!

"#$% &'%"('#$%

%)*+,-./
! "#$%&'(#"&)" &!* +$#,-+)"*

0#1$%0"% INTERNET NOW!

ii
iii
 %2#3'40%
‘5 '3"%4$#3'4"' 45% 0"32!0"'%’

iv
 !"#$% &'%"('#$%

%)*+,-./
! "#$%&'(#"&)" &!* +$#,-+)"*

0#1$%0"% INTERNET NOW!

'23!' 2011
v
vi
! ‘!"#$%&'(’: 4565*7 *68-5*7 9+:;<)=8;8 ->= ,+?,@>= 'A8=,@>=. 3 95:
.9@;8µ8 *,5 -B95*7 9+:;<)=8;8 7-,=: ‘C, %)*+,-./’.
!3 <>-:D+,<@, -:B .E><F66:B 9:B 9,+5;-G -:= %>*+G-8 H5,6.DIµ.=: .@=,5
,9I -8 ‘%?:67 ->= 'A8=)=’ -:B J,<,76.

!"#$%: &'(')*+,-.! +*/+-0( .112(0(

345678 9$:575;97<: 1. !0=*+3.!
!<>>$?@A?8: (. B+!-1+='!
&"5?@$?C5#DE "9#µA6"#?: (. B+!-1+='!
.9#µA6"#? ADF7CG8: (. B+!-1+='!

Copyright 2011 '9:*6.5;-5*I-8-, D5, -8= 066GH, *,5 -:= *I;µ:: INTERNET
NOW!. (:B*5,=:F 5 #:6>=G*5, K# 106 75. K86: 210-72.39.550, Fax:
211-800.88.48 - !. &,;56G*:/.

+9?>7$";"5?# G ?H?FGµ7C4"<CG, G ?H?9?$?>:>E, 76#DE E µ"$#DE E 9"$#6G95#DE, E G

?9IF7CG D?5% 9?$%@$?CG E F#?CD"<E 57< 9"$#"J7µAH7< 57< K#K647< µ" 797#7HFE975"
5$I97, µGJ?H#DI, G6"D5$7H#DI, @:575<9#DI, GJ7>$%@GCG8 E %667, J:$48 9$7G>7;µ"HG
>$?95E %F"#? 57< "DFI5G. (Iµ78 2121/1993 D?# D?HIH"8 57< L#"MH7;8 L#D?47< 97<
#CJ;7<H C5GH .66%F?.

ISBN 960-98280-83-1

vii
 ¢llL gLr Mdh éra ¢piNnai, ™moˆ mn
¢poqanoumNnJ, Øm‹n d biwsomNnoij: OpÒteroi d Pmîn
œrcontai ™pˆ ¥meinon pr©gma, ¥dhlon pantˆ plQn À
tù qeù.
R6G->=:/, '9:6:D@, %>*+G-:B/, 42.a.2

«.//0 12&"%+ 3$" ! 4#" ("$ 3#13+$ -" 3!5")-'6µ+, +54

%&' 70-"&', +%+)* %&! 8,9· 3'$:* :µ,* "3: ‘µ"*
3!5")-+$ 3#'* (0&$ ("/;&+#', <+- &' =1#+$ ("-1-"* 0//'*
3"#0 µ:-'- ' >+:*.»

viii
 )'$*'+,µ'-%
1. .$/-/0/1*#,( 23-%#%( 1

2. .4$&5( &/6 %$+%3/6 '005-*#/7 #,8µ/6 3

3. )$,0/1/( &/6 '#9,&5 4

'=,S8-)=-,/ -:= ,68A5=I %>*+G-8

4. :*8%1;1< 6
T=, 9.+@.+D: =,BGD5:

5. = !;#$4&5( 9
$ D5:/ -:B µ,+µ,+:D6F9-8 *,5 -8/ µ,@,/ ?,+,*-8+@S.-,5 ,9I -: µ,=-.@:
->= 1.6<)= >/ : ;:<)-.+:/ G=A+>9:/

6. > 9*9%8#%03% &/6 13

$ %>*+G-8/ .<,+µIS.5 =U./ .95;-8µ:=5*U/ µ.AIH:B/
6.1 > µ?@/9,( &/6 15
6.1.1 > 8;#$%&*#< '2%1;1< 15
6.1.2 > 8;#$%&*#< %-%0/1*#< µ?@/9/( 16
6.1.3 = 8;#$%&*#,( 1'-*#,( /$*8µ,( 16
6.1.4 > 8;#$%&*#< 41-/*%, 5 %$-58*1-;83% #%* 5 %1-;83% 17
6.1.5 > 8;#$%&*#< %2/$5&*#<, 5 µ%*'6&*#< #%* 5 9*%0'#&*#< 18
6.1.6 = 8;#$%&*#,( ?0'1+/( 19
6.1.7 > 8;#$%&*#< '*$;-'3% 20
6.1.8 > 8;#$%&*#< 5@*#< 21
6.2 = !;#$4&5( #%* /* 8/A*8&?( 22
6.3 > 8&485 &/6 %2?-%-&* 8&/- ?$;&% 23
6.4 > 'µA4-*8< &/6 25

7. > '2/+< &/6 30

$ %>*+G-8/, -, 9:65-5*G *Iµµ,-, *,5 -: *)=.5:

8. :230/1/( 39
3 ,A,=,;@, -8/ VB?7/ *,5 : ,=.EU-,;-:/ W@:/

9. B*C0*/1$%A3% 43

ix
 !. ". #$%&'()*+

1. !"#$#%#&'()* +,$-(-*

470/69 !"##$%$ &'( )*+,-&$.

440/35 . /,$%µ01 &'( 23#&45'( &*# 64789#
%&'# :3;,489#&3 <;3 &'# )*+,-&$.
431 2-/$ &$1 ='&5>3;31.
430/25 !"##$%$ &'( ?4#'89#&3.
429 @-#3&'1 &'( =4,;+7A.
428/7 !"##$%$ &'( =7-&*#3.
424 2-/$ &'( 6$75'(. )(µµ4&'/A &'(
)*+,-&$.
423 .; ‘B48"741’ &'( C,;%&'8-#$. .
)*+,-&$1 45#3; 47 4&9# +3; ' =7-&*#
422 4 4&9#.
2-/$ &$1 Cµ85D'7$1. @-#3&'1 &'(
E,3%5>3 +3; &'( F7"*#3 %&$#
Cµ85D'7$. . )*+,-&$1 %(µµ4&"/4;
416 %&$# 4+%&,3&453 3(&A.
415-413 B5+$ &'( C<-G*#3 %4 >,3µ3&;+0 3<9#3.
H 4+%&,3&453 %&;1 )(,3+'I%41.
407 F3&3%&,'8A &$1 CG$#3J+A1 %&,3&;-1.
. )*+,-&$1 <#*,5K4; &'# =7-&*#3.
406 )*+,-&$1: 62 4&9#. =7-&*#: 21 "&'(1.
B3(µ3/53 &*# C,<;#'(%9#. 65+$ +3;
1
 «,-).$/0+, 1 $.&%/*).$/2$ /1+ 0&.3402$+»

+3&3>5+$ &*# %&,3&$<9#, >;3µ3,&(,53

&'( )*+,-&$. @-#3&'1 &'( L(,;D5>$
404 +3; &'( )'8'+7A.
M"7'1 &'( =47'D'##$%;3+'I ='7"µ'(N $
CGA#3 D3,3>5>4&3; %&'# OI%3#>,'.
6;',;%µ01 &*# M,;-+'#&3N >'7'8'#53
&'( ='74µ-,/'(. F3&3>5+$ +3;
4+&"74%$ &'( O"'#&3 3D0 &$ )373µ5#3
403 (404/3)
=&9%$ &*# M,;-+'#&3N G-#3&'1 &'(
F,;&53 +3; &'( :3,µ5>$.
401 CD'+3&-%&3%$ &$1 >$µ'+,3&531 %&$#
399 CGA#3.
L+%&,3&453 &'( FI,'(.
65+41 &'( C#>'+5>$ +3; &'( )*+,-&$ <;3
392/0 (D4,5D'() 3%"P4;3 +3; G-#3&'1 &'( )*+,-&$ +3&-
&$# 3,/'#&53 &'( O-/$.
385 Q(77->;' &'( ='7(+,-&$ +3&- &'(
367 )*+,-&$.
356 (D4,5D'() !"##$%$ &'( C,;%&'&"7$ %&3 )&-<4;,3.
L5%'>'1 &'( C,;%&'&"7$ %&$# C+3>$µ53.
347 !"##$%$ &'( 24<-7'( C74R-#>,'( %&$#
343/2 ="773.
@-#3&'1 &'( =7-&*#3.
. C,;%&'&"7$1 >-%+37'1 &'( #43,'I
C7"R3#>,'(.

2
 !. ". #$%&'()*+

2. !."/0* /#1 -"2-,#1 3%%0$'(#4 ()5µ#1

5 0''14&)6+ )6%µ*+

3
 «,-).$/0+, 1 $.&%/*).$/2$ /1+ 0&.3402$+»

3. +")%#&#* /#1 3(6)/0

C#3K$&9#&31 &'# 37$G;#0 )*+,-&$

H %4;,- µ'#'<,38;9# 3,/35*# L77A#*# ",/4&3; #3

+37IS4; "#3 µ4<-7' +4#0N &' +4#0 D'( >$µ;'(,<45 %&'(1
T77$#41 $ D4D'5G$%$ 0&; $ <#9%$ <;3 &'(1 D,'<0#'(1 &'(1
45#3; 3#4D5+&$&$...
24<379%3µ4 +3; 4#$7;+;*GA+3µ4 3+'I<'#&31 %(#4/91 &3
'#0µ3&3 &*# L77A#*# &'( 3D9&4,'( D3,47G0#&'1 -&'(
)*+,-&$, &'( =7-&*#3, &'( C,;%&'&"7$ +3; &*# (D'7'5D*#-
/*,51 0µ*1, %/4>0# D'&", #3 µ-G'(µ4 +-&; D4,;%%0&4,' <;’
3(&'I1, <;3 &$ >;>3%+3753 +3; <;3 &' ",<' &'(1. . A/'1 &*#
'#'µ-&*# &'(1 +3&"+7(K4 D-#&'&4 &3 3(&;- µ31, %&' µ(370
µ31, 0µ*1, >4# (DA,/4 D3,- ' 3D0$/'1 &$1 >0R31 &'(1.
=';01 A&3# &47;+- ' )*+,-&$1 +3; &5 45#3; 3(&0 D'( &'#
3D3G3#-&;%4 %&$# ;%&',53 &$1 8;7'%'8;+A1 %+"S$1; !;3&5
G4*,45&3; &0%' %$µ3#&;+0 &' ",<' &'( =7-&*#3 %&$#
>$µ;'(,<53 +3; &$# 4R"7;R$ &$1 >(&;+A1 8;7'%'8531; =91
',5K4; &$# 4D;%&Aµ$ +3; &$ µ"G'>' ' C,;%&'&"7$1
G4µ47;9#'#&31 &$# 4D;%&$µ'#;+A ",4(#3;
U741 3(&"1 '; 4,*&A%4;1 &5G4#&3; 3>;-+'D3, /*,51 #3
P,5%+'(# 3D0+,;%$. F3; 0&3# 7"µ4 3D0+,;%$ >4# 4##''Iµ4
4+45#$ &$# <#*%&A %/'73%&;+;%&;+A D'( 3D'µ3+,I#4; &'#
>;S3%µ"#' <;3 <#9%$ -#G,*D' 3D0 &' 3#&;+45µ4#' D'(
4
 !. ". #$%&'()*+

"G47R4 &$# D4,;",<4;3 &'( D#4Iµ3&01 &'(. .; 3,/35';

T77$#41 "74<3# 0&; «&' 73+*#5K4;# 4%&5 8;7'%'845#»
3#384,0µ4#'; 0/; µ0#' %&$ K*A +3; &'# &,0D' >;3P5*%$1,
377- +3; %&'# &,0D' D,'%D"73%$1 &$1 4D;%&Aµ$1 +3; &$1
<#9%$1.
E3%;%µ"#'; %’ 3(&0# &'# <#9µ'#3 D3,'(%;-K'(µ4 3(&A#
&$# %4;,- µ'#'<,38;9#. 64# G4*,'Iµ4 0&; ‘+'µ5K'(µ4
<73I+31 41 CGA#31’. 64# 45#3; -77*%&4 ' %+'D01 µ31 3(&01.
)+'D01 µ31 45#3; #3 %(%&A%'(µ4, µ4 +45µ4#3 3D7- +3;
+3&3#'$&-, &$# >;3/,'#;+A 477$#;+A %+"S$ %&'# %I</,'#'
T77$#3 D'( 47-/;%&3 <#*,5K4; <;’ 3(&A#. M3 P;P7;-,;3 3(&A1
&$1 %4;,-1 >4# 3D'&47'I# ‘&$# ",4(#3’ D3,- 38',µA <;3
",4(#3.
H %4;,- R4+;#- µ4 &'# )*+,-&$N &'# -#G,*D' D'( $
>;>3%+3753 &'( 4,µ$#4I&$+4 D'7(%/;>91 3D0 &'(1 µ3G$&"1
&'(, '; 'D'5'; -µ4 0D7' &$# <#9%$ &$1 3,4&A1 D'( 4+45#'1
&'(1 D,'%"84,4- 5>,(%3# >;38',4&;+"1 8;7'%'8;+"1 %/'7"1N
&'# -#G,*D' D'( >4# "<,3S4 &5D'&4, D3,3µ"#'#&31
35#;<µ3&;+01 <;3 &'(1 %I</,'#'(1 +3; &'(1 µ4&3<4#"%&4,'(1.
6;3P-K'#&31 &' P;P7;-,;' &'I&' G3 3#3+37IS4&4 0&; '
37$G;#01 )*+,-&$1 45#3; 4+45#'1 D'( +3&';+45 %4 µ;3 µ;+,A
(+3; %+'#;%µ"#$) <*#;- &'( /3,3+&A,3 %31. C# &' P;P75'
3(&0 D4&I/4; #3 >;9R4; &$ %+0#$, G3 "/4; '7'+7$,9%4; &'#
%+'D0 <;3 &'# 'D'5' <,-8&$+4N D,-<µ3 484&0 377- >I%+'73
48;+&0, +3G91 4R3,&-&3; +3; 3D0 &'# 3#3<#9%&$...

B5+'1 E3%;7-+'1

5
 «,-).$/0+, 1 $.&%/*).$/2$ /1+ 0&.3402$+»

`O b…oj bracVj, W d tXcnh makrY, Z d kairÕj ÑxVj,

W d pe‹ra sfalerY, W d kr…sij calep».
788#("./0*, ‘9:#"'5µ#,’, 1.1.1

«7 839 024$& %:4/*µ1, 04- 1 0;&%/9µ1 024$& µ0<('1, 1 0=)$&.2$

024$& >0=<$'?$, 1 ;02.$ %>$'0.9 )$& 1 %3%/9 ).2%1 @:%)*'1.»

4. +")%#&#*
T#3 D4,54,<' #3(-<;'

M' P;P75' D'( +,3&-&4 %&3 /",;3 %31 45#3; 3D0 &;1
&474;0&4,41 µ$/3#"1 D'( "/4; 484I,4; &' 3#G,9D;#' D#4Iµ3
<;3 #3 &3R;>4I4; %&'# /,0#'. L5#3; &' 4;%;&A,;0 %31 <;3 &'#
µ3<;+0 +0%µ' &'( 3,/35'( 477$#;+'I D#4Iµ3&'1.
M' µ0#' D'( 3D3;&45, 0D*1 -77*%&4 +3; +-G4 &3R5>; %&$#
$µ4>3DA A &$# 377'>3DA, 45#3; $ D3,3&$,$&;+0&$&3 &'(
&3R;>;9&$. U,&; 3#38",4&3; %&;1 %475>41 3(&'I &'( P;P75'(,
377- +3; %’ 4+45#3 D'( &' 3+'7'(G'I#, >5#4; D'77"1
D4,;%%0&4,41 D7$,'8',541 3D’ 0,&; +3#451 #'µ5K4; µ4 &$#
D,9&$ 3#-<#*%$. [%*1 G3 A&3# +37I&4,3 #3 G4*,A%'(µ4
‘D4,;A<$%$’ &$# D4,;D7-#$%$ %&;1 D7$,'8',541 D'(
D3,3>5>'#&3; 3D0 &;1 3,/3541 D$<"1N +3; 0/; &3R5>;.
H D4,;A<$%$ 3(&A 'µ';-K4; D'7I µ4 &' #3(-<;' D'(
3#3+-7(S4 "#31 3,/3;'70<'1 0&3# P,A+4 %&'# P(G0 &$1
G-73%%31 "#3, µ-77'# 3D'<'$&4(&;+0, 4I,$µ3. CD0 &'
P(G;%µ"#' D7'5' >4# 45/4 µ45#4; &5D'&4 D3,- µ0#'# '
%+474&01 &'(, +3; <;3 #3 45µ3%&4 D;' 3+,;P451, $
,3/'+'+37;- &'( %+474&'I &'(. \>'I 3(&01, 7';D0#, µD,'%&-
%4 "#3 4I,$µ3 D'( '; D4,;%%0&4,'; G3 /3,3+&A,;K3#
3%Aµ3#&'. ]D-,/4; 0µ*1 µ53 "#>4;R$ D'( µ0#' '
(D'S;3%µ"#'1 D3,3&$,$&A1, 0D*1 45#3; ' D3,3&$,$&;+01
3,/3;'70<'1 &$1 ;%&',531, G3 D,'%"R4;N $ +3&4IG(#%$ &'(
6
 !. ". #$%&'()*+

%+474&'I D'( >4;+#I4; &'# D7'( &'( D7'5'(. T&%;

+3&373P35#'(µ4 3D0 D'I 4R4+5#$%4 +3; D'I, D;G3#91,
+3&4(G(#0&3#. M3 7;µ-#;3 A&3# %(<+4+,;µ"#3 +3; &3
>,'µ'70<;3 &*# D7'5*# 4D5%$1. M' >,'µ'70<;' ">4;/#4 &5
8',&5' µ4&"84,4 &' D7'5' +3; &' 8',&5' &$# D;G3#A 4D'/A
&'( &3R;>;'I. T&%; 3,/5K'(µ4 #3 4;+-K'(µ4 D'77- D,-<µ3&3,
D'( >4# 45#3; µ3+,;- 3D0 &$# 5>;3 &$# 37AG4;3, µ4 R4#3<0 µ;3
D7$,'8',53 µ$>4#;+A1 -83;#'µ4#;+91- 3R531.
C(&0# 3+,;P91 &'# ,07' &'( (D'S;3%µ"#'( 3#G,9D'(
(&'( homo suspiciosus) D,"D4; #3 D35K4; ' -#G,*D'1 %4 +-G4
4+>A7*%$ &$1 K*A1 &'( +3; >$ +3&- &$# 3#-<#*%$ 3(&'I
&'( 4</4;,;>5'(. C(&0 -77*%&4 µ3G35#'(µ4 0&; >5>3%+4 +3; '
)*+,-&$1, 0&3# K$&'I%4 3D0 &'(1 µ3G$&"1 &'( #3 <#*,5%'(#
&'# 43(&0 &'(1 µ0#'; &'(1.
E,;%+0µ3%&4 2.400 /,0#;3 µ3+,;- 3D0 &$ >;+A µ31 4D'/A.
64# D,"D4; #3 7$%µ'#'Iµ4 0&; '; -#G,*D'; D'( G3
%(#3#&A%'(µ4 A&3# 0µ';';, &$,'(µ"#*# &*# 3#37'<;9#, µ’
4µ-1. L5/3# D-G$ D'( "µ';3K3# µ4 &3 >;+- µ31 +3; &'(1
P3%-#;K3# &3 5>;3 D,'P7Aµ3&3 &$1 4D;P5*%$1. ^&3# +3; 45#3;
‘µIG';’. C(&0 0µ*1 D,"D4; #3 &' R4/-%'(µ4, 0%' 4,4(#'Iµ4
&$# 37AG4;3 <;’ 3(&'I1. C# >4# &' R4/-%'(µ4, >4# G3
µD',"%'(µ4 #3 >'Iµ4 &$# 37AG4;3 +3&-µ3&3. C# >4# &'
R4/-%'(µ4, >4# G3 µD',"%'(µ4 #3 &'(1 >'Iµ4 +3&-µ3&3 +3;
45#3; ->;+' 0&3# 4+45#'; µ31 +';&'I# %&3 µ-&;3 &0%41
/;7;->41 /,0#;3...
64# 45#3; &(/35' 0&; D,9&'1 &$ &-R4; ",/4&3; ' )*+,-&$1.
. >-%+37'1 &'( =7-&*#3 (DA,R4 3D0 &;1 D;' 3;#;<µ3&;+"1
µ',8"1 &'( 3,/35'( +0%µ'(. . 5>;'1 >4# "<,3S4 &5D'&4 >;0&;
D5%&4(4 %&$# D,'8',;+A >;>3%+3753 $ 'D'53, %Iµ8*#3 µ4 &3
74<0µ4#- &'(, >4# µD',45 %4 +3µµ53 D4,5D&*%$ #3
3#&;+3&3%&3G45 3D0 &$# <,3D&A 'µ;753. T&%; 7';D0# G3
D,'%D3GA%'(µ4 #3 µ-G'(µ4 &$# 0D';3 37AG4;3 <;3 &'#

7
 «,-).$/0+, 1 $.&%/*).$/2$ /1+ 0&.3402$+»

)*+,-&$ 3D0 &;1 D$<"1 &'(N &'(1 &"%%4,;1, +(,5*1,

3#G,9D'(1 D'( &'# 3#38",'(# %&3 +45µ4#- &'(1: &'#
=7-&*#3, &'# ?4#'89#&3, &'# C,;%&'&"7$ +3; &'# >3;µ0#;'
C,;%&'8-#$ D'( A&3# +3; ' µ'#3>;+01 %I</,'#01 &'( D'(
"<,3S4 <;’ 3(&0#.

!"#$% &'µ()*µ+:
7 $;6@*%1 /34 $.A$234 0''14&)-4 )0&µ?434 %’ $=/6 /*
B&B'2* <240/$& %=49C3+ ad sensum, non ad verbum, (B(%0& /*=
4*9µ$/*+ ;0.&%%6/0.*, ;$.( )$/( '?D1) 024$& %=40;-+ '2<*
;&* 0'0:C0.1.
E24$& 0;&'*<9 $=/9+ /1+ %0&.(+ 4$ ;0.&?A0& )$& /* $.A$2*
)02µ04*, <&$ 4$ B'?;0& * ‘/$D&@&-/1+’ ;6%* )*4/( 024$& 1
$.A$2$ µ*.>9 /1+ E''14&)9+ %/14 @&)9 /*= %:<A.*41 <'-%%$,
$''( )$& 4$ ).240& /&+ µ$./=.20+ &@2*&+ 6µµ$%& (µ0 /$ @&)( /*=
/$ µ(/&$).
,/* )02µ04* @&$/1.02/$& /* '1)/&)6 -4 %/* $.%04&)6 (.C.*
%0 )(C0 ;0.2;/3%1, <&$ 4$ $;*>0:<*4/$& ;$.(@*D$ 6;3+: /*
%:<A.*4* (4C.3;*, /* ,3).(/1, /* B=C6, /* A.64*. F$/( /$
'*&;( $)*'*=C02/$& (/$428*4/(+ /14) 1 *.C*<.$>2$ /1+ 4?$+
0''14&)9+ <'-%%$+ 6;3+ *.280/$& %/14 <.$µµ$/&)9 /*=
)$C1<1/9 G$4-'1 H.&$4/$>=''2@1 )$& %/&+ %A*'&)?+ /1+
@&$%)0=?+.

8
 !. ". #$%&'()*+

«Socrates autem primus philosophiam devocavit e caelo,

et in urbibus collocavit et in domus etiam introduxit»
;'(<"=$, ‘Tusculanae Disputationes’, V.4.10

«I.-/*+ 6µ3+ * ,3).(/1+ )$/?B$%0 /1 >&'*%*>2$ $;6 /*4 *=.$46,

/14 0<)$/?%/1%0 %/&+ ;6'0&+ )$& /14 ?B$'0 $)6µ1 )$& µ?%$ %/$ %;2/&$.»

5. > ?=("./0*
. <;'1 &'( µ3,µ3,'<7ID&$ +3; &$1 µ3531 /3,3+&$,5K4&3; 3D0
&' µ3#&45' &*# 64789# *1 ' %'89&4,'1 -#G,*D'1

. )*+,-&$1 ' CG$#35'1 ",/4&3; %&'# +0%µ' %4 µ;3

/,'#;+A %&;<µA ;%&',;+91 G'7A. F3#451 µ4<-7'1 ;%&',;+01
&$1 4D'/A1 4+45#$1 >4# "<,3S4 µ;3 74D&'µ4,4;3+A ;%&',53
4+45#$1 &$1 D'7I %D'(>3531 D4,;0>'(, 3#-µ4%3 %&' 478 +3;
&' 431 D,' :,;%&'I, D'( 45#3; <#*%&A µ4 &' 0#'µ3
«=4#&$+'#&34&53». . H,0>'&'1 &4745*%4 &$# \%&',53 &'( µ4
&'(1 =4,%;+'I1 ='7"µ'(1, 4#9 ' @'(+(>5>$1 4#>;38",G$+4
+(,5*1 <;3 &'# =47'D'##$%;3+0 =074µ'. _%&0%' 3(&A $
D4,5>'1 D3,'(%;-K4; 4#>;38",'# µ'#3>;+0.
2"%3 %&$# +3,>;- &$1 /,(%A1 D4#&$+'#&34&531, D'( %’
4µ-1 "/4; µ45#4; <#*%&A *1 /,(%01 3;9#31 &'( =4,;+7A, A,G4
%&'# +0%µ' "#3 D#4Iµ3 D'( "µ4774 #3 &'# &3,-R4; +3; #3
&'# /3,-R4;, 0%' 75<3. T#3 D#4Iµ3 D'( G3 -773K4 &$#
+3&4IG(#%$ &$1 ;%&',531 &*# ;>49# (&$1 8;7'%'8531) +3; &$#
;%',,'D53 &$1 %'8531N ' <;01 &'( )*8,'#5%+'(, ' )*+,-&$1.
. )*+,-&$1 <4##AG$+4 &' 469 D.:. %&'# >Aµ' &$1
C7*D4+A1. . D3&",31 &'( A&3# 7;G'R0'1 +3; $ µ$&",3 &'(, $
Q3;#3,"&$, µ353. . >Aµ'1, 0D'( 4(,5%+4&' &' D3&,;+0 &'(
%D5&;, >4# A&3# -%/4&'1 µ4 &' 4D-<<47µ3 &'( D3&",3 &'(. H
C7*D4+A P,;%+0&3# %&' >,0µ' 3D0 &$# CGA#3 D,'1 &'

9
 «,-).$/0+, 1 $.&%/*).$/2$ /1+ 0&.3402$+»

73&'µ45' µ3,µ-,'( &$1 =4#&"7$1 +3; 4+45 >;"µ4#3# ';

D4,;%%0&4,'; µ3,µ3,'<7ID&41 &$1 4D'/A1.
)&$# 3,/353 CGA#3 (DA,/4 µ;3 µ(G;+A <4#437'<53 D'(
4,µA#4(4 &$ µ4&-P3%$ &'( 4D3<<"7µ3&'1 3D0 &'# D3&",3
%&'# <;'. =,0<'#'1 &'( )*+,-&$ G4*,45&3; ' µ(G;+01
635>37'1 (70<* &'( 4D3<<"7µ3&'1 &'( D3&,01 &'(, &' 'D'5'
084;74 #3 4R3%+A%4; +3; ' 5>;'1) µ4 &'# 5>;' &,0D' D'(
D,0<'#'1 &'( \DD'+,-&$ 3D0 &$# F* (&'( D3&",3 &$1
;3&,;+A1) G4*,45&3; ' C%+7$D;01 ' D,'%&-&$1 &*# \3&,9#.
C(&- D'( 5%*1 835#'#&3; 3%Aµ3#&3, <5#'#&3; %$µ3#&;+-, 3#
7-P4; +3#451 (D’ 0S;# &'( 0&; D'(G4#- %&3 +45µ4#3 >4#
3#38",4&3; &' 4D-<<47µ3 &'( 7;G'R0'( <;3 &'# D3&",3 &'(
)*+,-&$. M' µ0#' D'( 3#38",4&3; 45#3; 0&; D,0<'#01 &'(
A&3# ' 635>37'11. 2$ 7$%µ'#45&4, 7';D0#, &'# 3,/3;'70<'
&'( D,'70<'(.
. )*+,-&$1, #43,01 *#, D;G3#0&3&3 4R-%+$%4 &$# &"/#$
D'( 45/4 >;>3/G45 3D0 &'# D3&",3 &'(. C+0µ$, 0µ*1, +; 3#
&$# -%+$%4, D'7I <,A<',3 &$# 4<+3&"74;S4 <;3 /-,$ &$1
D3;>4531.
U&3# A&3# #"'1 "&,484 D-G'1 <;3 &$ 8(%;+A 8;7'%'853,
47D5K'#&31 0&; 3(&A G3 &'( 4R$<'I%4 &' «<;3&5» &*#
D,3<µ-&*#. ‘!;3&5 (D-,/'(#’, ‘<;3 D';0 70<'
>$µ;'(,<AG$+3#’, ‘<;3&5 383#5K'#&3;’. H >;+A &'( 3D',53
A&3#: «!;3&5;». ‘!;3&5 #3 (D-,/4; "#31 +0%µ'1 %3# +; 3(&0#’
+3; ‘<;3&5 4µ451 #3 K'Iµ4 µ"%3 %’ 3(&0#’; )&$# 3,/A #0µ;K4
0&; &' 5>;' 4,9&$µ3 3D3%/'7'I%4 +3; &'(1 8(%;+'I1 +; "&%;
-,/;%4 #3 D3,3+'7'(G45 µ4 µ4<-7' KA7' &;1 %(K$&A%4;1 &'(1,
"*1 0&'( 3#3+-7(S4 0&; &' µ0#' D'( &'(1 4#>;"84,4 A&3# &'
«D91» "<;#3# 073 3(&-.

1
)&'(1 >;370<'(1 &'( =7-&*#'1: ‘L(GI8,*#’ 11.b +3; ‘C7+;P;->$1’
\.121.a.
10
 !. ". #$%&'()*+

247"&$%4 &;1 %I</,'#41 G4*,541 <;3 &$# D,'"74(%$ &$1

K*A1, &$ 8(%;'7'<53, &$# S(/'7'<53, &$# 3%&,'#'µ53 +3; &$#
+'%µ'7'<53, 377- >4# P,A+4 +3µµ53 G4*,53 ;+3#'D';$&;+A
+3; %(µD",3#4 D*1 >4# 45/4 +3G07'( +75%$ %’ 3(&- &3
G"µ3&3. .; 47D5>41 &'( 3#3D&4,9G$+3# R3#-, 0&3# -+'(%4
0&; ' C#3R3<0,31 45/4 '#'µ-%4; «#'(» &$# D,9&$ 3;&53 &*#
0#&*#. 6;37IG$+3#, 0µ*1, <;3 -77$ µ;3 8',- 0&3#
3#3+-7(S4 D*1 %&;1 74D&'µ",4;"1 &'( &' %I%&$µ3 &'(
C#3R3<0,3 >4# A&3# D3,- "#3 3+0µ$ %I#'7' 8(%;+9#
G4*,;9# 0D*1 &3 -773. . ;>;35&4,'1 /3,3+&A,31 &'( #'( *1
3;&531 3D791 3<#'AG$+4, +3; '; 4,µ$#4541 &'( C#3R3<0,3
A&3# &' 5>;' (7;%&;+"1 +3; µ$/3#;%&;+"1 %3# #3 µ$# 45/4 $
>;-#';3 +3µµ53 G"%$ 3#-µ4%- &'(1.
=,"D4; #3 "/'(µ4 (D’ 0S;# µ31 0&; &0&4 ' )*+,-&$1 45/4
"#3# µ;+,0 +I+7' µ3G$&9#, 3# +3; >4# A&3# &0%' >;-%$µ'1
0%' 3,<0&4,3 "<;#4. `,/;%4, 7';D0#, #3 %(K$&- &$#
3D'<'A&4(%A &'( µ4 &'(1 µ3G$&"1 &'( +3; &'(1 %(µP'I74(4
0&; &' +37I&4,' D'( "/'(# #3 +-#'(# 45#3; #3 µ4,;µ#'I# <;3
&$# S(/A &'(1. T&%;, 4+45#'1 D'( 45/4 &0%' D;%&4I%4; %&$
8(%;+A 4D;%&Aµ$, P,"G$+4 ‘"<+74;%&'1’ %&'# 43(&0 &'(. L5/4
/-%4; &$# 3(&'D4D'5G$%A &'( +; 4+-+;K4 &'# 43(&0 &'( <;3
&;1 4D;7'<"1 &'(.
=3,- &3I&3, 0µ*1, 4+45#$ D4,5D'( &$# D4,5'>' (440-435
D.:.) +; 4#9 ' )*+,-&$1 A&3# "&';µ'1 #3 %&3µ3&A%4; &'#
D4,5D3&0 &'( %&$# &4&,;µµ"#$ '>0 &$1 8;7'%'8531, A,G4 "#31
‘D4,54,<'1’ /,$%µ01 3D0 &' µ3#&45' &*# 64789#. T#31
#43,01 +3; 83#3&;+01 µ3G$&A1 &'(, ' 3(G0,µ$&'1 +3;
4#G'(%;9>$1 :3;,489#, 45/4 D-4; %&' µ3#&45' &*# 64789#
+3; 45/4 ,*&A%4; -µ4 %+'D0 #3 D3,3D73#A%4;- &$# =(G53:
«]D-,/4; -#G,*D'1 %'89&4,'1 3D0 &'# )*+,-&$;».
F3&373P35#'(µ4 D*1 3# $ =(G53 3D3#&'I%4 «#3;», G3
"D,4D4 #3 +3&'#'µ-%4; &'# %'89&4,'. T&%; 3D-#&$%4 «0/;»

11
 «,-).$/0+, 1 $.&%/*).$/2$ /1+ 0&.3402$+»

+3; ' )*+,-&$1 µ07;1 &' "µ3G4 G49,$%4 0&; ' Q'5P'1 ('
@401 CD077*# +3; +&A&*, &'( 23#&45'() &'( 3#"G4%4 µ53
+3;#A -+3;#'I,<;3 +3; D,'%*D;+A- 3D'%&'7A.
H %+"S$ D'( "+3#4 A&3# 3D7A: «=91 <5#4&3; #3 µ4
3D'+3745 ' @401 %'89&4,';», «L<9 R",* +37- 0&; >4# R",*
&5D'&4.». C(&A, 0µ*1, A&3# $ D'#$,53 &$1 =(G531: 3#3+A,(R4
%'89&4,' &*# 3#G,9D*# &'# )*+,-&$ D'( >;4+A,(&&4 %4
+-G4 4(+3;,53 +3; %(#'µ;753 0&; «&' µ0#' D'( R",4; 45#3; 0&;
>4# R",4; &5D'&4». C(&0 45#3; &' D4,58$µ' «4# '5>3 0&; '(>"#
'5>3».
CD0 &0&4 (75<' D,;# A 75<' µ4&-) $ 4;+0#3 &'( )*+,-&$
-773R4. . 5>;'1 38;4,9G$+4 %&$# 3#3KA&$%$ &$1 $G;+A1
8;7'%'8531 4D;8',&;%µ"#'1 µ4 µ;3# ;4,A 3D'%&'7A: #3
>;>-R4; %&'(1 3#G,9D'(1 &$# -<#';- &'(1 +3; #3 &'(1
P'$GA%4; #3 <#*,5%'(# &'# 43(&0 &'(1.
)’ 3(&0 3+,;P91 3#38",4&3; ' F;+",*#, 0&3# 7"<4; 0&; '
)*+,-&$1 DA,4 &$# 8;7'%'853 3D0 &'# '(,3#0 +3; %&,-8$+4
D,'1 &'# -#G,*D', D,'1 &$# S(/A +3; &$# ;>;35&4,$ 8I%$
&'(. )’ 3(&0 4D$,"3%4 +3; 07'(1 &'(1 µ4&3<4#4%&",'(1 &'(.
F"#&,' P-,'(1, D7"'#, >4# A&3# $ <$, '; #48"741 A &3
'(,-#;3 %9µ3&3. )$µ3%53 &9,3 45/4 &' %IµD3# D'( (D-,/4;
µ"%3 %&$# 3#G,9D;#$ S(/A.

12
 !. ". #$%&'()*+

dÚo g£r ™stin ¤ tij ¨n ¢podo…h Swkr£tei dika…wj,

toÚj t' ™paktikoVj lÒgouj kaˆ tÕ Zr…zesqai kaqÒlou:
taàta g£r ™stin ¥mfw perˆ ¢rcYn ™pist»mhj):
9"'5/#/<%#1*, ‘@3/. /- A15'(.’, 1078.b.27

«J;(.A*=4 @:* ;.(<µ$/$ ;*= @&)$23+ µ;*.*:4 4’ $;*@*C*:4 %/*4

,3).(/1·
*& 0;$<3<&)*2 %=''*<&%µ*2 )$& * <04&)6+ *.&%µ6+·
$µ>6/0.$ %A0/28*4/$& µ0 /14 $.A9 )(C0 <4-%1+.»

6. B 6'6-5(-%,- /#1
. )*+,-&$1 483,µ0K4; #"41 4D;%&$µ'#;+"1 µ4G0>'(1

F3&- &'# C,;%&'&"7$ ' )*+,-&$1 D35K4; "#3# >;D70 ,07'

%&$# ;%&',53 &$1 8;7'%'8531: LD;#'45 µ;3 µ"G'>' +3; µ;3#
3,/A, 3D3,35&$&41 <;3 &$ %*%&A µ47"&$ +3; &3R;#0µ$%$ &*#
8(%;+9# 83;#'µ"#*#. M3(&0/,'#3 &' 0#'µ- &'(
%$µ3&'>'&45 &' &"7'1 &$1 8(%;+A1 +3; &$# "#3,R$ &$1 $G;+A1
4D'/A1 %&$ 8;7'%'853.
. )*+,-&$1 4D4>5*R4 #3 3#3<-<4; &$# $G;+A +3; &$#
D'7;&;+A %4 3#&;+45µ4#' µ531 4D;%&$µ'#;+A1 ",4(#31 $ 'D'53
G3 "84,#4 %&' 8*1 +3G'7;+'I1 #0µ'(1 A 37AG4;41. U73 3(&-
&3 4D4>5*+4 %4 3#&5G4%$ µ4 &'# %+4D&;+;%µ0 +3; &$
%/4&;+'+,3&53 D'( 45/3# 3#3<-<4; &3 D-#&3 %4 K$&Aµ3&3
D,'%*D;+A1 <#9µ$1 +3; 45/3# 38A%4; &$# 3#G,9D;#$ >;-#';3
%&' "74'1 4+45#'( D'( µD','I%4 #3 D45G4; µ4 &$# D;'
µ47;%&-73/&$ <79%%3. C(&A 45#3; +3; $ >;38',- &'( µ4 &'(1
%I</,'#'I1 &'( %'8;%&"1 +3; &' +5#$µ- &'(1.
L5#3; 37AG4;3 0&; 'I&4 $ >;>3%+3753 &'( 3(&A +3G’
43(&A# µD',45 #3 3#37(G45 %&3 %(%&3&;+- &$1 µ",$, <;3&5,
45&4 3D3;&'I%4 ',;%µ'I1, 4D;µ"#'#&31 0&; $ 3,4&A &3(&5K4&3;
µ4 &$ <#9%$, 45&4 %(µP'I74(4 &'(1 3#G,9D'(1 #3 #';-K'#&3;
<;3 &$# S(/A &'(1. . )*+,-&$1 (D'%&A,;K4 0&; +3#451 >4#
13
 «,-).$/0+, 1 $.&%/*).$/2$ /1+ 0&.3402$+»

+-#4; &' +3+0 µ4 &$ G"7$%A &'(, «'(>451 4+9# +3+01», 377-
3D791 >4# <#*,5K4; 4D3+,;P91 &5 45#3; 3,4&A. H 3D'%&'7A
&'( A&3# #3 &'(1 >;>-R4; &$# 3,4&A D'( 3<#''I%3# +3; >4#
&' <#9,;K3#.
M3 /3,3+&$,;%&;+- %&';/453 D'( %(#G"&'(# &$#
>;>3%+3753 &'( )*+,-&$ 45#3;:
-. H -,#$%$ 0&; +3&"/4; <#9%$. «L# '5>3 0&; '(>"# '5>3».
C. H +3&3%&,4D&;+A +,;&;+A &*# 3D0S4*# &*# -77*#.
&. H %(#AG4;3 #3 4D;/4;,$µ3&'7'<45 µ4 &$# 3#37'<;+A
µ"G'>',
6. +3; $ D5%&$ %4 µ53 (D",&3&$ 3R53 &$1 $G;+A1 3,4&A1,
D'( &$# P7"D4; %3# µ53 74;&'(,<53 &$1 <#9%$1, "&%;
D'( &' 47-&&*µ3 D,"D4; #3 '84574&3; %4 -<#';3. L>9
4(,5%+4&3; &' D4,58$µ' >0<µ3 &'( (3# +3; A&3#
3#&;>'<µ3&;+01 8;70%'8'1) 0&; «'(>451 4+9# +3+01».
)&0/'1 &'( )*+,-&$ A&3# $ $G;+A P47&5*%$ &'( µ3G$&A.
!;3 #3 D4&I/4; &'# %&0/' &'( /,$%;µ'D';'I%4 &'# >;-7'<'.
C1 >'Iµ4, 0µ*1, D91 A&3# "#31 &(D;+01 3D',$&;+01 >;-7'<'1
&'( )*+,-&$, 0D*1 µ31 &'# D3,3>5>4; ' µ3G$&A1 &'(
=7-&*#:
-. . )*+,-&$1 4,*&- &5 45#3; &' ‘x’.
C. .; %(#'µ;7$&"1 3D3#&'I# >5#'#&31 D3,3>45<µ3&3 &'(
‘x’.
&. CD'>4;+#I4&3; 0&; >4# 45#3; 3(&0 &' K$&'Iµ4#' >;0&;
4+84I<'(# 3D0 &$# '(%53 &'( ‘x’.
6. C>;"R'>'. 64# 45#3; ;+3#'5 #3 P,'I# 'D';'>AD'&4
;+3#'D';$&;+0 +';#0 /3,3+&$,;%&;+0.
3. L#9 07'; 45#3; 3D'<'$&4(µ"#';, ' )*+,-&$1 &'I1 7"<4;
0&; &3 D,-<µ3&3 >4# 45#3; +3; &0%' -%/$µ3 +3G91
3#3+-7(S3# -&'(7-/;%&'#- &$# -<#';- &'(1. B0µ;K3#
0&; <#9,;K3#, 4#9 3D4>45/G$ 0&; >4# <#*,5K'(#. `,3
"/4; D4&I/4; #3 '>$<A%4; &'(1 µ3G$&"1 &'(1 %&$#
14
 !. ". #$%&'()*+

3(&'%(#4;>$&'D'5$%$. M' D4,58$µ' «<#9G; %3(&0#»

D'( (DA,/4 *1 4D;<,38A %&' µ3#&45' &*# 64789#1.
. )*+,-&$1 3D0 &$# 3,/A &*# >;370<*# &'(
3(&'aD4&;µ-&'. T&%; ">;>4 3R53 %&'# %(#'µ;7$&A +3; &'#
+'7-+4(4. M$# %&;<µA D'( ' )*+,-&$1 &'# +'73+4I4;, '
%(#'µ;7A&$1 &'( 3;%G-#4&3; 3µ$/3#53. C(&A 3+,;P91 45#3; $
%&;<µA D'( <5#4&3; D$701 %&3 /",;3 &'( >;374+&;+'I
)*+,-&$ D'( 4D;&5G4&3; +3; &'( >45/#4; &$# -<#';- &'(.

6.1 B µ<D#6)* /#1

6.1.1 B 5=("-/'(E 38-&=&E

LD3<*<A, µ-1 7"4; ' C,;%&'&"7$12, 45#3; $ D,0'>'1 3D0

&' µ4,;+0 %&' <4#;+0, +3; &$ >;3%38$#5K4; µ’ "#3 D3,->4;<µ3
%*+,3&;+'I &ID'(: L-# +37I&4,'1 +3D4&-#;'1 45#3; ' D;'
"µD4;,'1 +3; +37I&4,'1 '>$<01 ' D;' "µD4;,'1 +3; 'I&* +3G’
4RA1, %(µD4,35#'(µ4 0&; <4#;+- ' D;' "µD4;,'1 (A 4;>Aµ*#)
45#3; %4 +-G4 4D-<<47µ3 ' +37I&4,'1.
. )*+,-&$1 /,$%;µ'D'5$%4 µ0#' µ;3 %&';/4;9>$ µ',8A
3(&'I &'( µ$/3#;%µ'I, D'( D,9&'1 4;%A<3<4 %&$# ;%&',53
&*# ;>49# *1 4D;%&$µ'#;+A µ"G'>', 3D'P7"D'#&31 %&$
%*%&A K*A µ-77'# D3,- %&$ 7'<;+A A &$# 4D;%&$µ'#;+A
µ"G'>'. H >;4R'>;+A 4R"&3%$ &$1 µ4G0>'( %(#>"4&3;
+37I&4,3 µ4 &'# C,;%&'&"7$.

1
.; -7741 >I' 4D;<,38"1 A&3#: «2$>"# -<3#» (M5D'&4 µ4 (D4,P'7A) +3;
«L<<I3 D3,- >’ -&3» (L<<(A%'( [<;3 +-D';'#] +3; $ +3&3%&,'8A 45#3;
+'#&-).
2
)&' ",<' &'( ‘M'D;+-’ 105.a.13.
15
 «,-).$/0+, 1 $.&%/*).$/2$ /1+ 0&.3402$+»

6.1.2 B 5=("-/'(E -$-%#&'(E µ<D#6#*

2;3 D3,3773<A &$1 4D3<*<A1, &$# 'D'53 ' C,;%&'&"7$1

'#'µ-K4; D3,3P'7A, 4µ83#5K4&3; %&$ %*+,3&;+A 3#37'<;+A
µ"G'>'. :3,3+&$,;%&;+0 D3,->4;<µ3 45#3; &' 4D;/45,$µ3
4#3#&5'# &$1 +7A,*%$1 D,'+4;µ"#'( <;3 4+7'<A %4 D'7;&;+-
3R;9µ3&3 D'( 48A,µ'K3# %&$# 3,/353 CGA#3 <;3 &$#
74;&'(,<53 &$1 >$µ'+,3&531, 4D4;>A (+3&- &3 70<;3 &'(
)*+,-&$) +3#451 >4# G3 /,$%;µ'D';'I%4 &$# +7A,*%$ <;3 #3
4D;7"R4; &'(1 3G7$&"1 <;3 "#3# 3<9#3, A &'# D$>37;'I/' 3D0
&' D7A,*µ3 4#01 D7'5'(. M' <4#;+0 >5>3<µ3 3(&9# &*#
3#37'<;9# 45#3; 0&; %4 +-G4 D4,5D&*%$ D,"D4; #3 4D;7"<4&3;
3(&01 D'( R",4; +37- &$ >'(74;-.
H %*+,3&;+A 3#37'<;+A µ"G'>'1 45#3; >3;µ0#;' 4,<3745'
+3G91 4(&475K4;, µ4 D3;>3,;9>$ &,0D', &3 4D;/4;,Aµ3&3 &'(
3#&;D-7'(.

6.1.3 > 5=("-/'()* &3$'()* #"'5µ)*

!;3 #3 >45R'(µ4 D91 /,$%;µ'D';'I%4 ' )*+,-&$1 &$#

4D3<*<A +3; &$ µ"G'>' &$1 3#37'<531 <;3 #3 8G-%4; %&'#
<4#;+0 ',;%µ0 G3 /,$%;µ'D';A%'(µ4 &' D'7I P'7;+0
D3,->4;<µ3 &'( P'&3#'70<'(, D'( >3#4;K0µ3%&4 3D0 &'#
C,;%&'&"7$.
T#31 (D'S;3%µ"#'1 P'&3#'70<'1 (D'( µ';-K4; µ4 &'#
3,/3;'70<' &'( D,'70<'() D3,3&$,45 &3 >"#&,3. 24 &$#
D3,3&A,$%$ 4R-<4; &' %(µD",3%µ3 0&; &3 >"#&,3 D'( "/'(#
D73&;- 8I773 45#3; 8(77'P073. =3,’ 07' D'( D,"D4; #3
(D-,/'(# /;7;->41 >"#&,3 -&3 'D'53 ' P'&3#'70<'1 µ31 >4#
16
 !. ". #$%&'()*+

"/4; >4;- %(#-<4; µ4 P4P3;0&$&3 3(&0 &' %(µD",3%µ3. H

µ"G'>'1 D'( &'# '>$<45 %’ 3(&0# &'# <4#;+0 ',;%µ0 45#3; $
4D3<*<A, <;3&5 "#31 ',;%µ01 3D'&4745&3; 3D0 µ53 %(77'<A
3(&9# &*# <4#;+9# /3,3+&$,;%&;+9# D'( "/'(# 4D;74<45 µ4
P-%$ ',;%µ"#41 #'$&;+"1 3D3;&A%4;1 (D3,3>45<µ3&'1 /-,;#,
#3 µ$# 3#"µ4;R4 %&3 >"#&,3 &'( -77' 45>'1 8(&'I).

6.1.4 B 5=("-/'(E .&$#'-, 0 -"$05'&$=5,- (-' 0

-&$=5,-

. )*+,-&$1 4,*&- 30+#*1: «&5 45#3; 0%;'; &5 3#0%;'; &5

*,35'; &5 -%/$µ'; &5 >5+3;'; &5 ->;+'; &5 45#3; %*8,'%I#$; &5
38,'%I#$; &5 3#>,453; &5 >4;753; &5 45#3; µ;3 D07$; &5 "#31
D'7;&;+01; &5 G3 D4; #3 -,/4;1 +3; &5 45#3; "#31 -,/*#;».
L,*&- 377- D'&" >4# 3D3#&-. U&3# &'# ,*&'I# >$79#4; 0&;
>4# <#*,5K4; +3; >4# 45#3; %5<'(,' 0&; 3(&0 45#3; µ0#'
%*+,3&;+A 4;,*#453. C# <#9,;K4 +-&;, G3 ">;#4 +-D';3
3D-#&$%$ %&$ G"3 07*# 3(&9# &*# 3>;4R0>*# %(K$&A%4*#.
. )*+,-&$1 &$1 D,9;µ$1 %(<<,38;+A1 D4,;0>'( &'(
=7-&*#'1 (D'( 45#3; +3; $ D;' 3#&;D,'%*D4(&;+A) >4#
<#*,5K4; &5D'&4 +3; 3<#'45 &3 D-#&3: «omnium rerum insci-
um». L5#3; (D4,3D7'(%&4(&;+0 -+3; 3#&;D3;>3<*<;+0- #3
G4*,'Iµ4 0&; <#9,;K4 377- >4# "74<4. M' D;G3#0&4,' 45#3;
0&; ' )*+,-&$1 D,-<µ3&; >4# <#9,;K4N '; 4R3#&7$&;+"1 &'(
474<+&;+"1 µ"G'>'; >4# &'( 4D"&,4D3# #3 G4*,45 0&; <#*,5K4;
+-&; µ4 3%8-74;3, "&%; >A7*#4 0&; >4# <#9,;K4 &5D'&4.

6.1.5 B 5=("-/'(E -8#"0/'(E, 0 µ-'31/'(E (-' 0

6'-%3(/'(E

17
 «,-).$/0+, 1 $.&%/*).$/2$ /1+ 0&.3402$+»

.; 3774D-77$741 4,*&A%4;1 +3; $ &-%$ &'( #3 G"&4; &3

D-#&3 (D0 >;3,+A 3µ8;%PA&$%$ &'# "P373# %&' %&0/3%&,'
&*# 3#G,9D*# D'( &47;+91 &'# %+0&*%3#. L+45#'1
(D'/,"*#4 &'# +-G4 "#3# #3 G"&4; 4,*&A%4;1 %&'# 43(&0 &'(,
"D4;&3, 3(&01 ' 3%(#3<9#;%&'1 >-%+37'1 &;1 %&,5µ*/#4 +3;
&;1 +I+7*#4. H 4µD4;,53 &$1 >;3#'$&;+A1 µ3;4(&;+A1 &'(
"+3#4 &'(1 µ3G$&"1 &'( #3 3;%G-#'#&3; D*1 '; %+"S4;1 &'(1
&,"/'(# >"+3 8',"1 <,$<',0&4,3 3D’ 0,&; D,;#.
)&'# >;-7'<' ‘@435&$&'1’ &'( =7-&*#3 ' )*+,-&$1
D3,3P-774; &$ >;+A &'( 3D'%&'7A %&$ K*A µ4 &$# &"/#$ &$1
µ3µA1. UD*1 $ µ3µA P'$G-4; &;1 <(#35+41 #3 <4##A%'(# &3
D3;>;- &'(1, "&%; +3; ' )*+,-&$1 3%+45 &$# 5>;3 &"/#$ %&'(1
-#&,41. H µ0#$ >;38',- 45#3; 0&; &3 D3;>;- D'( 3(&01
P'$G-4; #3 "7G'(# %&'# +0%µ' >4# 45#3; +3,D'5 &'( %9µ3&'1
377- &'( D#4Iµ3&'1. UD*1 '; 3,/3541 L77$#5>41 µ3541, "&%;
+3; 3(&01, >4# µD',45 #3 <4##A%4; ' 5>;'1. 6$73>A >4# "/4;
>;+"1 &'( ;>"41 +3; $ µ0#$ (D$,4%53 D'( µD',45 #3
D,'%8",4; 45#3; &' #3 P'$G-4; &'(1 -77'(1 #3 8",'(# &3
D#4(µ3&;+- &'(1 &"+#3 %&' 8*1. H /3,;&*µ"#$ 3(&A
D3,'µ'5*%$ 4µ83#5K4&3; µ4 &$# 4,9&$%$ &'( )*+,-&$1:
«64# "/4;1 3+'(%&- 0&; 45µ3; <;'1 µ;31 D'7I %D'(>3531 +3;
,*µ37"31 µ3µA1 D'( &$ 7"#4 Q3;#3,"&$; O';D0# 4R3%+9 +3;
4<9 &$# &"/#$ &$1 µ-#31 µ'(.».
. )*+,-&$1 µD',45 D,-<µ3&; #3 %+3,85%&$+4 &$#
D3,3D-#* D3,'µ'5*%$ 3D0 &' <4<'#01 0&; $ µ-#3 &'( A&3#
µ3µA. M' 0&;, 0µ*1, 3(&A $ µ3µA '#'µ3K0&3# +3; Q3;#3,"&$
->$73>A 3(&A D'( 8",#4; %&' 8*1 &$# 3,4&A- 45#3;
'D*%>AD'&4 D4,54,<'.
H >;374+&;+A &'( µ"G'>'1 3D'&4745&3; 3D0 &3 4RA1 µ",$2:

1
=7-&*#'1, ‘@435&$&'1’ 149.a.1
2
C#37I4&3; %&'# >;-7'<' &'( =7-&*#'1 ‘Q35>*#’ 94.b.1 +3; 4RA1.
18
 !. ". #$%&'()*+

-. LR3+,5P*%$ &*# %(#4D4;9# D'( 3D',,"'(# 7'<;+- 3D0

&' D,'&4;#0µ4#' ‘35&$µ3’ (&$# (D0G4%;#).
C. C# '; %(#"D4;41 3(&"1 P,4G'I# %Iµ8*#41 µ4 <#*%&-
<4<'#0&3 +3; 4D37$G4(&'I#, &0&4 &' 35&$µ3 D,"D4; #3
G4*,45&3; (%&' µ"&,' 3(&0) 3;&;'7'<$µ"#'.
&. C# µ4,;+"1 %(#"D4;41 3D0 3(&"1 3D'>4;/G'I#
3%(µP5P3%&41 µ4 &3 <4<'#0&3, &0&4 &' 35&$µ3 >4#
µD',45 #3 %&3G45 *1 "/4; 377- D,"D4; #3 &,'D'D';$G45
A #3 3D',,;8G451.

6.1.6 > 5=("-/'()* <%3&2#*

. )*+,-&$1 4µD7"+4; &'(1 4D;>0R'(1 µ3G$&"1 &'( %4

474<+&;+A 4D;/4;,$µ3&'7'<53, 9%&4 #3 %(#4;>$&'D';A%'(# &$
>;+A &'(1 -<#';3 +3; #3 µD',"%'(# #3 3D'+37IS'(# *& 2@&*&
&$# 37AG4;3 D'( ' >-%+37'1 3D"+,(S4. C(&A $ %*+,3&;+A
µ"G'>'1 &'( ">*%4 &' D,'%*#Iµ;' ‘µ'(>;-%&,3’ (3D0 &$
G373%%;#A µ'(>;-%&,3 D'( µ'I>;3K4 &'(1 7'(0µ4#'(1) >;0&;
4+45#$ 3+,;P91 &$ %&;<µA ' %(#'µ;7$&A1 D-<*#4. `,/;K4 #3
%(#4;>$&'D';45 &$# -<#';- &'( +3; #3 &,'µ-K4; D'( 75<'
D,'&I&4,3 45/4 ;%/(,;%G45 0&; <#9,;K4.

6.1.7 B 5=("-/'(E 3'"=$3,-

. 70<'1 &'( )*+,-&$ %(#5%&3&3; 3D0 3;#;<µ3&;+"1

4;,*#4541. L5#3; &0%' 3;#;<µ3&;+01, 9%&4 ' +3G451 µD',45 #3
&'# 4,µ$#4I%4; 0D*1 P'I74&3;. L#9 ' 5>;'1 +3&373P35#4;

1
:3,3+&$,;%&;+01 *1 D,'1 &$# 483,µ'<A &$1 >;374+&;+A1 45#3; '
>;-7'<'1 &'( =7-&*#'1 ‘\DD531 245K*#’.
19
 «,-).$/0+, 1 $.&%/*).$/2$ /1+ 0&.3402$+»

D91 4+73µP-#'(# '; -77'; &3 74<0µ4#- &'(, >4# D,'%8",4;

+3µµ53 3D'7I&*1 4,µ$#4531. M$ %&;<µA D'( P7"D4; &'(1
%(#'µ;7$&"1 &'( #3 /-#'(# &'# D,'%3#3&'7;%µ0 &'(1 +3; #3
+-#'(# 7-G'1, &'(1 38A#4; +3; >4# &'(1 P'$G- +3G07'(. C1
>'Iµ4, 0µ*1, <;3&5 &' "+3#4 3(&0.
. )*+,-&$1 D5%&4(4 D*1 3# D,0+4;&3; D'&" #3 8G-%4;1
%&$# 37AG4;3 D,"D4; #3 &' +-#4;1 µ64*+ %*= +3; <&$ /*4 0$=/6
%*=. 64# D,'%8",4; +3µµ53 4,µ$#453 <;3 #3 %4 P'$GA%4; #3
P,4;1 &'# D,'%3#3&'7;%µ0 %'(, >;0&; R",4; +37- 0&; $
4,µ$#453 45#3; D3<5>3 D'( +3&37A<4; µ4 P4P3;0&$&3 %4 µ;3
‘ad infinitum’ (%(#4/A +3; 3&4745*&$) 3#-<+$ <;3 µ;3 #"3
4,µ$#453.
=';- 45#3;, 0µ*1, $ D,3<µ3&;+A "##';3 &$1 4;,*#4531;
B 5/3$E <$$#'- &$1 4;,*#4531 45#3; $ 3(&'aD'&5µ$%$.
M$# %(#3#&-µ4 %&$# 3,/A &*# D4,;%%'&",*# D73&*#;+9#
>;370<*# 0D'( ' )*+,-&$1 %&A#4;, 4#&"/#*1, &' >5+&(0 &'(
(&' >5/&( &'() "&';µ'1 #3 D3<;>4I%4; 4+45#'# D'( ;%/(,5K4&3;
0&; <#*,5K4;.
B 31"3,- <$$#'- &$1 4;,*#4531 45#3; &' #3 7"4; +3#451 µ4
%'P3,0&$&3 +-&; D'( >4# D,"D4; #3 4+7$8G45 %'P3,-. C(&A
$ µ',8A µ';-K4; µ4 &$# 4;,*#453 D'( /,$%;µ'D';'Iµ4 %&'(1
+3G$µ4,;#'I1 µ31 3%&4J%µ'I1.
]D-,/4;, 0µ*1, +3; µ53 &,5&$ "##';3. L5#3; ' #"'5µ)* /0*
3'"=$3,-* 0D*1 &'# ">*%4 ' F'J#&;7;3#01:
«contrarium ei quod dicitur intelligendum est.»
Quintilianus, ‘Institutio Oratorica’, 9.2.44 (-' 6.2.15 (-' 8.6.54
L;,*#53 45#3; &' %/Aµ3 4+45#' &'( 70<'( «6;*= ;.?;0& 4$
044*1C02 )(/& /* $4/2C0/* $;’ $=/6 /* *;*2* '?<0/$&.»

1
:3,3+&$,;%&;+0 *1 D,'1 3(&0 45#3; &' D4,;%&3&;+0 µ4 &'# C7+;P;->$
D'( D4,;<,-84&3; %&$# D3,-<,38' 6.3 (%47. 24).
20
 !. ". #$%&'()*+

M"7'1, ' F;+",*# G4*,45 &$# 4;,*#453 «4I/3,$

D,'%D'5$%$».
=91, 0µ*1, <5#4&3; $ "##';3 &$1 4;,*#4531 D'( %&$#
3,/353 3&&;+A >;-74+&' &$1 477$#;+A1 <79%%31 %$µ35#4;
‘D,'%D'5$%$ µ4 %38A D,0G4%$ 4R3D-&$%$1’, #3 +3&37A<4;
%’ 3(&'I1 &'(1 &"%%4,;1 ',;%µ'I1;
H 3773<A &$1 %$µ3%531 R4+;#- 3D0 &$# %8'>,A 4D5G4%$
&'( @,3%Iµ3/'(1. . @,3%Iµ3/'1 +3&$<',45 &'# )*+,-&$
0&; 483,µ0K4; &$# %(#$G;%µ"#$ 4;,*#453 &'( «4;*G(53
4;,*#4532». T&%; <4##;"&3; $ %*+,3&;+A 4;,*#453 &$# 4R"7;R$
&$1 'D'531 %(#3#&-µ4, D'7I 3,<0&4,3, %&'# F;+",*#3 +3;
&'# F'J#&;7;3#0. . )*+,-&$1 µ4&"P374 &$# %$µ3%53 &$1
4;,*#4531 38'I '; -#G,*D'; &'# &3I&;%3# µ4 3(&A#.

6.1.8 B 5=("-/'(E 0D'(E

. )*+,-&$1 4#>;38",4&3; 3D'+74;%&;+- <;3 &'# $G;+0

&'µ"3 4#9 D3,-77$73 4;%-<4; µ;- #"3 +3; 3D'74;%&;+A
3D35&$%$ <;3 &$# 37AG4;3 D'( 3#&;%&,3&4I4&3; &$# &4/#;+A
&$1 4R3D-&$%$1 D'( >5>3%+3# '; )'8;%&"1.
M'# 4#>;38",4;, D4,;%%0&4,' 3D’ 0741 &;1 $G;+"1 &'(
4D;>;9R4;1, $ $G;+A 3(&'#'µ53 &'( 3&0µ'(.

6.2 > ?=("./0* (-' #' 5#:'5/<*

!;3 &'# Kirkegaard ' )*+,-&$1 45#3; ' 3#&;-%'8;%&A1 '

'D'5'1 µ4 %'8;%&;+"1 4;,*#4541 R4<47-4; &'(1 %'8;%&"1 +3;

1
)&$# ‘='7;&453’ &'( =7-&*#'1, 336.b.8.
2
0.D. 337.a.4.
21
 «,-).$/0+, 1 $.&%/*).$/2$ /1+ 0&.3402$+»

&'(1 '>$<45 %&$# 37AG4;3: «. )*+,-&$1 R4<47- &'#

=,*&3<0,3 +3; &'# 3D'µ3+,I#4; 3D0 +-G4 %(<+4+,;µ"#$
3,4&AN µ4 &' #3 3#-<4; +-G4 3,4&A %&$# 4#0&$&3 &$# >;37I4;
4#&4791N 4#9 $ %'8;%&453 %(#5%&3&3; %&$# >I#3µ$ µ"%* &$1
'D'531 µD',45 +3; &' +-#4;. T/'(µ4 %(#4D91 &3(&0/,'#3
µ;3# 4;,*#453 D'( D,'+ID&4; 3D0 %'8;%&;+A >;374+&;+A +3;
µ;3 %'8;%&;+A >;374+&;+A D'( P3%5K4&3; %&$# 4;,*#453.»
H %/"%$ &'( )*+,-&$ µ4 &'(1 %'8;%&"1 +3; &' +5#$µ-
&'(1 A&3# D4,54,<$. M' <4<'#01 0&; ' µ'#3>;+01 %I</,'#01
&'(, D'( <,-84; <;’ 3(&0#, (' C,;%&'8-#$11) &'# D3,'(%;-K4;
%3# %'8;%&A D4,;D7"+4; 3+0µ$ D4,;%%0&4,' &3 D,-<µ3&3.
=';- 45#3; 0µ*1 $ 37AG4;3; A&3# ' )*+,-&$1 %'8;%&A1; M$#
3D-#&$%$ µ31 &$ >5#4; ' )&3<4;,5&$1 8;70%'8'1:
Z gbr sofistikÕj oÙk ™n tÍ dun£mei ¢ll' ™n tÍ proairXsei: plYn ™ntaàqa
m n œstai Z m n katb tYn ™pist»mhn Z d katb tYn proa…resin N»twr,
™ke‹ d sofistYj m n katb tYn proa…resin, dialektikÕj d oÙ katb tYn
proa…resin ¢llb katb tYn dÚnamin.
9"'5/#/<%#1*, ‘F0/#"'(E’, 1355.b.17

«K=/6 ;*= )(40& /*4 %*>&%/9 @04 024$& 1 @=4$/6/1/( /*= $''( 1
;.6C0%9 /*=. J;(.A0&, 6µ3+, µ&$ @&$>*.(: %/14 .1/*.&)9, $=/6+ ;*= @.$
%:µ>34$ µ0 ?4$ $%>$'?+ 0;&A02.1µ$ )$& $=/6+ ;*= @.( %:µ>34$ µ0 /14
;.6C0%9 /*=, )$& *& @:*, *4*µ(8*4/$& .9/*.0+· %/14 @&$'0)/&)9, 6µ3+, 1
;.6C0%1 µ0/$/.?;0& /*4 @&$'0)/&)6 %0 %*>&%/9, $>*: @&$'0)/&)6+ 024$&
$=/6+ /*= *;*2*= /$ 0;&A0&.9µ$/$ %/1.28*4/$& %/1 @=4$/6/1/$· 6A& %/14
;.6C0%1.»

H 3,;%&'&47;+A ‘D,'35,4%;1’ µ-1 P'$G- #3 R4/*,5%'(µ4

D'I 3+,;P91 >;38",4; ' %'8;%&A1 3D0 &'# >;374+&;+0 +3;
',5K4; &;1 µ',8"1 &'( ,A&',3. H >;-+,;%$ 3(&A 45#3; &0%'
74D&A 9%&4 +3G5%&3&3; >(%>;-+,;&$. U73 4D;+,"µ3#&3; %&$
#0$%$ &$1 ‘D,'3;,"%4*1’. M$1 D,'3;,"%4*1 D'( ' )*+,-&$1

1
C,;%&'8-#'(1 ‘B48"73;’ 223 +.4.
22
 !. ". #$%&'()*+

/,$%;µ'D';'I%4 +3&- &' >'+'I# <;3 #3 4D;&I/4; &'# %+'D0

&'(.

6.3 B 5/.50 /#1 -8<$-$/' 5/#$ <"=/-

H %&-%$ &'( )*+,-&$ 3D"#&3#&; %&'# ",*&3 D,"D4; #3

4R4&3%&45 µ4 &$ µ4<37I&4,$ >(#3&A D,'%'/A, +3; 3D0 &$#
-D'S$ &$1 >;3,+'I1 %(#3#3%&,'8A1 &'( µ4 &$ #4'7353 +3;
3D0 &$# -D'S$ &'( +4#&,;+'I ,07'( D'( D35K4; ' ",*1 %&$#
D73&*#;+A 8;7'%'853 +-&* 3D0 &$# "µD#4(%$ &'( )*+,-&$:
-. )&'# D73&*#;+0 ",*&3 3(&0 D'( 3<3D;"&3; %4 "#3
0µ',8' 3<0,; 45#3; &' (D4,P3&;+0 45>'1 &'( _,35'(,
&'( 'D'5'( &' 3<0,; 3D'&4745 3D45+3%µ3. H '#&'7'<53
&'( )*+,-&$ >4# D4,;73µP-#4; (D4,P3&;+- 45>$.
LD'µ"#*1, 3(&0 D'( 3<3D- %’ "#3 0µ',8' 3<0,; 45#3;
"#3 0µ',8' 3<0,;, +3; &5D'&4 D4,;%%0&4,'.
C. )&'# D73&*#;+0 ",*&3 $ D4,;D3GA1 %*µ3&;+A 4D38A
45#3; 8(%;'7'<;+A. C#&5G4&3, %&'# 3#&5%&';/'
%*+,3&;+0 $ 4,*&;+A ';+4;0&$&3 D4,;',5K4&3; %&$#
D#4(µ3&;+A +3; &$# 'D&;+A 4D38A.
&. . D73&*#;+01 ",*1 D,'R4#45 "#3 35%G$µ3 D'( "/4;
/4;µ3,,9>$ >I#3µ$, %3# 3(&A# D'( 3D'>5>'(# ';
D';$&"1 %4 0741 &;1 µ',8"1 %4R'(37;+'I D-G'(1. UD*1
'; D';$&"1, "&%; +3; ' =7-&*# 3D'+3745 &'# ",*&3
‘&,"73’ +3; "&%; &'# D4,;<,-84;1.
6. . %*+,3&;+01 ",*1 >4# 3D'>"/4&3; 'I&4 4D;>"/4&3;
&"&';'( 45>'(1 4,*&;+A &,"73. L5#3; ;%',,'D$µ"#'1,
3#"µ47'1, 4(&,-D47'1, 4IG(µ3 +3; 4D5µ'#3 #'(#4/A1.

1
)&'# >;-7'<0 &'( ‘Q35>,'1’, 251.d-252.b.
23
 «,-).$/0+, 1 $.&%/*).$/2$ /1+ 0&.3402$+»

M$ %(KA&$%$ <I,* 3D0 &'# ",*&3 D(,'>'&45 &'

‘)(µD0%;'’ &'( =7-&*#3, 377- +3; &' 'µ9#(µ' ",<' &'(
?4#'89#&3. =,*&3<*#;%&A1 >4# 45#3; -77'1 3D0 &'#
C7+;P;->$, ' 'D'5'1 4R4(&475K4&3; µD,'%&- %&'# )*+,-&$
<;3 #3 &'# +4,>5%4;. M' 4,9&$µ3 45#3;: !;3&5 ' )*+,-&$1
38A#4; &'# C7+;P;->$ #3 P(G;%&45 %&$# 3(&3D-&$ &'( +3;
>4# +-#4; +3µµ53 D,'%D-G4;3 #3 &'# <7(&9%4; 3D0 &'#
4R4(&47;%µ0 +3; &$# #&,'DA D'( (D"%&$ &47;+91; !;3&5 >4#
>;37I4; &'# ",*&- &'( +3; %(#4;>$&- &'# 38A#4; #3
<47';'D';$G45 D,'%D3G9#&31 #3 &'# +4,>5%4;;
. %'801 )*+,-&$1 45/4 D'77"1 4(+3;,541 <;3 #3 4R$<A%4;
%&'# C7+;P;->$ &' D0%' <47';'D';45&', D3,3%(,0µ4#'1 3D0
&'(1 5>;'(1 &'( &'(1 4(%4P451 D0G'(1. C77- >4# 45D4 &5D'&4.
2",3 µ4 &$ µ",3 &'# D3,3+'7'(G'I%4 +3; %;*D'I%4. .
70<'1 D'( &' "+3#4 3(&0 A&3# ' 4RA1: ^G474 ' C7+;P;->$1
#3 3#3+37IS4; &$# 37AG4;3 µ64*+ /*=. H 4;,*#453 %&'#
",*&- &'( <;3 &'# C7+;P;->$, 3;#;<µ3&;+A 3D0 &$# 3,/A,
4R3+'7'(G'I%4 µ"/,; 4;1 0&'( ' #"'1 "µ3G4 &$# 3D-#&$%$ µ4
&'# >I%+'7' &,0D', +3&- &$# >;-,+4;3 µ;31 µ3+,;-1 +3;
<4µ-&$1 4#3<9#;3 &3D45#*%$ #I/&311, 0D'( ' C7+;P;->$1
A&3# <(µ#01 D7-; %&'# )*+,-&$ <;3 #3 &'# D,'+37"%4;, 4#9
' )*+,-&$1 D3,"µ4#4 D-<'1, µ$ +-#'#&31 +3µµ53 +5#$%$,
D;%&01 %&$# $G;+A &'(.

6.4 B 3µ:.$'5E /#1

L5#3; 3>I#3&' #3 R4/*,5%4; +3#451 &$ >;>3%+3753 &'(

)*+,-&$ 3D0 &$# 07$ D,'%*D;+0&$&- &'(. H %(KA&$%$ <;3
&' D3,'(%;3%&;+0 &'( '>$<45 +3&4(G453# %&$# &474'7'<;+A

1
=7-&*#'1 ‘)(µD0%;'#’ 218.c.3 +.4.
24
 !. ". #$%&'()*+

G49,$%$ $ 'D'53 &'# "+3#4 #3 +,5#4; &3 ;>49>$ &$1

'µ',8;-1 +3; &$1 3,4&A1 µ4 &' +,;&A,;' &$1 /,$%;µ0&$&31
+3; &$1 +3&377$70&$&31 <;3 +-G4 ",<'.
U7'; <4#;+91 %(µ8*#'I# 0&; %&$# 4µ8-#;%$ ' )*+,-&$1
A&3# 4R3;,4&;+- -%/$µ'1, 377- 0&; $ 3%/Aµ;3 &'( A&3#
<'$&4(&;+A. M3 +I,;3 /3,3+&$,;%&;+- &'( A&3# µ;3 D73&;-,
D73+'(&%*&A +3; <(,;%&A µI&$, µ-&;3 <'(,7*&-, /'#&,-
%3,+9>$ /457$ +3; µ;3 µ-77'# «3#';+'#0µ$&$ +';7;-», 0D*1
&$ /3,3+&$,5K4; ' 5>;'11.
O"#4 0&; +';&'I%4 &'(1 -77'(1 µ’ "#3# 4#&4791 ;>;35&4,'
&,0D', D'( &'(1 "µ4#4 3R"/3%&'1, 377- D'( >I%+'73
D4,;<,-84&3;. 2D',45 '; 857'; &'( &'# D,'µ'53K3# µ4
%-&(,', );7$#0 +3; %47-/;, 377- ' 5>;'1 +3(/;0&3# %&’
3%&453 0&; µ4 µ-&;3 &0%' D4&3<µ"#3 D,'1 &3 "R* µD','I%4
#3 "/4; 4(,I&4,' 'D&;+0 D4>5' D,'1 &3 D7-<;3 3D’ 0,&; ';
D4,;%%0&4,'; -#G,*D';.
. ?4#'89#2 D4,;<,-84; "#3# >;3%+4>3%&;+0 >;3<*#;%µ0
'µ',8;-1 3#-µ4%3 %&'# )*+,-&$ +3; &'# 0µ',8' #43,0
F,;&0P'(7', ' 'D'5'1 &'# D,'+3745 #3 &'( 3D'>45R4; µ4 &$
%(#$G;%µ"#$ &'( µ"G'>' &*# 4,*&3D'+,5%4*# 0&; 45#3;
'µ',89&4,'1 3D0 3(&0#:

-PÒteron oân ™n ¢nqrèpJ mÒnon nom…zeij tÕ kalÕn e nai À kaˆ ™n

¥llJ tin…;
-'Egë m n naˆ mb D…', œfh, kaˆ ™n †ppJ kaˆ bo kaˆ ™n ¢yÚcoij
pollo‹j. o da goàn oâsan kaˆ ¢sp…da kalYn kaˆ x…foj kaˆ dÒru.
-Kaˆ pîj, œfh, oŒÒn te taàta mhd n Ómoia Ônta ¢ll»loij p£nta kalb
e nai;
-–An nY D…', œfh, prÕj tb œrga ïn ›neka ›kasta ktèmeqa eâ e„rgasmXna Ï
À eâ pefukÒta prÕj § ¨n deèmeqa, kaˆ taàt', œfh Z KritÒbouloj, kal£.
-O sqa oân, œfh, Ñfqalmîn t…noj ›neka deÒmeqa;

1
)&' ‘)(µD0%;'’ &'( ?4#'89#&3, 2.18
2
0.D. 5.3.2
25
 «,-).$/0+, 1 $.&%/*).$/2$ /1+ 0&.3402$+»

-DÁlon, œfh, Óti toà Zr©n.

-OÛtw m n to…nun cdh oƒ ™moˆ Ñfqalmoˆ kall…onej ¨n tîn sîn
e‡hsan.
-Pîj d»;
-“Oti oƒ m n soˆ tÕ kat' eÙqV mÒnon Zrîsin, oƒ d ™moˆ kaˆ tÕ ™k
plag…ou dib tÕ ™pipÒlaioi e nai.
-LXgeij sÚ, œfh, kark…non eÙofqalmÒtaton e nai tîn zówn;
-P£ntwj d»pou, œfh: ™peˆ kaˆ prÕj „scVn toVj ÑfqalmoVj ¥rista
pefukÒtaj œcei.
-E en, œfh, tîn d Ninîn potXra kall…wn, W sY À W ™m»;
-'Egë mXn, œfh, o mai tYn ™m»n, e‡per ge toà Ñsfra…nesqai ›neken
™po…hsan Wm‹n N‹naj
oƒ qeo…. oƒ m n gbr soˆ muktÁrej e„j gÁn Zrîsin, oƒ d ™moˆ
¢napXptantai, éste tbj p£ntoqen Ñsmbj prosdXcesqai.
-TÕ d dY simÕn tÁj NinÕj pîj toà Ñrqoà k£llion;
-“Oti, œfh, oÙk ¢ntifr£ttei, ¢ll' ™´ eÙqVj tbj Ôyeij Zr©n § ¨n boÚlwntai:
W d ØyhlY Nˆj ésper ™phre£zousa diatete…cike tb Ômmata.
-Toà ge mYn stÒmatoj, œfh Z KritÒbouloj, Øf…emai. e„ gbr toà
¢pod£knein ›neka pepo…htai, polV ¨n sV me‹zon À ™gë ¢pod£koij. dib
d tÕ pacXa œcein tb ce…lh oÙk o‡ei kaˆ malakèterÒn sou œcein tÕ
f…lhma;
-”Eoika, œfh, ™gë katb tÕn sÕn lÒgon kaˆ tîn Ônwn a‡scion tÕ stÒma
œcein. ™ke‹no d oÙd n tekm»rion log…zV, æj ™gë soà kall…wn
e„m…, Óti kaˆ Na dej qeoˆ oâsai toVj SeilhnoVj ™moˆ ZmoiotXrouj
t…ktousin À so…; kaˆ Z KritÒbouloj,
-OÙkXti, œfh, œcw prÕj s ¢ntilXgein, ¢llb diaferÒntwn, œfh, tbj y»fouj,
†na æj t£cista e„dî Ó ti me crY paqe‹n À ¢pote‹sai.
G3$#:H$/#*, ‘?1µ8)5'#$’, 5.3.2

«,*#$-.'/: !*µ280&+ '*&;64 6/& µ64* %/*4 (4C.3;* =;(.A0& 1

*µ*.>&(, 9 )$& %0 (''$ ;.(<µ$/$;
0$".%12342/: I&%/0:3 6/& =;(.A0& )$& %/* ('*<* )$& %/* B6@& )$& %0
;*''( (L=A$ ;.(<µ$/$. M?.3, <&$ ;$.(@0&<µ$, ;3+ =;(.A0& )$& $%;2@$
3.$2$ )$& D2>*+ 3.$2* )$& @6.=.
,: F$& ;-+ 024$& @=4$/64 4$ 024$& 6'$ $=/( 3.$2$, µ*'*46/& @04 ?A*=4
)$µµ&( *µ*&6/1/$ $4$µ0/$D: /*=+;
0: K4 024$& )$'( >/&$<µ?4$ <&$ /*4 %)*;6 ;*= A.1%&µ*;*&*:µ0 /*
)$C?4$ $;6 $=/(, 9 $4 $;6 /1 >:%1 /*=+ 024$& ;'$%µ?4$ ?/%& -%/0 4$
0D=;1.0/*:4 /&+ $4(<)0+ µ$+, /6/0 024$& 3.$2$.
26
 !. ". #$%&'()*+

,: H6/0, '*&;64, <&$/2 A.0&$86µ$%/0 /$ µ(/&$;

0: E24$& >$40.6: <&$ 4$ B'?;*=µ0.
,: E4 /*&$:/1 6µ3+ ;0.&;/-%0& /$ µ(/&$ µ*= ;.?;0& 4$ 024$&
*µ*.>-/0.$ $;6 /$ @&)( %*=, <&$/2 /$ @&)( %*= B'?;*=4 µ64* µ;.*%/(,
04- /$ @&)( µ*=, 0;0&@9 024$& /6%* ;0/$<µ?4$ ;.*+ /$ ?D3, B'?;*=4 )$&
;.*+ /$ ;'(<&$.
0: N?'0&+ 4$ ;0&+ 6/& * )(B*=.$+ ?A0& /$ 3.$&6/0.$ µ(/&$ $;6 6'$ /$
8-$;
,: K%>$'-+, <&$/2 $;6 /1 >:%1 /*=+ /$ µ(/&$ /*= 024$& )$& ;*':
@=4$/(.
0: E4 /(D0&, $''( /24*+ 1 µ:/1 024$& ;&* 3.$2$, 1 @&)9 %*= 9 1 @&)9
µ*=;
,: E<- 4*µ283 1 @&)9 µ*=, $4 B?B$&$ *& C0*2 µ(+ ?@3%$4 /&+ µ:/0+ <&$
4$ *%>.$&46µ$%/0. "&$/2 /$ @&)( %*= .*=C*:4&$ B'?;*=4 ;.*+ /1 <1, 04-
/$ @&)( µ*= <=.28*=4 ;.*+ /$ ;(43, -%/0 4$ @?A*4/$& $;6 ;$4/*: /&+
*%µ?+.
0: G$ ;-+ µ;*.02 µ&$ %&µ9 µ:/1 4$ 024$& 3.$&6/0.1 $;6 µ&$ 2%&$;
,: G;*.02, <&$/2 @04 0µ;*@280& /$ µ(/&$, $''( /$ $>940& 0'0:C0.$ 4$
B'?;*=4 6,/& C?'*=4, 04- 1 µ:/1 µ0 /* )$4*4&)6 :L*+ /$ A3.280& %$4
/02A*+, %$4 4$ 9C0'0 4$ /$ 0µ;*@2%0& 4$ B'?;*=4.
0: "&$ /* %/6µ$ ;(4/3+ @04 $4/&'?<3· <&$/2 $4 /* %/6µ$ ?A0& <240& <&$
4$ @$<)-40&, 0%: C$ µ;*.*:%0+ 4$ @$<)-%0&+ ?4$ ;*': µ0<$':/0.*
)*µµ(/& $;’ 6,/& 0<-.
,: F$& 0;0&@9 ?A3 ;$A&( A02'1, @04 4*µ280&+ 6/& )$& /* >&'2 µ*= 024$&
/.=>0.-/0.* $;6 /* @&)6 %*=;
0: ,:µ>34$ µ0 /$ '6<&$ %*= >$240/$& 6/& /* %/6µ$ µ*= 024$&
$%A1µ6/0.* )& $;6 /* %/6µ$ /*= <$O@(.*=.
,: F& $=/6 @04 024$& /.$49 $;6@0&D1 6/& 0<- 02µ$& ;&* 6µ*.>*+ $;6
‘%?4$; P/& @1'$@9 )$& *& !$O(@0+, ;*= 024$& C0?+, <044*:4 /*=+ ,&'14*:+,
*& *;*2*& µ*&(8*=4 ;0.&%%6/0.* µ0 ‘µ?4$ ;$.( µ0 ‘%?4$.
0: I$.$&/*:µ$&. K+ <240& 6µ3+ 1 L1>*>*.2$ <&$ 4$ @3 /* /$A:/0.* /&
;.6%/&µ* ;.?;0& 4$ ;'1.-%3.»

U&3# "<;#4 $ +3&3µ"&,$%$ &*# SA8*# +3; 8-#$+4 D*1

07'; 45/3# S$85%4; (D", &'( F,;&0P'(7'(, ' )*+,-&$1,
'>(#$,- "+D7$+&'1, >;3µ3,&(,AG$+4 7"<'#&31 0&; '
F,;&0P'(7'1 D,"D4; #3 45/4 >*,'>'+A%4; &'(1 >;+3%&"1.

27
 «,-).$/0+, 1 $.&%/*).$/2$ /1+ 0&.3402$+»

. )*+,-&$1 >4# ">;#4 +3µµ53 %$µ3%53 %&$# 4µ8-#;%A

&'(. =4,;84,0&3# %(#AG*1 R(D07$&'1, 45/4 "#3# +3;
µ'#3>;+0 D3µD-73;' µ3#>I3, <;3 &'# 'D'5' &'# D45,3K3#
%(#4/91, 4#9 '; 4D;+,;&"1 &'( &'# 89#3K3# ‘-D7(&'’. C+0µ$
+3; '; 857'; &'( D3,3>"/'#&3# 0&; &' #3 >45 +3#451 &'#
)*+,-&$ 8,4%+'D7(µ"#' +3; µ4 D3D'I&%;3 A&3# +-&; %D-#;'
+3; 4#>4;+&;+0 +-D';'( ;>;3;&",'( <4<'#0&'1, 0D*1 -
>45<µ3&'1 /-,;#- &' %(µD0%;' D'( "+3#4 ' 857'1 &'(
C<-G*#, <;3 #3 <;',&-%4; &' P,3P45' D'( +",>;%4 µ4 &$#
D,9&$ &'( &,3<*>53 &' 416 D.:.
M3 D;' 3R;'D,0%4/&3 <#*,5%µ3&3 &'( /3,3+&A,3 &'(
A&3# $ 3#&'/A, $ 4<+,-&4;3 +3; $ 3(&'+(,;3,/53 &'(.
C>;38','I%4 <;3 &$# ID3,R$ A 3D'(%53 (7;+9#
3D'73I%4*#. F3&- &$ >;-,+4;3 &$1 4+%&,3&4531 %&$#
='&5>3;3 (431 D.:.) P->;K4 R(D07$&'1 D-#* %&' D3<*µ"#'
">38'1 µ"%3 %&'# 8'P4,0 G,3+;+0 /4;µ9#3 +3; <4#;+- A&3#
#&(µ"#'1 µ4 &3 5>;3 ,'I/3 D'( 8','I%4 +3; %&$# CGA#3.
C(&0 &'# "+3#4 +-G4 -77' D3,- >$µ'8;7A %&'(1
%(µD'74µ;%&"1 &'(, '; 'D'5';, 0#&31 +37- +'(+'(7*µ"#';
+3; µ4 &3 D0>;3 &'(1 &(7;<µ"#3 %4 &%0/41 +3; D,'P;"1,
#'µ;K3# D*1 AG474 #3 &'(1 4R4(&475%4;. U%' <;3 &$#
';#'D'%53, "74<3# 0&; µD','I%4 #3 D;4; D4,;%%0&4,' 3D0 &'#
+3G"#3 377-, D3,’ 073 3(&-, +3#451 >4# 45/4 >4; D'&" &'#
)*+,-&$ µ4G(%µ"#'. M;1 ',"R4;1 +3; &3 D-G$ &'( <I,* 3D0
&' 83<$&0 &3 "74</4 3(%&$,-.

28
 !. ". #$%&'()*+

"t£de ™gr£yato kaˆ ¢ntwmÒsato MXlhtoj Mel»tou PitqeVj

Swkr£tei Swfron…skou 'AlwpekÁqen: ¢dike‹ Swkr£thj, odj m n
W pÒlij nom…zei qeoVj oÙ nom…zwn, ›tera d kainb daimÒnia
e„shgoÚmenoj: ¢dike‹ d kaˆ toVj nXouj diafqe…rwn. t…mhma
q£natoj."
I'#&<$#1* /#1 J-3"/,#1, ‘K,#' A'%#5):=$’, 2.40.3

«7 ;$.*:%$ µ94=%1 =;*B'9C1)0 046.)3+ $;6 /*4 G?'1/*, <&* /*=

G0'9/*=, $;6 /* @9µ* I2/C*=, 04$4/2*4 /*= ,3).(/1, <&*= /*=
,3>.*42%)*=, $;6 /*4 @9µ* K'3;0)9+. 5 ,3).(/1+ @&$;.(//0& $@2)1µ$
$.4*:µ04*+ 4’ $4$<43.2%0& /*=+ C0*:+ ;*= $4$<43.280& 1 ;6'1 )$&
0;&A0&.-4/$+ 4$ 0&%$<(<0& )$&4*:.<&*=+. E;2%1+ @&$;.(//0& $@2)1µ$
@&$>C02.*4/$+ /1 40*'$2$.
I.*/0&46µ041 ;*&49: C(4$/*+.»

7. B 38#2E /#1
. )*+,-&$1, &3 D'7;&;+- +0µµ3&3 +3; &' +9#4;'

2D',45 ' )*+,-&$1 #3 <4##AG$+4 µ"%3 %&$# /,(%A

D4#&$+'#&34&53, &3 /,0#;3 0µ*1 D'( 3+'7'IG$%3# >4# A&3#
&0%' >'R3%µ"#3. )&' &"7'1 &$1 >4+34&531 &'( 440 D.:.
"µ4774 #3 3,/5%4; "#31 D074µ'1, A +37I&4,3 µ;3 %4;,-
D'7"µ*#, D'( 0µ';01 &'( >4# 45/4 (D-,R4; %&' D3,47G0#.
=,0+4;&3; <;3 &'# =47'D'##$%;3+0 D074µ' 3#-µ4%3 %&$#
D3#5%/(,$, &0&4, CGA#3 +3; &$# 4D’ 5%$1 ;%/(,A )D-,&$.
)&$ >;-,+4;3 &'( =47'D'##$%;3+'I D'7"µ'(, ' )*+,-&$1
45/4 "#&'#$ %&,3&;*&;+A >,3%&$,;0&$&3 +3; 4D3;#"G$+4 D'7I
<;3 &' G-,,'1 +3; &$# S(/,3µ53 &'(, ;>;35&4,3 %4 3#&5R'41
%(#GA+41, +3G91 +3; <;3 &$ µ4<-7$ 3#&'/A &'(. . =7-&*#
3#38",4; &,451 4+%&,3&4541 %&;1 'D'541 "73P4 µ",'1:
-. M$# D'7;',+53 &$1 ='&5>3;31 %&;1 3,/"1 &'( D'7"µ'(
(431 D.:.).

29
 «,-).$/0+, 1 $.&%/*).$/2$ /1+ 0&.3402$+»

C. M$# A&&3 +3; &$ %(#3+07'(G$ (D'/9,$%$ &*#

CG$#35*# %&' 6A7;' &$1 E';*&531 &' 424 D.:.,
&. +3; &$ µ-/$ &$1 Cµ85D'7$1 &' 422 D.:.
)&$# D'7;',+53 &$1 ='&5>3;31 A&3# D'( "%*%4 &$ K*A &'(
C7+;P;->$1 +3; ">4;R4 &$# 3D5%&4(&$ 4+45#$ 3#&'/A <;3 &$#
'D'53 µ;7-4; ' C7+;P;->$1 %&' ‘)(µD0%;'’ &'( =7-&*#3. !;3
&$ %(µP'7A &'( %&$ µ-/$ &'( 6$75'(, ' O-/$1 -%&'#
'µ9#(µ' >;-7'<' &'( =7-&*#3- 3#38",4; 0&;: «C# A&3#
07'; %3# &'# )*+,-&$, $ D07$ µ31 D'&" >4# G3 D-G3;#4
4+45#$ &$ %(µ8',-2».
M'# R3#3P,5%+'(µ4 %&' D,'%+A#;' &' 406 D.:. 0&3#
3,#45&3; #3 (D'+IS4; %&$# 3D35&$%$ #3 >;+3%&'I# 'µ3>;+-,
3#&5 #3 >;+3%&45 ' +3G"#31 /*,;%&-, '; %&,3&$<'5 D'( >4#
µD0,4%3# #3 D4,;%(77"R'(# &'(1 #3(3<'I1 -#>,41 &'(1 µ4&-
&$ #;+$80,3 #3(µ3/53 %&;1 C,<;#'I%41. C(&0 A&3#
D3,-#'µ' +3; %(#"D4%4 #3 "/4; $ 8(7A &'( )*+,-&$ %4;,-
<;3 &$# D,(&3#453, D,-<µ3 D'( %Aµ3;#4 0&; 4+45#'; G3
3D'8-%;K3# D';- G"µ3&3 G3 ",/'#&3# <;3 %(KA&$%$ %&$#
L++7$%53 &'( >Aµ'(. M47;+- '; -77'; D,(&-#4;1 (D"+(S3#
%&'# 4+8'P;%µ0 +3; %(µ89#$%3# #3 8",'(# <;3 %(KA&$%$
&$# D3,-#'µ$ D,0&3%$. . µ0#'1 D'( >;3/9,;%4 &$ G"%$ &'(,
+3; >4# (D"+(S4 8'P'Iµ4#'1, A&3# ' )*+,-&$1.
^&3# D3%5<#*%&' %&'(1 CG$#35'(1 0&; ' )*+,-&$1
3D"84(<4 #3 D35,#4; 4#4,<0 µ",'1 %&$# D'7;&;+A +3;
D,'&;µ'I%4 #3 D',4I4&3; &'# >;+0 &'( >,0µ', 3>"%µ4(&'1
+'µµ3&;+-, 3+'7'(G9#&31 &$# 4%9&4,$ D4D'5G$%$ <;3 &' &5
A&3# %*%&0. L-# %&$# D3,3D-#* D4,5D&*%$ $ %(#45>$%A
&'( +3; ' %4P3%µ01 &'( D,'1 &' #0µ' 4#3#&;9G$+3# %&$#
3D083%$ µ;31 >$µ'+,3&531, +-D'( >I' /,0#;3 3,<0&4,3 &'#

1
=7-&*#'1 ‘)(µD0%;'#’ 220.d.7
2
=7-&*#'1 ‘O-/$1’ 181.a.7.
30
 !. ". #$%&'()*+

P,5%+'(µ4 #’ 3D'+,'I4; µ4 &' 5>;' G-,,'1 µ;3# 3D35&$%$ &$1

'7;<3,/531 &*# M,;-+'#&3 D'( µ07;1 45/3# 4<+3&3%&3G45.
.; M,;-+'#&3 MI,3##'; "84,3# 4(GI#$ <;3 µ;3 %4;,-
>;+3%&;+9# 4<+7$µ-&*#, 4#3#&5'# D7'(%5*# +(,5*1 D'7;&9#,
D'( %+'D0 45/3# #3 &'(1 D-,'(# &$# D4,;'(%53. U73 3(&-
%(#"P3;#3# %4 µ;3# 4D'/A 0D'( $ CGA#3 A&3# ';+'#'µ;+0
,-+'1, (D'&4&3<µ"#$ %&'(1 )D3,&;-&41 +3; &'# ID3&'
3,µ'%&A/>;';+$&A &'(1 OI%3#>,'. )4 µ;3 D,'%D-G4;3 #3
4µD7"R'(# &'# )*+,-&$ %&;1 P;3;'D,3<541 &'(1, &'# >;"&3R3#
µ3K5 µ4 &"%%4,;1 -77'(1 #3 %(77-P4; +-D';'# D7'I%;',
O"'#&3 )373µ5#;' &* '#0µ3&;. H $<4%53 &'( +3G4%&9&'1,
µ"%3 %&'(1 'D'5'(1 '; %(<<4#451 &'( =7-&*#3 F,;&531 +3;
:3,µ5>$1, 5%*1 #0µ;K3# D*1 µD','I%3# #3 &'# G4*,'I#
>;+0 &'(1, µ;3 +3; 45/3# >;3&47"%4; µ"7$ &'( +I+7'( &'( +3;
<#9,;K3# 4D5%$1 0&; >4# A&3# (D'%&$,;+&A1 &'( 3G$#3J+'I
>$µ'+,3&;+'I D'7;&4Iµ3&'1. ]D'&5µ$%3#, 0µ*1, &$#
D,'%A7*%A &'( %&$ #'µ;µ0&$&3. U7'; '; -77'; (D-+'(%3#
+3; ' O"*# %(#47A8G$ +3; G3#3&9G$+4. . )*+,-&$1, 0µ*1,
3D791 4D"%&,4S4 %D5&; &'(.
M' 403 D.:. $ D'7(D0G$&$ >$µ'+,3&53 3D'+3G5%&3&3;
%&$# CGA#3. =,;# +37--+37- 4>,3;*G45, >5#4; 3µ#$%&53
%&'(1 3D4,/'µ"#'(1 M,;-+'#&3 &(,-##'(1. =3,’07' D'(
>5>4; 3µ#$%&453, 0µ*1, >;3&$,45 &;1 G7;P4,"1 µ#Aµ41 &'(
'7;<3,/;+'I +3; &(,3##;+'I +3G4%&9&'1 &'(1. @Iµ3 07*#
3(&9# G3 D"%4; 75<' 3,<0&4,3 ' )*+,-&$1.
H %I#>4%$ A&3# 3#3D084(+&$. C+0µ$ +; 3# 3(&01
3D"84(<4 &$# ‘+'µµ3&;+'D';$µ"#$’ %(µD4,;8',-, >I' 3D0
&'(1 M,;-+'#&3 (' F,;&531 +3; ' :3,µ5>$1) 3#A+3# %3891
%&'# +I+7' &'( +3; 3(&0 &' <#9,;K4 '70+7$,$ $ CGA#3.
L+&01 3(&'I (DA,/4 "#3 3+0µ$ µ473#0&3&' %$µ45'. U7$ $
8;7'7'<53 D'( %/4&;K0&3# µ4 &'# C7+;P;->$.

31
 «,-).$/0+, 1 $.&%/*).$/2$ /1+ 0&.3402$+»

. C7+;P;->$1 A&3# S(/'D35>; &'( =4,;+7A +3; D'7I

+3+'µ3G$µ"#'1. ^&3# D'7I 0µ',8'1 377- 4R 5%'( 373K9#.
H ;%&',53 (+3; '(/5 3>5+*1) G4*,45 0&; (DA,R4
#(+&;D3&3;D7-<;'1. T#3 P,->(, 7';D0#, (&'( 415 D.:) D'(
D4,;D3&'I%4 #I+&3 %4 3(&"1 &;1 D7-<;41 (ID'D&41) '>'I1 µ3K5
µ4 µ53 D3,"3 ‘S;7'µ4G(%µ"#$’, 3D'+48375K'(# &;1 +4837"1
&*# L,µ9#. ?(D#- &' D,*5 $ CGA#3 +3; &,'µ-K4; &3
µ"<;%&3. M' `%&( ($ D07;1 &*# CG$#9#) 4&';µ3K0&3# #3
%&4574; 3D'%&'7A %&$# );+4753 +3; 3(&0 D'( %(#"P$ >4#
µD',45 D3,- #3 45#3; +3+01 ';*#01. =3,- &3I&3 &$# %&"7#4;
&$# 3D'%&'7A µ4 $<"&$ &'# C7+;P;->$ (!) µ3K5 µ4 &'# B;+53
+3; &'# O-µ3/'. 64# D,'73P35#4; +37--+37- ' D3;1 &'(
F74;#5'( (C7+;P;->$1) #3 8G-%4; %&$# );+4753 +3;
3#3+3745&3; &-/;%&3 %&$# CGA#3 <;3 #3 >;+3%&45. C(&- 45#3;
µ4,;+- µ0#' 3D0 &3 3&'DAµ3&3 &'( C7+;P;->$. 6(%&(/91 &3
«+3&',G9µ3&-» &'( >4# %&3µ-&$%3# 4>9. L# %(#4/453 '
C7+;P;->$1 D,0>*%4 &$# CGA#3 +3; 3(&0 $ 4+74+&A D07$
&*# @49# >4# G3 &' R4/#'I%4 <;3 D'77- /,0#;3.
M' G"µ3 µ31 0µ*1 45#3; -77'N ' &-731 )*+,-&$1. 24
&"&';'(1 µ3G$&"1 $ G"%$ &'( >;>3%+-7'( &'(1 >4# A&3# +3; $
+37I&4,$. =3,- &' <4<'#01 0&; 4+45#'1 >4# 45/4 +3#"#3
µ4,5>;' 4(GI#$1 A&3#, <;3 &'(1 >$µ'+,3&;+'I1 D'( >4#
µD','I%3# #3 3<<5R'(# 70<* &$1 3µ#$%&531 &'(1
D373;0&4,'(1 >(#-%&41 &'(1, &' 4R'/9&4,' 4R;73%&A,;'
GIµ3. T&%; +3; "<;#4.
Q3;#'µ4#;+- *1 +I,;'1 +3&A<','1 D3,'(%;3K0&3# '
2"7$&'1, &' 0#'µ3 &'( 'D'5'( 4µ83#;K0&3# +3; %&$
>;+3%&;+A >5*R$. H 37AG4;3 0µ*1 45#3; 0&; ' 2"7$&'1 >4#
µD',45 #3 A&3# D3,- µ;3 µ3,;'#"&3 %&3 /",;3 &'(
D3#5%/(,'( `#(&'(, ' 'D'5'1 5%*1 #3 &'# >;-74R4 <;3 &'
D-G'1 µ4 &' 'D'5' G3 (D'%&A,;K4 &$ G,$%+4(&;+A +3&$<',53.
]DA,/4 +3; "#31 &,5&'1 +3&A<','1 ' OI+*#, ' 'D'5'1 0µ*1

32
 !. ". #$%&'()*+

>4# 3#38",4&3; +3G07'( 3D0 &'# )*+,-&$ %&$# ‘CD'7'<53’

&'(, 0D*1 µ31 &$# D3,3>5>4; ' =7-&*#31.
. `#(&'1 A&3# "#31 3D0 &'(1 D;' ;%/(,'I1
>$µ'+,3&;+'I1 D'7;&4(&"1, $<4&;+A 8(%;'<#*µ53 %&$ µ-/$
4#3#&5'# &*# M,;-+'#&3. .; 3#&;,,A%4;1 &'( <;3 &$
%(µD4,;8',- &'( )*+,-&$ G3 A&3# +(,5*1 D'7;&;+A1
8I%4*1, 377- &' #’ 3%+A%4; >5*R$ 4#3#&5'# &'( µ4 D'7;&;+"1
+3&$<',541 (A #3 +3&3<<4574; &;1 D37;0&4,41 %/"%4;1 &'( µ4
&'# F,;&53 +3; &'# :3,µ5>$) G3 4,/0&3# %4 3#&5G4%$ µ4 &$#
3µ#$%&53 D'( 45/4 +$,IR4; $ 3D'+3&3%&3G45%3 >$µ'+,3&53,
&$# 'D'53 ' `#(&'1 %4P0&3#. H +3&$<',53 7';D0#
D4,;',5%&$+4 %4 3>;+Aµ3&3 %/4&;+- µ4 &$# 4D5%$µ$
G,$%+453 &$1 D07$1 +3; &$# 3%3891 >;3&(D*µ"#$ «>;38G',-
&$1 #4'73531».
M' +45µ4#' &$1 +3&$<',531 µ-1 45#3; <#*%&0 3D0 >I'
D$<"1, &'# ?4#'89#&3 +3; &'# 6;'<"#$ O3",&;'. . 6;'<"#$1
&' DA,4 3D0 &'# %I</,'#' &'( =7'(&-,/'( Q3P*,5#', '
'D'5'1 3#38",4; D*1 &$# 4D'/A &'( >;3%*K0&3# %&' 2$&,9'
&$1 CGA#31. LD'µ"#*1, $ 4+>'/A &'( &474(&35'( 45#3; +3; $
D;' 3R;0D;%&$.
64# 45#3; 3D3,35&$&' #3 +3&$<',A%4; +3#451 &'# `#(&'
+3; &'(1 %(#4,<-&41 &'( 0&; >;S'I%3# <;3 &' 35µ3 &'(
)*+,-&$. @3 45/3# ;+3#'D';$G45 -5%*1 +3; D4,;%%0&4,'- 3#
45/4 4<+3&3745S4; 3D0 µ0#'1 &'( &$# CGA#3. C# 45/4
3(&'4R',;%&45 $G47$µ"#3 +3; -8$#4 &$# (D0G4%$ #3
4+>;+3%&45 4,Aµ$# &'(.
C+0µ$ +3; µ4&- &$# 4&(µ$<',53 «"#'/'1», '; >;+3%&"1 >4#
A&3# (D'/,4*µ"#'; #3 (;'G4&A%'(# &$# D';#A D'( KA&$%3#
'; µ$#(&"1. )Iµ8*#3 µ4 &'# 3G$#3J+0 #0µ', ' 5>;'1 '
+3&$<','Iµ4#'1 µD','I%4 #3 D,'&45#4; µ;3# 4738,0&4,$
D';#A, +3; '; >;+3%&"1 R3#3SA8;K3# <;3 &' D';3 3D0 &;1 >I'
D';#"1 "D,4D4 #3 4D;P7$G45. L-# %&' %$µ45' 3(&0 '

33
 «,-).$/0+, 1 $.&%/*).$/2$ /1+ 0&.3402$+»

)*+,-&$1 45/4 3#&;D,'&45#4; 4R',53, 45#3; D'7I D;G3#0 0&; G3

<;#0&3# 3D'>4+&A, D,-<µ3 D'( %(#4;>$&'D';'I%4 +3; ' 5>;'1
%Iµ8*#3 µ4 &'# =7-&*#3 (‘F,5&*#’, 52.c). C#&;G"&*1, $
4;,*#;+A 3#&;D,0&3%A &'( A&3# 0&; "D,4D4 #3 &'( >'G45 &'
>;+35*µ3 #3 %;&5K4&3; >*,4-# %&' =,(&3#45', D,'#0µ;' D'(
/',$<'I%3# %&'(1 .7(µD;'#5+41 +3; %4 0%'(1 45/3# &;µA%4;
A *847A%4; &$# D07$. =3,’ 073 3(&-, 0D*1 >A7*#4 ' 5>;'1,
>4# 45/4 +3µµ53 3#&5,,$%$ #3 D7$,9%4; D,0%&;µ', µ;3 +3; $
3D974;3 /,$µ-&*# >4# A&3# +3G07'( K$µ;- <;’ 3(&0#.
. )*+,-&$1 D5%&4(4 D*1 &' #3 4<+3&3745S4; &$# CGA#3
G3 ;%'>(#3µ'I%4 µ4 D,'>'%53 &$1 3D'%&'7A1 &'( +3; 0&;, 4#
D-%$ D4,;D&9%4;, $ CGA#3 A&3# &0%' '(%;3%&;+-
%(#(83%µ"#$ µ4 &$ K*A &'(, 9%&4 >4# µD','I%4 #3
83#&3%&45 &'# 43(&0 &'( #3 K4; 'D'(>AD'&4 377'I.
UD*1 +3; #3 "/4; &' D,-<µ3, $ %(µD4,;8',- &'( >4#
-8$#4 D'77- D4,;G9,;3 4D;7'<A1 %&'(1 >;+3%&"1, +3;
%(#4D91 >4# D,"D4; #3 3D'&4745 "+D7$R$ &' <4<'#01 0&; 3(&A
$ «0/0.6)'1/1 %=4?'0=%1 /34 501 KC14$234, /14 *;*2$
$;*/0'*:%$4 $;6µ$A*& $D&3µ$/*:A*& /1+ ;6'1+, <1.$'$2*&
)$& $@:4$µ*& /0A42/0+, µ&).*µ$<$8(/*.0+ )$& (''*&, $42)$4*&
4$ B.*:4 )(;*&$4 0;&)0.@?%/0.1 $;$%A6'1%1» SA8;%4 (D",
&$1 G3#3&;+A1 D';#A1, µ4 µ4<37I&4,$ D74;'S$853 3D0 3(&A
µ4 &$# 'D'53 &'# 45/4 +,5#4; "#'/'.
F3#'#;+- $ +3&3>;+3%&;+A 3D083%$ "D,4D4 #3
4+&474%&45 3µ"%*1, 377- &$# +3G(%&",$%4 µ;- 4;>;+A
D4,5%&3%$. .; CG$#35';, 4+D7$,9#'#&31 "#3# 3,/35' 0,+'
&'(1 %&'# CD077*#3, µ4&- &$# 4D;&(/53 &'( @$%"3 #3
&4,µ3&5%4; &'# 4&A%;' 80,' #43#;+'I 35µ3&'1 D'( D7A,*#3#
%&'# 2;#9&3(,' &$1 F,A&$1, "%&47#3# +-G4 /,0#' "#3
D7'5' %&$ 6A7' µ4 G,$%+4(&;+A 3D'%&'7A. M' D7'5' 45/4
3#3/*,A%4; &$# D3,3µ'#A &$1 >5+$1 &'( )*+,-&$ +3; 3D0
&0&4 µ"/,; &$# 4D;%&,'8A &'( $ D07$ 084;74 #3 >;3&$,$G45

34
 !. ". #$%&'()*+

%4 +3&-%&3%$ G,$%+4(&;+A1 +3G3,0&$&31, $ 'D'53 >4#

4D"&,4D4 #3 <5#'#&3; >$µ0%;41 4+&47"%4;1. )&' >;-%&$µ3
3(&0, 7';D0#, ' )*+,-&$1 "µ4;#4 %&$ Q(73+A, 0D'( >4/0&3#
474IG4,3 &;1 4D;%+"S4;1 &*# 857*# &'( +3; "&%; 45/4 &$#
4(+3;,53 <;3 %(K$&A%4;1, %3# 3(&"1 D'( >;$<45&3; ' =7-&*#
%&'# ‘F,5&*#3’ +3;, %/4&;+- µ4 &$# &474(&353 µ",3 &$1 K*A1
&'(, %&'# ‘Q35>*#3’:

”Hdh oân scedÒn ti aÙtoà Ãn tb perˆ tÕ

Ãtron yucÒmena,
kaˆ ™kkaluy£menoj-™nekek£lupto g£r-
e pen-Ö dY teleu-
ta‹on ™fqXgxato-’W Kr…twn, œfh, tù
'Asklhpiù Ñfe…lomen
¢lektruÒna: ¢llb ¢pÒdote kaˆ mY ¢mel»shte.
'Allb taàta, œfh, œstai, Z Kr…twn: ¢ll' Óra
e‡ ti ¥llo
lXgeij.
Taàta ™romXnou aÙtoà oÙd n œti
¢pekr…nato, ¢ll' Ñl…gon
crÒnon dialipën ™kin»qh te kaˆ Z ¥nqrwpoj
™xek£luyen
aÙtÒn, kaˆ Öj tb Ômmata œsthsen: „dën d
Z Kr…twn sunXlabe
tÕ stÒma kaˆ toVj ÑfqalmoÚj.
“Hde W teleut», e 'EcXkratej, toà ˜ta…rou
Wm‹n ™gXneto,
¢ndrÒj, æj Wme‹j fa‹men ¥n, tîn tÒte ïn
™peir£qhmen ¢r…stou
kaˆ ¥llwj fronimwt£tou kaˆ dikaiot£tou.
+%./=$#*, ‘A-,6=$’, 118.a.5

«Q/$4, )&6'$+, %A0@64 ;$<3µ?4$ /$

µ?.1 <:.3 $;6 /14 )*&'&(. ,0 µ&$ %/&<µ9,
* ,3).(/1+ D0%)0;(%/1)0 -<&$/2 9/$4
%)0;$%µ?4*+- )& 02;0 $=/( /$ %/0.4(
'6<&$: ‘F.2/34, A.3%/(µ0 ?4$4 ;0/0&46

35
 «,-).$/0+, 1 $.&%/*).$/2$ /1+ 0&.3402$+»

%/*4 K%)'1;&6. I'1.-%/0, '*&;64, /*

A.?*+ $=/6 )$& µ14 /* $µ0'9%0/0’.
‘K=/6 C$ <240&’, 02;0 * F.2/34.
‘G9;3+ ?A0&+ (''* /2;*/0 4$
;$.$<<02'0&+;’. 5 ,3).(/1+ @04 $;(4/1%0.
,0 '2<*, ?)$40 )(;*&$ )241%1. 5
(4C.3;*+ /*4 D0%)?;$%0, <&$/2 $>*:
µ&'1%0, 02A0 D$4$%)0;$%/02. H$ µ(/&$ /*=
@04 ?B'0;$4 ;*=C04(. H6/0 * F.2/34 /*=
?)'0&%0 /$ µ(/&$ )$& /* %/6µ$. ‘K=/6 9/$4,
EA0).(/1, /* /?'*+ /*= >2'*= µ$+, /*=
)$':/0.*= $4C.-;*= -$=/6 µ;*.*:µ0 4$
/* B0B$&-%*=µ0- /*= ;&* %*>*= )$& ;&*
@2)$&*= $;’ 6%*=+ 02A$µ0 <43.2%0&’.»

U&3# 0741 '; G4,3D4541 <;3 µ;3 3%G"#4;3 %&$# 3,/353

L77->3 >4# 3,+'I%3#, &0&4 >4# "µ4#4 D3,- #3 D,'%84,G45
"#31 D4&4;#01 %&'# C%+7$D;0, &'# G40 &$1 \3&,;+A1, <;3 #3
4D;&4(/G45 $ &0%' D'G$&A G4,3D453. . 5>;'1 ' )*+,-&$1
KA&$%4 3D0 &'# D;%&0 &'( µ3G$&A +3; 857' F,5&*#3 #3
G(%;-%4; %&'# G40 +3&- &$ %(#AG4;3. !;3&5, µ4 &' +9#4;',
A&3# P"P3;' 0&; G3 G4,3D4(0&3# ',;%&;+- 3D0 &$ µ4<37I&4,$
3,,9%&;3 &$1 S(/A1N &' %9µ3...
Q4I<'#&31 ' )*+,-&$1 >4# -8$%4 D5%* &'( µ0#' &'(1
µ3G$&"1 &'(. `8$%4 4D5%$1 &$ <(#35+3 &'( ?3#G5DD$ +3;
&,451 <;'(1, 3D0 &'(1 'D'5'(1 ' µ4<37I&4,'1, ' O3µD,'+7A1,
A&3# "#3 µ4;,-+;' &$# 4D'/A &$1 4+&"74%A1 &'(, +3; '
µ;+,0&4,'1 "#3 µ;+,0 D3;>5. M' 0#'µ3 ?3#G5DD$ (D'>$79#4;
3,;%&'+,3&;+"1 >;3%(#>"%4;1 +3; "/4; µ45#4; D3,';µ;9>41,
%Iµ8*#3 µ4 0741 &;1 µ3,&(,541, *1 %(#9#(µ' &$1 µ"<3;,31.
='77- /,0#;3 3,<0&4,3, ' ,A&',31 C;%/5#$1 (%&' +3&-
M;µ-,/'( 173) R4%D'I%4 +3&- &*# CG$#35*# 7"<'#&-1 &'(1
*µ-: «@3#3&9%3&4 &'# )*+,-&$, 4D4;>A 3D'>45/G$+4 D*1
A&3# ' >-%+37'1 &'( F,;&53.».

36
!. ". #$%&'()*+

37
 «,-).$/0+, 1 $.&%/*).$/2$ /1+ 0&.3402$+»

oÙ mY paÚswmai filosofîn kaˆ Øm‹n parakeleuÒmenÒj te kaˆ

™ndeiknÚmenoj ÓtJ ¨n ¢eˆ ™ntugc£nw Ømîn, lXgwn oŒ£per e‡wqa,
Óti '’W ¥riste ¢ndrîn, 'Aqhna‹oj ên, pÒlewj tÁj meg…sthj kaˆ
eÙdokimwt£thj e„j sof…an kaˆ „scÚn, crhm£twn m n oÙk a„scÚnV
™pimeloÚmenoj Ópwj soi œstai æj ple‹sta, kaˆ dÒxhj kaˆ timÁj,
fron»sewj d kaˆ ¢lhqe…aj kaˆ tÁj yucÁj Ópwj æj belt…sth œstai oÙk
™pimelÍ oÙd front…zeij;' kaˆ ™£n tij Ømîn ¢mfisbht»sV kaˆ fÍ
™pimele‹sqai,
+%./=$#*, ‘98#%#&,- ?=("./#1*’, 29.e.3

«R04 ;.6)0&/$& 4$ %/$µ$/9%3 4$ >&'*%*>-, 4$ %$+ %=µB*='0:3 )$&

4$ >$40.-43 /14 $'9C0&$ %’ 6;*&*4 $;6 ‘%$+ %=4$4/- )(C0 >*.(,
'?<*4/$+ /$ %=41C&%µ?4$ µ*=: ‘F$'? µ*= (4C.3;0, KC14$20, ;*'2/1 /1+
;&* µ0<('1+ )$& ;&* ;'*:%&$+ ;6'1+ %0 %*>2$ )$& @:4$µ1, @04 4/.?;0%$& 4$
>.*4/280&+ <&$ /* ;-+ C’ $;*)/9%0&+ 6%* <240/$& ;0.&%%6/0.$ A.9µ$/$ )$&
<&$ /&µ?+ )$& @6D0+, )$& 4$ µ1 >.*4/280&+ *:/0 4$ 4*&(80%$& <&$ /1 %3%/9
<4-%1 )$& /14 $'9C0&$ )$& <&$ /* ;-+ C$ )(40&+ 6%* <240/$& )$':/0.1 /14
L=A9 %*=;’»

8. L8,%#&#*
H 3G3#3%53 &$1 S(/A1 +3; ' 3#4R"&3%&'1 P5'1

F-D'( 4>9 8G-#4; %&' &"7'1 &$1 3(&A 3#3KA&$%A <;3 &'#
)*+,-&$. M'( 3#G,9D'( D'(, 0&3# &'# ,9&$%3# D91 "D,4D4
#3 &'# G-S'(#, 3D-#&$%4 /3µ'<473%&-: «P;3+ C?'0/0, $.)02
4$ µ0 ;&(%0/0»· +3; 4R$<45 D*1, 38'I &' +'(8-,; >4# G3 45#3;
D;3 ' )*+,-&$1, >4# "/4; +3µµ53 %$µ3%53 &' &5 G’ 3D'<5#4;...
M'# )*+,-&$ D'(, 0D*1 45>3µ4 %&$# D'7ID7'+$
>;3>,'µA &$1 D',4531 &'(, >4# µ4&">;>4 %3891
>;3µ',8*µ"#$ >;>3%+3753 +3; <;’ 3(&0 '; µ3G$&"1 &'(
/-,3R3# 4#&4791 >;38',4&;+'I1 >,0µ'(1. . +3G"#31 45/4
µ"%3 &'( &'# @&)6 /*= )*+,-&$.
. )*+,-&$1 G3Iµ3K4 &$ >4R;'&4/#53 +3; &$ µ3%&',;-
'D'(>AD&4 &;1 %(#3#&'I%4, %&'# D3D'(&%A, &'# 'D7'D';0 A
38
 !. ". #$%&'()*+

&'# <4*,<0. 6;38*#'I%4, 0µ*1, µ4 &$# -D'S$ 0&; $ +3&'/A

µ;31 %(<+4+,;µ"#$1 >4R;0&$&31 ">;#4 %4 +-D';'# &$#
3,µ'>;0&$&&3 #3 >;3&(D9#4; +,5%4;1 +3; "R* 3D0 &$ %835,3
&$1 4;>;+0&$&-1 &'(. H %(#AG4;3 µ4,;+9# %(</,0#*#
48$µ4,5>*# +3; D4,;'>;+9#, D'( 4#;%/I'(# &$# +(+7'8',53
&'(1 µ4 &$ >$µ'%54(%$ &$1 <#9µ$1 >;-%$µ*#
D'>'%83;,;%&9#, $G'D';9# A &,3<'(>;%&9#, <;3 D'7;&;+- +3;
+';#*#;+- K$&Aµ3&3, G3 &'# "+3#4 "R377'.
M' D,0P7$µ3 <;3 &'# 8;70%'8' D'( -773R4 &$# ,0&3 &$1
4D;%&Aµ$1 >4# A&3# $ 5>;3 $ -<#';3, 377- $ -<#';3 0&; "/4;1
-<#';3. . C7+;P;->$1 >4# R",4; D91 #3 +(P4,#-4; >5+3;3 A
D,'1 &' %(µ8",'# &*# CG$#35*# D4,;%%0&4,' 3D’ 0%' R",4;
#3 D4&-4;, 377- 4D4;>A "/4; 4D5<#*%$ &$1 -<#';-1 &'( *1
D,'1 &' &474(&35', >4# G3 D,'%D3GA%4; #3 D4&-R4; +3; >4# G3
%(µP45 +3#"#3 +3+0. =3,0µ';3 (&' 3<3D$µ"#' &'(
D3,->4;<µ3), &' 0&; >4# R",4; &5D'&4 3D0 &$ #3(&;+A &"/#$
>4# %(#4D-<4&3; +3#"#3 +3+0, 3,+45 #3 45#3; 3D701 4D;P-&$1
+3; #’ 38A#4; &' &;µ0#; %&3 /",;3 &'( "µD4;,'( D$>37;'I/'(N
377- 4-# #'µ5K4; D*1 45#3; ;+3#01 #’ 3#37-P4; ' 5>;'1 &'
D$>-7;', µD',45 #3 %(µP45 +3µµ53 %(µ8',-.
M' )*+,3&;+0 0,3µ3 >4# D4,;',5K4; &$# $G;+A >;4,4I#$%$
%4 µ;3 µ;+,A 'µ->3 4+74+&9#. C#&;G"&*1, >;3#'5<4; &'#
8;7'%'8;+0 &,0D' K*A1 %&'(1 D-#&41. C# «* $40D?/$%/*+
B2*+ 024$& $4(D&*+ 4$ /*4 89%0& ?4$+ (4C.3;*+» (=7-&*#'1,
‘CD'7'<53 )*+,-&'(1’, 38.a), ' D4,;',;%µ01 &'(
4R4&3%&;+'I P5'( %4 µ;3 475& 83;#0&3# %&'# )*+,-&$ 0&;
+3G;%&- &$ K*A 3#-R;3 #3 &$ KA%'(# '; D4,;%%0&4,';
-#G,*D';.
. )*+,-&$1, 0µ*1, 0/; µ0#' D5%&4(4 %4 073 3(&- 377-
K'I%4 %Iµ8*#3 µ4 &3 0%3 D5%&4(4. L+&01 3D0 &' #3 µ$#
4#>;38",4&3; <;3 &$# 4µ8-#;%A &'( +3; #3 4D;7"<4;, %&$#
D'7;&;+A +3; +';#*#;+A &'( >,-%$, 0,&; 3+,;P91 &'( 835#4&3;

39
 «,-).$/0+, 1 $.&%/*).$/2$ /1+ 0&.3402$+»

>5+3;' -%Iµ8*#3 µ4 &$# >;>3%+3753 +3; &$# 8;7'%'853 &'(-

&'# P7"D'(µ4 #3 483,µ0K4; %&$# D,-R$ &;1 ;>"41 &'(: U&3# '
&,3<;+01 D';$&A1 L(,;D5>$1 P-K4; %&' %&0µ3 &'( .,"%&$
(‘H7"+&,3’, %&5/'1 379) &' 0&;: «024$& )$':/0.$ *.&%µ?40+
$%(>0&0+ /1+ 839+ 4$ /&+ $>94*=µ0 $D0@&('=/0+», ' )*+,-&$1
%$+9#4&3; 3D0 &$ G"%$ &'( +3; 4<+3&3745D4; &' G"3&,'N >4#
G3 µD','I%4 D'&" #3 3#4/&45 +-&; D'( D3,"D4µD4 %&'#
3#4R"&3%&', &'# 3>;-8',' P5', +3; 3#&;%&,3&4(0&3# -/*,51
4D;/4;,Aµ3&3- &$ 8;7'%'853 &'(.
F-D'( 4>9 8G-#4; %&' &"7'1 &'( &' 38;",*µ3 %&'
>3;µ0#;' D#4Iµ3 &'( )*+,-&$. C1 µ$ 7$%µ'#45 +3#451 0&;
%&$# 4D;%&Aµ$ &*# +4;µ"#*# &' D4D,*µ"#'# &"7'1 >4#
%$µ35#4; D3,- &$# 3,/A µ;31 +3;#'(,<'I1 3#3K$&A%4*1.

40
 !. ". #$%&'()*+

9. K'C%'#&"-:,-

+0&<*

1. 9"'5/#/<%0*: 24<-73 HG;+-, 24&- &3 Q(%;+-.

2. 9"'5/#:.$0*: B48"73;, U,#;G41, E-&,3/';, )8A+41.
3. I'#&<$0* # J-<"/'#*: Q;7'%08*# P5'; +3; >'<µ-&*#
%(#3<*<A.
4. G3$#:H$: CD'µ#$µ'#4Iµ3&3, .;+'#'µ;+01, )(µD0%;',
CD'7'<53 )*+,-&'(1.
5. +%./=$: CD'7'<53 )*+,-&'(1, ='7;&453,
=,*&3<0,31, 2"#*#, F,3&I7'1, Q35>*#, )(µD0%;'#,
Q35>,'1, F,;&531.

K#0DEµ-/-

1. Botsford & Robinson. 1969: C,/353 L77$#;+A

\%&',53. C#3G4*,$µ"#$ 3D0 &'# +3G$<$&A D. Kagan
(Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.). 1977: 24&-8,3%$ ).
L. M%;&%9#$ (L+>0%4;1 2',8*&;+'I \>,Iµ3&'1
LG#;+A1 M,3D"K$1, CGA#3).
2. Easterling, P.E.-Knox, B.M.W. 1985: \%&',53 &$1
C,/3531 L77$#;+A1 O'<'&4/#531 (Cambridge Universi-
ty Press, Cambridge). 1990: M4&-8,3%$ B. F'#'µA,
41
 «,-).$/0+, 1 $.&%/*).$/2$ /1+ 0&.3402$+»

:,. !,5µD3, 2. F'#'µA (L+>0%4;1 B. =3D3>Aµ3).

1994: 64I&4,$ "+>'%$ 3#3G4*,$µ"#$ µ4 4D;µ"74;3 &'(
C. )&483#A.
3. Guthrie, W.K.C. 1971: )*+,-&$1 (Cambridge Uni-
versity Press). 1990: 24&-8,3%$ M. B;+'73f>$
(L+>0%4;1 2',8*&;+'I \>,Iµ3&'1 LG#;+A1 M,3D"K$1,
CGA#3).
4. Lesky, Albin. 1958: \%&',53 &$1 C,/3531 L77$#;+A1
O'<'&4/#531. 1990: 5$ "+>'%$ 3#3G4*,$µ"#$ &$1
&,5&$1 "+>'%$1 &'( 1971, %4 µ4&-8,3%$ &'( C. !.
M%'D3#-+$ (L+>'&;+01 '5+'1 3>4789# F(,;3+5>$,
@4%%37'#5+$).
5. Oxford Classical Dictionary
6. Romilly, Jacqueline de. 1985: C,/353 L77$#;+A
!,3µµ3&'7'<53. 1988: 24&-8,3%$ @. :,;%&'D'I7'(-
2;+,'<;3##-+$ (L+>0%4;1 F3,>3µ5&%3).
7. M-/.(0*, K.N. 1970: . )*+,-&$1. H K*A &'(, $
>;>3%+3753 &'( (L+>'&;+01 '5+'1 «C%&A,», C7. & L.
=3D3>$µ$&,5'(). 1993: 4$ "+>'%$.
8. Vlastos, G. 1991: )*+,-&$1: L;,*#4(&A1 +3; HG;+01
Q;70%'8'1 (Cambridge University Press). 1993:
24&-8,3%$ =. F377;<- (E;P7;'D*745'# &$1 «L%&531»,
\. 6. F'77-,'( & )(#&,'8531 C. L., CGA#3).

42