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KUVEMPU UNIVERSITY:-

ASSIGNMENT FOR B.Sc(IT)-4th sem:

SUBJECT: UNIX & SHELL PROGRAMMING


SUBJECT CODE: BSIT-43

Assignment: TB (Compulsory)

(1) What is a shell? Explain its importance.

Ans- Shell is a separate, interactive program, for each user when


he or she logs on. It acts as a interface between the user and the
system.
IMPORTANCE OF SHELL SCRIPT:-

Shell acts as a command interpreter. It takes the commands and


sets them for execution if possible, and returns a prompt to us
when it is done and gets ready for our next command.

(2) Write a UNIX command to count how many users have


logged on to the UNIX system.
Ans- The command to count the number of users logged on to
the UNIX system is:
Who || wc-l

(3) How is a job run periodically in UNIX system? Explain with


an example.
Ans- A job can be run periodically in UNIX system by a Unix
utility called cron. The cron daemon takes care of running these
background jobs, which are called cron jobs.
Crontab is a file which contains the schedule of cron entries to be
run and at specified times. Cron checks the crontab at regular
tables to see if there are any jobs scheduled.
EXAMPLE- The following line in the crontab file
removes all core files/user/user1 everyday at 7:30 PM.
30 19 * * * rm/user/user1/core
The time schedule can be changed as follows to run the command
at 5:30 PM on the 1st of Mar, June and September.
30 17 1 3,6,9 rm/user/user1/core
By default cron jobs send an e-mail to the user account executing
the cronjob. If this is not needed it puts the following command.

(4) What is a process? Explain the mechanism of process creation


in UNIX system.

Ans- Process is basically an execution thread that can be used to


execute in an address space which is constituted from data, text,
and stack segment of a given program. A process always starts at
the beginning of the given text segment and teminates at the
occurrence of an exit command in the text.
CREATION OF PROCESS:
In Unix, only a process can create another process. Assuming that
there is a process existing, it can create any number of processes,
which are simply duplications of the former. The process that
creates processes is called the parent process and the created
processes are called children. Each child can in turn create more
processes (i.e. grandchildren). This process of creation can
continue until a required tree of process is achieved. In general,
Unix allows a user process to create a hierarchy of processes.
Process use the fork ( ) system call to create a new process.

(5) What is a filter? Explain any five filters in UNIX system.

Ans- A filter is a program that can take a flow of data from


standard input, process it, and send the result on to standard output.
Five filters of Unix are as follows:-
(a) grep filter- It searches a file for a particular pattern of
characters and displays all lines that contain that pattern.
Syntax- grep regular_ expression (filename)
Regular expression is the pattern that is searched for.

(b) wc filter- It is used to count the number of lines, words,


and characters in a disk file or in standard input.
Syntax- wc [options] [filename/s].

(c) cut filter- It is useful when specific columns from the output
of certain commands (such as ls-l, who) need to be extracted. It can
also be used to extract specific columns from files.
Syntax- cut [options] [filename/s].

(d) tr filter- It can be used to translate one set of characters to


another. The tr filter translates the characters in the output only and
does not effect the input file.

(e) cat- It displays the contents of a file and with its we can
create a file also.
We can create a file by using the command:
Cat > filename.

Q6. what is shell script to check whether given year is a leap year
or not?

Ans: echo “plz enter year”


Read $a
$b=`expr $a%4`
If test $b = 0
Then
Echo “leap year”
Else
Echo “not a leap year”
fi

(7) Explain the different types of variables in shell.


Ans- The different types of variables in shell are as under:-
(a) Environment variables: Sometimes called special
shell variables, or standard shell variables, they are used to
tailor the operating environment to suit our needs.
Examples include PATH, TERM, HOME,
and MAIL.

(b) User-defined variables: These are variables that


can be created by us.

(c) Positional Parameters: These are used by the


shell to store the values of command-line
arguments.

(8) What is the significance of write and talk command in UNIX?

Ans- Write and talk command are communication programs that


allow users to talk to each other in a network.
The write command copies lines from one users terminal
to that of another user. The command is used by typing the
following:-
$ write username.
Where, username is another logged in user. The recipient gets
a message from the sender along with the sender’s username. If the
recipient of the message writes back, communication will start
between the two users and continues until an end-of-file is read
from the terminal or an interrupt is sent.
The talk command is used to have a visual
communication program which copies line from a user’s terminal
to that of another user. It allows text-based communication
between two users.
Example- If user1 wants to have a chat with user2 then
user1 types the following:-
$talk user2.

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