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Chapter 6
1. Memory is the cognitive process that includes encoding, storage, consolidation,
and retrieval of information.
2. Encoding is the process of transforming information into a form that can be
stored in memory.
3. Storage is the process of keeping or maintaining information in memory.
4. Consolidation is a physiological change in the brain that allows encoded
information to be stored in memory.
5. Retrieval is the process of bringing to mind information that has been stored in
memory.
6. Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory states the there are three different,
interacting memory systems: Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, and
Long-Term Memory.
7. Sensory Memory is the memory system that holds information from the senses
for a period of time ranging from only a fraction of a second to about 2
seconds.
8. Short-Term Memory is the memory system that codes information according
to sound and holds about seven (from five to nine) items for less than 30
seconds without rehearsal; also called working memory.
9. Displacement is the event that occurs when STM is filled to capacity and each
new, incoming item pushes out an existing item, which is then forgotten.
10. Chunking is a memory strategy that involves grouping or organizing bits of
information into larger units, which are easier to remember.
11. Rehearsal is the act of purposely repeating information to maintain it in STM.
12. Long-Term Memory is the memory system with virtually unlimited capacity
that contains vast stores of a person’s permanent or relatively permanent
memories.
13. Declarative memory is the subsystem within LTM that stores facts,
information, and personal life events that can be brought to mind verbally or in
the form of images and then declared or stated; also called explicit memory.
14. Non-Declarative Memory is the subsystem within LTM that stores motor skills,
habits, and simple classically conditioned responses; also called implicit
memory.
15. Episodic Memory is the type of Declarative Memory that records events as
they have been subjectively experienced.
16. Semantic Memory is the type of Declarative Memory that stores general
knowledge, or objective facts and information.
17. Recognition is a memory task in which a person must simply identify material
as familiar or as having been encountered before.
18. Recall is a memory task in which a person must produce required information
by searching memory.
19. Schemas are the integrated frameworks of knowledge and assumptions a
person has about people, objects, and events, which affect how the person
encodes and recalls information.
20. Parallel Distributed Processing (or P.D.P.) stores memory for skills. Holds
large number of memories and is fast. Different neurons simultaneously
handle different bits of information.
21. Semantic Networks: very specific, Stores facts. Example: Which gifts you
recycled last year.
22. Childhood Amnesia (or Infantile Amnesia) is the relative inability of older
children and adults to recall events from the first few years of life.
23. Serial Position Effect is the finding that, for information learned in a sequence,
recall is better for the beginning and ending items than for the middle items in
the sequence.
24. Primacy Effect is the tendency to recall the first items in a sequence more
readily than the middle items.
25. Recency Effect is the tendency to recall the last items in a sequence more
readily than those in the middle.
26. Ebbinghaus discovered that the largest amount of forgetting occurs very
quickly, then it tapers off.
27. Interference is a cause of forgetting that occurs because information or
associations stored either before of after a given memory hinder the ability to
remember it.
28. Proactive Interference occurs when information or experiences already stored
in LTM hinder the ability to remember newer information; Previous learning
blocks new learning.
29. Retroactive Interference occurs when new learning interferes with the ability
to remember previously learned information; Recent learning blocks previous
learning.