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IRAQ, 1999, Mahmoud sits in the dormitory o Al-Rahma Rehabilitation Centre or street children in the Rashad section o Baghdad.

U N I C E F / H Q 9 9 - 0 6 3 8 . G i a c o m o P i r o z z i

v i o l e n c e a g a i n s t c h i l d r e n i n c a r e a n d j U s t i c e i n s t i t U t i o n s



violence againSt children

in care and jUstice institUtions

Introduction175Human rights instruments177Background and context 178

The rise o the institution 178Second thoughts about institutional care 180

Factors contributing to violence in institutions

180

Low priority 181Inadequate stang 181Lack o Monitoring and Oversight 182Mixing dierent levels o vulnerability 182

Children in institutional care

183

Nature and extent o the problem 183Institutionalisation in Eastern Europe andormer Soviet countries 184Ethnic minorities targeted 184 Why children are placed in residential care 185Patterns o institutionalisation 186Sources o violence within care institutions 187Violence by sta 187Violence in the guise o treatment 188Lack o care as a orm o violence 188Violence by other children 189Impact o institutionalisation on children’s healthand development 189

Children in custody and detention

190

Nature and extent o the problem 191Historical context 192Children in confict with the law 193 Why children come into confict with the law 193Detention as a substitute or care 195

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v i o l e n c e a g a i n s t c h i l d r e n i n c a r e a n d j U s t i c e i n s t i t U t i o n s

Sources o violence in detention and police custody 196Violence by sta in detention institutions 196Violence while in custody o police and security orces 197Violence as a sentence 198Violence by adult detainees 199Violence by other children 199Sel-harm 200

Other children in State custody

201

Reugees, asylum seekers and migrants 201Unaccompanied children 201 Jail-like acilities 201Detention o migrant children 202Children in peacetime armies 203

Responses to violence against childrenin care and justice institutions

203

Legislative action 204Policies to prevent institutionalisation 205The principle o ‘last resort’ 205Prioritise alternatives 206 Alternatives to institutional care 207Support or disadvantaged and at-risk amilies 207Support or amilies o children with disabilities 208Direct support or orphans and vulnerable children 209 Accommodating dierent needs and preerences 209