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0 Price
of
100 103 Asset
XYZ
-3 at
Option Price = Rs3 expir
Loss ation
Strike Price = Rs100
Time to expiration = 1month
Profit /Loss Profile for a Short Call
Position
Profit
+3
Price of the
0 Asset XYZ
at
100 103 expiration
Price of
0
the Asset
98 100 XYZ at
expiration
-2 Initial price of the asset XYZ = Rs100
Option Price = Rs2
Loss Strike price = Rs100
Time to expiration = 1 month
Profit/Loss Profile for a Short Put
Position
Profit
+2
Price of
the Asset
0 XYZ at
expiration
94 100
Initial price of the asset XYZ =
Rs100
Option Price = Rs2
Loss
Strike price = Rs100
Time to expiration = 1 month
Summary
The profit and loss profile for a short put
option is the mirror image of the long put
option. The maximum profit from this
position is the option price. The theoritical
maximum loss can be substantial should the
price of the underlying asset fall.
Buying calls or selling puts allows investor to
gain if the price of the underlying asset rises;
and selling calls and buying puts allows the
investors to gain if the price of the underlying
asset falls.
Long Call
Short Put
Price rises
Price Falls
Long Put
Short Call
Stock Index Option
Trading in options whose underlying
instrument is the stock index.
Here if the option is exercised, the exchange
assigned option writer pays cash to the options
buyer. There is no delivery of any stock.
Dollar Value of the underlying index = Cash
index value * Contract multiple.
The contract multiple for the S&P100 is $100.
So, for eg, if the cash index value for the S&P
is 720,then dollar value will be $72,000
For a stock option, the price at which the buyer
of the option can buy or sell the stock is the
strike price. For an index option, the strike
index is the index value at which the buyer of
the option can buy or sell the underlying stock
index. For Eg: If the strike index is 700 for an
S&P index option, the USD value is $70,000. If
an investor purchases a call option on the
S&P100 with a strike of 700, and exercises the
option when the index is 720, then the investor
has the right to purchase the index for $70,000
when the USD value of the index is $72000.
The buyer of the call option then receive$2000
from the option writer.
Binomial Model for Option
Valuation
Current Price of the stock = S
Two possible values it can take next
year :- uS or dS ( uS> dS)
Amount B can be borrowed or lent at a
rate of r. The interest factor (1+r) may
be represented , for sake of simplicity ,
as R.
d<R<u.
Exercise price is E.
Value of a call option, just before expiration,
if the stock price goes up to uS is
Cu = Max(uS-E,0)
Value of a call option, just before expiration,
if the stock price goes down to dS is
Cd = Max(dS-E,0)
The value of the call option is
C=^S+B
^ = (Cu-Cd)/ S (u-d)
B = uCd-dCu/(u-d)R
Illustration:
S=200, u=1.4, d=.9 E=220 r=0.15 R=1.15
Cu = Max(uS-E,0) = Max(280-220,0)=60
Cd = Max(dS-E,0) = Max(180-220,0)=0
^=Cu-Cd/(u-d)S = 60/(1.4-.9)200=0.6
B=uCd-dCu/(u-d)R = -0.9(60)/0.5(1.15) = -93.91
(A negative value for B means that funds are
borrowed).
Thus the portfolio consists of 0.6 of a share plus a
borrowing of 93.91( requiring a payment of
93.91(1.15) = 108 after one year.
C=^S+B= 0.6*200-93.91 = 26.09
Swaps
An agreement between two parties to
exchange one set of cash flows for
another. In essence it is a portfolio of
forward contracts. While a forward
contract involves one exchange at a
specific future date, a swap contract
entitles multiple exchanges over a period
of time. The most popular are interest rate
swaps and currency swaps.
Interest Rate Swap
Counter Counter Party
LIBOR
Party
A B
10.5%
Maruti Fixed BOA
BOT