AP Gov & Politics Mid-Term Review– outside world as well as

concepts looking inward

Chapter I Chapter 2
A. two ques. on which your text A. Constitutional convention
focuses a. Delegates assembled at
a. who governs? And to Philadelphia to revise the
what ends? Articles; adjourned four
B. aver. income tax rate months later having
a. 21% written a wholly new
C. political power constitution
a. Power-the ability of one A. Amer. Revolution goal
person to get another a. Sought to protect the
person to act in traditional liberties and
accordance with the first do be an independent
person’s intentions nation
D. Aristotle B. Articles of confederation & state
a. Definition of democracy governments
is the “rule of many” a. AOC- a weak constitution
E. Majoritarian politics that governed America
a. Marxist view-view that during the Revolutionary
the government is War
dominated by capitalists C. John Hancock as pres. 1785
b. Power Elite view-view a. Never showed up to take
that the government is the job as he was elected
dominated by a few top to the meaningless office
leaders, most of whom of “president” under the
are outside of government AOC
c. Bureaucratic view-view D. Assembly of PA gov’t pro/con
that the government is a. Pennsylvania: radically
dominated by appointed democratic, but trampled
officials minority rights--
d. Pluralist view-the belief government was too
that competition among strong
all affected interests E. Shay’s Rebellion
shapes public policy a. 1787 rebellion in which
F. Pluralism ex-Revolutionary War
a. Pluralist view-the belief soldiers attempted to
that competition among prevent foreclosures of
all affected interests farms as a result of high
shapes public policy interest rates
G. Foreign affairs approach F. Great Compromise
a. During certain periods in a. Plan to have a popularity
our history we have taken elected House based on
an active interest in the state population and a
 state-selected Senate,
with two members for
each state
G. A Republic
a. A government in which
elected representatives
make the decisions
H. Concurrent powers/ enumerated
powers
a. Concurrent powers-
powers shared by the
national and state
governments
b. Enumerated powers-
Powers given to the
national government
alone
c. Reserved powers- Powers
given to the state
government alone
I. Federalism
a. Government authority
shared by national and
state governments
J. Slavery v. Constitution
1. Slavery was addressed in
three provisions of the
Constitution0
a0) House of
Representatives
apportionment—the
“three-fifths
compromise”
b) Congress
could not prohibit slave trade before
1808
c) Fugitive
slave cause
10. Necessity of
compromise: the
Constitution would not have
been ratified and slavery
would have continued under
the Articles of
Confederation―with no
prospective challenge
possible
20. Legacy: civil war, social
and political catastrophe
Chapter 3
A. Confederation
a.
A. Wording of Constitution
a. Elastic language in
Article I: necessary
and proper clause0
10. Precise definitions of
powers are politically
impossible due to
competing interests, e.g.,
commerce
2. Hamilton’s view: national
supremacy since the
Constitution was the
supreme law of the land
3. Jefferson’s view: states’
rights with the people as
ultimate sovereign; the
national government was
likely to be the principal
threat to individuals’
liberties
B. Madison v. Hamilton views of
gov’t
a. Hamilton’s view: national
supremacy since the
Constitution was the
supreme law of the land
b. Madison’s view:
C. Civil War issues
D. McCulloch v. Maryland
a. McCulloch v.
Maryland (1819)
settled two questions0
a0) Could
Congress charter a
national bank? Yes,
even though this
power is not
explicitly in the
Constitution
because of the
“necessary and
proper” (elastic)
clause
 b) Could A. Political conflict
states tax such a
federal bank? No,
because national
powers were
supreme and
therefore immune to
state challenge. A. Freedom in the marketplace
E. Federal gov’t income 19th cent
and early 20th B. Swedes v. US
a.
F. Mandates
a. Terms set by the national
government that states
must meet whether or not
they accept federal grants
G. AFDC and Medicaid
a. 1. AFDC and
Medicaid had operated
as entitlements—
b. 20.
Republicans in
104th Congress
proposed making these C. confidence in pol. Institutions
and other programs
block grants D. religiosity: US v. Eur.
c. 30. AFDC did
actually become a
block grant
d. 40. Devolution
became part of the
national political
agenda
e. 50. Some
evidence that
devolution in welfare
programs continued
from states to
localities, localities to
non-profit and private
organizations
H. Devolution
a. The effort to transfer
responsibility for many
pubic programs and
services from the federal
government to the states
Chapter 4
a. political culture- a
coherent way of thinking
about how politics and
government ought to be
carried out
a.
1. Swedes tend to
favor equal pay and top
limit on incomes
60. Americans favor
economic freedom over
equality
70. Americans are less
likely to think that hard
work goes unrewarded
80. Americans are less
likely to think that
government should
guarantee citizens a basic
standard of living
a.
1. Religious beliefs
have played an important
role in American politics
a. The First
Great Awakening (1730’s-
40’s) transformed political
life of colonies
b. Break with
England-language of
Declaration of
Independence
c. Religious
leaders central to anti-
slavery movement
90. Both liberals and
conservatives have and do
use the pulpit to promote
political change (civil rights
leaders, Moral Majority of
the 80’s, Christian Coalition
of the 90’s)
100. Candidates for
national office in most other
contemporary democracies
 rarely mention religion;
drastically different in the
U.S.
E. Early church influence son gov’t
F. Family influence on gov’t
a. Family instills the
ways we think about
world and politics0
a0) Greater
freedom of children
and equality among
family members…
b) …leads to
belief in rights and
acceptance of diverse
views in decision-
making
G. Reagan era/trust in gov.
H. Political efficacy
a. A belief that you can take
part in politics (internal
efficacy) or that the
government will respond
to the citizenry (external
efficacy)
I. Insulation of courts form public
opinion
Chapter 5
A. Espionage and Sedition Acts
a. Sedition Act of 1798,
following the French Revolution
b. Espionage and Sedition
Acts, directed against
German Americans in
World War I
A. Bill of Rights
a. First 10 amendments of
the Constitution
B. Libel
a. Writing that falsely
injures another person
C. Flag burning
a. There may be no law that
bans flag-burning
D. Wall of separation
a. Court ruling that
government cannot be
involved with religion
Chapter 6
A.19th Amendment- States that
A. Civil rights Move-ment of the
60s- Blacks were being
segregated up until the 1960s and
then they realized that they
needed to start the civil rights
movement to gain them more
political and life freedoms from
the segregation they faced. They
did this by allying white political
elites, and by shifting the
struggle to a policy-making deal.
Once they finally got what they
wanted, the blacks wanted to
make everything equal for
themselves and all.
B. Plessey v. Ferguson- Plessey was
one-eighth black and refused to
sit in the “black” railroad cars
and was convicted. He appealed
it to the Supreme Court which
than claimed that “Separate-but-
Equal” was constitutional
because if “one race be inferior
to the other socially, the
Constitution cannot put them on
the same plane.
C. Brown v. Board of Ed.-
unanimous Supreme Court ruling
that Plessy v. Fergusian was
dead. “in the field of public
education the doctrine of
‘separate but equal’ had no
place” because “separate but
equal facilities are inherently
inequal.” Landmark decision.
Blacks and Whites attendeed the
same schools now.
Chapter 7
A. Family influence on party choice-
the majority of young people identify
themselves with the party their
parents associate with. 60 percent of
adults still associate with the parties
their parent’s did.
A. Sources of cleavage in public
opinion- Race, Sex, Income,
Occupation, Religion, Region,
Education.
B. Liberal defined in FDR’s time-
referred to his political program-
one that called for an active
national government that would
intervene in the economy, create
social welfare programs, and
help certain groups (such as
organized labor) acquire greater
bargaining power.
C. Political classifications/
conservative, populist, etc.-
a. Pure Liberals- want
government to reduce
economic inequality,
regulate business, tax the
rich heavily, cure the
economic cause of crime,
allow abortions, protect
the rights of the accused,
and guarantee the
broadest possible
freedoms of speech and
press. Most likely young,
college-educated,
nonreligious.
b. Pure Conservatives- want
the government to cut
back on the welfare state,
allow the market to
allocate goods and
services, keep taxes low,
lock up criminals, and
curb forms of conduct
they regard as antisocial.
Most likely an older
person, white, high
income, and live in the
Midwest.
c. Populists- liberal on
economic matters, and
conservative on social
ones. Want a government
that will reduce economic
inequality and control
business, but they also
want the gov. to regulate
personal conduct, lock up
criminals, and permit
school prayer. Most likely
older, poor educated,
low-income, religious,
female, live in the South
or Midwest.
d. Libertarians-
Conservative on
economic matter, but
liberal on social ones.
Want a small, weak
government that has little
control over the economy
or personal lives of
citizens. Most likely
young, college educated,
white, higher incomes, no
religion, and live in the
West.
Chapter 8
A. previously Disenfranchised
groups-
B. voter participation groups-
a. Inactivists-(22%) rarely
vote to never vote and do
not talk of politics. Most
likely young, low income,
little education, mostly
African American.
b. Activists- (11%)
participate in all forms of
politics. Most likely
middle-aged, high income
and well educated.
 c. Voting Specialist- people
who vote, but not much
more. Most likely had
little education and
income, and older.
d. Campaigners- Vote and
love to participate. They
have a passion for
sticking to their party and
campaigning around.
e. Communalists- They are
just like the Campaigners,
except that they tend to
be more temperate. They
like to take their problems
to the local government
and work out their
problems in the
community.
f. Parochial Participants-
Do not vote at all, and do
not participate in
anything political.
However, they are willing
to contact local officials
about specific, often,
personal problems.
C. Decline in Voter Turnout- before
the 1900s the voter turnout was
around 70 and even 80 percent!
And since the 1900s, the turnout
has never reached 70% even 50%
some years. One view reason as
to why, is that the competition
between the 2 major parties
declined since the 19th century
and the parties settled down in
their respective regions and
didn’t fight for politics like
before. Another theory is that the
voting ratios are more apparent
than real, because fraud voting
was easily accomplished up until
the later 20th century. And this is
why the numbers are higher
before then.
I. Chapter 9
A. p. 198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205,
207, 209
II. Chapter 10
A. p. 231, 232, 234, 235, 237, 244,
245, 250, 254, 255, 256, 258,
259, 260
III. Chapter 11
A. p. 265, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271,
272, 274, 275, 278, 282
Chapter 9
B. Weakness of Parties Today-
Weaker in the categories or a set
of leaders, a label, and an
organization.
C. Decentralization of parties- split
tickets, voting for candidates of
different parties for various
offices in the same election,
increased over the years as
opposed to straight tickets,
voting for candidates who are all
of the same party.
D. Who chooses candidates?- At
the (Republican and Democratic)
national conventions, the national
committees and national
congressional campaign
committees,
E. Founders view of political
parties- disliked them.
F. Organization of pol. Parties- First
political party was made in 1790s
after the following of Jefferson.
They were called the
Republicans.
G. National party conventions
H. Jacksonian era party system- ran
from the bottom up. They got rid
of caucuses and this was a huge
step from switching systems
from the Founding Father’s
 original party system. Invention
of the party conventions were
made in this Jacksonian era.
I. Modern Republican party
J. Three clearest critical alignment
periods
K. National conventions
Chapter 10
A.Early 19th century- party chose
pres. Candidates, how?-
B. Elections w/largest voter turnout
C. % of House incumbents who win
reelection
D. 1911 – House size fixed at 435
E. Candidate tactics: general
election v. primary
F. Funding for congressional v.
pres. campaigns
G. Campaign reform act of 2002
H. Party identification: factor in
determining how people vote
I. Retrospective voting
J. Democrat strong hold on
Catholics, southerners and union
members lost
K. 1896 to 1932/ Republican
domination
L. 1964 election impact on social
assistance programs
M. 1980 election impact on taxes,
spending, and regulatory
practices
Chapter 11
A. causes of factions according to
Madison
B. interest access to gov’t in US
C. periods in which interest groups
expanded most rapidly
D. growth of public interest groups
in 60s
E. institutional interest
groups/examples
F. institutional interest
groups/lobbying
G. US participation in religious
assoc.s v. that of Eur.
H. Solidary reasons for joining PTA
I. Materials benefits
J. Purposive membership
organizations
K. Ralph Nader/ auto safety
testimony
L. Hostile administration allows
increased effectiveness of public
interest lobbies
M. Social movements, size of
N. Peak year of unions in US
O. Corporations make up what
percent of interest groups in DC
P. Campaign finance reform so f
1973