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Chapter. 1 Introduction
1.1.
Motivation
Barcode
nanowires are a topic of continuing interest innanotechnology for multiplexed bioanalysis. The potential uses of thebarcode nanowires are numerous because they are the high aspect ratiostructures with a range of different magnetic and metallic materials. Inaddition, the topic of biomagnetism is also an area of intense interest so thatthe nanostructured magnetic materials are beginning to be studied for manybiological applications such as cell manipulation and separation, detection of biological compounds in biosensors, as well as drug delivery, cancertreatment and other medical and biological applications. More recently, thefabrication of nanowires using commercially available anodized aluminaoxide (AAO) and track-etched polycarbonate nanoporous templates with tensto hundreds of nanometers diameters has received considerable attention.After providing a conducting back-contact, the desired metals can beelectrodeposited in the pores of the membranes. Even though there areseveral reports on the single and multi-segment nanowires with differentmaterials. There are very few reports on the barcoded nanowires withmagnetic and non-magnetic segments for biological applications.In this work, we mainly focused on fabrication of the barcodenanowires in combination with CoNiP (hard magnetic segment) and Au(non-magnetic segment) for selective functionalization of proteins (e.g.,trypsin) on the surface of the non-magnetic segments. The barcodednanowires thus serve as carriers for the multiplexed bioassays. In addition,we designed and demonstrated a novel system for the transportation of barcode nanowires using external rotating magnetic field on the patterned
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magnetic elliptical pathways for translocation bioentities to the designatedplaces.Fig. 1-1. Schematic representation of the multiplexed bioanalysis systemMainly, two types of immunoassay systems are used for multiplexedbioanalysis, one is the chip type where all the probe molecules are fixed onthe surface and different kinds of target molecules will be released intoreaction chamber to bind the fixed probe molecules. In this case, there is avery low probability of binding target molecules to the fixed probemolecules. On the other hand, there is a suspension type immunoassay whereall the probe molecules are attached to the barcode nanowires, they aresuspended in the buffer solution and different kinds of target moleculesinserted into the solution. Here, in the suspension type immunoassays, theprobability of binding target molecules is a very high to the different probemolecules. In our work, we choose the suspension type immunoassay system
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to demonstrate the immobilization of trypsin enzyme to Au segments. Thereare two types of coding techniques, one is the color-coding and the other oneis the bar coding technique which are explained as shown in Fig. 1-1.Figure 1-2 shows the different kinds color-coded beads coated withantibodies and different antigens were introduced into the reaction chamber.Particular antigens will bind to the color-coded beads coated with antibodieswith specific ligand receptor interaction. Then, the attachment of thefluorescent labels to the sandwich immunoassay system enables the opticaldetection of the binding antigens during the decoding process. Until now, fordecoding the sandwich immunoassay system fluorescent detectiontechniques has been used for multiplexed bioanalysis but our main is todevelop a barcode system where the number of magnetic and non-magneticlayers in barcode nanowires useful for multiplexed bioassay system.Fig. 1-2. Sandwich immunoassay procedure using polystyrene beads
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