sister or daughter of a Katipunero
• Gregoria de Jesus (Lakambini ng Katipunan); Josefa
and Trinidad Rizal; Maria Dizon (cousin of Emilio
Jacinto; Benita Rodriguez (made the Katipunan flag)
• Tasks:
– Recruitment of new members
– Keepers of secret documents and papers
– In meetings, they sang and danced with some of the men
in living room to mislead the Spaniards
 Rizal and Katipunan
• Did not agree on launching a revolution due to
lack of arms, manpower and able leader
• Also opposed to their plan of rescuing him
• Suggetsed to get the support of the rich and
influential Filipinos in Manila and make
Antonio Luna as the leader of the military
operations of the revolution
 Katipunan Literature
• Andres Bonifacio
– Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Bayan
– Ang dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog
– Ang Katungkulan Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan
– Pahimakas (Translation of Rizal’s Mi Ultimo Adios)
• Emilio Jacinto “Brains of the Katipunan”
– Kartilla
– Liwanag at Dilim
– A La Patria- restated Rizal’s sentiements in his Last Farewell
• “Rizaline Soul”
• Pio Valenzuela
– Makatwiran?
– Sa Mga Kababayan (in collaboration with Bonifacio)
– Helped Jacinot in editing Kalayaan (Katipunan’s newspaper)
 Discovery of Katipunan
• Teodoro Patino
• Apolonio dela Cruz
• Honoria
• Madre Portera
• Father Mariano Gil
 Cry of Pugadlawin
• Tearing of cedula
• “Long live teh Philippines!”
• Marked the start of revolution
against the Spain in 1896
 Battle of San Juan
• San Juan del Monte on August 30, 1896
• Battle of the Pinaglabanan
• 153 Katipuneros died, about 200 were
taken as prisoners
 Period of Mass Arrest and Execution
• Gov. Ramon Blanco
• Martial law
• Manila, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija,
Bulacan and Pampanga
• “any person accused of treachery and those against
the present form of gov’t would be arrested and tried
in military court”
• Promised pardon to those who will surrender within
48hrs after the declaration of martial law
• Valenzuela and others surrender but Spaniards did not
honor the promise and tortured those who were
caught and those who surrendered
 Period of Mass Arrest and Execution
• Those suspected as members of Katipunan were
impriosned in Fort Santiago, others were exiled in the
Carolines or in Africa.
• Bulacan- rebels were massacered
• Sept 4, 1896- 4 rebel leaders captured in the battle of
Pinaglabanan were executed by firing squad at luneta
• Sept 12, 1896- “The 13 martyrs of Cavite”
• Dec 30, 1896- execution of Jose Rizal
• Jan 4, 1897- “12 Martyrs of Bicol”
• Week later- “13 Martyrs of Bagumbayan”
• Visayas- “19 Martyrs of Aklan”
 The Rebel Factions in Cavite
• 2 factions of Katipunan
– MAGDALO
• Baldomero Aguinaldo
• Based in Kawit, Cavite
• Believed in the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo
– MAGDIWANG
• Mariano Alvares
• HQ in Noveleta, Cavite
• Followers of Andres Bonifacio
 Imus Convention
• Issue: type of government they would
establish
• Aguinaldo: Katipunan was no longer effective
as the gov’t during the revolution
– Revolutionary Government
• Bonifacio: Katipunan to remain as the gov’t
• Imus convention: failed
 Tejeros Convention
• March 22, 1897
• Agreed to establish a revolutionary gov’t +
election
• President: EMILIO AGUINALDO
Vice President: MARIANO TRIAS
Capt. Gen: ARTEMIO RICARTE
Director of War: EMILIO REIGO DE DIOS
Director of Interior: ANDRES BONIFACIO
 Tejeros Convention
• Daniel Tirona
– Protested Bonifacio’s election as Director of the
Interior
• Bonifacio felt insulted and declared the
election null and void, and as Supremo he
dissolved the newly established revolutionary
gov’t
 Naik Declaration
• Acta de Tejeros
– Document expalining the reasons why they
nullified the elections held in Tejeros
• Naik military agreement
– Establish an independent gov’t and separate from
the gov’t of Aguinaldo. An army of this gov’t was
to be organized and Pio del Pilar was designated
as the military commander
– Signed: Andres Bonofacio, Artemio Ricarte, Pio del
Pilar and Severino de las Alas
 The Trial and Execution of Bonifacio
• Aguinaldo learned of the Naik declaration and ordered the arrets of
Bonifacio and his men
• Charges: sedition and treason
• Pedro Lipana- Judge advocate
• Jose Elises- Fiscal/ prosecutor
• Teodoro Gonzales and Placido Martinez- defense counsels for
Bonifacio brothers
• Council of War
– Chairman: Mariano Noel
– Gen. Tomas Mascardo
– Esteban Infante
– Crisostomo Riel
– Sulficio Antonio
– Placido Martinez
– Mariano Riego de Dios
 The Trial and Execution of Bonifacio
• Lasted from April 29-May 4 1897
• Guilty and sentence to death
• May 8- aguinaldo converted the death
punishment to banishment but military
advisers persuded to pursue the original
verdict
• May10- Bonifacio and his brother Procorpio
were shot at Mount Tala in Cavite
 Establishment of the Biak-na-Bato
Republic
• Cavite was retaken by the Spaniards
• Aguinaldo and his men was forced to transfer to
Talisay, Batangas where he joine dforces with
Gen. Miguel malvar
• Battle of Puray
– Reinforced by Gen. Licerio Geronimo
– After, the Departamental Governemnt of Central
Luzon (manila, Morong, Bulacan, Laguna, Nueva Ecija,
Batangas, Tarlac and Pangasinan) was established
headed by Fr. Pedro Dandan
 Establishment of the Biak-na-Bato
Republic
• He then went to Bulacan and established his HQ in Biak-na-
Bato, San Miguel de Payumo
• Nov 1, 1897- they ratified the consitution written by Felix
Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho copied from the Cuban
Constitution of 1895.
• According to the consitution, a Supreme Council would be
formed
– President: EMILIO AGUINALDO
– VP: MARIANO TRIAS
– Sec of Foreign Affairs: ANTONIO MONTENEGRO
– Sec of Interior: ISABELO ARTACHO
– Sec of War: EMILIANO RIEGO DE DIOS
– Sec of Treasury: BALDOMERO AGUINALDO
 Pact of Biak-na-Bato
• Pedro Paterno
– Acted as mediator between revolutionaries and
the Spanish authoritiees
• Pact provided for cessation of revolution.
 Pact of Biak-na-Bato
• The pact provided the ff:
1. Aguinaldo was free to live in HK with
companions who might wish to follow him
2. Aguinaldo be paid P800,000 indeminty in three
payments:
• P400K upon receipt of all firearms there were in B-n-B
(as soon as Aguinaldo and company left the country)
• P200K when num of arms reached 800 (majority of the
arms were surrendered)
• P200K when all arms surrendered be completed to 1k
arms (after all hostilities ceased and gen amnesty was
proclaimed)
 Pact of Biak-na-Bato
– Gov.-Gen Primo de Rivera should send Aguinaldo
2 Gen of the Spanish Army, who should remain
hostages until Aguinaldo and company reached
HK and the firts payment recieved
– Gov-Gen would pay the additional sum of P900K
to the families of non-combatant Fil who suffered
during the war
PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
 Spanish-American War
• American took the side of Cuba (revolted against
their colonizers, Spain)
• On Feb. 15, 1898 the American battleship USS
Maine exploded at Havana Harbor in Cuba, Spain
was blamed for the mishap
• US passed several resolutions demanding Spain
to leave Cuba
• April 24, Spain declared war on the US
• April 25, US declared war against Spain
• US intentions: to colonize all Spanish territories in
case a war broke out bet US and Spain (Cuba,
Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Guam and Phil)
 Battle of Manila Bay
• May 1, 1898
• Commodore George Dewey (USS Olympia) VS.
Admiral Patricio Montojo (Reina Cristina)
• American won without losing a single ship or life.
• Spaniards lost 167 men with 214 others wounded
• This signalled the end of the political glory of
Spain and ushered the entry of US as a world
power.
 Fil-Am Alliance
• US consul in Singapore (Spencer Pratt) assured
Aguinaldo that the US would recognize Phil
independence
• Aguinaldo believed and pledge to cooperate
with Americans in case war broke out bet US
and Spain
• Rounseville Wildman (US consul in HK)
advised Aguinaldo to return to the Phil and
establish a dictatorial govt
 Resumption of the Revolution
• Aguinaldo with 13 others returned to the Phil
aboard the McCulloch, Dewey’s dispatch
vessel
• He urged Fil to resume the sturggle for
independence and help US against Spain
• In a short period, Aguinaldo was able to
consolidate all the revolutionary forces under
his command
 Battle of Manila
• Spaniards enter into a secret negotiation with the
Americans regarding the surrender of Manila
• Through the intercession of the Belgian Consul, a
secret negotiation bet. Dewey, Gen Wesely Merritt and
Gov-Gen Fermin Jaudness was made such that after a
“mock battle”, while Fil were kept out of the scene,
Manial would be surrendered to the Americans
• The “battle” took place on Aug 13, 1898
• The American flag was hoisted over fort Snatiago and
the Spanish flag was brought down, signifying the end
of 333 years of Spainsh domination. Also amrked the
beginning of the American rule.
 Treaty of Paris
• Dec 10, 1898
• Treaty provided:
1. Cession of the Phil to US by Spain
2. Payment of $20M to Spain by US for
improvements the former made in the colony
3. Cession of Guam and Puerto Rico to US by Spain
4. Withdrawal of Spanish sovereignity from Cuba
5. The determination by Congress of the civil and
political rights of the inhabitants of the ceded
territories
 Dictatorial Government
• While in HK, Aguinaldo advised Mariano Ponce to write a
consitution for the new gov’t
– Revolutionary form
• When he brought back the constitution to the Phil, his
political adviser Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista urged him
instead to establish a dictatorial gov’t
• May 24, 1898- Aguinaldo formally declared the
establishment of a dictatorial gov’t
• Temprary in nature--- only until “peace and liberty be
attained”
• Aguinaldo’s Circular on May 29, 1898-
– One of the first official acts
– Urging the humane treatment of Spanish POW
– All crimes must be prosecuted by military courts
 Proclamation of Phil Independence
• June 12, 1898
• Kawit, Cavite
• The Act of the Declaration of Independence
was read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
• Official unfurling of thhe Phil flag sewn by
Marcela Agoncillo assisted by Lorenza
Agoncillo and Delfina Herboza
• Playing of the Phil National Anthem composed
by Julian Felipe
 Revolutionary Governement
• 10 days after the declaration of Phil (June 23)
• upon the advice of Apolinario Mabini
• Dictatorial  Revolutionary
• Dictator  President
• July 15– first Cabinet:
– Sec of war: BALDOMERO AGUINALDO
– Sec of Finance: MARIANO TRIAS
– Sec of interior: LEANDRO IBARRA
– Later, Sec of FA: APOLINARIO MABINI
 Hong Kong Junta
• Recognition by foreign powers is necessary for the
Revolutionary gov’t of the Phil to be considered
legitimate
• 2 separate decrees--- Aug 24 and Aug 10, 1898
– Created the Executive Board of the Hong Kong
Revolutionary committee or the HK Junta
• Subcommittees based in foreign countries were also
created
• Tasks:
– Direct all propaganda campaigns abroad
– Take charge of all diplomatic negotiations with foregn
gov’t
– Prepare and organize expeditions necessary to the success
of the revolution
 Hong Kong Junta
• Diplomatic Representatives:
– FELIPE AGONCILLO- US
– MARIANO PONCE and FAUSTINO LICHAUCO-
Japan
– ANTONIO REGIDOR- England
– JUAN LUNA and PEDRO ROXAS- France
– ERIBERTO ZARCAL- Australia

**forerunners of the present day DFA~

 Malolos Congress
• Sept 15, 1898 at Barasoain Church
• Felipe Calderon- chosen by the delegates to
write the constitution
• Elected officers of th eMalolos Congress:
– President: PEDRO PATERNO
– VP: BENITO LEGARDA
– Sec: PABLO OCAMPO & GREGORIO ARANETA
 Malolos Congress
• Accomplished
– Issues pertaining to governance, finance, educ and
FA
– Ratified Phil Independence (Sept 29)
– Enacted several laws designed to solve the
financial prob of the govt
– Providing for the establishment of schools in the
elem, 2ndary and collegiate level
– Appropriated P20M for govt expenditures
– Drafting of the Malolos COnstitution
 Malolos Constitution
• Felipe Calderon headed a committee composed
of 19 members to draft a constitution
• 3 Constitutional Plans:
– Mabini: Constitutional plan of the Phil Republic was
overruled first by Congress then by the consti
committee
– Paterno: Consti plan based from the Spanish-
Republicna Consti of 1898. was alos set-aside
– Calderon: chosen by the committee and submitten to
congress for approval
 Malolos Constitution
• Jan 21, 1899
• Patterened after some European and Latin
American countries
• Consisted of a preamble, 14 titles and 101
articles
• Republican form of govt
 Malolos Constitution
• Emodies the following principle:
1. Separation of the Church and State
2. Recognition of individual rights
3. Free elementray education
4. Executive and judicial powers
5. Protection of life, abode and propertyCollection
of taxes in accordance with law
 Malolos Constitution
• Recognized the principle of separation of
powers of 3 branches of govt:
– EXECUTIVE
• Exercised by the president of teh Phil with assistance
from 7 cabinet members
– LEGISLATIVE
• Vested in the heands of an assembly of representatives
elected by the people
– JUDICIAL
• Vested in the Supreme Court and otehr lower courts
 Malolos Constitution
• Legislative, however was superior to either
the executive and judicial due to the creation
of Permanent Legislative Commission to cont.
Enacting laws even when congress was in
recess
• Consti also provided for the Bill of Rights for
Fil and aliens and instituded safeguard against
abuses and rights
• The First Philippine Republic
FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR
 Benevolent Assimilation
• President McKinley
• Fil found out that the were decieved through
the ff. Facts:
– Fil troops ere barred by the Americans from
enetring the city after Spain’s surrender
– Fil reps were not allowed to attend to the peace
conference in Paris
– US did not recognize Phil independence
 Outbreak of War
• Feb 4, 1899
• San Juan Bridge
• Fil soldier was shot by an American sentry,
William W. Grayson
• The Filipinos answered with rifle fire & the
Philippine American War begun. Within an
hour, all American units were effectively
deployed & mobilized throughout Manila &
the Suburbs
 Americans VS Filipinos
• Americans won:
– Battle of La loma (McArthur vs Major jose Torres
Bugallon)
– Battle of Caloocan (McArthur vs Antonio Luna)
• Fil won:
– Battle of Pulo – On March 25, 1899, Major Bell of the
American cavalry was killed in the combat.
– Battle of Quingua (now Plaridel) – On April 23, 1899.
Colonel Stotsemberg was killed
– Battle of San Mateo – December 18, 1899, General
Lawton was killed in the battle.
 Americans VS Filipinos
• Antonio Luna
• Gen. Gregorio del Pilar
– Battle of Tirad Pass
• Del Pilar was tasked to intercept the Americans who were
tracking Aguinaldo.
• After the departure of Aguinaldo, Del Pilar chose to delay the
enemy at Pasong Tirad, only one narrow trail leading to it that
only one man at time could climb.
• At first American had no recourse but retreat
• An Igorot guide help the Americans slowly & quietly went up to
trail & surprised the Filipino Troops.
• A fierce battle ensued and Del Pilar was killed by a bullet that
passed through his neck.
• The American soldiers rushed to his body & looted his personal
belonging for souvenirs.
• The Americans left the body there & for two days it remained
unburied,on the 3rd day, the Igorots buried his remains in a
shallow grave.
 Kiram-Bates Treaty
• The American dealt with the Muslim in a
diplomatic way in order to neutralize their
offensive.
• General John C. Bates tried to win the friendship
of the Muslim by negotiating with them &
treating them as equals.
• Aug. 20, 1899 an agreement was signed by
Genneral Bates (representing the US) & Datu
Kiram (Sultan of Jolo) & his datus (representing
the Sulu Sultanate)
 Kiram-Bates Treaty
• Sovereignty of the United States over the whole
archipelago of Sulu & its dependencies is declared
acknowledged
• The right & dignities of His Highness, the Sultan & his
datus shall be fully respected
• The Americans promised not to interfere in religious
matter & not to persecute anybody on account of his
religious belief
• Americans also agreed to pay the Sultan & his
leading datus monthly salaries
 American Cruelty
• Americans used cruel methods to persuade the
Filipinos to cooperate with them.
• Done by forcing water into the stomach of a
person until it gets filled. The person would be
ask to lie on his back & an American soldier
would jump on his stomach
• Another form of torture was placing a rope
around a person’s neck & then twisting it to
choke him
• Another form of torture was beating the victim
until he become blue in the face.
 American Cruelty
• In Samar, the Americans also resorted to massacre to
avenge the death of their comrades who were killed by
the Filipino guerillas under the command of
General Vicente Lukban.
• The Americans also burned down the whole town of
Balangiga & killed all men & even boys over 10 years
old.
• The Americans burned houses, blockaded food from
getting to the guerillas.
• Many surrendered because they could not take any
more of these brutalities.
 Capture of Aguinaldo
• Lazaro Segovia (Spaniard who joined the Filipino)
helped the Americans to capture Aguinaldo.
• Segovia pretended that he had captured
American soldiers.
• When they arrived at the house where
Aguinaldo was staying, he & his men signalled
to their comrades to start firing.
• Aguinaldo was rushed to the windows and the
Americans told Aguinaldo to surrender.
 Capture of Aguinaldo
• Aguinaldo was brought to Manila on April 1,
1901 & took an oath of allegiance to the
government of the United States.
• On April 19 he appealed to the Filipino people
to accept the “sovereignty of the United
States”