1.

Bibliography – a list of resources at the end

of your work. Also called a reference page.

2. In-text citations – when you mention where

you got specific information within the
project itself.
 Quoting is using someone else’s exact words

 You do this by putting quotation marks around their words, and by

weaving the quote into your text.

 At the end of the quote, you put the author’s last name, a space, and the
page number of the document. (Name 45)

 It’s important to note that within the quotation marks, you must leave
everything exactly as the author wrote it – mistakes and all!

 Except…if you want to leave a part out, or if you want the grammar to fit
into your sentence. BUT, your changes cannot in any way change the
meaning of the quote!
“Current air pollution problems in Bangkok are
mostly the result of heavy traffic congestion and
rapid raise in number of motor vehicles. The
problems have also been aggravated by the lack
of sufficient and effective maintenance service for
the vehicles. It has been estimated that number
of motor vehicles in Bangkok accounts for
roughly one-third of the total number of the
vehicles in the country.”

Thavisin, Nathanon, Management of Air Quality in

Bangkok Metropolitan. Clean Air Regional Workshop.
2001.
You can introduce the quotation with the name of the author, or you
can show the author’s name in a note at the end. In either case, you
should include the page reference of the quote.

This shows the name at the start of the quotation:

I chose to focus on air pollution because it’s something I have to deal with
on a daily basis. I have asthma, and it is aggravated by the dust particles in
the air. According to Nathanon Thavisin, “air pollution problems in Bangkok
are mostly the result of heavy traffic congestion and rapid raise in number
of motor vehicles” (1). He goes on to say that the problem has been made
worse by “the lack of sufficient and effective maintenance service for the
vehicles” (1). This releases a large number of dust particles into the air,
which can make it hard for people like me to breathe.
Here is the same piece, with the name noted at the
end of the quotation.

I chose to focus on air pollution because it’s something I have to

deal with on a daily basis. I have asthma, and it is aggravated by the
dust particles in the air. “Air pollution problems in Bangkok are
mostly the result of heavy traffic congestion and rapid raise in
number of motor vehicles” (Thavisin 1). The problem has been made
worse by “the lack of sufficient and effective maintenance service for
the vehicles” (Thavisin 1). This releases a large number of dust
particles into the air, which can make it hard for people like me to
breathe.
If you add words to the text, you should put square brackets
[parentheses] around then to show they are not part of the
original work. If you leave words out of a text, you must show
this by using an ellipsis (…):

I chose to focus on air pollution because it’s something I have to deal with on a daily
basis. I have asthma, and it is aggravated by the dust particles in the air. The
problems with air pollution in Bangkok are “mostly the result of heavy traffic
congestion and rapid raise in number of motor vehicles… [as well as] the lack of
sufficient and effective maintenance service for the vehicles” (Thavisin 1). This
releases a large number of dust particles into the air, which can make it hard for
people like me to breathe.

**What you add to the text must have been implied in the original text! It cannot in
any way change the meaning of the original work.
Now see how it is done when your quotation is longer. There are no quotation
marks around the indented paragraph; the fact that it is indented shows that it is
a quotation. After the final punctuation mark, leave a space, then add the
citation.

I chose to focus on air pollution because it’s something I have to deal with on a daily
basis. I have asthma, and it is aggravated by the dust particles in the air. In a paper
for the Clean Air Regional Workshop in 2001, the then Deputy Bangkok Governor had
the following to say about pollution in Bangkok:

Current air pollution problems in Bangkok are mostly the result of heavy
traffic congestion and rapid raise in number of motor vehicles. The
problems have also been aggravated by the lack of sufficient and effective
maintenance service for the vehicles. It has been estimated that number of
motor vehicles in Bangkok accounts for roughly one-third of the total
number of the vehicles in the country. (Thavisin 1)

This made me think that if I could look at ways in which other cities deal with the
number of badly maintained cars on the road, I could propose a solution for Bangkok.
Two or three authors:
(Rabkin, Greenberg, and Olander 165)

More than three authors:

(Lauter et al. 135)

More than one author with the same name:

(A. Patterson 345)

Title only, no author:

(Management 2)
 To paraphrase is to write something in your own words, usually to make it easier
to understand. They aren’t your ideas, even if they’re put in your own words, so
you have to say where you got the ideas.

 This includes stating the main points made by the author which support your
statements.

 What is key to paraphrasing though, and what helps you to make sure you’re not
plagiarising, is to add your own opinions to the work, explain the points in
relation to your own opinions, and to compare and contrast the view of several
authors. This will show that you have a deeper understanding of the topic and
that you can do more than just copy and memorise other people’s ideas.

 It’s important to note that even if you are not directly quoting, if you are
paraphrasing another author’s ideas, you should let the reader know this by using
an in-text citation, (Author, page), after the paraphrased section.
Here, then would be a paraphrase of Thavisin’s text, including my
own thoughts:

I chose to focus on air pollution because it’s something I have to

deal with on a daily basis. I have asthma, and it is aggravated by the
dust particles in the air. According to Nathanon Thavisin, who wrote
a report for the Clean Air Regional Workshop in 2001, most of the
air pollution in Bangkok is cause by heavy traffic and an increase in
the number of cars on the roads. It is made worse, he says, by the
fact that many cars in Bangkok are not maintained properly (1). This
releases a large number of dust particles into the air, which can
make it hard for people like me to breathe.