Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, Second Edition
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About this ebook
Doctors first used penicillin on a human patient in 1941. Since then, many bacteria have evolved resistance to antibiotics. Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, Second Edition describes pathogens that have become particularly adept at evading a wide range of antibiotics and highlights how scientists continue to strive to develop new treatments and countermeasures to fight this onslaught. Case studies and historical anecdotes are presented to provide context and aid in understanding the problems associated with antibiotic resistance. Various antibiotic-resistance scenarios of the future are outlined, as well as personal strategies individuals can use to reduce the likelihood of infection with antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Chapters include:
- How Antibiotics Kill Bacteria
- Causes of Antibiotic Resistance
- Consequence of Antibiotic Resistance
- Most Dangerous Types of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
- Strategies to Combat Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
- Reducing the Risk of Antibiotic-Resistant Infection.
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Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, Second Edition - Patrick Guilfoile
Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, Second Edition
Copyright © 2019 by Infobase
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For more information, contact:
Chelsea House
An imprint of Infobase
132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001
ISBN 978-1-4381-9407-3
You can find Chelsea House on the World Wide Web
at http://www.infobase.com
Contents
Foreword
Chapters
Antibiotics
How Antibiotics Kill Bacteria
Antibiotic Resistance
Causes of Antibiotic Resistance
Consequences of Antibiotic Resistance
Most Dangerous Types of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
Strategies to Combat Antibiotic Resistance
Future of Antibiotic Resistance
Reducing the Risk of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Infection
Support Materials
Glossary
About the Author
About the Consulting Editor
Index
Foreword
The outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in the early part of the 21st century highlighted the significance of infectious disease outbreaks in the world today: from a Chinese medical doctor who had become ill while treating patients with a clinically severe pulmonary syndrome in his home province, who then traveled to Hong Kong and stayed overnight in a hotel with international guests, the coronavirus that caused SARS spread around the world. The outbreaks that resulted, mostly in highly industrialized countries, were typical of emerging infections in today’s globalized world. Not only are these outbreaks serious risks to human health—often causing high mortality—they also have an effect on economies. Fortunately the SARS outbreak was fully contained within six months – with a death toll just over 800. But the SARS outbreaks also caused a severe shock to economies in Asia where travel, trade, and tourism came to a virtual standstill.
Following the SARS outbreaks the International Health Regulations (IHR)—international law developed in the late 1960s to attempt to stop infectious disease at international borders—were revised. Today the IHR provide requirements for a global response should infectious diseases cross national borders, and more importantly they require all countries to develop the public health capacity to help detect and stop infectious disease outbreaks where and when they occur.
During the time of the revision of the IHR the related concept of global health security became an important political issue worldwide. Its importance was highlighted by the 2013—2014 Ebola outbreaks in West Africa. Like SARS, Ebola virus infection spread across national borders to neighboring countries, and to highly industrialized countries far from the African continent.
The concept of global health security for persons living in industrialized countries with equitable access to health services is clear—it is about reducing their vulnerability to infectious disease threats that spread across national borders.
But in many ways health security is like a chameleon that changes color depending on its environment. In addition to the collective health risk caused by the international spread of Ebola virus infection, health workers in West Africa, some infected with the Ebola virus, and Ebola-infected persons from communities they served, were forced to accept that their health care was not always effective, and not always accessible—that their own, individual health security was at risk. And many persons infected with the Ebola virus in West Africa died because their weak health systems collapsed, and care was not available to them, nor was it available to children and others who had nowhere to seek care for common infections such as malaria and other highly fatal tropical diseases.
The intertwining of collective and individual health security is a concept that must remain high on the political agenda as the IHR continue to serve as a global framework for collective health security, and as the world focuses its attention on universal health coverage, the key to realizing individual health security. At the same time the impact of deadly infectious disease outbreaks, and other outbreaks such as those caused by infections resistant to antimicrobial drugs, will remain a threat to collective and individual health security. This series of Deadly Diseases and Epidemics describes the past and present, and forecasts the future. It is important reading for anyone concerned about the spread of diseases in modern society.
David L. Heymann, M.D.
Professor, Infectious Disease Epidemiology
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Chapters
Antibiotics
The first effective antibacterial agents, the sulfonamides, were developed in the 1930s and are still used today. These drugs only killed a limited number of bacterial species and had no effect on many important disease-causing microbes. The use of penicillin and other antibiotics, beginning in the 1940s, revolutionized the practice of medicine, because these drugs were able to stop many otherwise deadly pathogens (organisms that cause disease) in their tracks.
The Discovery of Penicillin
Sir Alexander Fleming was a microbiologist at St. Mary's Hospital in London. During the late 1920s he was studying an important human pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus. During the summer of 1928, Fleming went on an extended vacation, and he left some cultures of S. aureus in petri plates on his lab bench. When Fleming returned from his vacation, he briefly checked the plates that had been sitting out. Initially, he discarded the now-famous plate into a tray of disinfectant. Fortunately, he had such a large pile of discarded plates that they didn't all get submerged in the antibacterial liquid. A colleague then appeared in the lab, and to make a point, Fleming picked up the famous plate and happened to notice something unusual. On that plate a mold (now called Penicillium notatum) had grown. Surrounding this fungus was a clear zone, where the S. aureus had been killed. Fleming had previously done work with other substances that killed bacteria, and he quickly recognized the significance of his observation.¹
Scottish biologist and pharmacologist Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin from the mold Penicillium notatum in 1928.
Source: © Alamy. Pictorial Press Ltd.
Following his discovery, Fleming made some crude extracts of the material from the fungus and found that this material killed many different types of important pathogenic bacteria. He also found he could