PHtJONG TRINH HAM FUNTIONAL EQUATION

§ 1. PHUONG TRiNH D~NG f(A) = B

D~t A = t ;

Suy ra x theo t ; R6i thay vao A, B

lie Vi da.a 1: Tim ham s6 f(x) neu biet, "oi rnoi x*-O r( ~) = x + JI + x 2 .

Giai:

D~t: t = - ~ x = - thay vao ham s6 de bai
x t
f(t) = +FITJ 1 JI + t2
- = - +
t t 1 tl
1+~ neu t > 0
Tu do: f(x) = t
l-~
neu t < 0 lie Vi du 2:

Tt f( x + 1 ) , bl ,. 0

im: -_ neu lc!t, Val x '*

x

f(_2_) = x2 - 1. x + 1

Giai:

2 D~t: t =

x+l

4 - 4x ~ I(x) =

x2

2 - t t

T' d' t(t) = 4 ~ 4t

. 11 0: ,

t-

~ x =

Suy fa: f (_x _+_I) = -2 _-_4_x __

X x + 2x + 1

lie Vi du 3: TIm t~t ca ham s6 f: [0, 1] ~ [0,1] thoa man:

1. f(x) *- f(y) voi moi x *-y ;

2. 2x - f(x) E [0,1] voi moi x E [0,1];

3. f(2x - ftx) = x , voi moi x E [0, 1] .

5

1 1 1

= 16(-- + ..) + 16(-2- +

sin4 x COS4 x sin x

2 2

~ 16.------ + 16 + 4

sin2 xcos2 x sinxcosx

= 16. _8_ + 16_4_ + 4 ~ 16.8 + 16.4 + 4 = 196.

sin 2 2x sin 2x

1 ) + 4

cos2 X

Giai:

Thay x boi f(x), thl thu diroc '\Ix E [0, 1] f(2f(x) - f(f(x))) = f(x). VI f dan anh, nen: 2f(x) - f(f(x» = x .

Thay x boi f''(x), thl co: Zf" + I(X) - f" + ~(x) = f''(x)

~ f'+~(x) - f'+ '(nx) = f'+ I(X) - f''(x) = ... = f(x) - x . Tir do: f''(x) = n(f(x) - x) + x. Sau do, lay x c6 dinh. Neu f(x) > x thi voi n du lon, thl f''(x) > 1 : vo 19 .

Neu f(x) < x thl vcri n du Ion, thi f'(x) < 0 : vo 19.

Vay: f(x) = x .

* Vi du 4: Cho ham s6 f: (0, + 00) ~ R thoa dieu kien:

1 1t

f(tg2x) = tg'x + -4-' '\Ix E (0, -) .

tg x 4

Chimg minh rang: f(sinx) + f(cosx) ~ 196, '\Ix E (0, ~). 2

Giai:

, 2tgx 2 1 4 1 2

f)~t t = tg2x , thl: t = ., => - = - - tgx ~ - = -- + tg x - 2 .

1 - tg :x t tgx t2. tg2x

4, 1 " 1 42

Suy ra: (-:;- + 2)- = (-- + tg'x)" = -4- + tg x + .

t':' tg2x tg x

16 16 1 4

Tu do: - + -- + 2 = -- + tg x .

t4 t2 tg4x

D d' h' .., h' h f() 16 16 2 ,. 0

o 0, am so tro I an : t = - + -2 + , val t > .

t4 t

Nhu vay: f(sinx) + f(cosx) = _.164 + 16 + _____!£__ + 16 +4

4 . ., 2

sm x cos x sm - x cos x

Dau " =" xay ra khi x = 1t .

4

* Vi du 5:

Co t6n tai chang met ham s6 f: R ~ R thoa dieu kien: f(f(x» = x2 ~ a , '\Ix E R vcri a> 1 la s6 thirc cho tnroc.

6

Giii:

GQi g(x) = X2 - a , thl ta co: g(g(x» = x ¢:) (x! - a)2 - a - x = 0

¢:) (X2 - X - a)(x2 + x - a + ]) = 0 (1)

GQi m, n la hai nghiem cua phirong trlnh x2 - x - a = 0 ;

GQi p, q la hai nghiem cua x2 + x - q + 1 = O.

Gia dinh c6 ham s6 f sao cho f(f(x» = g(x).

N~u f(m) = k thl f(k) = f(f(m» = gem) = m.

Suy ra: g(k) = f(f(k» = f(m) = k.

Do do: k = m hay k = n.

Neu f(p) = r => fer) = f(f(p» = g(p) = q.

Neu f(q) = s => f(s) = f(f(q» = g(q) = p. Ta co: g(r) = f(f(r» = f(q) = s va g(s) = r.

Gia dinh: r = q thl: g(r) = g(q) = f(f(q» = f(s) r = p. Do d6: p =q : vO 19 . Cho nen: r:¢: s va r:¢: p .

Nhir th~ , (1) c6 5 nghiern : vO 19 VI no Ia phuong trlnh bac bon. Vay, ham s6 thoa dieu kien de bai khong t6n tai.

* Vi dw.a 6:

1 0 neu x = ~ + k1t

Cho ham s6 : f(x) = 1 , 2 1t ' vai k E Z .

'--2- neu x:¢: - + kn

2 + tg x 2

Chung minh ding ham s6 g(x) = f(x) + f(ax) la tuan hoan khi va chi khi a E Q .

Giai:

Neu: a = £. vai p E Z va q E N* ,

q

ta co: \Ix, g(x + qn) = f(x + qn) + f(ax + pn) = g(x). => g la ham s6 tuan hoan, chu ky q1t .

Bay gia cho a la s6 vO ti . De 9 rang g(O) = f(O) + f(O) = 1 . Neu get) = 1 vci t:¢: 0 nao d6 thl tg2t = 0 va tg'at = 0, nghia la t = nk va at = nh .

Nhung , t:¢: 0 , nghia lA a = .!_ : v6 19 ' VI a vO ti . k

* '* *

7

4. TIm ham s6 I(x) biet rang:

x+l x-I

v6'i x "" - 2; x "" 1 .

l.TIm f(x) biet rang: f(~) = ~1+X2 .Vx z v l ,

I

2. TIm f(x) biet ding: f(l + -) = Xl - I, Vx "" 0 . x

, , 1 ~ I

3. TIm ham so f(x) biet rang: f(x + -) = x~ + -~ vci x "" o.

x x-

5. TIm ham s6 f(x) , bier rang: f(~l = I +x

*

* *

8

§2. PHUONG TRiNH CHlIA HAl BI~U THlIC f(A); f(B)

* Tir plurong trlnh da cho, thay giatr] thfch hop d~ thu diroc them mot phuong trlnh khac.

* Ttr hai plurong trinh da cho suy ra f(A) hoac feB) ta tra lai dang tren.

* Vi du 1: TIm f(x) neu biet, vai rnoi x :f:. 0, f(x) + 2f( _!_) = x. x

Giai:

Thay x hai , ta diroc : f( _!_) + 2f(x) =

x x x

Nhir the' ta diroc he:

x

f(x) + 2f(;) 2f(x) + f(;)

= x

2 - x2 :::::) f(x) =

3x

= -

>Ie Vi du 2: TIm f(x) neu biet, vci moi x :f:. 0 , f(x)+ f( _1_) = x + 1 - _!_ .

I-x x

R6i tir phirong trlnh d~ bai va phuong trlnh nay suy ra: f(x) = * Vi dl,l 3:

TIm tat ca cac ham s6 f(x) lay gia tri nguyen va xac dinh tren tap hop cac s6 nguyen sao cho 3f(x) - 2f(f(x» = x vai moi s6 nguyen x.

Giai:

I x-I x 2 - 3x + 1

Thay -- boi x ta duoc: f(x) + f( --) =

1 - x x x(x - I)

Lay phtrong trlnh da cho tnr phuong trlnh nay thl duoc :

I x - I 1

f(-) -f(--) = x - - .

I-x x x-I

Trong phirong trlnh nay thay _1 - bai x thl thu diroc:

I - x .

1 -x2+x-l 1

f(x) - f( --) = = - x + 1

I - x x x

x -1

x

9

Tir do, ta co: f(x) = .!_ sin 2 2

Sin( x 2 + x12) - <p(x) neu Ixl < 1 trong do <p: (-1, 1) -~ R la ham s6 tuy y. Dao lai, neu f(x), <p(x) thoa (*), thl de dang kiem chirng rang f(x) + f('!_) = sin(x2 + ~).

x x

<p(x)

neu Ixl < 1, neulxl = 1,

<*),

Giai:

Ham s6 f(x) = x thoa man dieu kien cua bai toano

Cho f{x) la mot ham s6 thoa man dieu kien de bai. Cho g(x) = f(x) - x . Dieu kien co the diroc viet lai nhu sau: 2f( f(x) - 2f(x) = f(x) - x ,

No nrong duong voi: g(x) = 2g(f(x».

Tu do ta diroc: g(x) = 2g(f(x» = 22g(f( f(x») = 23g(f(f( f(x»))) =

Vi : cac s6 g(f(f( ... f(x) ... ) la cac s6 nguyen, nen: g(x) chia het cho 2" vai moi so nguyen x va moi s6 tt! nhien n. Di6u nay chi co the xay ra neu g(x) = o. V~y: f(x) = x la nghiern duy nhat cua bai toano

* Vi du 4: TIm ham s6 f: R ~ R thoa f(x) = x2 + f( - x) , Vx E R.

Giai:

Khong t6n tai vi : x2 = f(x) - f( - x). VT la ham s6 chan, VP la ham s61e .

* Vi du 5: TIm ham s6 f: R ~ R thoa, vai a, b, c Iii cac hang s6 eho tnroc rna: b2;;:. 1 , Vx E R, f(x) = a - bf(c - x).

Giai:

Tir dieu kien d~ bai, ta co voi moi x.

a fCc - x) = a - bf(x) <=> I(x) = a - b(a - bf(xl) ~ f(x) =

b +1

* Vi du 6:

Tlm ham so f: R~R thou: f(x) + f(~)= sirux" + ~),VxER \IO}.

. x x2

Giai:

Tir gia thiet, ta co voi moi x ;;:. 0: sin(x2 + ~) = sin(a2x2 + _1_).

x2 x2

Neu a;;:. 1 : khong t6n tai ham s6 thoa di~u kien de Mi.

Neu a = 1 : dieu kien de bai tra thanh: f(x) + f('!_) = sin(x2 + ~).

x x

10

* Tir mot trong hai phirong trlnh, thay gia tr] thich hop d~ diroc met phirong trlnh khac.

* Tir hai phirong trlnh nay thu diroc f(A) hoac g(A). * Tro' lai dang 1.

§3. He PHUONG TRiNH

* Vi du 1: 'lim ftx}: g(x) neu biet, vci moi x, y E R

{fIx + 6) + 2g(2x + 15) ~ x; 2 f( x ; 2) + g(x + 5) = x + 4

Giai:

Trong phirong trlnh thu hai, thay x bei: 2x + 10 thl he dii cho nrong dirong vai :

{ f(x + 6) + 2g(2x + 15) ~ x ;_3_ ~ g(2x + 15) ~ -3x 2- 26 f(x + 6) + g(2x + 15) = 2x + 14

va: f(x + 6) =

7x+54

~ f(x) = 2

7x + 12 2

-3x -7

va: g(x) = 4

* Vi du 2: 'lim: f(x); g(x) neu biet vai moi x, y E R

{{:x~+:F zt~:) : x2~ 1

Ghli:

Thay x + 1 boi x trong phuong trlnh dilu x + 1

thay -- bbi x trong phirong trlnh thu hai thl thu diroc he:

x-I

{f(X) + (x - l)g(x) = 2(x - 1) ..

f(x) + gtx) = _2_ ~ f(x) = - 2; g(x) =

x-I

2x

x-I

12

13

'" Vi du S:

Cac ham s6: f, g : R ~ R khong phai III nhirng ham hang thoa man hai dong nhat thirc sau:

f(x + y) = f(x)g(y) + g(x)f(y),

g(x + y) = g(x)g(y) - f(x)f(y) voi: x, y E R .

TIm tat ca cac gia tri eo th~ eo cua f(O) va g(O).

Giii:

Cho x = y = 0, dtroc: f'(O) = 2f(0)g(0) (1)

va: g(O) = (g(O) 2 - f(0)2) (2)

.' 1

De y rang g(O) *" - , nen (I) ~ f(O) = 0.(2) ~ g(O) = 1

2

hay: g(O) = 0 (loai) . V~y: f(O) = 0; g(O) = 1 .

* * *

HAl T ~P Tl} LUY~N

{ff(2X 1- )1) ++ 2gg(l( - XI) =) x=+ 31 . 1. lim f(x); g(x) neu biet:

X + 1 2x + 2

2. TIm f(x); g(x) neu bier:

{ f(3x - 1) + g(6x - 1) = 3x

f(x + 1) + x2g(2x + 3) = 2X2 + X .

3. TIm cac ham s6 f(x); g(x) neu bier :

{Xf(X- 2) + 2g(2x + 1) = 2x2 - 8x + 2 . f(2x + 1) + g(4x + 7) = - 3

*

* *

Khi ham s6 din xac dinh tren N hoac Z , noi chung thirong Slr dung quy nap;

Nhieu bai toan cling phai xac dinh timg biroc N ~ Z ~ Q ~ R . Rieng buoc tirQ ~ R dn them tfnh lien tuc cua ham s6.

§4. PHUONG PHAp QUY N~P

* Vi du 1: Cho ham s6 f xac dinh vai moi x E R va:

{'<:Ix, y f(xy) = f(x) fey) - f(x + y) + 1

f(1) = 2

m

Hay xac dinh f(m) ; f( --) voi m E Z ; n E Z * .

n

Ghii:

Tnroc het: f(O) = ft l ) f(O) - f(l + 0) + 1 :::) f(O) = 1.

Gill dinh: f(m) = m + 1 . The thl : f(m.l) = f(m)f(1) - f(m + 1) + 1 :::) f(m + 1) = f(m) + 1 = m + 2.

Vay: vai moi mEN: f(m) = m + 1 .

Bay gio: f(O) = f(1 - 1) = f( - 1).f(1) - f( - 1) + 1 :::) f( - 1) = O.

Ta lfiy - mEN: f(m) = f[(-I)(- m)] = f(O).f(- m) - f(-I- m) + 1 = 0 + m + 1 Nen, vai m E Z, f( m) = m + 1 .

Sal! do vai m E Z, n E Z*, X E R bfit ky

ftx + 1) = f(1 )f(x) - f(l.x) + 1 = f(x) + 1 .

Tit do voi rnoi m qui nap ta diroc : f(x + m) = f(x) + m,

f(m) = fen m) = nf( m) _ fen _ 1) = m + 1 :::) f( m) = m + 1 .

n n n n

* Vi du 2: Cho ham s6 f khong dong nhat khong, xac dinh tren R boi: '<:Ix, y E R , 2 f(x) fey) = f(x + y) + f(x - y)

a. Chirng minh rang f(x) ~ - 1 vai moi x.

b. Cho f( 3) = O. Tfnh f(1992) ; f(1995) ; f(1998).

Giiii:

a. Lay y = 0 thl ta co: f(x)[ f(O) - 1] = 0 voi moi x. Vi f khong d6ng nhat 0 nen suy ra f(O) = 1.

Lai lay x va y deu bang ~ the thl: 2ff( ~)f = f(x) + 1 ~ 0 :::) f(x) ~ - 1 .

14

b. Ta co I(x + y) = 2f(x)f(y) - f(x - y) .

Nen: f(6) = f(3 + 3) = 2f(3) f(3) - f(3 - 3) = - 1 f(9) = f(6 + 3) = 2f(6) f(3) - f(6 - 3) = 0 f(12) = f(9 + 3) = 2f(9) f(3) - f(6) = 1

Gia dinh f[3 (2k + 1)] = 0, the thl :

f[3(2k + 3)] = fl3(2k + 1) + 6] = 2f[3(2k + 1)1 f(6) - f[3(2k - 1)] = O. Gia dinh f(3.4k) = 1 , the thl :

f[3(4k + 4)1 = f[3.4k + 3.4] = 2f(3.4k) f(3.4) - f[3.4(k - 1)1 = 2 - 1 = 1 . Gia dinh f[3(4k + 2)] = - 1 ; the thl :

fl3(4k + 6) = f[3(4k + 2) + 12] =

= 2f[3(4k + 2)] f(12) - fl3(4k - 2)] = 2( - 1).1 - (- 1) = -1 .

Ma: 1992 = 3.4(166) ~ f(1992) = 1 , 1995 = 3( 4.166 + 1) ~ f(1995) = 0 1998 = 3(4.166 + 2) ~ f(1998) = - I .

* Vi du 3: Cho ftx) la ham s6 xac dinh tren R va thoa man dieu kien:

Vu, v E R: feu + v) = feu) + f(v)

a. Chung minh rang V x E R ,V r E Q ta co: fer x) = r f(x) .

b. Neu gia dinh them f(x) lien tuc tai x = 0, hay xac dinh f(x).

Ghii:

a. Tnroc het, bang qui nap ta thu diroc: Vx E R, Vn E N, f(nx) = nf(x). R6i voi m, n nguyen duong va x bilt ky:

mt(: x) = f( m. : x) = f(nx) = nf(x) ~ f(: x) = : f(x) .

tuc la v6i r hiru ty dirong bilt ky ta co : f(rx) = rf(x), Vx. Sau do: f(O) = f(O + 0) = f(O) + f(O) => f(O) = 0

va: 0 = f(O) = f(x - x) = flx + ( - x)] = f(x) + f( - x) ~ f( - x) = - f(x) . NhU' vay r6t Cl:1C ta thu diroc: V r E Q ; V X E R: f( rx) = rf(x).

b. Bay gio, thea gia thiet lim f(x) = f(O) = 0 .

x --> 0

Ta chon Xo c6 dinh thl:

lim f(x - xo) = lim f(x) - lim f(xo). = lim f(x) - f(xo)

x -+ "'u X -+ Xu X -+ Xu X -+ Xo

va lim f(x - xo) = lim f(x - xo) = 0 ~ lim f(x) = f(xo)

x -+ Xu x - Xli ~ 0 X -to Xo

15

=> ham so Iien tuc tai Xo => ham so lien tuc tren R. Sau do ta Ufy x bat ky th) t6n tai day cac s6 hiru ty (r,,)

sao cho x = lim r, thi:

n-><Y.>

f(x) = f(x.l) = f[ (..l~>'l rn ).1] = }~'" r, .fO) = x.f(l). GQi a = f( I). the la ta dU<JC f(x) = ax.

* Vi du 4: Cho f(x) la ham s6 xac dinh tren R + va thoa man dieu kien:

'du, v e R + f(uv) = feu) + f(v).

a. Chung minh rang voi moi x e R + va moi 'dre Q ta co f(x') = rf(x) .

b. Neu gia dinh them: lim f(x) = 0, hay xac dinh f(x).

x -> I .

Ghii:

a. Neu f(x) dong nhat 0 thi bai toan diroc giai xong. Ta gia dinh f(x) khong d6ng nhat O.

Tit gia thiet, ta co voi moi x: f(x) = f( l.x) = f(l) + f(x) => f(1) = o. BAng qui nap ta clnmg minh duoc: 'dx > 0 ; 'dn e N I(x'') = nf(x)

Han nifa voi moi n eN, 0 = f( I) = f(x" . x") = f(xn) + f(x") = nf(x) + f(x") . Nen ta cling co voi rnoi n e Z: ftx") = nf(x).

Sau do vci moi m nguyen va n nguyen dirong :

Nhir the ta thu diroc: "Ix > 0 ; Vr e Q : f(x') = rf(x).

b. Lay Xu bat ky, voi x> O. thea gia thiet lim f(~) = 0

x -> Xu Xo

=> lim f(x) = lim f(Xu ~J = lim [f(Xo) + f(~J] =

x -> Xu x -> Xu X 0 x -> Xu Xu

= f(xo) + lim f(~) = f(xo) => ham so lien tuc tren R.

X->Xu Xo

Sau do, tit dAng thirc f(x') = rf(x) da chtrng minh ta co: f(2') = rf(2) = Ar ; voi A = f(2).

16

R6i VI x > 0 co th~ duoc viet thanh dang: x = 21oS2 X •

GQi (r.) Ul day cac so httu ty co gioi han log.x the thi : 2'" ~ x = 21oS2X. Nen: lim f(2''') = f(x). Ta lai co: f(2''') = Ar, ~ Alog.x

n ~ rY)

~ f(x) = Alog.x voi x > O.

VI f(x) khong dong nhat 0, nen A :f:. O.

GQi a = 2 A • The la a > 0; a :f:. 1 va f(x) = log,x

* Vi du 5: TIm Hit cit cac ham so lien tuc f: R ~ R thoa:

{f(X + y) = f(x) + f(y)

, '\Ix, y E R .

f'(x.y) = I(x ) . f(y) ,

Giai:

Voi y=O ~ f(x) = f(x) + f(O) ~ f(O) = o.

Lay y = 1 cho f(x) = f(x). f(l) ~ f(l) = 0 hay f(1) = 1 . + Neu f( 1) :f:. 1 : f(x) = 0, '\Ix E R .

+ Neu f( 1) = 1 : ta co voi moi x E R, f(x + 1) = f(x) + 1 . Bang qui nap, de dang suy ra: f(n) = n vci moi n E Z.

, n s- l 1 1

Saudo: f(--) = f(n+1).f(-) = (n+l)f-)

n n n

1 1 1 1

= f( 1 + -) = f(1) + f( -) = 1 + f( -) ~ nf( -) = 1.

n n n n

T' d' f I I \-I 0 V' ,.,. . Z N*

u 0: ( -) = - , v n:f:. . a, r61 VO'! mQI p E , n E :

n n

[(!'.) = f(p).f(..!..) = p . ..!.. = p

n n n n

Nhir the: '\Ix E Q: f(x) = x.

Sau cung voi tfnh lien tuc ta duoc '\Ix E R: f(x) = x .

V~y, co hai ham so thoa dieu kien d~ bai: f(x) = 0 ; f(x) = X. '\IXE R.

* * *

17

*

* *

sAl T!P TV LUY(tN

1. Cho ham 86 f(x) X3C dinh tren N hOi :

{ f(O) = 2 ; fO) = 3

\in > 1 f(n + 1) = 3f(n) - 2f(n - 1)

Chung minh rang f(n) = 2° + 1 .

2. Cho ham s6 f(x) xac dinh tren N* hoi:

fO) = 2

f(n) = 3f(n - 1) + 1

Hay tfnh tOng: S = f( 1) + f(2) + ... + f(n). 3. Cho ham 86 f(x) xac dinh tren N* thoa man:

{ rrn = 1

vn > 1 f(n) = f(n - 1) + a" - I

voi a Ul s6 thuc dtrong cho tnroc. Hay tim f(n).

4. TIm Hit ca ham s6 f: Z + ~ R thoa man dong nhat thirc

f(n + m) + f(n - m) = f(3n) ; n, m E Z + ; n ~ m. 5. Cho ham 86 f : Z ~ R thoa man dieu kien :

{ n - 10 neu n > 100

f(n) = ,voi n E Z .

f(f'(n + 11) neu n ~ 100

Cluing minh rang voi moi gia tri n ~ 100 ta c6 f(n) = 91 .

18

19

§5. PHUONG PHAp CHON GIA TRI aAc BI~T

. ...

* Phat hien met s6 gia tri d~c biet lam CO sa ban dau cho phep ta tim duoc ham s6.

* Vi du 1: Ham s6 f: R ~ R thoa man d6ng nhat tlnrc:

f(xy) = f'(x) + fey) R 0

x, Y E ; X + y:t:- .

X + Y

Co ton tai gia tri x E R sao cho f(x) :t:- 0 ?

Giai:

, f(x) + f(1)

Lay y = I, ta diroc : f(x) = (x:t:- 1) ~ xf(x) = f(1).

x + 1

Lay x = 0 thl thu diroc f( 1) = 0 ~ v x :t:- - 1 , 0: f(x) = O. Hon nfta thay vao h~ thirc ban dau x = 2; y. = 0 thl thu duoc:

f(O) = f(2) + f(O) ~ f(O) = f(2) = 0 .

2

Sau cung, thay y = 0 ; x = - 1 thl duoc:

f(O) = - f( - 1) - f(O) ~ f( - I) = - 2f(0) = 0 Nhtr v~y f(x) la ham s6 dong nhat khong,

* Vi du 2: TIm tat ca cac ham s6 f: R ~ R thoa man dong nhat thirc: xf(y) + yf(x) = (x + y)f(x)f(y); x, y E R .

. Gial:

Trong h~ thirc da cho, lay x = y = 1 thl duoc: .

2f(1) = 2(f(1 »2 ~ f(1) = 0 hay f(1) = 1.

Ta xet tirng tnrong hop:

a. Neu f( 1) = 0 thl lay trong h~ tlurc y = 1, thl co f(x) = O.

b. Neu f(1) = 1 , lai lay y = 1 thl co:

f(x) + x = (x + I)f(x) ~ x(f(x) - 1) = O.

Tir do, v6i x :t:- 0 ta co f(x) = 1 .

{la

hoac f(x) = 0, hoac f(x) =

v6i x:t:- 0 v6i ·x = 0

aER.

20

* Vi du 3: Chirng minh rang moi ham s6 f: R ~ R thoa man mot trong hai dang thirc sau thl no cling thoa man d~ng thirc con lai:

f(x + y) = f(x) + fey) ; x, y E R

f(xy + x + y) = f(xy) + f(x) + fey) x, yE R

Glal; Neu f(x) thoa man he thirc thu nhat, thl:

f(xy + x + y) = f(xy) + f(x + y) = f(xy) + f(x) + fey) x, y E R ~ I(x) thoa he thirc thu hai.

Bay gia cho f(x) thoa man h¢ thirc thu hai, dat: y = u + v + uv, thl diroc:

f(x + u + v + xu + xv + uv + XLIV) = f(x) + feu + V + uv) + f(xu + xv + xuv)

q f(x+ 1I+ v+ xu+ xv+ lIV+ xuv)= f(x)+ f(u)+ f(v) + f(uv) + f(xu + xv + xuv) (I) Hoan d6i vi trf cua bien s6 x va u trong bieu thirc (1)

f(x+ u+ v + xu + xv + uv + xuv) = f(x)+ feu) + f(v) + f(xv) + f(xu + uv + xuv) (2) Tir (1) va (2) ta dU<1C: f'(uv) + f(xu + xv + xuv) = I(xv) + f(xu + uv + xuv) (3) Trong (3) Iffy x = I thl diroc: f(uv) + f(u + v + uv) = f(v) + feu + 2uv)

¢:> f(uv) + f(u) + f(v) + f(uv) = f(v) + feu + 2uv)

¢:> feu) + 2f(uv) = feu + 2uv) (4)

Trong (4) lay u = 0 thl diroc: f(O) = 3f(0) ~ f(O) = 0 (5)

Trong (4) lay v = - 1 ,thl diroc: f(- u) = feu) + 2f( - u) ~ f( - u) = - feu) (6)

Trong (4) lay v = - _!_ thl diroc: f(O) = feu) + 2f( - ~)

2' 2

Sir dung (5) v~1(6) taco: f(u) = 2f(i) hay f(2u) = 2f(u) (7)

Tir (7) va (4) ta co: feu + 2uv) = feu) + f(2uv),

trong nay lai lay: 2v = t thi co: feu + ut) = feu) + f(ut) (8)

Nhir vay ta thu duoc d6ng nhfit thirc: f(x + y) = f(x) + fey)

VI the, khi x = 0 thl d6ng nhat thirc nay tra thanh (5),

rna voi x"* 0 thl ta co tll' dong nhat thirc (8)

f(x + y) = f(x + x.I) = f(x) + f(xI) = f(x) + fey)

x x

* Vi du 4: Cho ham s6 f co tinh chat:

(i) V x , Y E R ; 341 f(x + y) = f(x)f(a - y) + f(y)f(a - x),

.. f 0 I

(11) ( ) = -.

2

Clnrng minh rang f la ham s6 hang.

21

Giai:

I Cho x = Y = 0 thl: f(O) = f(O).f(a) + f(O)f(a) ~ f(a) = - .

2

Cho Y = 0 thl: f(x) = f(x)f(a) + f(O)f(a - x) ~ f(x) = f(a - x), (l )

va: f(x + y) = 2f(x)f(y) (2)

LAy y = a thl f(x + a) = f(x);

lay x = - x trong (I) thl duoc : f(x) = f(a + x) = f(x) Lay y = - y trong h~ thirc de bai thl :

f(x - y) = f(x)f(a + y) + f( - y)f(a - x) = 2f(x) fey)

~ f(x + y) = f(x - y) voi moi x, y .

Sau cung, lay x = y = ~ thl thu diroc k~t qua: f(x) = f(O) = ~ * Vi d u 5:

Cho A = 11 , 2 , ,m + n I , trong d6 m va n la cac s6 nguyen dirong va

cho ham 86 f: A 7 A diroc xac dinh boi cac phirong trlnh: f(i) = i + 1 ,

voi : i = I, 2 ,. . . , m - I, m + 1 , . . . , m + n - 1

f(m) = 1 va f(m + n) = m + 1.

a. Chung minh rang neu m va n Ie thl ttSn tai mot ham ~6 g: A 7 A , sao cho: g( gta) = f(a) vci moi a EA.

b. Chirng minh rang neu m chan, thl m = n neu va chi neu ttSn tai mot ham s6 g: A 7 A sao cho: g(g(a» = f(a) vci moi a EA.

Giai:

a. Cho m = 2p + I , n = 2q + I va

g(i) = P + i + Ivai i = 1 , 2 , . .. , p;

g( i) = q + i + Ivai i = m + 1 , m + 2 , ... , m + q g(2p + 1) = P + I ; g(p + 1) = 1;

gem + 2q + I) = m + q + 1; gem + q + 1) = m + 1. D~ dang kiem tra duoc g( g(a» = f(a) vai rnoi a EA.

b. Cho m = n va: g(i) = m + ivai i = I, 2 , ... , m;

gem + i) = i + Ivai i = 1 , 2, ... , m - g(2m) = 1 .

Dao lai cho: M = {I, 2, ... , m }.

Suy ra theo dinh nghia cua f rang cac phan ttr cira M va.n thuoc M qua lien tiep nhieu f. Han nira, anh lay h~t M. Dieu tirong nr cling dung voi tap hop A \ M . Cac ham s6 f la song anh trong A va neu ttSn tai g thoa dieu kien, thl g cling la song anh.

Ta se chirng minh rang: geM) n M = 0.

22

Suy ra itt menh de dao rang ton tai mot i E M sao cho g(i) EM. Xet day i, g(i) , g2(i) , . . . va day con i, fO), f(i) , ...

D~ thay rang: g(M) = M.

Ta suy ra rang ton tai mot hoan vi ai' a2 , • •• , am cac phan tiI cua M sao cho: g(al) = a, + 1 voi i = 1,2, ... , m - 1; g(am) = al va f(a2i _ I) = a2i + , voi i = 1 , 2 , .. , s - 1; f(as _ I) = al , trong do: m = 2s.

Dieu nay trai voi tfnh chat cua f da neu tren.

V ~y: g(M) n M = 0.

Tirong ur: g(A \ M) = A \ M, neu: gO) E A \ M vci i E A \ M . Sau cung ta hay de y ding khi bat dau tir mot phan tiI cua M va lay anh qua g thl vao A \ M nhirng khi lay anh qua g hin thii hai thl tro lai M. Dieu nrong tt.! cling: dung voi t~p hop A \ M . Tir do va VI g song anh suy fa rang M va A \ M co cung s6 phan tiI, nghia la n = m.

* Vi du 6: TIm tat eel cac ham s6 f: R ~ R thoa: f(xy)(f(x) - fty) = (x - y)f(x)f(y) voi moi x, y .

Ghii:

Ta mu6n tim Hit cii cac ham s6 lay gia tri thuc va mien xac dinh thirc thoa :

f(xy)(f(x) - f(y» = (x - y)f(x)f(y) (1) voi moi x, y thuc.

Thay y = 1 vao (1) cho ta: f(x) 2 = xf(x)f( 1 ). (2)

Neu f(1) = 0 , thl f(x) = 0 voi moi x.

Dieu nay thoa (1), cho ta do la mot nghiem,

Gia dinh, sau do, rang f(l) = C * 0 .

Phuong trlnh (2) suy fa ding f(O) = O.

Bay gia goi G la mot tap hop cac diem x sao cho: f(x) * 0 . Theo (2): f(x) = xf( 1) voi moi x E G .

Nhu the' (1) co the chi diroc thoa boi cac ham s6 nghiem dung:

{ex neu x E G

f(x) = (3)

o neu x ~ G

Ta phai xac dinh cau tnic cua G sao cho ham s6 dinh boi (3) thoa (1) voi moi s6 thuc x, y . D~ dang kiem chirng rang neu x * y va cii x va ydeu la cac phdn tiI cua G ,thl ham s6 dinh boi (3) thoa (1) neu va chi neu xy E G. Neu ca x va y khong phai la phan tiI cua G thl (1) diroc thoa, Do tfnh d6i xirng, tnrong hop duy

nhat khac ta can phai xet den Ia; x E G , y ~ G .

Trong tnrong hop nay, (1) ddn de'n rang: f(xy) f(x) = 0, chfnh dieu nay lai suy ra rang: f(xy) = 0 .

Nhu the', neu: x E G , Y ~ G, thl xy ~ G . (4)

Dieu nay cho ta cac d~c tnrng ciia G la:

23

a. Neu x E G ,thl l/x E G . Di~u nay dung, vi neu trai lai, (4) se cho ta 1 Ii!: G, day la di~u khong the xay ra (nhdc lai rang ta da gia dinh f( 1) ¢ 0, nen 1 E G ). b. Neu x, y E G, thl xy E G . Do (a) a tren, l/x E G , nen neu xy Ii!: G , thl ttr (4) ta duoc y = (xy)(l/x) Ii!: G , vO IY.

c. Neu x , y E G ,thl x/y E G . Dieu nay duoc suy ttr (a) va (b) mot each d~ dang. Nhir vay: G la m¢t tap hop chua 1, khong chua 0, va khep kin d6i vm phep nhan va chiao De dang kiem chirng ding moi tap hop nhir the se thoa (a) b tren.

(vl: 1 E G) va (4): Neu G khep kfn duoi phep nhan va phep chia va x E G, Y Ii!: G , the thl: xy Ii!: G, VI neu nguoc lai ta co: y - (xy)/x Ii!: G , vO Iy .

Do do, tfnh khep kfn duoi phep nhan va phep chia du d~c tnmg hoan toan G , va ta co the co lai giai d~y du cua bai toan :

{Cx neu x E G f(x) =

o neu x Ii!: G

Trong do: C la mot s6 thirc c6 dinh bat ky, va G la mot tap hop con eua R khep kfn duoi phep nhan va phep chia (nghia la nhom con cac s6 thirc khac zero dum phep nhan). Liru y rang C = 0 la nghiern "tam thuong" da rut ra ducc ttr tren.

... ... ...

BAI T!P TVLUY~N

1. Cho ham s6 f(x) xac dinh tren R thoa man:

Vx, y E R f(xy) = f(x)f(y) + f(x) + fey) - f(x + y).

Chung minh rang f(x) = 0 hoac f(x) = x.

2. Cho ham s6 f xac dinh voi moi x E Q va thoa: (i) V x , Y E Q f(x + y) = f(x) + fey) + xy ,

(ii) f(2000) = 200100. Tfnh: f(1998)

1999

3. Hay tim ham s6 f, biet: f(xy) + f(x - y) + f(x + y + 1) = xy + 2x + 1

4. Cho ham s6 f: (0 , + 00) ~ (0 , + 00) .

Chtrng minh rang hai menh de sau nrong dirong:

(i) V x ,y > 0 f(xf(y» = yf(x) ,

(ii) {Vx, s> 0 f(xy) = f(x)f(y)

Vx > 0 f(f(x» = x

5. Tim tat ea cac ham s6 f(x) co tfnh chat: Vx, yE R xf(y) - yf(x) = (x - y)f(x)f(y).

*

* *

f(x)lien tuc tren [a.b] va f(x) '" 0 VXE(a,b] tht f(x»O hoac f(x)<O vx eja.b].

f(x) lien tl;lc va don anh tren (a,b] thl f(x) don di¢u tren [a,b] .

§6. PHUONG PHAp HAM LIEN T\JC

* Ham s6 f(x) lien tuc tai Xo <=:> lim rex) = f(xo)

x_'" Xo

<=:> moi day (r.,') c6 gioi han x., thl day nrong irng (f(r,) c6 gioi han f( xo)

f( lim I'n) = lim f(r") .vci lim fn = Xu .

n_OO n~~ "~m

* Vi du 1:

11m ham s6 lien tuc f(x) thoa man: f(x2).f(x) = 1 voi moi: X E R

Giai:

Tir gia thiet, ta c6 : f'(x) '" 0 ,V X E R ; f(O) = ± 1 va f(l) = ± 1 .

Ta lai c6: f(x2)f(x) = I = f(x2)f( - x) ,Vx E R =:> f( - x) = f(x) ,Vx E R Do d6 ta chi can xet tren R + •

* Xet 0 s x < 1:

1 ~ 44·

f(x) = = ftx") = f(x ) = . .. = lim f(x") = f(O) = ± 1 .

f(x2) n-HI)

* Tirong t\! voi x ~ 1 :

f(x) = (~:) = f( x:) = . .. -

lim f(X ~) = f( 1) = ± 1

n~<I)

[ f(x) = I Vx Yf1y:

. f(x) = - 1 Vx

* Vi du 2:

Cho ex. E R , ex. '" ± 1 . 11m Hit ca ham 56 f(x) xac dinh va lien tuc tren R +

. . .

thoa man dieu kien: I(x") = f(x) voi moi x E R + •

24

Giai:

* Neu I a I < t thl theo gia thiet ta co:

a . an

f(x) = f(x ) = ... = f(x ), Vx E 3+ ; 'lin EN.

n

Suy ra: f(x) = lim f(x It) = f( I), Vx E R + .

* Neu I a I > t, ta cling thu diroc : ( I )n

f(x) = f(x IX) = ... = f(x (X ), Vx E R + ; 'lin EN.

( I i"

Suy ra: f(x) = lim f(x U ) = f(l) Vx E R +

n·~ 00

Vay: f(x) = c E R tuy y.

* Vi du S:

Tim cac ham s6 f(x) xac dinh va lien tuc tren R va thoa man dieu kien:

(i). f(x + y) + f(x - y) = 2 f(x)f(y) Vx, y E R,

(ii). f(O) = 1, :3 Xo E R : I f(x.) I < 1 .

Giai:

VI: f(O) = 1 va f(x) lien tuc tren R .

Nen : :3E > 0 sao cho f(x) > 0, Vx E ( - E, E) (1)

Khi do thea (1) vai no EN du Ian thl : f(~) > O .

. 2"u

D~ Y rang: f(~) < 1 ,'lin EN. 2"

That vay, neu: f(; ~) :2: 1 voi n nguyen dirong nao do, thl thea d~ bai ta co :

( ) z[r(;:)J- 1
f Xo :2: 1 ,
l~ =
(2~~ 2 ) = 2[ (2~O,) r- :2: 1 ,
f(xo) = 2[r( X; ) J - 1 :2: 1 " trai vai gia thiet: I f(xlI) I < 1.

25

(4)

V~yt6nt<;lixl~O sao cho. u c ftx.j c I va f(x»O,\fXE(-lxll,lxll)

(chi can chon x, = Xu ). Dat : J(x.) = cosn , 0 < a < 1t

. 2"" . 2

Tir giii thict suy fa: f(2xJ = 2[f(x,)f - I = 2cos2a. - 1 = cos2a. Giii dinh: f(kx,) = cosko , \fk = 1,2, ... , n E N+ .

Khi do: f«n + 1 jx.) = ftnx, + XI) = 2 f(nx.) f(xl) - f(n - 1)xl)

::: 2cosna cosa - cos(n - l )« = cos(n + 1)a.

Ttr do suy ra: f(mx,) = cosma, \fm E N+ .

Mat khac, d6i vai tro cua x va y trong h¢ thuc de bai, ta c6: f(x - y) = fey - x) , \f x , Y E R.

Do d6 f(x) la ham s6 chan rren R va nhtr vay: ftrnx.) = cosmn , Vme Z (2) X

Cho x e y = _I ,

2

1 + f(x.) 1 + cos«

=

2 2

,a = cos- - .

2

Do vay: r( i) = cos ~ .

Gia dinh: f(~kl) = eos~- ,\fk = 1 ,2, ... , n E N* .

. 2' 2~

Khi d6 cho: x = y = ~k I I ' va ta thu diroc:

2 + •

[f(~)]2 = _!_ + f(~) = I + cosf =

2" + I 2 2" 2

Nhu the': f(~) = cos ~ , Vn E N

2" 2"

(2) va (3) eho: f(mxl)= cos rna , Vn E N+ , vrn E Z

2" 2"

VI f(x) va eosx la cac ham s61ien tuc tren R

(3)

a

Nen: (4) <=> f(x,t) = eosa.t <=> f(x) = cosax, voi a = -, \fx

XI

Thir lai ta thay f(x) = cosax (a :¢:. 0) thoa man cac dieu kien da neu cua bai toano V~y: f(x) = cosax, a E R \ 10} .

26

* Vi du 4: Tim tat ca ham s6 f(x) xac dinh trong tap hop cac s6 thuc va sao cho: f(x) = f(X 2 + !) , vai moi s6 thirc x.

4 .,

Giai :

Cho f(x) la mot ham s6 thoa man di~u kien cua bai toano Hien nhien ham s6 chan. Cho: Xo ~ O. C6 hai tnrong hop:

(I). 0 S Xu s ! . Xet day: (1) X 0 ' X I ' 2

f(x) la mot

, xn ' ...

dinh boi cac dAng thirc:

2 1

XII + 1 = Xn + -

4

D~ thay bang qui nap rang 0 S x n S ~ vai moi n.

2 1 _ !)2

Hem nifa: x, + I - X n = X n - X n + - = (x n ~ 0,

4 2

dan den fling (1) la mot day tang don dieu,

VI n6 bi chan, nen la mot day h¢i tu.

Goi: lim x n = a. The thl a 2 - a + ! = 0 , cho a = 1

• n~<Xl 4 2

Mat khac, VI f(x) la mot ham so lien tuc, lim f(x n ) = f( _?l ) .

n~<Xl -

Nhung : f(xn + I) = f(x ~ + ±) = f(x n) vci moi n. Vay f(x 0) = f(x I) = ... di~u d6 c6 nghia la f(x 0)

= f( ~) voi moi Xo E [0, ~] .

(II).

x 0 > !. Xet day sau : (2) 2

xo,x" ... ,xn,···

dinh boi: xn+ I = ~Xn - ± .

Nhu tnrong hop tren, ta chirng to rang (2) la day hoi tl;l

va: lim x n = ! Lai nita: lim f(x n) = f(!)

n~<Xl 2 . n~<Xl· 2

27

I Hay: f( -) =

7 l-~+r(i)

Voi moi n ta co:

I

f( x 0) = f( - ) . 2

VI the ft x) lu mot ham hang trong khoang [0, + 00 ), vii vi no Iii ham chan, nen no cling la ham hang vai moi x.

Ngiroc lai, moi ham hang thoa dieu kien cua bai toan.

* Vi du 5:

Cho a la s6 thirc rna 0 < a < 1 va ham s6 f lien tuc tren [0 , 1] thoa I(O) = 0,

f( 1) = 1 va f( x ; y) = (1 - a)f(x) + af(y) , vai moi x, y E [0 , 11 va x ~ y .

Hay xac dinh f("!_).

7

Gild:

Tnroc het d~ y rang chi co mot f thoa man dieu kien de bai,

Th ,. , . ? f d i di h . 0 1 1 1 3

at vay, cac gla tn cua lIac co m tal • , - , - , - •

. . . ... 2 4 4

nghia la tai moi ~- . Vi f lien tuc, nen no phai la duy nhat tren ca [0, 1 J .

. . 2"

Cling the f(x) = f(y) chi vci x = y vi neu f(x) = fey) voi x < y se dAn den fez) = f(x) voi moi z E [x; y] va r6t cue Iii voi moi Z E [0, 1] .

f(~ +~) - fG) f( l) - r(~)

GQi: g(x) =

== Af(Bx + C) + D.

Ta thay rang g(O) = 0, g( 1) = 1 va :

g ( x ; y) = Af( B x ; y + c) + D = Af( Bx ; C + By ; C J + D

= (1 - a)Af(Bx + C) + (1 - a)D + aAf(By + C) + aD = (1 - a)g(x) + ag(y). Dieu do co nghia Iii g = f .

1. .1 2', ~ • 1 aJ

De y rang: f( -) = a, f( -) = a , f( - ) = a' . Nen: f( -7) =

2 4 8 , - a2 + a3

28

* Vi du ti:

Cho f la ham s6 tir R vao R sao cho: f(l) = 1, f(a + b) = f(a) + feb) voi moi a, b 1

va: f(x)f( x ) = 1 voi moi x;t; O. Chtrng minh rang: f(x) = x, '\Ix E R.

Giai:

D~ thay rang f(O) = 0 va f( - x) = - f(x) voi moi x .

Bang qui nap theo n co f'(nx) = nf(x) voi moi n nguyen dtrong va moi x. Nen fen) = nf( 1) = n voi 1119i nguyen.

~( 1 ) , 1 1 ,., '0

~ I' - = - = - Veil 11191 n nguyen « .

n fen) n

Tir do fm) m , .. "h- ,.m

ir 0: (- = - VC1l m91 so iru tl - ,

n n n

R5 rang: f(x);t; 0 neu x;t; O. Nen: f(a) = feb) cho f(a - b) = 0, nen a = b ,

Do do neu: a2;t;a thi: 1 1 f(1 + 1 )

f'(a) - f'(a 2) = f(a(1 -- a») . = ;- 1 - a

1 1 1

= -- + =

f'(a) - f(a) f(a) - (f(a)f

V~y f(a2) = f(a)2 voi moi a E R .

Neu a < b thi b - a = x2 voi x E R .

Do do feb) - f'(a) = f(x2) = f(x)2::;> f(a) < f(b) .

Sau cung, voi x E R thi ton tai cac day (an) , (bn) cac s6 hiru ty sao cho x la so duy nhat thoa an < x < bn voi moi n nguyen dirong.

Vay la: '\In E N* an = f(an) < f(x) < f(bn) = b, ~ f(x) = x '\Ix E R .

* Vi du 7:

Tim ham so lien tuc f: R ~ R thoa: '\Ix, y E R f(xy) = f(x)f(y)

Giai:

o Neu f Ia ham hang thi f(x) = 0 hay f(x) = 1 .

Cl Neu f khong phai lit ham hang.

f(x) = f(x).f( 1) '\Ix ~ f( 1) = I ; f(O) .:: f(x). f(O) '\Ix ~ f(O) = 0; f(l) = (f( - 1»2 = I .

• Tnrong hop 1 : f( - 1) = 1 ~ f( - x) = f(x) , '\Ix . Ta co, voi: x > 0 ,nell f(x) < 0 , f( 1) > 0, do f lien tuc, nen co: E;t; 0 , E E (x , I) ~ f(s) = 0 .

29

l'

Tir do: f(l) = f(E).f(!) = 0: vo 19. Do do: f(x) > 0 vai moi x > 0 E

~ f(x) > 0 v6i moi x ;# 0 .

Do f khong hang, nen co: t >0 , f(t) ;# 1 , f(t) > O. f(tn) = (f(t»n , \in EN.

R6i: f(tP) = (I(t q »q = (f(t»p ~ f(t q) = (f(t» q • Nhtr the: \is E Q, f(ts) = (f(t»s.

Bay gio; voi m > 0 , the thl t6n tai mot day cac s6 hiiu ty (sn)

Ma: lim sn = log.m .

n~oo

Ta eo: f(m) = lim f(t sn) = lim (f(t» Sn = (F(t) log, m = m log, f(t) = mU .

n~oo Il~OO

XU neu x> 0;

Do do: f(x) = 0 neu x = 0 ;

Ixlu neu x < 0

Thti lai, ta thay ham s6 tren thoa dieu kien de bai.

• Tnrong hop 2: f( - I) = - 1 ~ f( - x) = - f(x), \ix;# 0 .

XU neu x > 0;

Chimg minh nhir tren ta eo: f(x) = 0 neu x = 0 ;

-Ixlu neu x < 0

v ay nghiem cua bai toan la:

.:. f(x) = 0 hay f(x) = 1 \ix;

.:. f(x) = I x I U \ix ;# 0 va f(O) =0 ;

.:. f(x) = (sgnx). I x I ex \ix ;# 0 va f(O) = 0 .

* Vi dl,l8:

Tim Hit ea cac ham s6 thoa man d6ng thai cac dieu kien:

a. f(x) xac dinh va lien tuc tren R .

b. V6i m8i b¢ s6 g6m: 2n + 1 gia tri XI' x2 , ••• , x2n+ I rna: XI < x2 < ... < x2n+ I thl ta luon co:

1 .

f(x21l+J) ~ 2n (f(xl) + f(x2) + ... + f(xll) + f(xll+2) + f(xn+3) + ... + f(x2n+ I»;

c. f(x) > 0 v6i moi x E Z va f(2002) = log2oo32002.

30

31

Glal:

Cho u < via hai s6 thirc bat ky, xet b¢ cac s6: u = XI < X2 < ... < x211+ I = V. Cho Xn ,. u va XII + I ,. V .vl f Ia ham so lien tuc nen chuyen qua gioi han,

ta co: f(v) ~ ! (f(u) + frv) => f(v) ~ f(u).

2

Nhung, neu cho: XII + I ,. V va XII + 2 ,. v

thl duoc: f(u) ~ ~ (f(u) + f(v» => f(u) ~ f(v).

Nhu the' f(u) = f(v) => f(x) la ham hang. Do dieu kien (c), thl f(x) = log2oo32002 .

* * *

BAI T~P TV LUYtN

1. TIm ham so lien tuc f(x) thoa man: I f(x) - f(y) I ~ (x - y)2 vai moi x, yeR .

2. TIm ham so lien tuc f(x) thoa man: f(x2) + f(x) = x2 + X voi moi X e R . 3. Cho ham s6 I(x) xac dinh voi moi s6 tlurc X va thoa man dieu kien:

f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) vai moi x, y, va ngoai ra bier rang t6n tai mot s6 M sao cho: f(x) ~ M khi 0 ~ X ~ 1 . Chimg minh rang: f(x) = Cx , voi C la hAng s6. 4. TIm tat ca ham s6 f(x) xac dinh va lien tuc tren R thoa man dieu kien:

f(x)f(!) = 1 vai moi X E R \ 101 .

X

S. TIm cac ham s6 f(x) xac dinh va lien tuc tren R va thoa man di~u kien:

a) f(x + y) + f(x - y) = 2f(x)f(y) , Vx, y e R ;

b) f(O) = 1, 3xo e R: f(x.) > 1 .

6. TIm cac ham s6 f(x) xac dinh va lien tuc tren R va thoa man dieu kien :

~( ) f(x) + f(y) \-I R

l' X + Y = - v X, y e .

. 1 + f(x)f(y)

7. TIm cac cap ham s6 f(x) va g(x) xac dinh va lien tuc tren R va thoa man cac dieu kien, V x, y e R

a) f(x = y) = f(x)g(y) + f(y)g(x),

b) g(x + y) = g(x)g(y) - f(x)f(y) .

8. Co t6n tai chang ham s6 lien tuc f: R --+' R thoa cac dieu kien:

a) f(1995) < f(1996);

b) ftf'(x) = 1995 -x, Vx e R.

* *

* Tat nhien a day khong xet den phirong trinh vi phan.

Cac bai toan a day mang tinh sa cap han.

§7. PHUONG PHAp a~o HAM

*Vidl;ll:

lim ham s6 f(x) kha vi thoa man voi moi x :I: 0 3x~f'(x) + xlf"(x) = -1; f(1) = 1; f(-2) =-1

Glat:

Ve trai chfnh Hi: I xY'(x)], ; cho nen, tir gia thiet:

-1 C,

r x'f '(x)]' = - 1 ~ x'f '(x) = - x + C1 ~ f(x) = -, + -3 x x

Cho x =

{ C, - S = 0

1 ; x = - 1, thl diroc: 2

_ S 1

C2 =

8 2

-4 -2 1 2 2

= - va C, = -. Nhll' vay: f(x) = - + -~ - - .

3 - 3 x 3x" 3

* Vi du 2: lim tat ca cac ham s6 kha vi f: R ~ R thoa man dong nhat thirc

f(x + y) _ f'(x) + fey) R

--- _ , x, Y E ,X:l: y.

,22

Glat:

Lan 11l'Q't l~y dao ham hai ve cua bieu thirc da cho theo x va y ta co:

~ f'( x ; y) = f'~x) ~x E R

~f'(x; y) = f'~) ~y E R

Suy ra: f '(x) = f '(y) ~x, Y E R => f '(x) = C (hang s6) . Nhir vay: f(x) = ax + b.

32

* Vi du 3: Tim ham so f: R ~ R xac dinh va kha dao thoa man dieu kien: f(x + y) = f(x)f(y) Vx, y E R

Ghii:

De y rang f(x) = 0 la mot nghiem cua phuong trinh da cho.

Ta xet tnrong hop f(x) ;¢; O. Khi do t6n tai Xo E R de f(xo) ;¢; 0 Theo gia thiet : f(xu) = f(x + (x, - xj) = f(x)f(xo - x) ;¢; 0 , Vx E R . Suy ra: f(x);¢; 0 , Vx E R

M~t khac, tir gia thiet ta co: f(x) = (f( % »2 ~ 0 , Vx E R . Lan luot lay dao ham hai ve' cua he thirc dt bai thi diroc:

f'(x + y) = f'(x)f(y), Vx, y E R.

f'(x + y) = f(x)f'(y), Vx, y E R.

Tir do suy ra: f'(x) = f'(y) ,Vx, y E R <=> Onf(x»' = a <=> f(x) = e" + b •

f(x) fey)

Vay: f(x) = 0 hay f(x) = e·X+ b •

* Vi du 4: Ham so f(x) xac dinh va kha vi tren R va thoa man: Vx, y E R (x - y)f(x + y) - (x + y)f(x - y) = 4xy(x2 _ y2).

Hay xac dinh ham so ay.

Giii:

f(x - y)

= 4xy

T' d~ bai \-I f'(x + y)

ir e at suy ra , v x ;¢; y : -

x+y x-y

D~t g(x) = f(x) .fhl : (1) <=> g(x + y) - g(x - y) = 4xy.

x

Sau do, d~t: x = a + !: ,y =!: , thl (2) tra thanh:

2 2

g(a + h) _ g(a) = 4(a + !:)!: ~ g(a + h) - g(a) = 2a + h .

2 2 h

Cho h ~ 0 , thl duoc g'(a) = 2a.

Nhu the': g(x) = x2 + C ,v6i C la hang so. V~y: f(x) = x3 + Cx .

(1)

(2)

Vi du 5:

Tim cac ham so f(x) ~ 0 xac dinh va kha vi tren R + va thoa man dieu kien:

{ f ; y" J ~ [f(X)]'; [f(y)]' 'Ix, y E R .

33

,( ~J' ny. n-I -

va : f ~2--_:_-- ------ -

2 4J'-" IX" 2 f2(X)1 f2ill

S f(x)f'(x) f(x)f'(y)

uy ra : 1 = n _ 1 Vx, Y > 0 .

xn- y

f(y)f'(y)

Giii:

Dao ham hai v! ding thirc dii cho thea x , r6i thea y :

f( r;;; +2 yn J 4{iz = f(x)f'(x)

~- 2 f2(X~_~!2(y)

2

f(x)f'(x) 2 r=:

Tu do: = C (hang s6) ~ f(x) = -"ax n. Thir lai, nghiem dung.

xn-I n

... ... ...

BAI T~P TVLUY~N

1. TIm ham s6 f(x) kha vi thoa man:

I - 2x

(i) f(x)f '(x) = voi moi x.

f(x)

(ii) f(O) = 1 .

2. TIm tAt ca cac ham s6 kha vi v() han Ian f: R ~ R thoa man dong nhat thirc:

f(x + y) = f(x) + fey) + 2xy vci x, y e R.

3. Tim tAt cit cac ham s6 kha vi f: R ~ R thoa man dong nhat thuc:

fl(X + y) = !(y) - f(x) R

x, y e ,x:/:. y.

2 y - x

4. Tim cac ham s6 f(x) xac dinh va kha vi tren R va thoa man dieu kien: f(xy) = f(x) + fey) Vx, y e R.

5. Tim cac ham s6 f(x) xac dinh va kha vi tren R + va thoa man dieu kien:

f(FxY) = .jf(x)f(y) Vx, y e R .

... •• •

34

§s. PHUONG PHAp QUY VE HAM co BAN

Neu bier diroc mot so ham co ban, thl khi co the dan bai toan v~ mot "t1nh huong dan gian han nhieu, chang han:

* Ham lien tuc thoa f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) la ham s6 co dang: f(x) = ex" (xem §4 VI du 3)

* Ham lien tuc thoa f(x + y) = f(x) " fey) la ham so co dang f(x) = a". (xem §7 VI du 3)

* Ham lien tuc thoa f(xy) = f(x) + fey) la ham s6 co dang: f(x) = log,x , (xem § 4 vi du 4)

* Ham lien tuc thoa f(xy) = f(x)f(y) la ham s6 co dang f(x) = xu" (xem § x vi du y)

* Vi du I: Xac dinh ham so f(x) lien tuc tren R thoa man dieu kien: (i) f(x - y) = f(x) \::Ix, Y E" R

fey)

(ii) f(x) oF 0 \::I x E R "

Giai:

D~t x - Y = z thl x = z + y va he thirc de bai

~ fez) = f(z + y) \::Iz, y E R "

fey)

Tu do: {fez + y) = f(z)f(y) \::Ix, y, z E R "

f(x) oF 0

Theo ket qua bai toan §7" 3 ta co, VI f(x) oF 0, f(x) = a' , a > 0" .

* Vi d u 2: Xac dinh ham so f(x) lien tuc tren R + thoa man dieu kien: r( ~) = f(x) - f(y) v»; y E R' .

Glal;

x

Oat: - = t ~ x = ty va h¢ thtrc d~ bai tr6 thanh: " y

I(t) = f(ty) - f(y) ~ f(ty) = f(t) + fey) ; \::Ix, y E R " Theo §4.4 thi ta diroc f(x) = blnx, \::IxE R + , \::I be R"

35

* Vi du 5: Cho ham s6 f: R -~ R. va s6 thuc a > 0 ,a '* 1 . Chung minh ding cac menh de sau tirong dirong:

(i) '\I x E R, f(x) = f(ax);

{ g({loga x}) neu x > 0

(ii) f(x) = m neu x = 0

h({loga ( - x)}) neu x < 0

trong do m la hang s6 va g, h : [0, I) -~ R la ham s6 bat ky .

Giai:

0) => (ii): Tnroc het d~ Y rang, neu f(O) = m bat ky, deu thoa man, Bay gio, llr gia thiet, ta co:

feat) = feat + I) va f( - at) = f( - a I + I) , '\It E R .

Sau do, '\Ix '* 0 , t6n tai t d~ x = ± at ,N~n '\It E R feat) = f(at+ I) ; f( - at) = f( _ at+ I),

{ pflog , x) neu x > 0

GQi p(x) = f(a") ; qtx) = f( - a"), thl: f(x) = ,.

qilog, ( - x) neu x <0

D~ Y rang p, q : R ~ R la cac ham s6 tuan hoan co chu ky 1 .

Nen t6n tai g, h : ('0', I) -4 R sao cho:

'\Ix E R, p(x) = g( {x I) ; q(x) = h( {x I) .

{ g({loga x}) neu 'x > 0

Vay: f(x) = m neu x = 0

h({loga ( - x)}) neu x < 0

(ii) => (i) : Hi~n nhien co f(x) = f(ax).

* Vi du 6: Tim ham s6 f: R -~ R, thoa man dieu kien: '\Ix E R ,f(x) = 2f(2x) + 1 .

Giai:

Tir gia thiet, ta co, '\Ix E R, f(x) + 1 = 2[f(2x) + 1] V6i x = 0 thl f(O) = - 1 ,

IIoS21xII IIog212xli

V6ix,*0: 2 (f'(x) + 1) = 2 , (f(2x) + 1).

IIog21xli .

D~t: g(x) = 2 (f(x) + 1) .voi x '* 0 .

Thl co hai ham s6 h, k: [0 ,1}~ R d~:

37

Giii:

{ h({log2 X}) neu x > 0 g(x) = k({10g2 ( - x)}) neu x < 0 .

- [log2Ixl] ({ })

2 h log 2 x-I neu X > 0

V~y : f(x) = - 1 neu X = 0 - [log21x!]

2 . k({Iog2( - x)}) - 1 neu x < 0

* Vi du 7: lim ham s6 f: R -~ R, thoa man dieu kien: 'r;fx E R , f(3x) = - f(x) .

Neu: x = 0 :::::> f(O) = O.

IIog313xli lIog31xli

Neu: x:;t 0, ta c6: (- 1) f(3x) = ( - 1)

(log3lxll

Nen, dat g(x) = (- 1) f(x) .

Thl: 'r;fx:;tO, g(3x) = gtx) .

1 (_I)lloS3Ixll h({log3 x}) neu x> 0

Do d6: f(x) = 0 neu x = °

(_1)llos3IXII k({Iog3 I x I}) neu x> 0

Trong d6: h, k: [0, 1) ~ R bat kyo

... Vi du 8: Cho ham s6 f: R -~ R va s6 thirc a > 0, a:;t 1. Chirng minh rang cac rnenh d6 sau tirong dirong:

(i). x E R, f(x) = f( - ax) ;

(ii). f(x) =

f(a2x) neu x > 0 . f( - a 2x) neu x < ° '

gm10g.X}) neu x> 0

(iii). f(x) = m neu x = 0

gW + i log.lxl}) n€~ x< 0

trong d6 g: (0, 1) ~ R Ia ham s6 va m la hang s6 bat kyo

38

39

Giai:

(i) => (ii): Hien nhien.

(ii) => (iii) : 'Vx E R , f«a2/) = f(a2.( a2)x) = f«a2)x + 1).

D~t: g(x) = f(a2x) ¢:> f(x) = g(log 2 X) = g(! log.x),

a 2

The thl: Vai x> 0: f(x) = f(a2x) => g(x + l) = g(x). Do do co ham s6 h : [0 , I) ~ R sao cho g(x) = h( { X })

=> f(x) = h( I ! log.x l}. V6i x < 0: f(x) = f( - ax)

2

=> f(x) = h({ i loga( - ax)}) = h( { i + k log, I x I ) . (iii) => (i): Hi~n nhien.

=II Vi du 9: TIm ham s6 f: R -~ R, thoa man dieu kien: 'Vx E R, f(2 - 3x) = f(x).

Giai:

GQi: f(x + a) = f(2 - 3(x + a» = f( - 3x + a + 2 - 4a)

=> 2 - 4a = 0 => a = ! . Tht'!' thl: 'Vx E R, f(x + !) = f( - 3x + ! ) .

2 2 2

1 1

D~t: g(x) = f(x + 2") ¢:> f(x) = g(x - 2" ) ,

va ta dU'<;1C: 'Vx E R g(x) = g( - 3x) .

Do do co ham s6 h: [0, 1) ~ R va hang s6 m sao cho:

hm log , x}) neu x> 0;

g(x) = m neu x = 0

h(H + ~log3 Ix I}) neu x <0

V~y: f(x) =

*

* *

BAI T ~P TV LUY~N

1. lim ham s6 f(x) xac dinh va lien tl,lc tren R + thoa man dieu kien:

f(,rxy) = J[f(Xll' ;[f(Yll' 'Ix, Y E R' ,

2. Xac dinh tat ca. cac ham s6 f: R \ { - 11-+ R thoa man dieu kien: 4x - ')

f( ---- ) = 2f(x) , '<:Ix "# - 1 . x + 1

3. TIm ham s6 f(x) xac dinh va lien tl,lc trong R \ { 0 1 thoa man dieu kien:

t ~ J

[f(x)Y + [f(y)y , v»; Y ; x + y"# o.

2

4. TIm ham s6 f(x) xac dinh va lien tuc tren R thoa man dieu kien: xf(y) + yf(x) = f(x).f(y)(x + y) , '<:Ix, y ; x + Y "# o.

5. Tim ham s6 f(x) xac dinh va lien tuc tren R thoa dieu kien:

{x ; y) = Jf(x)f(y) '<:Ix, y E R .

6. Tim ham s6 f(x) xac dinh va lien tuc trong R \ I 0 ) va thoa man dieu kien:

fl(-_-2 -1 = _.3___ ; 'si»; y; x + y "# o.

1 1 I l.

- +-- + ----

X x f(x) f(y)

7. Tim ham s6 f: R --+ R .thoa man dieu kien: '<:Ix E R, f(2 - 2x) = - f(x + 1) .

40

41

§9. HAM 56 CHAN • LE

* f(x) la ham s6 chan tren (a, b)

{-XE(a.b) <=> Vx E (a, b)

f( -x) = f(x)

* f(x) la ham s616 tren (a, b)

r = x e ta.b)

<=> Vx E (a, b) '1 '

Lf( -x) = - f(x)

* Vi du I: Cho cac ham s6 ftx), g(x) thoa man vai moi x, y

{f(X + y) = f(xj gty) + f(y)g(x) , g(x + y) = g(x)g(y) - f(x)f(y)

trong do f(x) la ham s6 16, f(O) = 0 va f(x) ::;: 0 vai x::;: 0 . Chung minh rang:

a. g(x) la mot ham chan va g(O) = 1.

b. f 2(X) + g2(X) = 1 ; f(3x) = 3f(x) - 4f \x) ;

g(3x) = 4g3(X) - 3g(x) voi moi x.

Glal:

a. V oi x ::;: 0 bat ky, lAy Y = 0 trong he thirc thu nhat f(x) = f(x + 0» = f(x)g(O) + f(O)g(x) = f(x)g(O) VI f(x) ::;: 0 nen ta co g(O) = 1 . M~t khac, vrn x ::;: 0 0= f(O) = f(x + (- xj) = f(x) g( - x) + f( - x)g(x)

= f(x)g( - x) - f(x)g(x) => g(x) = g( - x) nen g(x) la ham s6 chan.

b. Tir he thirc thir hai, ta co vai moi x

0= g(O) = g(x + ( - x) = g(x)g( - x) - f(x)f( - x) = g2(X) + f 2(X)

va : f(2x) = f(x + x) = 2f(x)g(x) g(2x) = g2(X) - f 2(X) .

Tir do suy ra dieu phai chirng minh .

* Vi du 2: Co chang mot ham s6 16 thoa man dieu kien:

f(x - 1) + 3f( 1 - x) = 1 - 2x', . voi: x::;: ± .!. ?

1 - 2x 2

Ta viet lai he thirc de bai : f(x) -; = f( _ x) + x

"- 2

(1)

Ghii:

D~ Y rang voi : x = I , ta dtroc: f(O) + 3f(O) Ma mot ham sole thl phai co f(O) = O.

1 -- 1 => f(O) =

4

* Vi du 3: Cho ham so f: R -+ R.

l.1111ng minh rang cac menh de sau nrong duong, (i) Vx E R, f(x) = f( - x) ;

(ii) 'Vx E R f(x) = g(x) + g( - x) , vci g : R -+ R la ham so ba:t ky,

( ... ) ~ R f( ) g(x) neu x ~ 0 ,. [0 ) R l' h' 'b . k'

1lI v X E X = " V(1J g: , + 00 -+ a am sO At y.

g( - x) neu x < 0

Ghii:

(i) => (ii) : f(x) = _!_ (f(x) + f( - x», g(x) = _!_ f(x) .

2 2

(ii) ~ (iii): Lay g(x) la cai thu hep cua f(x) tren (0, + 00) , g(x) neu x ~ 0

thl : f(x) =

g( - x) neu x < 0

(iii) => (i): Vx >- 0 : f( - x) = g( - ( - x) = g(x) = f(x); Vx < 0 : f(x) = g( - x) = f( - x) .

V~y Vx E R : f(x) = f(- x) .

* Vi du 4: Tim ham so f: R -+ R dinh boi: Vx E R, f(x) = x + f( - x).

Ghii:

G9i: g(x) = f(x)- ~ ~ f(x) = g(x) +~ . The thi (1) eho g(x) la ham so chan.

Do do theo VI du 3, g(x) co the viet thanh:

g(x) = hex) + h( - x), vrn hex) Hi ham so ba:t ky nao do.

V~y ham so phai tim la: f(x) = ~ +. h(x) + h( - x) , trong do hex) la ham so bat

ky (chang han f(x) = ~ + sinx) .

2

42

43

* Vi du 5: Cho ham s6 qi : R ~ R . Tim ham s6 f: R ~ R thoa: \fx E R, f(x) = <p(x) + f( - x) .

Giai:

Tir gia thiet ta co: f(x) - f( - x) = <p(x) , do la hiUTI sole. Do do: Neu <p khong phai la ham sole: vo nghiem.

Neu <p la ham so Ie : ta co <p(x) = i <p(x) - i <pc - x) . The thi tir gia thiet ta duoc, theo vf du 3 , Yx E R

1 1

f(x) - "2 <p(x) = f( - x) - "2 <pC - x)

fl.

<=> x) - - <p(x) = g(x) + g( - x) ,

2

V~y f(x) = i <p(x) + g(x) + g( - x) , trong do <p la ham so bat kyo

* Vi du 6:

Tim ham so f: R ~ R thoa: Vx E R, f(x) = f(2003 - x) .

Giai:

2003 2003

V oi x thirc bilt ky, ta co: f( -2- + x) = f( -2- - x) .

. 2003 2003

GQl g(x) = f( -2- + x) <=> f(x) = g(x - -2-) ,

thl g(x) la ham sole tren R va tir do \fx E R, g(x) = hex) + h( - x) .

S f() h( 2003) h( 2003 ) »» h I' h' 'b ' k'

uy ra: x = x - --. + - -- - x ,vat : R ~ R a am so ilt y.

2 2

'" Vi dl,l7:

Tim ham so f: R ~ R thoa: \fx E R, f(x) = f(2 - x) + x-I.

Glal:

Ta co, tir dieu kien de bai :

x x

f(x + 1) = f( - x + 1) + x <=> f(x + 1) - - = f( - x + 1) + - . ·22

GQi g(x) = f(x + 1) - % <=> f(x) = g(x - 1) + % + ~

Ta co, voi bat ky x E R , tir gia thi~t: f(x) - 1 G9i g(x) = I(x) - 1 <=> f(x) = g(x) + 1.

Thl ta co 'ix E R, g(x) = - g( - x) .

Nen thea VI du 8: g(x) = hex) - h( - x), 'ix E R .

V~y, voi h la ham s6 R ~ R bat ky f(x) = 1 + hex) - h( - x) .

If( - x) - 1] .

TIl~ thl, g la ham s616, nen thea VI du 3, g(x) = hex) + h( - x)

V~y,v6"i h: R-)Rlithams6batky, f(x) = h(x-l) + h(l-x) + ~ +!. 2 2

* Vi du 8: Cho ham so f: R ~ R .

Chung minh ding cac menh d~ sau nrong dirong: (i). \Ix E R f(x) = - f( - x) .

(ii). \lxE R f(x) = g(x) - g( - x) , v6"i g: R~ R f(x) = - f(- x) la ham so bat kyo I g( x) neu x ~ 0

(iii). 'ix E R f(x) = I ' vai g: [0, + <Xl) ~ R la ham s6 bat kyo

g( - x) neu x < 0

Giii:

Tirong tt! VI du 3.

* Vf dl;l9 :

TIm ham s6 f: R ~ R thoa: \Ix E R, f(x) = 2 - f( - x) .

Giii:

* Vi du If]: Voi ham s6 <p cho tnroc, hay tim ham s6 f: R ~ R thoa: \Ix E R, f(x) = <p(x) - f( - x) .

Giii:

Ttr dieu kien de bai, ta co vai moi x E R : <p(x) = f(x) - f( - x)

la ham s6 chan. Cho nen: Neu <p(x) khong phai la ham s6 chan: vO nghiem. Neu <p(x) la ham s6 chan, ta viet:

. 1 1

f(x) + f( - x) = <p(x) = "2 <p(x) + "2 <pc - x)

1 . 1

<=> f(x) - "2 <p(x) = - [f(x) - "2 <p(x)] .

1

Do do, thea VI du 8, trong do h:R ~ R bat ky: f(x) = "2 <p(x) + hex) - h( - x) .

44

lie Vi du l l: TIm ham s6 f: R ~ R thoa: '<:Ix E R, f(x) = a - feb - x).

Giai:

Tir he thirc d~ bai, ta co, '<:Ix E R,

b. b b a b a

f( - + x) = a - f( - x + -) <=> f(x + -) - - = - [f( - x + -) - -].

2 2 2 2 2 2

G· () f( bah' I' h' '.

01 g X = X + -) - - ,t 1 g a am s6 Ie.

. 2 2

Nen, thea VI du 8, ta co voi h: R ~ R la ham s6 blit ky: g(x) = hex) - h( - x) .

a b b

Suy ra: f(x) = - + hex - -) - h( - x + -) . 222

lie lie lie

HAl T~P TlJLUY¢N

1. Cho ham s6 f X:lC dinh tren 1=( - f • f) . voi f > O. Chimg minh rang ham s6 dinh tren I boi:

f(x) - f( - x) la ham s61e ;

f(x) + f( - x) la ham s6 chan.

2. Cho a E R. Hay X:lC dinh tat ca ham s6 f(x) sao cho: f(a - x) = f(x) ,'<:Ix E R.

3. Cho a, b E R . Hay X:lC dinh tlit ca ham s6 f(x) sao cho: f(a - x) + f(x) = b ,'<:Ix E R.

4. Tim ham s6 f: R -+ R dinh boi: f(x) = f( - x) + cosx.

5. Co t611 tai mot ham s6 f: R -+ R thoa voi moi s6 thirc x

f(x) = f( - x) + 2002 ?

6. TIm ham s6 f: R ~ R dinh boi : f(x) = 2f( - x) .

7. TIm ham s6 f : R ~ R dinh boi : f(x) = 2f(l - x) + 1 .

8. TIm ham s6 f: R ~ R dinh boi: f(x) = 2x - f( - x)

9. TIm ham s6 f : R ~ R dinh boi : f(x) = - f( 1 - x)

10. Cho cac ham s6 <p : R ~ R , \Jf: R ~ R va c Hi hang s6 thoa:

\Jf (x) \Jf (c - x) *- 1 , '<:Ix E R. TIm ham s6 f: R ~ R sao cho:

'<:Ix E R f(x) = <p(x) - \Jf(x) f(c - x) .

lie *

45

* Ham s6 ftx) xac dinh tren (a, b) diroc goi la ham tuan hoan, neu ton tai s6 t sao cho:

'\Ix E (a, b) f(x + t) = f(x)

S6 t > 0 be nhat thoa man di~u kien do diroc goi la chu ky ham s6.

§10. HAM 56 TUAN HoAN

* Vi d u 1: Tim ham s6 f(x) xac dinh tren R, biet rang:

f(x) + f(x + 1) = I va voi 0 ~ x < 1 th] f(x) = x.

Giai:

Thay x bci x + 1, ta co:

f(x+l) + f(x + 2) = 1 <=> f(x + 2) = 1 - f(x + 1) = f(x). Vay f(x) la ham s6 tuan hoan , ta chi can xet tren khoang [0,2)

Voi: 0 ~ x < I thl f(x) = x

nen: f(x + 1) = 1 -f(x) = I-x.

Dat: t = x + 1 ~ 1 ~ t < 2 ; ta co f(t) = 2 - t .

{X khi 0 s x < 1 Vay: f(x) =

2 - x khi 1 ~ .x < 2

* Vi d ... 2:

Ham s6 f(x) diroc xac dinh voi mQi gia tri thirc cua x lay gia tri thuc va thoa man

dieu kien: f(x + a) = ~ + ~f(x) - (!(x) trong do a la mot s6 duong khong phu thuoc vao x. Clurng minh ding f(x) la mot ham s6 tuan hoan. Tim vi du v~ ham f(x) vai cac tfnh chat da neu khi a = 1 ; va f(x) khong phai la ham hang.

Giai:

1 ( I" 2

a. '\IXE R ,vi f(x + a) > '2 cho nen: f(x + a) - '2) =

<=> (f(x + a»2 - f(x + a) = f(x) - (f(X»2 - .!_

. 4

f(x) - (f(X»2

The thl : f(x + 2a)=.!_ + ~f(x + a) - (f(x + a»2 2

46

47

1 ft ~ 1

= - + (f'(xj)" - f(x) + - =

2 4

~(f(X) - ~) = f(x).

b. Cac VI du:

f(x) = [~ ne U 2n s x < 2n + 1

1 neu 2n + 1 ~ x < 2n + 2

[ ~ + _!_ - n neu 2 n ~ x < 2 n + 1

(ii) f(x) = 2 2

I Ix x ,

2" + V 2" - n - (2" - n) ' neu 2 n + 1 s x < 2 n + 2

* Vi du 3: Chung minh rang ham s6 f(x) xac dinh tren R va thoa man:

'Vx E R f(x + 1) + f(x - 1) = .fi f(x) la ham s6 tuan hoan. Xac dinh ehu ky ciia n6.

Glai:

Ta e6 vai moi x:

f(x + 2) + f(x) = .fi f(x + 1) = .fi (.fi f(x) - f(x - 1» = 2f(x) - .fi f(x - 1)

=> f(x + 2) = f(x) - .fi f(x - I)

Suy ra vai moi x: f(x + 4) = f(x + 2) - .fi f(x + 1)

= f(x) - .fi [f(x - 1) + f(x + 1)] = - f(x) Tit d6, voi moi x: f(x + 8) = - f(x + 4) = f(x)

D~ y rAng, chang han, ham s6:. f(x) = sin 1t4X thoa man dieu kien d~ bai,

* Vi dl,l4:

Cho ham s6 f: R ~ R. Cho cac menh d~: (i). 'Vx E R f(x + I) = f(x);

(ii). 'Vx E R f(x) = g( {x}) ;

(iii). 'Vx E R f(x + a) = f(x);

(iv). 'Vx E R f(x) = g( ( ~});

a

Trong d6: a ¢ 0 la s6 thuc cho tnroc, g: to" I) ~ R la ham s6 bat ky. Chung minh rang :

a. (i) nrong dtrong vai (ii) ; b. (iii) nrong duong (iv).

Ghii:

G~ai:

a. (i) ~ (ii): Bang qui ni;lp, de dang suy tir dieu kien de bai, rang: '\Ix E R , vn E Z : f(x + n) = f(x).

Tir do, voi moi x thuc: f(x) = f( I x I + [xl) = f( I x I) . GQi g: [0 , I) ~ R Ul cai thu hep cua f vao [0, 1) .

Thi : '\Ix E R, f(x) = g( I x}). (ii) ~ (i) : Hi~n nhien.

b. Ta co, '\Ix E R f(x + a) = f(x) ¢:::> f(ax + a) = f(ax) . (*)

f)~t: g(x) = f(ax) ¢:::> f(x) = g( ~ ). The thl: (*) ¢:::> g(x) = g(x + 1) .

a

Ap dung ket quit cau a thl diroc dieu phai chimg minh.

* Vi du 5:

Tim ham s6 f: R ~ R dinh boi : '\Ix E R, f(x + 2) = 1 + f(x) .

Tir dieu kien d~ bai ta thu diroc, '\Ix E R

f(x + 2) - .!_ (x + 2) = f(x) - .!_ x . (*)

2 2

g(x) = f(x) - .!_ x . The thi, thea vi du 4, '\Ix E R

2 .

x

g(x + 2) = g(x) ¢:::> g(x) = h( { - }) .

2

1 x

V~y,v6i h:[O,I)~R la ham so bat ky, f(x) = -x + h({-}).

2 2

>I« Vi du ti:

Tim ham s6 f: R ~ R dinh bOi '\Ix E R, f(x + 2) =1 + 2f(x) .

Giai:

Tu dieu kien de bai ta thu duoc, '\Ix E R, f(x + 2) + 1 = 2[f(x) + 1].

I I

---(x + 2) --x

2. 2

Dat: g(x) = 2 [f(x + 2) + 1] = 2 [f(x) + 11. (*)

x The thi: (*) ¢:::> g(x + 2) = g(x) ¢:::> g(x) = h({ -}).

2

1

.- -x

2 x

V~y, voi h: [0, 1) ~ R la ham so bat ky, f(x) = 2 h( { - I) - 1.

2

48

49

* Vi d u 7:

TIm ham s6 f: R ~ R dinh boi : Vx E R, f(x + 2) = 1 + 2x + f(x).

Giai:

Tir dieu kien de bai ta co, Vx E R

f(x + 2) + a(x + 2) + b = 2[f(x) + ax + b] + (2 - a)x + (1 + 2a - b) .

{ 2 - a = 0 {a = 2

:::::) :::::).

1 + 2a - b = 1 b = 5

Nhir the: f(x + 2) + 2(x + 2) + 5 = 2[f(x) + 2x + 5]

I

- -(x + 2)

2

~ 2 [f(x + 2) + 2(x + 2) + 5) = 2

I

-x

2

Dat: g(x) = 2 [ftx) + 2x + 5] .

I - -x

2

[f(x) + 2x + 5] .

I --x

2 x

Thl, vci h: 10, 1) ~ R la ham s6bat ky: ftx) = 2 h({ -}) - 2x - 5.

. 2

* Vi d u 8:

TIm ham s6 f: R ~ R dinh bbi : Vx E R, f(x + 1) = - f(x) .

Giai:

Tir dieu kien de bai ta thu dtroc, Vx E R, (- 1) [x +llf(x + 1) = (- 1) Ixl f(x). [x ]

Dat: g(x) = (- 1) f(x). The thl: g(x + 1) = g(x) ¢::> g(x) = h( I x}) .

Ixl

V~y,vai h:[O,1)~R la ham so bat ky: f(x) = (-1) h({x}).

* Vi d ... 9:

Cho f 1a mot ham so tir tap hop cac s6 thuc Rvao chinh no sao cho vai moi x E R,

ta co: I f(x) I ~ 1 va: I(x + Q) + f(x) = f(x + .!_) + f(x + .!_).

42 6 . 7

Chung minh rang f la mot ham s6 tuan hoan.

Ghil:

D~t a = 1/6, b = 1/7 thl a + b = 13/42.

Thay x boi x + a, x + 2a , ... , x + 5a l~n lirot r6i lay tdng tat ca cac phirong trinh nay thl thu duoc: f(x + 1 + b) + f(x) = f(x + 1) + f(x + b).

Bay gio, thay x boi x + b , x + 2b ,. .:, x + 6b Ian hrot va lay tdng thl diroc: f(x + 2) + f(x) = 2f(x + 1).

Viet lai : f'(x + 2) - f(x + 1) = f(x + 1) - f(x) .

*

Neu ta d~t f(x + 1) - f(x) = c thl de dang qui nap theo n, ta duoc: f(x + n) - f(x + n - 1) = c.

Dieu do suy ra: f(x + n) - f(x) = nc

Dieu do chirng t6 rang neu c* 0 thl f(x + n) khOng gim nei, trai vm dieu kien I f(x) I !Si 1 vai moi x. '. '

VI the: c = 0 va: f(x + l ) = f(x) , chang t6 tfnhtuan hoan cua f(x).

Chu gitillg : Neu f: R -+ R la ham s6 giai n¢i va a, b la cac s6 thirc khac zero sao cho alb huu ti va:

f(x + a + b) + f(x) = f(x + a) + f(x + b) /vx E R, thi f tuanhoan.

* * *

HAl T!P TV LUY~N 1. Cho ham s6 f(x) xac dinh tren R va thoa man:

Vx, y f(x + y) + f(x - y) = 2f(x)f(y).

a. Chimg minh rang ho~c I f(x) I ~ 1 hoac I f(x) I ;?! 1 vai moi x.

b. Chirng minh rang f(x) tuan hoan, neu mot trong cac dieu kien sau diroc thoa: (i) ton tai mot so a sao cho f{a) = O.

(ii) ton tai s6 b * 0 sao cho If(b) I = 1 .

(iii) ton tai hai s6 c, d vailcl :;t I d I sao cho I f(c) I == If(d) I . 2. M¢t ham s6 f(x) co tinh chat sau: ton tai mot s6 a * 0 sao cho:

~( ) f(x) - 1

I'X + a =

f(x) + 1

tai t4t ca nhtmg diem x sao cho f(x) va f(x + a) diroc xac dinh,

ChUng minh rang f(x) ia ham s6 tuan hoan va neu ra m¢t vi du ve ham s6 f(x) vm tfnh chat neu tren.

3. lim ham s6 f(x) xac dinh tren R, biet: f(x + 1) = 2f(x) - f(x - 1) , f(x) = 1 vai 0 !Si x < 1 .

4. lim ham s6 f: R -+ R biet rang: Vx E.R f(x + 1) = - 2f(x).

5. lim ham s6 f: R -+ R biet rang: VXE R r(x + 2) == - 2f(x) .

6. lim ham .s6 f: R -+ R bie't rang: "tx E. R f(x + 2) = - 3f(x) + 1 .

* *

50

51

§11. DAY cAc HAM (fn)

... Vi d u 1: Cho daycac ham s6 (fl1(x» thoa man di~u kien: (i) fl(x) = x ,

(ii)

1

Hay tfnh fl999( 1999)

Giil:

1 Ta c6 : fl(n) = n ; fin) =

1 - n

n -1

f3(n) = n; fin) = n

n

Va chimg minh de dang rang: f3k+ I(n) == n ,vai kEN. Mat khac: 1999 = 666.3. + 1. Nen: £1999(1999)= 1999.

* Vi d ... 2: Cho M la tap hop cac ham s6 f: Z ~ R thoa man di~u kien: f(O) ;#; 0 va d6ng nhat thirc: fen) f(m) = fen + m) + fen - m) n, m E Z . 5

Tim: a. Tat ca ham s6 fen) EM. sao cho fO) =

2

b. Tat ca ham s6 fen) E M sao cho ft l) = Jj.

Giii:

Trong d6ng nhat thirc ban d~u ta thay n = m = 0 ,

thl thu diroc : (f(0»2 = 2f(0). Nhung: f(O) .=* 0, nen f(O) == 2.

Va lai, khi thay m = 1 , thl dl1qc: f(n)f(l) = fen + 1) + fen - 1), n E Z.

Neu gia tri cua ham s6f(ri) tai n = 0 va n = 1 da cho tnroc, thl n6 xac dinh mot each duy nhat cac gia tri f(2) va f( - 1) tir d6ng nh~t thirc da cho, r6i thl xac dinh diroc f(3) va f( - 2) , ... tue la tat ca cac gia tri cua fen) voi n E Z . Nhir v~y ham s6 fen) xac dinh met each duy nhat tir di~u kien cua bai toan, nhu the :

f(O) = 2 va f(l) = ~ hay f(l) = Jj.

2

Ta cu6i cling chi can kiem clurng cac ham s6:

fen) = 211 + 2 - n va fen) = 2cos 1t6n , thoa man cac di~u kien de bai .

Giai:

* Vi d ... 3:

GQi n > 1 la mot s6 nguyen c6 dinh, Cho cac ham s6 fo(x) = 0, fl(x) = 1 - cosx va vci k > 0, fl + I(X) = 2fk(x) cosx - fk _ I(X) .

Neu : Ftx) = fl(x) + fix) + ... + f,,(x) , hay chirng minh ding:

0< F(x) < 1 vci 0 < x < _7t_,

n + 1

, F) 1 ,. 7t 7t

va: (x > val _- < x < - .

n + 1 n

Nghiern t6ng quat cua phirong trinh sai phan la: fk(x) = cleikx + c2e - ikx voi 0 < x < ~ .

n

rv .. , .• f. f h &() fl(x)sinkx v.ac gia tn cua 0' I C 0 ta: lk x = -=--.--

smx

Ttl' d~ng thirc:

~ . k sinx + sinnx - sin(n + l)x L." sm x = ----------'--

k = I 2(1 - cos x)

1 cos(~ +nx)

2

2. x cos>

2

Ta dtroc:

Fn(x) =

x x 2 (n + l)x nx

VI: cos( - + nx) + cos- = cos cos- > 0

2 2 2 2

Khi: 0 < x < 7t/(n + 1), ta co Fn(x) < 1 , dieu nay chirng minh cau (i) . Khi: 7t/(n + 1) < x < 7t/n ta co nx/2 < 7t/2 < (n + 1 )x/2

va VI the: cos( fr + nx) + cos fr < 0 , va cau (ii) diroc chirng minh.

* * *

52

HAl T ~P TV LUY~N

1. Cho hai ham s6 h, g xac dinh tren {- 1, 1 I :

g(1) = h( - 1) = 1 va g( - 1) = h(1) = - 1

Giii dinh fl , f2 ' f3 ,... , f7 la cac ham s6 trong do met s6 bang g , s6 con lai bang h, thoa man cac dieu kien:

fl(1) = - 1 ; f6(1) = f7(1) = 1 . f,(f2(1» = - 1 . fl(f2(f3(f4«(;(f6(fil»))) = - 1.

Hoi trong cac ham s6 fj (i = 1 , 2, ... , 7) co bao nhieu ham s6 bang g ?

2. GQi f(x) = x 22: 1 vai x * O. Ta xac dinh f(x) = x

va t'")(X) = f( t'"-I)(X» vci moi s6 nguyen duong n va x * O.

Chirng minh rang voi moi so nguyen khong am n va x * - 1 ; 0 hay 1 thl ta co:

f(I1)(X) 1

f'·'''(x) = 1 + {(;~~n .

*

* *

53

§12. HAM NHIEU BttN

*Vid u l:

Xet ham s6 khong phai la ham hang f(n,m) xac dinh tren t~p hgpcac c~p 86 nguyen, nhan gia tri nguyen va thoa man d6ng nhat thirc:

. 1

fen, m) = 4" [fen - 1, m) + fen + 1, m) + fen, m - 1) + fen, m + 1)] n, me Z.

Chirng minh rang:

a. Ham 86 nhir th€ t6n tai.

b. Vai moi k e Z m6i ham n~u thenhan ca gia tri k Ian cflng nhu k be.

Giii:

a. Chang han ham s6: fen, m ) = n (n, m e Z)

thoa man tat ca cac di~u kien da neu.

b. Cho khang dinh khong dung, nrc l~ vai s6 k e Z nao d6 thl tat ca gia tri cua mot s6 ham f(n,m) thoa man di~u kien bai toan, chftng han, khong virot qua k. Khi

d6 trong cac gia tr] fen, m) ; n, m e Z; fa tim dugc s61an nhat .e = f(no , mo) .

VI th€ gia tri nay bang tat ca s6 f(no ± 1, mo) , f(no , m, ± 1),

VI neu ngiroc lai thl :

f(no, mo) = _!_ l f(no - 1, mo) + f(n, + 1, mo) + f(no, m, - 1) + f(no, mo+ 1)] <.e . 4

Lap luan nrong tu c6 th~ thu diroc dftng thuc :

.e = f(n, ,mo) = f(no ± 1 ,mo) = f(no ± 2 , mo) = ... = f(n, ± n, mo) = f(no ± n, m, ± 1)

= f(n, ± n , m, ± 2) = ... = f(n, ± n, m, ± m) vai moi gia tri n, meN.

Nhir vay: fen, m) =.e : trai gla thiet bai toano

* Vi d ... 2:

V oi tap hop con S ciia t~p hop cac cap s6 nguyen, ta goi ham s6 f: S ~ S la phO quat, neu n6 kha dao va vai moi cap (n, m)e S dieu kien sau duoc thoa man:

fen, m) e {en - 1, m); (n + I,m); (n,m - 1); (n,m +1) I .

ChUng minh rang neu t6n tai mot ham s6 phO quat, thl t6n tai ham phO quat f(n,m) thoa dieu kien : f(f(n, m) = (n, m), (n, m) e S.

·Giii:

Ta goi c~p (n, m) e S la chan hay Ie tuy theo tOn n + m Ia chan hay Ie.

Cho rAng t6n tai ham phO quat g(n, m), khi d6 ham: g" (n, m) cnng phO quat.

54

5S

Ta xet ham xac dinh nhu sau:

f •• {g(n.m) n~udiem(n.m)chiln

(n, m) = I ,. • ,voi: (n, m) E S.

g- (n.m) neu diem (n.m) Ie

Diem gen. m) va g-I(n, m) co tfnh chiln Ie tnii ngu:gc vOi diem (n, m) . Vi th~ vOi di~m (n, m) E S b~t ky ta thu duqc:

f2(n,m) = {g_l(g(n.m» = (n.m)n~u diem(n,m) chAn.

g(g-I(n.m» = (n.m) n~udiem (n.rn) Ie .

Nhu v~y ta di chimg minh dugc: f 2(n. m) = (n, m) vOi: (n, m) E S

Tir do suy ra tfnh kha dao cua ham f(n, m) , va de chung minh tfnh phO quat cua ham s6 nay chi can de y rAng cac ham s6 g(n, m) va: g-I(n, m) d~u phO quat.

* Vi d ... 3:

GQi T la t~p hop t~t ell cac b() ba thu t\l'(P. q, rjcac s6 nguyen khong Am.

TIm tat ea cac ham s6 f: T ~ R sao eho:

o neu pqr = 0

1

1 + -6 {f(p + l.q -1. r) + f(p-l,q+l,r) +

f(p. q, r) =

+ f'(p= l.q.r e- l) + f(p+l,q,r-l)+

+ f(p,l.r .... l)+ f(p,q-l,r+l)} neunguoe lai

Giai:

Tnroc het, ta se chirng minh rang tOo tai qua lAm motham s6 thoa man cac dieu kien di neu.: Gill dinh rAng: f I va f 2 la hai ham s6 nhu th~ .

Ta xet ham s6: h = f I - f 2 . The' thl h: T 4 R thoa:

I 0 n~ Mr=O

h(p, q, r) = 1 + ~(h(P+l,q-l'. r) + h(.P~I' q+.1.r) +h.(P-l,q,. r+ 1.)

+ h(p+ I, q , r-I) + h(p, 1. r-l)+ h(p. q-l, r+ 1) I neu ngiroc lai Dt Y rang dieu kien thu hai co nghia Ia h(p; q, r) bang trung blnh cong cua cac gia tri eua h tai sau ditm(p + 1 ,q - 1 • r) , v . v ....

Chung la cac dinh ella met luc giac d~u co tam tai (p, q, r) nAm trong m~t phang: x + y + z = p + q + r. Chi can chimg minh rAng h = 0 tai moi diem trongT ..

GQi n la m()t s6 nguyen duong, .- .

Xet t~p con H cua m~t phing x + y + z = n rna no nAm trong g6C ph'" tam "khong Am" {(x, y , z) : x , y ,z ~ 0 } .

Gill djnh h d~t gi4 tri l(m nh~t tren H f"\ T t~i (p , q • r) .

56

Neu: pqr = 0 thl gia trilon nhat cua h tren H n T la 0 .

Neu: pqr *" 0 , thl tfnh chat trung binh cua h dan d€n ding gia tri cua h tai sau diem (p + 1 ,q - 1 , r) , v . v .... bang h(p, q , r) . (Ca sau diem d~u a trong H ).

Noi rieng, h cling dat gia tri Ian nhat tai (p + 1 , q - 1 , r).

Lap lai ly luan tren (neu can) bang each dung (p + 1 , q - 1, r) la tam ditm, ta thay rang: h(p, q, r) = htp + 1 , q - 1 , r) = h(p + 2 , q - 2 , r) .

Tiep tuc qua trinh nay, ta ket luan rang: h(p, q , r) = h(p + q, 0, r) = O.

Nhu the gia tri Ian nhat ella h tren H n T la o. Bang each ap dung lap luan tren vao ham 56 h = f 2 - f I ' ta rhay rang gia tri be nhat rna h dat doc tren H n T cling bang 0 .

Do do: h = 0 tai moi diem trong H n T . Bang each thay d6i gia tri n , ta k€t luan rang h = 0 tai moi diem trong T .

Ta se hoan tat lai giai bang each chu y rang f: T ~ R dinh boi:

{ 0 neu pqr = 0

f(p, q , r) = 3pqr neu trai lai '

p+q+r

thoa man ca hai dieu kien cua bai toan, va HI. nghiern duy nhat .

* Vi dl.14:

Vai moi diem (x, y) tren mat phang toa d¢, cho nrong irng voi mot s6 thirc f(x, y) . Bi€t rang:

(i). f(x, 0) = ax voi a la hftng s6 khac zero;

(ii). Neu (x, ,y,) va (x2, Y2) la hai diem khac nhau tren mat phang toa d¢ sao cho f(x, , y,) = f(x2, Y2) thl f(x, y) co gia tri khong d6i tai moi diem (x, y) cua dirong thang di qua hai diem ay.

Cluing minh rang:

a. Vai rnoi s6 thuc m, t~p hop cac diem (x, y) thoa f(x, y) = a la mot dirong thang (dm) va tat ca. cac dirong th~ng (dm) irng vai nhtrnggia tri khac nhau cua m deu song song voi nhau.

b. Voi moi x, y ta eo f(x, y) = ax + by, trong do b UI. hang s6.

Giai:

a. Kf hieu f(x, y) = f(M), trong do M la diem co toa d¢ (x, y). Neu: A, B, C la ba diem phan biet sao cho:

f(A) = feB) = fCC) = m , thl: A, B , C thang hang.

That vay, neu A, B, C khong thang hang, thi tll ghi thiet, ta co: f(M) = m khi M a tren cac duong thang AB, BC, CA

nen:' f(M) = m , voi M bat ky :::::::> f(x, y) la ham hang : v61Y·

57

Bay gio, goi 1(0, I) . Gia dinh f(l) = b.

The thi voi diem J( .!: ,0), ta co: f(J) = b. a

Lai goi (d) la dtrong thang IJ . Xet tnrong hop a * b .

Voi: A( m , 0) ~ f(A) = m. Do do A ~ (d) .

a

G9i: (d') Ia duong thang qua A va song song vai (d) va P la diem bat ky tren (d').

Neu: f(P) = n * m thl dirong thang PB voi B( ~ ,0) cat (d) tai K.

a

The la: f(K) = f(B) = f(P) = n. Do: K E (d) ~ f(K) = b ~ b = n.

Tir do: b = n ~ P E (d): vo ly, VI P E (d') . V~y f(P) = m.

Do do, vai moi s6 thirc m, tap hop (dm) Ia dirong thang song song vai (d). Neu m * n thl (dm) * (dn)

~ (dm) va (dn) Ia hai dirong thang song song voi nhau.

b. Xct diem M(x, y) bat kyo

G9i m = I(M) ~ dirong thang MA, trong do A( m ,0) song song vci a

R6i xet diem: Xtx, 0), ta co hai tam giac AXM va 101 d6ng dang.

m h

01 x ---

= _ <=> _ ___:a~ = _a ~ m = ax + by .

HM 01

(d).

HA

~

y

Vay: f(x, y) = ax + by.

* Vi du S:

lim tat ca cac cap s6 nguyen khac zero m ~ n, thoa man bat d~ng thirc m + n * 0 va dong nhat thirc: fm(x, y)fll(x ,y) = fm + Il(X ,y) x, y E R xy(x + y) :1= 0,

(-l)k(x + )k

trong do ky hieu : fk(x, y) = (x" + yk + Y ).

k

Ghii:

Neu co ci:\p s6 nguyen (m, n) khac (2,3) va (2, 5) thoa dieu kien d~ bai,

Vci: y = Yo * 0 co dinh ta co:

m

1 k-I

Neu kEN va chan thl: fk(xl, y) = -(2xk + 2l + L cl xi/- i)

k i=1

. fk(x,yo) 2 •

=> hm --k- = - .fl(x, y) = 0; kEN va k Ie * 1

x-+oo x k

1 k -I .., fk (x y )

=> fk(x ,y) = - -- L C] x'yk-I => lim .. ,'0

k . x-+oo xk-I

1=1

Ta xet cac tnrong hop : 1. m. n E N va chan:

Yo Ck-1

;:; - - k= - Yo' k

Taco:

= lim fm(x,yo) lim fn(x,yo) = 4

x -+ 00 X m X -+ 00 x" m n

m + n m.n 4'

=> = -- => m = n = : vO ly .

2 4

81 129

Vi: fiI, 1) f4 (1, 1) = 4" ~ 4 = fg(1, 1).

2. m. n E N va le :

The thl: lim fm(x'YO)fn(x,yo) = lim _1 fm{x,YO)fn(x,yo)

x-+oo xm+ n : x-+oo x2 m-I n-I

X .x

. fm+n(x,yo) 2

= hm =: vO ly,'vl trai gia thiet .

x-+oo xm+n m+n

3. m. n E N va m chan; n Ie :

The thl: n > 1 , neu khong =:> fn{ 1 , 1) =0 2 _ 2m + n

=> fm + n(1 , 1) = = 0: vO ly , VI m + n > 1 .

m+n

2yo

=- --

1. fm+n(x,yO)

=> im = - Yo . Suy r~: m = 2 •

x-+oo xm+n-I

58

3(2-2n) .'. 2 - 22+n

Th€ r6i ta dtroc: ---- = f2(1, 1) fn(1, 1) = f2 + n(1, 1) = ---

n 2+n

~3(2+n)(1 _2n-l) = n(1- 2n+l) ~ 3+n=(6_n)2n-2.

Tit do: n < 6 va VI n Ie va > 1 nen n = 3 hay n = 5 : trai gia thiet . 4. m < 0, n e N va chan :

VI: n > m + n , nen ta co:

lim fm+n(x,yo) =0.

x--)oo x"

Th~h' 1· fm(x'YO)fn(x,yo) 1· f( ,)fn(x,Yo)_2yO 0

t; t 1: 1m = 1m m X, Yo . - :f:.

x--)oo X n x-+oo x" m

5. m < 0 , n E N va Ie :

Neu: n =1 thl: fnfl, 1) = 0

2 + (_l)m+n2m+n

Cho: fm+n(l, 1)= = 0, vo ly vl: m+n<;O.

m +n

f (x ) m+1

NAn·. I· fm(x'YO)fn(x,yo) 1· f ( ') n ,Yo. Yo 0

\;; 1m J = 1m m X , Yo I = - --:f: .

x--)oo X n- x--)oo xn- m

M~t khac, neu m < -1 ~ n - 1 > m + n ,

fm+n(x,yo) •

va ta co: lim n _ 1 = 0 : khong xay ra .

x-+oo x

, .:r. fm+n(x,yo)

Nhir the: m = - 1 ~ m + n chan va: 11m I

x--)oo x?"

=

2 n -1

Nhir th€ vai m6i Yo:f: 0 ta duoc:

1

2 l'

-- :v6 y.

n -1

-=

Yo

6. m, n <0:

Ta co: lim fm(x, Yo)· fn(x,yo)

x-+oo

mn

Nhirng d~ng thirc:

ym+n mn

m+ n

v" +n

= khong xay ra.

VI: m.n > 0, con: m + n < 0 .

Do d6, dieu kien bai toan chi thoa vai haicap (2, 3) va (2, 5).

59

*

* *

HAl T ~P TV LUYI::N

1. Chung minh ding neu ham 86 f(x, y) xac dinh tren tap hop tat ca cac cap s6 hfru ty va chi nhan gia tri dirong, thoa man ba d6ng nhat thirc:

f(xy, z) = f(x, z)f(y, z) ;

f(z, xy) = f(z, x)f(z, y) ;

f(x, 1 - x) = 1 x, y, Z E Q.

Thi cac dong nhat thirc sau cling dung: f(x, x) = I ; f(x, - x) = 1;

f(x, y) f(y, x) = 1 x, Y E Q.

2. Cho n la s6 tt;r nhien khong Ian han 44. Chimg minh dmg voi ham s6 bat ky xac dinh tren N :! va lay gia tri trong tap 11, 2, ... , n },

thl co b6n cap thu W: (i, j); (i, k) ; (I, j) va (I , k)

sao cho: f(i, j) = f(i, k) = f(l, j) = f(l, k) ,

trong do i ,j , k , I la cac s6 sao cho ton tai cac s6 tu nhien m, p thoa: 1989m s i < I < 1989 + 1989m

1989p s j < k < 1989 + 1989p.

60

., , ,..,,..'

§13. sa DVNG LV THUVET so

* Cac ham s6 tren N, Z thirong dtroc sir dung cac ket qua cua 19 thuyet s6 nhir 19 thuyet dong dir, phan tfch s6 thanh thira s6 nguyen t6.

* Vi du 1:

Cho Q+ la tap hop cac s6 hfru ty dUO'I1g.

f'(x)

Dl!I1g ham s6 f: Q+ ~ Q+ sao cho: f(x f(y» = '\Ix, y E Q+ .

Y

Giai:

Neu f(YI) = f(Y2)' tir phirong trlnh ham suy ra YI = Y2' Lay Y = 1 thl dUQ'C f(1) = 1 .

Lay x = I thl diroc f(f(y» = .!_ voi rnoi y E Q+ .

Y

T' d f' , hl d F( 1 1,.. +

ac ung van no t I UO'C -) = - VO'! moi y E Q .

. . y f'(y) .

Sau cung cho y = f( !) ,thl thu duoc: f(xt) = f(x)f(t) vai moi x, t E Q+ . t

Ngiroc lai d~ thay rang voi f bat ky thoa: f(xt) = f(x)f(t) ; f(f(x» =

x

voi moi x, t E Q+ la nghiem cua phtrong trlnh ham da cho.

MQt ham s6 f: Q+ ~ Q+ thoa (a) co th~ diroc dung bang each xac dinh tuy 9 tren cac s6 nguyen t6 va mo rong nhu sau:

f(p~' pi2 ... p~k) = f«PI»nl f«p2»n2 ••• f«Pk»nk .

trong do Pj kf hieu s6 nguyen t6 thu j va nj E Z .

MQt ham s6 nhtr the se thoa (b) neu va chi neu no thoa (b) voi m6i s6 nguyen t6.

Pj+1 neu j Ie

1 .. h-- neu J c an

Pj -I

MQt each dung kha di la nhu sau: f(p} =

Ma rong no nhir tren thl diroc mot ham s6 f: Q+ ~ Q+. 1

R5 rang la f(f(p» = voi m6i s6 nguyen t6 P nhir the f thoa man phirong

P

trinh ham dii neu.

61

62

* Vi d u 2:

Cho N = { 1 , 2 , 3, ... y . Hay xac dinh xem co tOn tai chang mot ham s6 dong

bien eh~t che f: N -+ N saocho hai.tfnh.chat sau diroc thoa :

f(1) = 2 ; f(f(n» = f(n)+ n V'n E N.

Giai:

Goi: a = }_ (-15 + 1) . VI ai - a + 1 = 0

. 2

thl ham s6: g(x) = ax thoa voi moi n EN: .g(g(n» -g(n) -n = O. . GQi [x] la phan nguyen ella x , nghia la s6 nguyen k sao eho:

k - 1 < x ~ k dung. Ta .se chimg minh r~ng ham s6:

fen) = [g(n) + ~] thoa cac doi hoi. Ta nhan thay rang:

1. f dong bien chat che, VI a > 1 thl g(n· + 1) > g(n) + 1 dung.

2. Vi 2 < a < 1/2 + 3 dung, nen f(1) = 2 .

3. Theo dinh nghia ella f va g: I fen) - g(n) I < 1/2 dung vui moi n EN.

BAy gia tinh dung d~n cua (2) suy tll' st_r kien: f(f(n» - fen) - n la mot s6 nguyen va ta uoc lirong:

I f(f(n» - fen) - n I = I g(g(n» - g(n) -n - g(g(n» + f(f(n» - fen) + g(n) I

= I g(g(n» - f(f(n» + fen) ~ g{n) I I

= I gigtn) - g(f(n» + g(f(n» - ftf'(n) + fen) - g(n) I = I (a - l)(g(n) - fen»~ + g(f(n» - f(f(n» I

~ I (a - l)(g(n) - f(n» I + I gtf(n) - f(f(n» I ~ ! (a - 1) + 1 = a < 1 .

2 2 2

* Vi d ... 3:

Kf hieu Nola t~p hop cac s6 nguyen khong.am, Tim tat ea cac ham s6· f tll' No

vao chinh no sao cho: f(m + fen»~ = ftf(m) + fen) , V'm, n E No·

Giai:

D~t: m = n = 0 ta diroc: f(O) = 0 va do do: f(f(n» = fen) voi moi n E No· Nhir the phirong trinh ham dii cho nrong duong voi :

f(m + fen)) = I(m) + f(n) , f(O) = 0 .

Ta cling de y rang neu f(x) khong phai la ham zero thi f co cac diem c6 dinh khac zero. G9i a lit diem c6 dinh khac zero ,be nh~t ella f.

Neu: a = 1 thl de thily rang: f(2) = 2

Va theoqui nap: fen) ~ n , v6i moi n ~ No . .

Gift dinh a> 1 . Cling thee qui nap f(ka) = ka vci moi k ~ 1 .

Ta se chirng minh rang cac diem e6 dinh ella f d~u co dang ka voi k ~ 1.

63

Tnroctien de y rang tOng hai diem c6 dinh clla fl~i Iii met diem c6 dinh. Cho b la mot diem c6 dinh b~t ky cua f.

Chon cac s6 nguyen khong am q, r sao cho: b== aq +r, 0 ~ r < a. The thl ta co: b = feb) = f(aq + r) = fer + f(aq» = fer) + f(aq) = fer) + aq . Suy ra rang: fer) = r va VI r < a ta.phai co: r = O.

Dieu do chtmg to rang cac diem ccdinh deu co dang ka.

VI t~p hop {f(n) : n e No} Iii mot t~p hop cac diem c6 dinh cua f nen noi rieng f(i) = an, vai mOi i < a , vai no = 0 va n, eLo .

L~y s6 nguyen dtrong n b~t ky va vie't: n = ka + i , trong do: 0 ~ i < a .. Sli dung phirong trlnh ham ta co:

f(n) = f(i + ka) = f(i + f(ka» =. f(i) + ka = n.a +ka = (n, + k)a . Ta kiem chirng rang ham f nhtr the' thoa phirong trinh ham da cho:

Lay: m = ka + i , n = fa + j , 0, i, j < a. . The thl : f(m + fen»~ = f(ka + i + f(fa + j»

= f«k + f + nj)a +i) = (k + f + nj + n;)a = f(m) + f(n).

Nhtr the' neu f khong d6ng nhat zero, thl f co dang nhu sau:

Cho a e N va n, , n2, ••• , n, e N dugc chon b~t ky ;

the thl: fin) = ([;] + n;]a.

* Vi d1}4:

Xac dinh gia tri be nhat cua f( 1998), trong do f la m(>t ham s6 ttt t~p hop N cac s6 nguyen dirong vao chinh no sao cho:

Vai moi: m, n e N, f(n2 ftrn) = m[f(n)f .

Giii:

GQi S la tap hop cac ham s6 diroc xet.

Uy f la ham s6 b~t ky trong do, va d~t f( I) = a. Cho n = 1 va m = I thl diroc :

f(f(m» = a2m. f( arr' ) = [ fen) ] 2 vai moi tn, n e N. Cac k€t qua nay cung vai phirong trlnh ban d~u cho ta:

[f(m) fen)] 2= f f(m)] 2 f( arr' ) = f( m2f (f( an2 ») = f( m2a2an2)

= f(a( amn) 2) == [f(amn)] 2 •

Suy ra r~ng: f(amn) == f(m)f(n) vm moi m, n ; noi rieng: f(am) = af(m) , va vl the':

af(mn) = f(m) fen) v(ri moi: m, n e N. (1)

Bay gia ta chimg minh rang f(n) chia he't cho a vai mOi n e N.

64

V6'i s6 nguyen t6 p cho tnroc, kf hieu p? va p~ l~n liret la luy thira cao nhat cua p rna chia het cho a va f(n) .

Suy ra bang phep qui nap tieu chuan va (1), rang: [f(n)t = .l· 'f(nk) vci moi kEN.

Luy thira cao nhat cua p chia her [f'(nj]" Ia pk~ ; Liiy thira cao nhat cua p chia het ak. I la p(k. I)U •

Cho nen: kP ~ (k - l )« voi moi kEN, dieu nay chi xay ra neu: P ~ u . Ket luan dung voi s6 nguyen t6 p b~t ky, va VI the, a chia het f(n).

Nhu vay ta c6 th~ d~t: g(n) = f(n)/a .

Nhir the dU<;1C mot ham 86 moi g tll' N vao chinh no.

Cac ket qua da chirng minh tren d6i v6'i f diroc dien thanh:

g(a) = a, g(mn) = g(m) g(n) , g( gun) = m (2) vci moi: m, n EN.

That vay: g(mn) = g(m)g(n) wang dirong v6'i (1), con: g(g(m» = m suy tir:

f'(f(m) a2m

ag(g(m) = g(a)g(g(m» = g(ag(m» = g( f(m) = = - = am.

a a

De dang suy nr (2) ding:

g(n~ gun) = g(n2) g( gtm) = m[g(n)f voi moi m, n EN.

Nen, g ciing la mot ham s6 trong S, va cac gia tri cua n6 khong virct qua cac gia tr] nrong irng cua f . V~y thl ta c6 the thu hep chu y vao cac ham 86 g thoa man (2). Dieu chu yeu din den la m6i ham s6 kieu nay lay gfa tri nguyen t6 tai 86 nguyen t6.

That yay, goi p la mot 86 nguyen t6, va goi g(p) = uv v6'i s6 nguyen dirong u, v nao d6. The la: do (2) , p = g(g(p» = g(uv) = g(u)g(v)

VI the: mot trong cac s6 g(u) va g(v) bang 1 .

Tire la, neu: g(u) = 1, thl u = g(g(u» = g(1) = 1 Dieu d6 co nghia la g(p) la s6 nguyen t6.

D~ xac dinh gia tri be nhat din thiet, )flY mot ham s6 g bat ky thoa man (2). No la mot dan anh (g(m) = g(n) , dAn den:

m = g(g(m) = g(g(n) = n), va the la no lay cac gfa tri nguyen t6 phan biet tai cac s6 nguyen t6 phan bier.

V~y, mot chan duci cho: g(1998) = g(2. 33 . 37) = g(2)[g(3)]3g(37),

c6 diroc khi: g(2), g(3), g(37) la ba s6 nguyen t6 be nhat 2,3,5, voi g(3) = 2. Vay: g(l998) ~ 3.23.5 = 120 vci m6i g E S. Co, tuy nhien, mot ham s6 g E S v6'i g( 1998) = 120, dieu nay cluing to rang s6 be nhat trong bai toan la 120 . D~t g( 1) = 1, va xac dinh g tren cac s6 nguyen t6 nhu sau:

g(2) = 2, g(3) = 2, g(5) = 37 ,g(37) = 5 va g(p) = p

voi m6i s6 nguyen t6: p;l; 2 , 3 , 5, 37 .

65

Dinh nghia nhir the, duqc rna rong toi s6 bflt ky: n = p~1 p~l p:k EN,

bang each dat: g(n) = g( p;ll p~l ... p:k ) = g(PI tl g(P2 tl ss», tk .

Dieu kien trong (2) diroc thoa man (voi a = 1), nen g E S.

R5 rang: g( 1998) = 120, dieu nay hoan tflt chtrng minh.

* Vi du 5:

Ham s6 F diroc xac dinh tren t~p hop cac s6 nguyen khOng am va Ifly gia tri nguyen khOng am cac dieu kien sau: voi moi n ~ 0

(i) F(4n) = F(2n) + F(n) ,

(ii) F(4n + 2) = F(4n) + 1 ,

(iii) F(2n + 1) = F(2n) + 1 .

Chimg minh rang voi mOi s6 nguyen dirong m, 86 cac 86 nguyen n, voi: 0 S; n < 2m va F(4n) = F(3n) bang F(2m + I) .

Giai:

Ta co F(O) = 0 do (1) va thay rling F dircc xac dinh duy nhat voi cac gia tri

dAu: n = 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 .

F(n) = 0 I I 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 5 6 .

Cac 86 Fibonacci in dinh bai il = i2 = 1 .L; = in . I + in. 2 (n ~ 3) xuar hien nhir la gia tri cua n = i ;

F(2 f) = J. + 1 (r ~ 0), 8Uy ra tu (1) bang qui nap. T6ng quat neu n co bieu dien nh] phan:

k k - 1 . ,.

n = Ek2 + Ek• 12 + ... + E2 + Eo ,VOl e, = 0 hay 1 ,

the thl: F(n) = Elk + I + Ek• Jk + ... + EJ2 + Ell . (I)

Ta kiem chirng tnrc tiep rang chung thirc su thoa dieu kien da neu.

Ta d~ y rang: Nell trong hie'u ,Hin nh] phdn Clia n khong c6 hai so' l nao xudt hi~n a vi tri ke' nhau (ma tu g{Ji l£i "1 hi coltJp "), thl: F(3n) = F(4n).

VI khi nhan 8~ n fly vm 3 (viet a nhi phan Ia 11) m6i s6 01 (va 861 dAu) diroc thay bai 11, khOng xay ra viec "nho'", mot each nrong img d~ co F(3n) m6i /; + I trong (I) diroc thay bei: /; + I + /; + 2 = /; + 3 ,dAn den gia tri F(4n). H¢ thirc dung trong tnrong hop n = 0 la dt thay r6i sau do d~ thuan tien ta se coi s6 1 b] co l(l.p nhtr la O.

Ta 8e chirng minh ngiroc lai rang: VOi n ~ 0 , F(31l) S F(41l) va nell dang thu« dl{lIg thi ('lk so'1 trong n deli coltJp·

Ta chimg minh bang qui nap theo m ~ 1 rang dieu d6 dung voi rnoi n thoa: o S; n < 2m . Vai cac gia tr] dAu ella m, di~u do thay duqc trong bang tren.

Gia dinh no dung voi m nao d6 . .

Bay gicr cho: 2m S; n < 2m + I

66

va dat: n = 2m + p , 0 ~ p < 2m, eho nen, do (I)

F( 4n) = F(2m + 2 + 4p) = t; + 3 + F( 4p) .

C () ba truang hf!P :

(a) Neu 0 ~ p < 2m/3 the thl 3p < 2m nen bieu dien nhi phan cua 3p khong nho sang 3.2m. R6i thl suy ra diroc tit (I) va gia thiet qui nap rang:

F(3n) = F(3 . 2m) + F(3p) = fm + 3 + F(3p) ~ f m + 3 + F(4p) = F(4n). DAng thirc dung neu: FL(3p) = D(4p),

nghia la neu p eo s6 1 co lap (lai theo gia thiet qui nap).

(b) Neu 2m/3 < p < 2m + '/3 the thl bieu ditn nhi phan cua 3p se nho 1 sang 3.2m va ta eo: F(3n) = t: + 1 + (F(3p) - fm + ,)

= I; + 2 + F(3p) < t; + 3 + F(4p) = F(4n).

(c) Neu 2m + '/3 < p < 2m thi bieu dien nhi phan cua 3p nho 10 sang 3. 2m va ta th~y rang: F(3n) = t; + 3 + fm +, + (F(3p) - fm + 2)

= 2fm +, + F(3p) < fm + 3 + F(4p) = F(4n) .

Nhir v~y F(3n) ~ F(4n) trong moi tnrong hop,

DAng thirc F(3n) = F(4n) xay ra neu va chi neu 0 ~ p < 2m/3 va p da co lap cac s6 1.

R6i thl chif s6 nhi phan thu hai cua n lit 0, VI the n cfing da C() lap cac s6 1. Dieu do hoan tar phep qui nap .

Ket cue, chi con phai chirng minh rang co 'I; + 2 = F(2m + ') s6 nguyen vci cac s6 1 bi co l~p trong each bieu di~n nhi phan cua cluing trong [0, 2m] , m ~ 1 .

That vay, kf hieu so hrong cua chung bang u., .

Trong cac s6 nay co u., _, s6 be hon 2m -, .

S6 con lai co sO lorn - 1 vi trf dAu, va no theo sau boi mot s6 nhi phan cung mot kieu be han 2m - 2 , CO den u., _ 2 s6 nhir the.

Nhir vay : urn = Um _, + u., _ 2 voi m ~ 3;

cung co u, = 2 =L , Uz = 3 = f4 ,va thu dtroc ket qua.

* Vi du 6:

Tim t~t ca ham s6 f: Z ~ Z sao cho: f(1995) = 1996

vrn E Z ,neu f(m) = n thl: f(m) = n va fen + 3) = m - 3 .

Gild:

Tir dieu kien de bai suy ra: vn E Z f(f(n» = n va f(f(n) + 3) = n - 3 . Tir d6: fen - 3) = f(f(f(n) + 3» = f(n) + 3 , 'v'n E Z .

{ f(O) - 3k neu n = 3k

Suy ra: fen) = f(1) - 3k neu n = 3k + 1 , voi k E Z . f(2) - 3k neu n = 3k + 2

67

VI 1995: 3 nen, tir f( 1995) = 1996 => f(O) - 1995 = 1996 => f(O) = 3991 (1) => 0 = f(3991).

Ma: 3991 = 3 . 1330 + 1 nen 0 = f(l) - 3990 => f(1) = 3990. Neu: f(2) = 3t, t E Z ,thi:

2 = f(3t) = f(O) - 3t = 2991 - 3t => 3989 = 3t => 3989 : 3 . D6 la dieu v6 Iy ,n~n f(2) * 3t , t E Z.

Neu f(2) = 3t + 1 thl 2 = f(3t + 1) = f(l) - 3t = 3990 - 3t => 3988 = 3t => 3988 : 3 : vt: ly .

Do d6 f(2) * 3t + 1 . Nhir vay f(2) = 3t + 2 .

{3991-n neu n e 3k+2

T6m lai, ta diroc: f(n) = .,

.. 3t - n + 4 neu n = 3k+2

voi t nguyen bar ky va k nguyen. Thir lai, ta diroc ham 86 tren la nghiem bai toano

* Vi d ... 7:

Hay xac dinh tat ca ham s6 f : N* ~ N* sao cho:

f(n) + f(n + 1) = f(n + 2)f(n + 3) - 1996 vn E N* Giai:

Tir gia thiet, ta c6 Vn E N*

f(n+ 1)+f(n+2) = f(n + 3)f(n+4) - 1996. (I)

f(n) + f(n + I) = f(n + 2)f(n + 3) - 1996. (2)

Lay (l) trir (2) ta dircc: f(n + 2) - f(n) = f(n + 3)[f(n + 4) - f(n + 2)] .

Tir do, qui nap theo 11 , de dang chimg minh diroc:

f(3) - f(l) = f(4) . f(6) ... f(2n + 2)[f(2n + 3) - f(2n + I)] ; (3)

va: f(4) - f(2) = f(5) . f(7) ... f(2n + 3).[f(2n + 4) - f(2n + 2)] . (4)

Tit do, ta co: f(3) ~ f( 1) .

VI neu, ngtroc lai: f(3) < f(l) , thl tir (3) suy ra f(2n - l) > f(2n + l) . Do do se co v6 so so nguyen dirong a trong khoang [I , f( 1)]: v6 Iy .

Xet hai tnrong hop : f(3) = f( I) : Tit (3) ta co, \in E N*

f(2n + 3) - f(2n + 1) = f(3) - ft l ) = 0 => f(2n - I) = fO). (5)

Do (4) , ta diroc: f(4) - f(2) = [f(1)]n. [f(2n + 4) - f(2n + 2)] (6)

* Nell/(l) ::: 1: thl tir (6)suyra f(2),f(4), ... ,f(2n), ... la cap so cong.

Thay n = 1 vao (1) thl dlt<?'c: f(4) = f(2) = 1997 va dieu nay cho thay 19971a cong sai cua cap so cong noi tren, Tit do ta diroc:

neu n Ie

f(n) (n) , trong do a E N * bat ky .

= a + 2" - 1 .1997 neu n chan

(9)

* Nell/(l) > 1: thl tir (6) taco .Vn e N"

f(4) - f(2) = f(2n + 4) - f(2n + 2) = 0 => f(2n) = f(2). (7)

Thay V~IO (2), thu diroc:

f(1)+ f(2) = f(I).f(2) - 1996 ¢:> [f(1)- 1]'lf(2)-2] = 1997. (8)

VI 1997 la mot s6 nguyen t6 nen : (8) ¢:> If(1) , f(2)} = { I , 1997} . Do do, ta duoc cac ham s6:

{ 2 neu n Ii:

f(n) = hay

1998 neu n chan

f(3) > f( I) : tir (3) suy ra , \in E N* Va, do (4) ta diroc:

f(4) - f(2) = f(211 + 4) - f(2n + 2) = 0 => f(2n) = f(2) f(3) - f( I) = [f(2»)II. If(2n + 3) - f(2n + 1)] => f(2) = f(l) .

{1998 neu nle

f(n) = .

2 neu n chan

f(2n-I) < f(2n+ I).

va:

Do do, day f(l) ,f(3) , ... , f(211 + I) Ia cap s6 cong. Thay n = 1 vao (2), thl thu diroc: [(3) - f( I) = 1997.

=> cap s6 cong tren co cong sai la 1997. Do do ta diroc cac ham s6:

neu n chan

ftn) = n - I 1997 ,- I' ,trong do a E N * bat ky .

a + --. neu n e

2

* Vi du 8:

Voi s6 nguyen dirong k co tnroc ta kf hieu blnh phtrong cua tong cac chii' s6 cua no boi f,(k) va goi: fn+ ,(k) = f,(fn(k». Hay xac dinh gia tri cua f 1991(2199°) .

Giai:

Tnroc het d~ y rang vai k dll 100 thl gia tri fl(k) be han k nhieu. Vi f1 kh6ng dan dieu, nen ta phat bieu dieu nay diroi dang:

neu A ~ B thl r6 rang: fl(A) < 81(1 + logB)2 < (4Iog216B)2 .

Si'r dung bat dftng thirc nay hai Ian thl thu diroc mot uac hrong kha hop Iy cho f2(211)90): fl(21990) < 24(1994)2 < 226; f2(21990) < (4.30)2 = 14400.

Bay gii1 tong cac chfr s6 cua f2(21990) khong qua 36 va VI the:

f_~(2199() s 362 = 1296; fq(21990) < (9 + 9 + 9)2 = 729; f5(21990) < 252.

Bay gic; xet gia tri cua fn theo modulo.

Vi: fl(k) = k2 (mod 9) ta co chuoi sau :

1 ~ 1 ~ - 1 ; 2 ~ 4 - 2 ~ - 4 ;.

3~0~-3 +

o

68

Den day 21990 == -2 (mod 9) va do do ta IQt vao chu trlnh 4 neu n Ie : -2.f11(21990) == 4 (mod 9) , cho nen: f5(21990) == 4 (mod 9) va f5(21990) ~ 242 . Neu Xl == 4 (mod 9) va x ~ 24 , thl ro rang la x2 E H ,

trong do: H = {4 , 49 , 121 , 256 , 400 } .

Dan gian thl du<?,c f3(h) = 169 voi m6i h E H .

Ttl day ta 0 vao chu trinh 169 256 suy ra ding voi n ~ 8

1990 {169 neu n chan

f./2 ) =

256 neu n Ie

T 'h d- , f' (21990) l' 256

rong tnrong op a neu 1991 a.

* * *

BAI T ~P TV LUY~N

1. Dung ham s6 xac dinh voi moi gia tri thirc, sao eho voi x bat ky f(f(x) = - x va f(x) nhan gia tri nguyen khi x nguyen.

2. Cho a lu s6 nguyen dirong. TIm tat ca cac ham s6 f: N ~ N thoa: fen + 1) > fen) voi moi n nguyen dirong ;

f(I(n) = n + a voi moi n nguyen dirong.

3. Ch~ a, b la cac s6 nr nhien voi 1 s a ~ b va M = [ a -; ~ ] .

{n + a neu n < M Xac dinh ham s6: f: z ~ Z boi: fen) -

- n - b neu n ~ M

Goi: fl(n) = fen) ; r + '(n) = f(fi(n», i = 1 ,2,

Hay tim s6 tl;l' nhien k be nhat sao cho: reO) = o .

. *

* *

69

Vi: lim

n-+oo

1 f(x 2n )

= 0, nen tir (4) suy fa: f(x):::; 0 Vx E (0, 1) .

(5)

§14. BAT PHUONG TRiNH

* Vi d u 1:

Tim tfit cii ham so lien tuc f: [0, 1]~ R thoa man: f(x) ~ 2xf(X2) VXE [0, 1].

Ghii:

Tir gia thiet, thay x = 0 va x = 1 thi thu diroc:

f(O) ~ 0 , f(l) s 0 , voi: 0 < x < ! . 2

R6i, bang qui nap, ta duoc voi moi n ~ 1

I(x) ~ 2xf(x2) ~ (2x)n . X 2" - n - 1 f(x 2" )

(1)

(2)

Vi: 0 < 2x < 1 , nen: lim [(2x)n. X 2" - n -I f(x 2")] = O.

Do do, tir (1) va (2) suy fa: f(x) ~ 0 Vx E [0 , !) (3)

2

Mat khac, voi 0 < x < 1 , thi :

f( .rx) ~ 2.rx f(x) ~ f(x) s f( .;;_) :::; 2"11 X

1 f(x 2n )

(4)

1 1--

2n.x 2n

1 I--~

2n . X 2n

Voi moi x E [~ , 1) , ton tai n E N de: x 2" < ~ (chang han n > log2(log I 2) ).

2

Tir (2), ta co: f(x) ~ 2n. X 2" - 1 f(x 2") = O. V~y la, f(x) ~ 0, VXE [~,1). Do (5), thl diroc:

V~y f(x) = 0 voi moi x E [0, 1) .

VI f lien tuc nen f(x) = 0, voi rnoi x E [0, 1] .

1

f(x) = 0, Vx E [ - ,1) . 2

* Vi d .... 2: Cho ham s6 f: R ~ R tho~ man: a. I f(x) - fey) I < I x - y I Vx * y ;

b. f(f(f(1992 195 ») = 1992195

70

71

Ghii:

Dieu kien de bai nrong dirong voi: 1 f(x) - fey) ~ 1 x - y 1 . Dau " = " xay ra khi x = y .

5

D~t: f(199219 ) = u ; feu) == v.

Taco: fey) = 1992195=> lu - 19921951~ If(u) - f(1992195)1 = Iv-ul

~ 1 f( v) - f( u) 1 = 11992 11)5 - v 1 ~ I f(1992 195) - f( v) 1 = 1 u - 1992 195 I. Suy ra, a tat ca cac dau bat d~ng thirc deu xay fa dau " = " .

Dieu do xay ra khi: u = 1992195 := v.

. 5 5

Vay: f(199219 ) = 199219 .

... Vi du 3:

Cho R+ la t~p hop tat ca s6 thirc dirong. Clurng minh rang khong t6n tai ham so f:

R + ~R + sao cho: (ftx) 2 ~ f(x + y)(f(x)+ y) voi moi s6 thirc dirong x va y .

Gla]:

Gia dinh t6n tai mot ham s6 nhir the' thoa dieu kien dff neu.

Ta viet d~ng thirc ban diiu diroi dang: f(x) _ f(x + y) ~ f(x)y f'(x) + y

Tnroc het ta chirng minh rang: f(x) - f(x + 1) ~ .!. voi x > 0 .

2

Hi~n nhien f la mot ham s6 dan dieu khong dong bien. C6 dinh x > 0 va chon mot s6 nr nhien n sao cho: n.f(x + 1) ~ 1 . Khi k = I, 2 , ... ,n - 1 ,

f(X + ~) _!_

k k +1) ~ n n

Ta co diroc: f(x + -) - f(x + ~

n n r( x + ~_) + ~ 2n

. 1

Cong cac bat d~ng thirc tren thi diroc: f(x) - f(x + 1) ~ - . 2

m - 1

Do do: f(x) - f(x + m) = L (f(x + i) - f(x + i + 1)) ~ m ~ f(x). 2

i=O

Va the' la: f(x + m) ~ o.

Nhirng dieu nay trai voi gia thiet ding f duong h~n.

72

* Vi dl,l4:

" {f(X + 3) s f(x) + 3

Cho ham s6 f: R -+ R thoa man: , vx E R

f(x + 2) ~ f(x)+ 2

Chirng minh rang ham s6 g(x) = f(x) - x tuan hoan.

Giii:

Tir gia thiet, ta e6 Vx E R

g(x + 6) = f(x + 6) - x - 6 ~ f(x + 3) - x - 3 ~ f(x) - x = g(x) ,

va: g(x+ 6) = ftx+ 6) - x - 6 ~ f(x+ 4) - x- 4 ~ f(x+ 2) - x- 2 ~ f(x)- x = g(x). Suy ra: g(x + 6) = g(x) , vx : dpcm .

* Vi du 5:

• _ { f(x) ~ eX

Tim tAt cii ham s6 f: R -+ R thoa man: , '\Ix, yE R.

f(x + y) ~ f(x)f(y)

Giii:

D~t: f(x) = eXg(x), ta eo voi moi x, y :

(i) g(x) ~ 1

(ii) g(x + y) ~ g(x) g(y) .

Thay x = y = 0 , thl thu diroc:

g(O) ~ 1 va g(O) ~ [g(O)f ~ g(O) ~ 1 va g(O) ~ 1 .

Do d6: g(O) = 1 . Suy ra: 1 = g(O) = g(x - x) ~ gtx) g( - x) . Vi: g( - x) ~ 1 nen g(x) ~ 1 ~ g(x) = 1. Do d6 f(x) = eX . Thir lai thay nghiem dung. V~y nghiern cua bai toan: f(x) = eX .

* Vi dl,l6:

Xac dinh Hit ca cac ham s6 f: (1 , + (0) -+ (1 , + (0) thoa dieu kien:

4m 411

f(xmyl1) ~ f(x) .f(y) voi moi s6 thirc x ,y > I va cac s6 m, n > 0 .

Giii:

Lay x = y > I va m = n = ~ , voi s > 0 : 2

1

Ta e6: ftx") ~ f(x) ~ . Thay s bci !. thl e6 : fey) ~ f(ys) S (1)

s

Vi (1) dung vci moi y > 1 , nen voi rnoi x> 1

Ta co: f(x)::; f(x")" ~ f(x) S ::; f(x s) .

(2)

Ttl (2) suy ra: ftx") = f(x) S vai moi x> 1 , 5 < 0 . D*t X = e, S = Ian nhat thl thu diroc:

I I

f(t) = f(e) lnt ~ I(t) = C ln t .voi C = f(e) > 1 .

I

Dao lai, ham s6 f( t) = C In 1 , voi C la hang 56 bat ky Ian hon 1, thoa dieu kien d~ bai. Ta co, voi X, y > 1 va m, n > 0 :

I 1 1 __ + _ __!___ I 1

In n .. ----------------,,-- 4nlinx 4nlnY4~ _ 4~

f(XIUXIl) = C lru x y ) = C minx + nlny ::; C = f(x) .f(y) .

* * *

BAI T ~P TlJ LUY~N

1. Cho m, n, p, q la cac 56 nguyen thoa cac dieu kien:

n*-O , q *- 0 va m ::; p

n q

{f(X + n) s f(x) + q .

Goi f: R ~ R lit ham s6 thoa man, voi moi x E R :

f(x + m) ~ f'(x) + p

Chung minh rang ham s6 g(x) = f(x) - ~ X la ham 56 tuan hoan.

n

2. Ton tai chang ham s6 khac hang, f: R ~ R thoa man bat phirong trinh : (f'(x) - f(y»2 s I x - Y 13 , '<:ix, y E R ?

*

* *

73

" It. ~

BAI T ~P TONG HQP

Rai toan 01:

lim ult ca cac ham s6 f: R ~ R thoa man d6ng nhat thirc :

f(x + y) = f(x) + fey) + f(axy), '\Ix, y E R, a '* 0 la hang 86 thirc cho tnroc.

Giai:

Thay: x boi ~ va y boi r , ta duoc: f( ~ + r) = f( ~ ) + f( r) + f( xy ) ,

a a a a a a a

va: f''(x + y) = f'(x ) + fey) + f''(xy) .

voi: f''(x) = f( ~ ) . Cho Y = 0 ~ f'(O) = 0, r6i cho y = 1 a

~f(x+l)=+ f(l).

Suy ra: f'(x) + f'(1) = 2"[f(x - n) + f(1)], '\In EN. (1)

Cho Y = - 1 , thl diroc f(x - 1) = f''(x) + f'( - x) + f'( - 1) ~f(x-n-l) = f'(x-n)+f(n-x)+ f(-I).

Tlr (1), ta co: _1_1 [f''(x) + f'(1)] - f(1) 2"+

= _1 [F'(x) + f(1)] - f'(1) + 2n[f( - x) + f(l)] - f(1) + f(- 1). 2"

¢::> 2"[f( - x) + f(1)] = f'(I) - f'( - 1) - _1_ [f'(x) + f(1)]

2"+1

¢::> 2211+ I[f'( - x) + f'(1)] = 2"+ l[f(1) - f''( - 1)] - [f'(x) + f'(1)]

¢::>22n+ If(-x)+f(x) = (211+1 _ 2211+I_l)f(1)_211+lf(_1).

Suy ra: 2211+ If(X) + f'( - x) = (2"+ I - 2211+ 1- l)f(1) - 2"+ If'( - 1). Cho x = 0 ~ (2"+ I - 2211+ 1- l)f(1) - 2"+ If'( - 1) = 0, Vn EN.

~ f'(-1)=f(1)=O.

Do do: 2211 + If( - x) + f''(x) = 0 va 2211 + 'r-oo + f(- x) = 0

~ f'(x) = f'( - x) = O.

V~y I'(x) = 0 , '\Ix . Suy ra: ftx) = 0, '\Ix.

Rai toan 02:

lim tat ca ham 86 lien tuc f: [0 , 1] --t R

1 x 1 + x

sao cho: f(x) = - [f( -) + f( --)] , '\Ix E [0,1] .

2 2 2

74

Giai:

GQi f(x) Ul ham s6 thoa man dieu kien de bai .

Khi do: f(O) = f( _!_ ) = f( 1). Ta chirng minh rang: f(x) = f(O) Vx E (0, 1) .

2

That vay, gia dinh t6n tai Xo E (0, 1) sao cho: f(xo) :I: f(O) .

[J Truong hop f(xu) > f(O):

Vi ham s6 f(x) lien tuc tren [0,1] nen t6n tai x I E (0 , 1) sao cho: f(xl) ~ f(x) Vx E [0, 11 (f(xl) = max f(x) .

. x elO,11

D~t: M = f(xl) , ta co M > f(O).

GQi: P= {xE(O,I)/f(x)=Ml.VI XI e Pnen P:;t0. H<1I1 nua P b] chan. Do do co d = supP .

Hien nhien d ~ 1 va d > 0 .

• Neu d <.1 : Khi do 16n tai day s6 (x.) sao cho: xn E P. Vn E N* va lim xn = d.

n~oo

VI: f(x) lien tuc tren [0, 1] nen lim f(xn) = fed)

n~oo

VI: xn E P Vn E N* => f(xn) = M , Vn E N* => fed) = M. Mat khac: VI dE (0 , 1) , nen:

fed) = 1 rf( ~) + f( 1 + d)] => f( ~) = M va f( 1 + d) = M

2· 2 2 2 2

(VI:

d ,1 + d

f( -) ~ M va f( --) ~ M).

2 2

l+d ,1+d l+d

Do: 0 < -- < 1 va f( --) = M nen -- E P.

222

M kha 1 + d d ",. di h hi ? d

~t ac: -2- > : trai VO'I m ng ia cua .

• Neu d = 1 thl M = f( 1) = f(O): vO 19 .

[J Tnrong hop f(xo) < f(O) ciing diroc xet urong tl! .

V~y, f(x) = f(O) Vx E (0, 1) => f(x) = f(O) V x E [0, 1] .

Do do f(x) = a ( hang so). Thir lai, ta ke't luan ham s6 phai tim la: f(x) = a .

Bili toan 03:

Tim Uit ca ham s6 f: R ~ R sao cho: f«x+ l)f(y»= y(f(x) + 1) Vx, y E R.

75

Tnroc het ta tim cac ham s6 f va g bang each gia dinh rang g 1000y gia tri 0, va rOi clurng minh rang thuc sl! g 1000y gia tri nay.

The' la, 1000y a Iii s6 sao cho g(a) :: O.

D~t : y = a trong phirong trlnh dii cho ;

dieu nay cho ta: f(x) = xf(a) - af(x) + ·g(x) , nen: g(x) = (a + l)f(x) - f(a)x .

(1)

Giiii:

Thay x = - I vao h~ thuc de bai:

f(O) = y(f( - I) + 1) "i/y E R ~ f(O) = 0 va f( - 1) = - 1 .

Tit do, thay x = 0 trong h~ rhirc de bai: f(f(y» = y, "i/y E R (I) Trong h~ thuc dt bai, l~y x = - 2, y = - 1:

f(1 ) = - (f( - 2) + 1) ~ f(1) = - 1 hay f(1) = 1 .

Neu ft l ) =-1: 1 = f(f(1»= f(-l)=-I: v61Y.

Do do f( 1) = 1 . Nhu the', trong he thtrc de bai thay y = 1 : f(x + 1) = f(x) + 1 , "i/x E R

~ f(xy) = f(x . f(f(y») = f(y)(f(x) - 1) + 1) = f(y)f(x) "i/x, y E R .

Tit do, "i/x ~ 0 thl f(x) = [f( v'x)f ~ 0 va : f(x) = 0 <=> x = 0 (2)

Lai co voi y * 0: f(x + y) = f« ~ + l)y) = f« ~ + l)f(f(y»)

y y

= f(y)(f( ~) + 1) = fey) f( ~) + fey) = f(x) + fey) .

y y

Nhir the', cung voi f(O) = 0, ta direc: f(x + y) = f(x) + fey) "i/x, y E R. Sau d6, ta co: "i/x, y E R; x > Y

~ f(x) - fey) = f(x - y) = [f( ~ )]2 > 0 ~ f(x) la ham s6 dong bien tren R.

Nhu the':

• Neu co Xo ERma f(xo) > Xo thl Xo = f(f(xo) > f(xo): vO ly .

• Neu c6 Xo ERma f(xo) < Xo thl Xo = f(f(xo) < f(xo): v{) ly . Do d6: f(x) = x, "i/x. ThiI lai, ham s6 tren nghiern dung.

Hai toan 04:

lim tat ca cac ham s6 f: R -)0 R, g: R -)0 R sao cho: f(x + g(y» = x fey) - y f(x) + g(x) vai moi x, Y E R .

Giiii:

76

Roi thl phirong trlnh dll cho tra thanh:

f(x + g(y» = (n + 1 - y)f(x) + (f(y) - f(a»x

Bay gia, d~t y = a + 1 trong (2). Ta diroc: f(x + n) = mx Trong do: n = g(a + 1) , m = f(a + 1) - f(a).

Do do f(x) la mot ham s6 tuyen tinh.

Bay gia (1) suy ra ding g(x) cling la mot ham s6 tuyen tfnh . Cho: f(x) = tx + r, g(x) = px + q .

Thay cac bieu thirc nay vao phirong trlnh dll cho va so sanh voi cac he s6 cua hai ve thl thu duoc : t = P + r , tq + r = q , tp = - r .

Suy ra rang p '* - 1 • va ta co the bieu thi t, r, q nhir sau:

t= p . r=-L

p + 1 '

(2)

p + 1

,

q = - p- .

P p2

Nhu the: f(x) = x - -- g(x) = px _ p2

p+l p+l

p e R\{-I}.

Bay gia ta chimg minh rang g(a) = 0 vai a nao do.

Neu: f(O) = 0, thl bang each d~t y = 0 trong phirong trinh dll cho ta duoc: f(x + g(O» = g(x) voi moi x, cho nen: g(- g(O» = f(O) = 0, nhir doi hoi. Tu day ta ghl dinh rang: f(O) = b '* o.

Chon: x = 0 va ki hieu g(O) la a, ta diroc: f(g(y» = a - by. (3)

Do b '* 0, (3) dAn den rang g la .don anh va f la toan anh.

Ke' den, thay x bai g(x) trong phuong trlnh dll cho thl diroc:

f(gx) + g(y» = g(x)f(y) - yf(g(x) + g(g(x» (4)

Do tinh d6i xirng: f(g(y) + gtx) = g(y)f(x) - xf(gry) + g(g(y» (5)

Cho ve phai cua (4) va (5) bang nhau va sir dung (3), ttt thu diroc:

g(x)f(y) - ay + g(g(x» = g(y)f(x) - ax + g(g(y» (6)

Vi: f la toan anh , nen ton tai mot s6 c sao cho f(c) = 0;

D~t: y = c trong (6). The thl: g(g(x» = kf(x) - ax + d .

Trong do: k = g(c) , d = g(g(c» + ac.

Bay gia (6) tra thanh: g(x)f(y) + kf(x) = g(y)f(x) + kf(y). Voi: y = 0 ta co: g(x)b + kf(x) = af(x) + kb,

Tir do: g(x) = a - k f(x) + k .

b

De y rang: a - k '* 0 VI: a = g(O) ; k = g9c) , trong khi g la don anh, va c '* 0 (f(c) ;, 0 '* f(O». Va vi f Hi toan anh, ta thay rang g cling la roan anh. Va nhir vay no phai lay gia tri o.

77

GQi A la mien gia tri cua ham so va c = f(O).

D~t x = Y = 0 thl diroc: f( - c) = f( c) + c - 1, nen c -:;:. O. D~ dang tim diroc cai thu hep f I A : lay x = fey) se co:

2

ftx c + I x r » • h A

(x) == --- - - vm mOl x t uoc .

2 2 . .

BUl1c chu yeu U. chirng minh rang: A - A = R. That vay, voi y = 0 ta duoc:

{ f(x - c) - f(x) I x E R I = [ex + f(c) - 1 I x E R I = R VI c khong bang zero.

Bay gio ta co the co diroc gia tri cua f(x) voi x bat ky: neu chon YI , Y2 E A sao cho: x = YI - Y2 va sir dung (1) thl :

f(x) = f(y, - Y2) = f(Y2) + YIY2 + f(y.) - 1 (2)

(1)

Bili toan 05:

Tim tat ca cac ham so f: R ~ R thoa:

f(x - fey»~ = f(f(y» + xf(y) + f(x) - 1 vci moi x, y E R .

Giai:

")

c + 1 y~ c + 1

= --2 - - -:f + YIY2 + 2

yf

- - - 1 2

= c -

x2

So sanh (I) va (2) thi diroc c = 1 va the' la: f(x) = 1 - - voi moi x E R . 2

Bili toan 06:

(a) Co t6n tai cac ham so f: R ~ R va g: R ~ R sao cho: f( gtx) = x2 va g(f(x» = x3 voi moi x E R ?

(b) Co t6n tai cac ham so f: R ~ R va g: R ~ R sao cho: f(g(x» = x: va: g(f(x» = X4 voi moi x E R ?

Giai:

(a) Gift dinh fling f va g Ut nhimg ham nhir the.

Suy tir phuong trlnh thu hai ra rang: f(xt> -:;:. f(x2) khi XI -:;:. x2 ••• D~c biet: f(O), f( 1) va f( - 1) la ba so phan biet,

Mat khac, ca hai phuong trlnh ke't hop cung suy ra:

(f(x»2 = f(g(f(x») = f(x). Lay: x = 0, x = 1 va x = -1

78

79

ta suy ra rang m6i mot trong ba so f(O) , f(1) va f( - 1) bang voi blnh phirong cua no, va nhu the phai bang 0 hay bang 1 . Mau thuiin ay chirng to rang khong co ham nao thoa dieu kien de bai ca.

(b) Cac C~lP ham thoa cac phirong trlnh cua (b) la ton tai. Mot tiep can kha thi de xay dung mot VI du la nhir sau. Bat dau, ta chu '1 den khoang (1, (0)

va thiI tim ham F, G : (1,00) ~ (1 , (0) thoa cac phirong trinh:

F(G(x» = x2 va G(F(x» = X4 voi x > 1 (1)

'1 db la bien d6i nhtrng ham nay thanh nhimg ham loga, Loga se bien cac phep toan binh phuong thanh nhan d6i va nhan d6i (hay nhan voi mot hang so tuy '1) thanh dich chuyen mot hang so. [Vi ta co y dinh ap dung bien d6i loga hai Ian, nen gia tri cua bien so phai 100 hon 1 ; do la 1'1 do rna ta phai xet tnroc het cac ham xac dinh tren (1, (0) . De rna rong no len roan bo dirong thang thirc, la van de hoan toan tieu chuan, no se diroc thirc hien 0 buoc cuoi cung cua bai giai]

Va the la, gia dinh rang cac ham F, G: (1, (0) ~ (1, (0) thoa dieu kien (1). Ta xac dinh mot cap ham moi <P, \jJ : R ~ R boi cac cong thirc:

2x 2x

<p(x) = loglog F(2 ) va: \V(x) = log log G(2 ) voi: x E R .

Tir day ve sau, loga deu Jay thea co so 2.

Nhfrng ham nay thoa cac phirong trlnh:

<p(\jJ(x» = x + 1 va \jJ(<p(x» = x + 2 vm x E R (2)

Va ngiroc lai ,neu <p , \jJ : R ~, R la cac ham bat ky thoa (2),

thl ta co the xac dinh cac ham F, G: (1,00) ~ (1 , (0) bang each d~t :

2<P(loglogx) 21jJ(loglogx)

F(x) = 2 va G(x) = 2 (3)

va nhtrng ham nay thoa he (1).

Cac VI du ve ham <p, \jJ thoa cac phuong trinh (2) co th~ tim thay ngay trong lop ham don gian nhat do la lop cac ham tuyen tfnh. Tarn goi <p(x) = ax + b va \jJ(X) = ex + d, va nhet nhirng bi~u thtrc nay vao cac phirong trinh (2), ta se tim thay rang cac phirong trinh ay thoa man neu va chi neu:

a_I c - ") va 2b + d - ")

-'2" -_ c --,-.

Lay, chang han: b = 1 va d = 0 ta thu diroc thea cac cong thirc cua (3) cap:

I

I +-- log log x

F(x) = 22 2

22 log log x va. G(x) = 2

Chung xac dinh tren khoang (1, 00) va thoa man cac phirong trlnh (1) do. Can phai hru '1 rang cac cong thirc xac dinh no co th~ don gian thanh:

Fix) = 22.J1og-;' va Gtx) = 2 (log x)2 v6i x > 1 Viec con lai lit rna rong mien xac dinh cua no len ca R . Dieu nay co th~ thirc hien nhir sau, ta dinh nghia:

J_F1(X) v6i XE(l,OO)

F (x) = v6i x E (0,1)

l F(1/~) v6i x = 1

(4)

G (x ) =

{ G(x)

G(i'{i

voi x E (1 , 00 ) v6i xE(O,I)

voi x = 1

va r6i: f(x) = F ( I x I) , g(x) = G ( I x I ) voi: x E R \ 101 : f(O) = g(O) = o.

D~ thay rang nhirng ham nay thoa cac dieu kien doi hoi.

Sai toan 07:

Co t6n tai chang mot ham so f : R ~ R thoa man dong thai ba dieu kien sau ?: (a) Co mot so duong M sao cho: - M ~ I(x) ~ M voi moi x.

(b) f(1) = I .

(c) Neu x",O thi: r(x+ x12) = f(x) + [r(~)r

Ghii:

M¢t f thoa man dong thai ba dieu kien da neu lit khong t6n tai. Gia dinh ngiroc lai ding f : R ~ R thoa dieu kien d~ bai .

GQi c lit can tren be nhat ella I f(x) : x E R I .

Taco c z 2 vl:f(2) = f(l + 4) = f(l) + [f(l)f = 2. 1

Cling the, VI c lit can tren be nhat, nen co mot day: xk' k = I, 2 , ... cac s6 thuc

sao cho f(xk) ~ c - ~ vai moi k.

80

Nhu vay: [f(~)]2 ~ _!_ cho nen: f( J_) ;;:: - ~.

Xk k Xk "k

( 1) 1 ') 1 (c - 1,2

Va cling co: c z f 2 = f( -- ) + If(xk)]-;;:: - ---:-::- + -- I

Xk + Xk Xk Jk k)

1 1 c-k-2 k-2

Suy ra ding: Jk k 2 ;;:: C - k ;;:: c k

kJk -1

hay: --- ~ c ;;:: 2 .

ktk -2)

Dieu nay khong con dung ntta neu k du Ian.

Rai toan 08:

Cho f va g la hai ham s6 co gia tri nguyen xac dinh tren tap h<JP Hit ca cac s6 nguyen sao cho: f(m + f(f(n») = - ftf(m + I» - n Vrn, n E Z;

g la mot ham da thirc vci he s6 nguyen va gm) = g(f(n» 'dn E Z. Hay xac dinh g( 1991) va dang teing quat nhat cua g.

Giii:

GQi f\n) thay cho f(f(n». Tit (a), thay m boi f\m) thl diroc:

') . ') ') . ')

f(f- (rn) + f- (n) = - f" (f-:- (m) + I) - n.

Thay d6i vai tro gilra m va n thl: f(f1 (n) + f1 (mj) = - f1 (f1 (n) + I) - m . Tit hai he thirc nay ta diroc: f1 (f1 (m) + 1) - f1 (f1 (n) + 1) = m - n . Lai theo (a): f1 (f1 (m) + I) = f(f2 (f2 (m) + 1» = f( - m - {! (2»

Va nrong nr, ta co: f2 (f1 (n) + I) = f( - n - f1 (2» ...

')

D~t f" (2) = k , thl diroc: f( - m - k) - f( - n - k) = m - n ,

vai moi s6 nguyen m va n . Thay m boi - m - k va n boi - k , ta diroc: f(m) - f(O) = - m - k + k = - m .

Do do: fern) = - m + f(O) vci moi m E Z .

Cho nen: f(f(rn» = - f(m) + f(O) = rn - f(O) + f(O) = rn.

Nhir the' f1 (m) = m vai moi s6 nguyen rn.

Sli dung ke't qua nay vao (a) thl diroc f(rn + n) = - m - 1 - n vci moi s6 nguyen m va n . Lay m = 0 thl diroc fen) = - n - 1 vci moi s6 nguyen n.

Nhir the: f(1991) = - 1992.

Tit (b) ta duoc g(n) = g( - n - 1), voi moi s6 nguyen n .

'81

(n - k)!(2k - n)!

VI g la mot da thtrc tren tap cac so nguyen, rna rong ham toi cac s6 thirc cho mot da thirc g(x) thoa grx) = g( - x-I) voi moi so thuc x.

M9t da thirc theo x cling co the bieu dien diroc thanh da thirc theo: x + A voi moi s6 thirc A. Lay, d~c bier: A = 1/2 thl diroc grx) = P(x + 1/2) .

Thay x bai - x-I , ta duoc g( - x - I) = P( - x - 1/2) .

NhU' vay P(x + 1/2) = P( - x - 1/2) .

Do do g Iii mot da thirc theo (x + 1/2)2 = x2 + X + 1/4 va VI the Iii da thirc theo x2 + x . Dang tong quat nhat cua g se Ia;

g(n) = ao + a.nrn + I) - a1n2 (',1 + 1)2 + ... + apnP(n + I)P , trong do cac aj Iii nlnrng s6 nguyen.

Hili toan 09:

Cho n la s6 nguyen dU'CII1g, X = I 1 , 2 ,. . . ,n ) vii k Iii s6 nguyen dU'CII1g sao

eho ~:'5; k S n. Xac dinh s6 tat ea cac ham s6 f: X ~ X sao cho cac dieu

2 .

kien sau diroc thoa :

(i). f == f,

(ii). S6 phan ur cua mien gia tri ella f Ia k .

(iii). V6i m6i y thuoc mien giti tri ella f, s6 tat ca cac diem x thuocX sao eho: f(x) = Y la khong qua 2.

Ghii:

Voi f: X ~ X, [2 = f ~ f'(I(x) == f(x) voi rnoi x E Xv nhtr the thl : {! == f ~ fey) == y voi moi y E Ef, E, dung d~ ehi mien gia tri cua f. SO tat ca tap eon Y cua X sao cho:

I Y i == k bang C ~ , trong d6 I Y I kf hieu s6 phan nr ella Y .

Cho Y c X voi I y I = k . TIle la vci f: X ~ X rna Ef == Y va fey) = y vci moi Y E Y, ta e6 f thoa (iii) neu va chi neu voi x, x' E X\ Y, x'* x ' dAn den f(x) '* f(x') trong Y. Do do 56 tat cii cac f: X ~ X sao cho Ef = Y ,

fey) = y voi moi YEYva f thoa (iii) bang k(k-I) ... (k-(n-k-I».

VI the s6 tat ca f: X ~ X thoa (i), (ii) va (iii) bang voi:

C ~ k(k - 1 )(k - 2) ... (k - (n - k - I)

n'

= . k(k - 1 )(k - 2) ... (2k - n + 1)

(n - k)!k! . .

n!

=------

82

Hai loan 10:

Cho ham so f: N ~ N sao cho:

(i). f dong bien chat chi.'! ;

(ii). f(mn) = f(m)f(n) vrn, n EN;

(iii). Nell m e n va mn = nm thl f(m) = n hay f(n) = m .

Hay xac dinh f(30).

Giai:

De y rang voi m e n, co mot cap duy nhat (2, 41 thoa m" = n'". VI the f(4) = 2 hay f(2) = 4.

Nhung f(4) = 2 la khong diroc VI f dong bien chat chi! . Vi: f(30) = f(2)f(3)f(5) nen ta phai tim f(3) va f(5). Tnroc het ta se tim f(3).

Theo (i): 4 = f(2) < f(3) < f(4) = f(22) = (f(2»2 = 16. G9i f(3) = k, trong do: 5 s k s 8,

The thl : f(9) = f(3)f(3) = k2 ~ 64, nhirng: f(8) = f(23) = (f(2»3 = 64 thl trai vci dieu kien (i), cho nen tnrong hop nay khong xay ra duoc.

Nell f(3) = 10 , thl f(35) = f(243) = 100000.

Nhirng f(28) = f(256) = 48 = 65536 Hi dieu khong th~ diroc, vay la f(3) = 9. Ke do, ta tim f(5).

Theo (i): 16 = f(4) < f(5) < f(6) = f(2)f(3) = 36. Nell 17 s f(5) s 24 thl 289 s f(25) ~ 576 .

Nhimg f(24) = f(3)f(8) = 576 Hi dieu khong the diroc. Neu: 27 s f(5) s 35 th] 729 ~ f(25) ~ 1 225 . Nhirng f(27) = f(33) = 729 la khong diroc.

Nhir vay ta phai co f(5) :. 25 hay 26.

Neu: f(5) = 26 thi f( 125) = f(53) = 263 = 17 576 . Nhirng: f(128) = f(27) = 47 = 16384 la vo ly .

Do do: f(5) = 25 . V~y f(30) = 4 x 9 x 25 = 900.

*

* *

83

*

* *

, - ~

CAC DINH NGHIA BO SUNG

* Can tren, can diroi : Cho E c R , E :I; 0 .

{ x s a 'dXE E

1. a la can tren dung cua E ~ .

. 'd8>O,3xEE:a-8<x

. { x~~ 'dxEE

2. ~ la can dirci dung cua E ~ .

. 'd8 > 0 , 3x E E : ~ +8> x

Kf hieu: a = supE; ~ = infE.

*

* *

, , ~

CAC DINH L Y BO SUNG

* Can tren, can diroi :

1) Cho E c R , E :I; 0 .

Neu E bi chan tren (duO-i) thl t6n tai can tren (dum) dung cua E.

2) Cho E c R , E :I; 0 .

Neu E eo a = supE (~ = infE) thi t6n tai day s6 (x.) sao cho: xn E E , Vn E N * va: lim xn = a ( lim xn = ~) .

0--+00 0--+00

84

HUONG DAN GIAI

1.1.

f(x) = ~x4 _2x2 + 2 f(x) = - X 2 + 2x

(X - 1)2

")

f(x) = X- - 2.

3x + 4 f(x) =

x-2

1 - 2x2

f(x) =

1.2.

1.3. 1.4.

1.5.

x2

9x2 - 3x + 2 1- 9x

. Thay X boi - X .

2.1.

ftx) =

2 2 f(x) 1 Th b'"

•. l(X = --. ay X m

1 - X X

2.3. G9i phtrong trinh d~ bai la (I) .

Thay X boi _1_ , thi duoc: f(_I_) + f( x-I) = 1 (2).

I-x I-x X I-x

Lay (1) trir (2) cho: f(x) _ f( x-I) = X 2 - X + I (3) .

X x-I

Th b'· X - I (3) - , f( _1_ ) _ f(x) __ X 2 - X + 1 (4)

ay X m -- trong se co: .

X 1 - x X

R6tcuc (1) va (4) cho f(x) = x-I.

. 2x

24 Th b'" 3x -2 hl h tnh de bai trc h' h

.. ay x m tnl p uong tnn ~ at tro t an :

x-3

3f( _x_) + 2f( 3x - 2 ) = - 5x 2 + I7x - 6

x-I 2x + 1 3x 2 - 2x

x x-I 1

Ttr do suy ra: f(-) = --. V~y: f(x) = - .

x-I x x

2 .

2.5. Thay x boi _a_ trong phtrong trlnh de bai (1) , a-x

85

2

Thay x hbi _a -- trong (2) thl diroc: a-x

2 . 2

f( ax - a ) + f(x) = ax - a

x x

(3) .

222

thl duoc: f( _a_) + f( ax - a ) = _a_ (2).

a-x x a-x

(1) + (2) - (3) cho: f(x) =

x3_a2x+a3 2x(x - a)

2.6.

f( (x-3)sinx

x) = , ...

x " + 3

Th 1 ii th t-2

ay t = - ,rOI t ay x = -- .

x t + 1

1

Thay t= --

x-I

f(x) = ~Sin( x2 + x12) x;t 0

m

x=O

2.7.

2.8.

2.9.

2.10. f(x) =

cos2 X + cos2.!. x;t 0 x

m x=O

Thay _x_ hOi 2x - 1 , thl phirong trlnh tlur hai tra thanh:

x+ I

f(2x - 1) + 2g( 1 - x) = 3 . Ta diroc f(x) = x , g(x) = x + I . Thay 3x - 1 boi x + 1 , thl phirong trlnh thu nhat tra thanh:

f(x + 1) + g(2x + 3) = x + 2. Suy ra g(x) = 2, f(x) = x - 1 Thay 2x + 1 boi x - 2 . Ta diroc f(x) = 2x , g(x) = 2 - x .

fen + 1) = 3(211 + 1) - 2(211 - 1 + 1) = 2" + 1 + 1 .

311 -I 1

f(n)=31l-lf(l)+ 3"-2+3"-3+ ... +3+1=311-1f(1)+ -

3-1

3.1.

3.2.

3.3. 4.1.

4.2.

all -1

4.3. fen) = .

a -1

4.4. f(3n) + fen) = f(6n); f(5n) + fen) = f(9n) ~ fen) + f(3n) = f(5n) + f(ISn) - f(4n)

86

== f(5n) + f(l5n) - f(9n) + f(2n) = f(5n) + fen) + f(2n) = f(9n) + f(2n) => f(3n) = f(2n) .

=>f(2n) +f(lOn) = ft l Sn) = f(12n) = f(2n) + f(6n) => f(611) = f(lOn) ; f(6n) = f(9n) => f(9n) = f(15n). Suy fa f( 15n) - f(9n) = fen) = 0 .

4.5. (f(91» = t\f(f(l02») = f\f(92» = ... = f'(f(lOO»

= t(f(f(lll )) = f'(f(91».

Lai d~ Y ding voi n $; 100 thl n + 11 $; III . Nen cac qua trinh l~p lai tuan hoan.

5. 1. x = y = 0 => f'(O) = 0, va y = 1

=> f(x+l) + f(x) = f(x)+f(1) + f(x)f(1) => f(x+l ) = f(1)[f(x) + I]. x=-I => f(O) = f(1)[f(-I)+ 1] = 0

• f( - 1) "* - 1 => f(1) = 0 => f(x) = O.

• f( - 1) = - I : f( - 2) = - f( - 1) - 1 ; f(2) = f(1 )[f(1) + 1] .

f(-2) =f[(-2).I] = ... =-(I+f(1» => ft l ) = 1 hay f( I) = - 1.

.:. f( 1) = - 1 => f(x + 1) = - (I(x) + 1) => f(x + 2) = ... = f(x) . f(2) = f(O) = 0 ; f(x + 2) + f(2x) = f(x) + f(2) + f(x)f(2) = f(2x) = 0 ~ f( 1) = 0 : vo 1 y .

• :. f(1)=1 =>f(x+l)=f(x)+I;

f(x(y + 1» + f(x(y + 1» = ... = f(x) + fey) + 1 + f(x)f(y) + f(x)· => f(x + y) + I + f(xy + x) = f(x + y) + f(xy) + 1 + f(x)

=> f(xy + x) = f(x) + f(xy) .

D~t u = xy ; v = x => f(x + y) = f(x) + fey) va f(x)f(y) = f(xy) => f(x) = x . 5.4. Neu f(xy) = f(x) fey) va f(f(x» = x, thl f(x.f(y) = f(x).f(f(y» = f(x) y . Dao lai, f( 1. fey) = yf(1) , 'tty; f(x f(1) = f(x) , '\Ix

=> f(f(f(x))) = f(x) => f(x). f(l) = f(x). Do do: f(x) "* 0 => f(1) = 1 . '\Iy, f(f(y» = y va f(x)f(y) = f(xf(f(y») = f(xy).

Tir do: f(xf'(y) = yf(x) .

5.5. Lay Y = I => xf(l) - f(x) = (x - 1 )f(x) => f(x) = 1 .

{a '\Ix"* 0

YAy, f(x) = .

. b x = 0

6.8. f(x) = fey) => f(f(x» = f(f(y» => 1995 - x = 1995 - y

=> x = y . Do do f dan anh. .

Do (i) => f dong bien, rna y = 1995 - x la nghich bien.· 7.2. Cho x = Y = 0 => f(O) = 0 .

•

87

88

T' ." hie f'() I' f(x + y) - f(x)

It gia t let:::::) x = irn

y~() y

= lim !(y) ~ 2xy = 2x + lim fey) - _f(22 = 2x + f'(O)

y~O y y~O Y

.,

:::::) f(x) = x" + f'(Ojx .

Vay ham so phai tim: f(x) = x2 + ax , vci a la hang so bat ky . 4x - 2

8.2. = x:::::) x = I hay x = 2 :::::) ft l) = f(2) = 0 .

x + 1

2t - I 1 4x - 2 1

D~tx=--=2+--:::::) =2+--.

t-I t-I x+I ~!-l

2

, 1 I 3t

Phuong trmh ~ f(2 + 3"-) = 2f(2 + -) ~ g( -) = 2g(t) (*)

_~ _ I t - 1 2

2

voi g(t) = It IIoS3/2 2 h(t) voi t *0 va g(O) = 0 .

(*):::::) h( ~ t) = h(t), t * 0 .

2

V~y: f(t) = g( ~ ) khi x * 1 , x * 2 va ft l ) = f(2) = 0 .

x-2

trong do get) = It IIoS3/2 2 h(t) v6i t *0 va g(O) = 0 . 8.8. Tir h~ thirc de bai, ta co:

f(x + a) = - f(2 - 2(x + a v l) = - f( - 2x + a + 4 - 3a) .

Lay a = i , thl diroc: f(x + i) = - f( - 2x + i )

3 . 3 3

j<. 1)IIOS2IXII f( 4), 4 j( 1)llog21-2xll f( 2 4), 4

- x + - neu x * - - - x + - neu x * -

= 3 3 = 3 3

O ,4 0' 4

neu x = - neu x = -

3 3

4

[log lxl] 4 lIog21x --II 4

D~tg(x)=(-I) 2 f(x+3')~f(x)=(-I) 3 g(x-3')'

ThE thl: g(x) = g( - 2x) voi x * 0 .

9.2. f(x) = hex - ~ ) + h( - ~ - x) , voi h bat kyo

2 2

9.6. f(x) = 0 .

89

9.7. f(x) = - 1 .

9.8. Khong t6n tai, tfnh chan Ie khac nhau.

9.9. ftx) = hex - .!_ ) - h( - x + .!_) , vci h la ham so bat kyo

2 2

., . 1 f 1

De y rang: f( - + x) = - (- - x) .

2 2

13. 1 . Kf hieu In = (n , n + II v6'i n E N* .

x + 1 neu x E In khi n chan - x + 1 neu x E In khi n Ie

o neu x = 0

,- f(- x] neu x < 0

f(x) =

13.2. (i) =:> fen + 1) 2:: fen) + 1

=:> n +a = f(f(n + 1» 2:: f(f(n) + 1) 2:: f(f(n» + 1 = n + a =:> fen + 1) = fen) + 1

Tir d6 fen) = f(1) + n - I=:> f(n) - n = f(1) - 1

=:>f(f(I»-1 =f(I)-1. Nen,a-f(l)= f(1)-1 =:> f(1) =(a+ 1)/2. V~y: fen) = n + (a - 1)/2.

13.3. Chi can xet tnronghop (a, b) = I .

GQi S la tap hop cac so nguyen n sao cho M - b $; n $; M + a-I. The thl f(S) c S ,va 0 E S. Gia dinh k 2:: 1 va reO) = 0 .

VI f(m) = m + a hay f(m) = m - b, k co th~ diroc viet thanh: k=r+s va ra-sb = O.Do(a,b)=l=:> k z a+n.

Mat khac lai co : f + h(O) = ra - sb , trong do r + s = a + b . =:> fl+h(O) = ra - sb = (A + b)(a - s). VI f+h(O) = E S, va chi boi cua a + b thuoc S la 0 =:> f" + h(O) = O.

Suy ra so u.s nhien be nhat k sao cho reO) = 0 la k = a + b . Trong tnrong hop tong quat, k be nhat la (a + b)/(a,b) .

14.2 .Tir gia thiet =:> f(x) - f(y~ $; 1 x - Y 11/2 ___. 0 khi x___. y. x-y

Nen chi co ham so hang thoa dieu kien dft neu .

...

* ...

f[ ~ : _1_]

x y

2

\;fx, Y ; x + Y *- O.

sAl T ~P LAM THEM

1. Cho ham so f(x) xac dinh tren N boi :

{ f(O) = 0 ; fO) = 1

Vn > 1 f(n + I) = 3f(n) - 2f(n - 1) .

Chung minh rang f(n) = 2" - 1 .

2. Chung minh rang t6n tai mot ham so f: N ~ N thoa man d6ng nhai thirc : ftf'(n) = n2 , n EN.

3. TIm ham so f: R ~ R thoa dieu kien: 1

Vx *- 0 f(1 - x) = 2f( -) + I.

x

4. Cho f(x) va g(x) la cac ham so lien tuc tren R sao cho: f(g(x» = g(f(x», "Ix. Chirng minh rang neu plurong trinh: f(x) = g(x) vo nghiem thi phirong trlnh: f(f(x» = gtgtx) cling vo nghiern .

5. C6 t6n tai chang mot ham so lien tuc f tren R sao eho:

ftf'(x) = - x , Vx ?

6. TIm ham so f(x) xac dinh va lien tuc trong R \ {O} thoa man dieu kien:

=

1 --- +

f(x)

1 f(y)

*

* *

90

Ml)C LVC

Trang

* Lai noi "fau :........ 3

§1. Phuong trinh dangft A) = B 5

§2. Phuong trinh chua hui bidu thuc: f(A) .. /(B) .

,')\'3. Hi! phuong trinh .

§4. Phuong phap quy nap .

§5. Phuong phdp chon gia tri dilc biet ..

§6. Phuong phap ham lien tuc .

§7. Phuong phdp d(10 ham ..

§8. Phuong phup quy vei ham co ban ..

§9. Ham .wi chdn - Iii .

§10. Ham .w)' tudn hoan .

§ 11. Day cdc ham (t,) ..

§12. Ham nhieu bien ..

.. ' ,

!§13. Sa dung If thuyet s6 .

§14. Bift phuong trinh : ..

*B" - r h

ai t(JP tong op · · · · .

'" Cdc dinh nghia - dinh ~l; b6 sling .

'" Hudng d£1n giai ..

'" Bai ttJp him then I ..

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