Shale gas: a provisional assessment of climate change and environmental impacts
A report by researchers at The Tyndall Centre University of Manchester
Tyndall Centre Manchester
Ruth WoodPaul GilbertMaria SharminaKevin Anderson
Independent Consultant
Anthony Footitt
Sustainable Change Co-operative
Steven GlynnFiona Nicholls
Report commissioned by The Co-operative
January 2011 (Final)
Shale gas: a provisional assessment, January 2011
Shale gas: a provisional assessment of climate change and environmental impacts
A report by researchers at The Tyndall Centre University of Manchester
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change ResearchUniversity of ManchesterManchester M13 1PL
Dr Ruth Wood, Dr Paul Gilbert, Ms Maria Sharmina and Professor Kevin Anderson Independent Consultant Mr Anthony Footitt
Sustainable Change Co-operativeInnospace, Minshull House, Chorlton StreetManchester M1 3FY
Dr Steven Glynn and Ms Fiona Nicholls
Contacts
Environment: Anthony Footitt afootitt.uea@gmail.comGreenhouse gas emissions – production: Paul Gilbert p.j.gilbert@manchester.ac.ukGreenhouse gas emissions – scenarios: Steven Glynn s.glynn@sustainable-change.co.uk
January 2011 (Final)
This report was commissioned by The Cooperative. It is non-peer-reviewed and allviews contained within are attributable to the authors and do not necessarily reflectthose of researchers within the wider Tyndall Centre.Please cite this report as: Wood. R., et al: 2011,
Shale gas: a provisional assessment of climate change and environmental impacts.
A report commissionedby the Cooperative and undertaken by researchers at the Tyndall Centre, Universityof Manchester
www.tyndall.ac.uk
CONTENTS
1.
Introduction..................................................................................... 8
1.1
Background ................................................................................................... 8
1.2
Study objectives ............................................................................................ 9
1.3
Structure of the report ................................................................................. 10
2.
Shale gas production and reserves .............................................. 11
2.1
Overview ..................................................................................................... 11
2.2
Shale gas production processes ................................................................. 11
2.3
Shale gas production and reserves in the US ............................................. 27
2.4
Development of shale gas in the UK ........................................................... 34
3.
Estimation of GHG implications of shale gas ................................ 37
3.1
Introduction ................................................................................................. 37
3.2
GHG emissions - gas from shales verses conventional sources ................. 37
3.3 Potential impact of shale gas use on global emissions ............................... 48
4.
Human health and environmental considerations ......................... 53
4.1
Introduction ................................................................................................. 53
4.2
Pollution impacts ......................................................................................... 54
4.3
Water consumption ..................................................................................... 69
4.4
Other impacts of and constraints on shale development ............................. 69
5.
Conclusions .................................................................................. 71
5.1 Background ................................................................................................. 71
5.2 GHG emissions ........................................................................................... 72
5.3 Environmental impacts of shale gas production .......................................... 74
5.4 Final comment ............................................................................................. 76
References ........................................................................................... 79
Annex 1……………………………………………………………………… i-v
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