Reviewing Lebanon
Educational Outreach Initiative

TIMELINE OF SIGNIFICANT EVENTS IN LEBANESE HISTORY

• 1920 – After WWI, the League of Nations grants France the mandate for Syria and Lebanon. The state of Greater Lebanon is carved out to include Mount Lebanon, with strong Maronite and Druze populations, along with south Lebanon and the Bekaa.
• 1926 – The Lebanese Representative Council approves a constitution.
• 1932 – A national census is held—the only official census in Lebanon’s history. Results indicate a Maronite Christian majority with slightly smaller Sunni and Shiite minorities.
• 1942 – The National Pact is formed. It outlines the distribution of parliamentary seats with a ratio of six Maronite Christians to five Muslims. The highest political posts are also divided along sectarian lines—a Maronite Christian president, a Sunni prime minister, and a Shiite parliament speaker.
• 1943 – Lebanon declares independence.
• 1944 – France relinquishes control to the Lebanese government.
• 1948 – The state of Israel is formed. The Arab-Israeli war pushes thousands of Palestinian refugees into neighboring countries, including Lebanon.
• 1957 – Lebanese President Camille Chamoun accepts the Eisenhower Doctrine, a U.S. policy aimed at counteracting Soviet influence by offering countries U.S. economic and military aid.
• 1958 – Lebanese Muslims increasingly disapprove of Chamoun’s Western loyalties. Protests erupt after the public discovers that Chamoun is illegally seeking a second term. In response, he requests U.S. assistance. Marines land on the shores of Beirut to quietly reassert the Lebanese government’s authority.
• 1958 – Fu’ad Chehab, the commander of the army widely trusted by the public for his impartiality, is elected to the presidency. He spends his 6-year term seeking sectarian balance by working closely with various groups in efforts to reduce tensions and return stability to the country.
• 1967 – Israel and its Arab neighbors fight the Six Day War. Though Lebanon does not actively participate, it is a battleground for Palestinian offensives and Israeli counterattacks.
• 1968 - Israeli troops destroy 13 civilian aircraft during a raid on the Beirut International Airport in retaliation for an attack from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PLFP) on an Israeli plane in Athens.
• 1969 – The Cairo Accords are signed by Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) Chairman Yasser Arafat and Lebanese Army commander Emile Bustani. It stipulates that Lebanon recognizes the Palestinian struggle and establishes the guidelines by which Lebanese authorities allow the presence of Palestinian guerilla fighters in south Lebanon. It eventually results in the PLO creating a “state within a state” inside of Lebanon.

Reviewing Lebanon
Educational Outreach Initiative

• 1970 - The PLO headquarters relocates to Beirut after being pushed out of Jordan. Raids into Israel continue out of southern Lebanon.
• 1973 – The Lebanese government resigns after Israeli troops raid Beirut, killing three PLO leaders.
• 1975 – The Lebanese Civil War begins when Christian Phalange gunmen ambush a bus, killing 27 passengers, many of whom were Palestinian. Phalangists allege that Palestinian fighters were responsible for a previous attack on a church in the neighborhood.
• 1976 – Syrian troops enter Lebanon. The Syrian Arab Deterrent Force (ADF) is established to maintain a ceasefire.
• 1978 – Israel retaliates against PLO attacks by invading southern Lebanon, approximately 40km into the country. The United Nations Security Council passes resolution 425, calling for Israel to withdraw all forces from Lebanese territory.
• 1978 - The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) is established to supervise the withdrawal of Israeli troops and assist in the restoration of Lebanese governance. Israel does not defer to UNIFIL, but rather passes control to it’s Lebanese proxy militia, the predominantly Christian South Lebanon Army (SLA).
• 1982 – President-elect and Phalange leader Bachir Gemayel is assassinated in a bombing. Yasser Arafat and the PLO evacuate to Tunisia. Meanwhile, Israeli forces occupy west Beirut and a multinational U.S.-French-Italian peacekeeping force enters the city.
• 1982 - The Phalange militia massacres hundreds of Palestinians in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps in response to the Gemayel assassination. Amin Gemayel, Bachir’s older brother, is elected President.
• 1983 – Lebanon signs a peace agreement with Israel on the condition of an Israeli withdrawal from south Lebanon.
• 1984 – The multinational forces exit Beirut.
• 1985 – Most Israeli troops pull out, but a few remain to support the SLA in establishing a security zone.
• 1987 – Lebanon cancels both the 1969 Cairo Agreement with the PLO and the 1983 peace agreement with Israel.
• 1988 – The Lebanese Parliament fails to elect a successor for Prime Minister Amin Gemayel. Two governments emerge – a Muslim-controlled West Beirut and a Christian-controled East Beirut.

Reviewing Lebanon
Educational Outreach Initiative

• 1989 – A Charter of National Reconciliation is signed in Ta’if, Saudi Arabia, redistributing the presidential powers to the cabinet. This results in an equal seating of Christian and Muslim representatives in Parliament, rather than the previous six-to-five ratio.
• 1990 – The Lebanese Civil War officially ends.
• 1991 – The National Assembly orders all militia groups to disarm. Hezballah is permitted to remain active and the SLA refuses to dissolve.
• 1992 – Rafiq Hariri, a Sunni businessman involved in reconstruction, is elected Prime Minister.
• 1996 – Israel launches Operation Grapes of Wrath, bombing Hezballah bases in south Lebanon and the Bekaa. Hundreds of Lebanese are displaced.
• 2000 – Israel withdraws all forces from south Lebanon after the collapse of the SLA.
• 2004 – UN Security Council Resolution 1559 is passed. It calls for the exit of all foreign forces in Lebanon, particularly Syrian troops. Syria ignores the resolution.
• 2005 – Rafiq Hariri is assassinated in a Beirut car bombing. Anti-Syrian sentiments intensify, causing Syria to eventually withdraw troops from the country. March 14 Forces, an alliance organized by Rafiq Hariri’s son Saad, gain control of the parliament.
• 2005 - The UN creates a Special Tribunal to investigate the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri. This proves to be a contentious issue amongst the Lebanese factions.
• 2006 – Hezballah captures two Israeli soldiers in a raid on the border. Israel responds by launching air and sea attacks on Lebanon, killing hundreds of Lebanese civilians. Hezballah continues to launch rockets into northern Israel, resulting in the deployment of Israeli troops into south Lebanon. After 34 days of fighting and a UN peacekeeping operation, Hezballah and Israel come to a truce.
• 2008 – Sectarian violence is rampant throughout the country. Multiple assassinations occur.
• 2009 –Saad Hariri is nominated as prime minister and succeeds in forming a national unity government.
• 2011 – Hezballah ministers and allies resign, causing the government to collapse. A sealed indictment is issued by the UN prosecutor in reference to the Tribunal results. Najib Miqati is appointed prime minister and is given the task of rebuilding a new government. Meanwhile, Hariri-supporters protest the ousting of former PM Saad Hariri.