Teori

Perkembangan
Pertemuan 3
2 September 2010
 Developmental Theories
• Psychoanalytic
• Cognitive
• Social Learning
• Ethology
• Ecology
 PSYCHOANALYTIC
Freud’s Psychosexual Erikson’s Psychosocial

Basic belief : Behavior Basic belief :

is controlled by Personality is
powerful unconscious influenced by society
and develops through a
Technique used : series of crices, or
Clinical observation critical alternatives

Oriented on stages Technique used :

(Early childhood Clinical observation
experiences
permanently shape Oriented on stages
personality) (Ego dev is lifelong)
 Freud’s Psychosexual

Psychosexual Dev

Anal
Phallic

ORAL

Latency

Genital
 Stase Perkembangan Psikoseksual Freud
Stase Umur Fokus Libido Tugas Perkembangan
dan Pengalaman

Oral 0 – 18 bulan Mulut (mengisap, menggigit, Menyusu, berpisah dari

mengunyah) ibu

Anal 1,5 – 3 Anus (menahan atau Toilet training (self-

tahun mengeluarkan feces) control)
Phallic 3 – 6 tahun Genital (masturbasi) Identifikasi terhadap
model dewasa yang
sejenis
Latency 6 – 12 tahun - Kontak sosial / peer
Genital Pubertas Genital (menjadi Membangun hubungan
heteroseksual) yang intim,
berkontribusi kepada
masyarakat melalui
kerja
 Freud’s Psychosexual
ABOUT ID, EGO, SUPEREGO
• ID  Newborns governed by id (pleasure
principle)
• EGO  Develops gradually during the first
year (reality principle)
• SUPEREGO  Develops gradually during
early childhood (should and shouldn’t)
 Freud’s Psychosexual
His Contribution
• Importance of unconscious thoughts,
feelings & motivation
• The role of childhood experiences in
forming personalities
• The ambivalence of emotional response,
especially to parents
• Ways in which early relationship affect
later ones
 Erikson’s Psychosocial
• Emphasizing the influence of society
on the developing personality
• Pioneer in a life-span perspective
• Ego development is lifelong
• Each stage requires the balancing of
a positive tendency and a
corresponding negative ones
 Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage
Basic Trust vs Mistrust (birth to 12 – 18 mt)

Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt (12 – 18 mt to 3 y.o

Initiative vs Guilt (3 to 6 y.o)

Industry vs Inferiority (6 y.o to puberty)

Identity vs identity confusion (puberty to young adulthood)

Intimacy vs isolation (young adulthood)

Generativity vs stagnation (middle adulthood)

Ego integrity vs despair (late adulthood)

Cognitive Stages (Piaget)

1 Sensorimotor (Birth – 2 y.o)

2 Preoperational (2 – 7 y.o)

3 Concrete operations (7 – 11 y,o)

4 Formal operations (11 – adulthood)

Learning
Social Learning

Behaviorism
OC

CC
 CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Prinsip dasar :
• Bentuk belajar dimana setiap stimulus
yang sebelumnya bersifat netral, dapat
menimbulkan respon melalui asosiasi
dengan stimulus yang secara alami
menimbulkan respon
• UCS, UCR, NS, CS, CR
 OPERANT CONDITIONING
Prinsip dasar :
• Belajar tergantung pada adanya
reinforcement atau punishment

• Reinforcement…?
• Punishment…?
 Social Learning
(Social Cognitive Theory)
• Albert Bandura
• Classic social learning theories :
Modelling / observational learning (choosing
models  watching  imitate)
• Bandura’s newest version :
Social cognitive theory
(observe models  learn chunks of behavior
 put the chunk into complex new behavior
pattern)
 Behavior

Personal
Cognitive Environment
 Ethology
• Konrad Lorenz
• Ethology  perilaku dipengaruhi oleh biologi,
terkait dengan evolusi, dan penekanan terhadap
periode penting (peka)
• Prinsip awal dari perilaku adaptif yang bertujuan
untuk survival (misal : attachment bayi –
caregiver )
 Bioecological / Ecological (Urie
Bronfenbrenner)
• Microsystem  setting dimana individu hidup
• Mesosystem  microsystem - microsystem
• Exosystem  microsystem – microsystem
tapi salah satu tidak berhubungan langsung
dengan individu
• Macrosystem  kebudayaan (nilai,
kepercayaan, sistem sosial ekonomi
• Chronosystem  sosiohistoris lingkungan