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FINAL
 
REPORT
Implications of Capitol LakeManagement for Fish and Wildlife
 
Prepared by:The Washington Department of Fish and WildlifeMarc P. HayesTimothy QuinnTiffany L. HicksPrepared for:Capital Lake Adaptive Management Program Steering Committee24 August 2008
 
 i
Table of Contents
Executive Summary ................................................................................................................ iii1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 11.1 Historical Background and Physical Setting of Capitol Lake ................................... 11.2 Prior Faunal Surveys and Research ...................................................................... 71.3 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 72 Methods ......................................................................................................................... 82.1 Species Assessment ................................................................................................... 82.2 Ecosystem Assessment ............................................................................................. 93 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................... 103.1 Species Present and Their Response .......................................................................... 103.1.1 Vertebrates ............................................................................................................ 103.1.1.1 Amphibians .................................................................................................... 103.1.1.2 Birds................................................................................................................ 123.1.1.2.1 Aerial-Foraging Birds .............................................................................. 123.1.1.2.2 Diving Birds (Non-Waterfowl) ................................................................ 143.1.1.2.3 Gulls and Terns ........................................................................................ 173.1.1.2.4 Shorebirds and Probing Foragers ............................................................. 173.1.1.2.5 Raptors ..................................................................................................... 203.1.1.2.6 Wading Birds ........................................................................................... 223.1.1.2.7 Waterfowl ................................................................................................. 243.1.1.3 Fishes .............................................................................................................. 283.1.1.3.1 Anadromous Fishes .................................................................................. 283.1.1.3.2 Freshwater Fishes ..................................................................................... 333.1.1.3.3 Marine Fishes ........................................................................................... 383.1.1.4 Mammals ........................................................................................................ 413.1.1.3.1 Aquatic and Semi-aquatic Mammals ....................................................... 413.1.1.3.2 Bats ........................................................................................................... 443.1.1.3.3 Marine Mammals ..................................................................................... 463.1.1.5 Reptiles ........................................................................................................... 483.1.2 Invertebrates ......................................................................................................... 503.1.2.1 Benthic Invertebrates ...................................................................................... 513.1.2.2 Planktonic Invertebrates ................................................................................. 553.1.3 Exotic Species ....................................................................................................... 593.1.4 Next Step: Species Specific Models ..................................................................... 594 Special Designation Species .......................................................................................... 615 Ecosystems Present and their Functions and Processes ................................................ 615.1 The Open Freshwater Lake Ecosystem and its Significance ..................................... 625.2 The Estuarine Ecosystem and its Significance ........................................................... 645.3 Relative Importance of Ecosystem Types .................................................................. 676 The Consequences of Sea Level Rise ............................................................................ 687 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................... 698 References Cited ............................................................................................................ 699 Appendix I: Excluded Species ....................................................................................... 898.1 Appendix I
 – 
References Cited ................................................................................... 92
 
 ii
List of Figures
Figure 1 2006 Aerial photograph of Capitol Lake.............................................................. 3
List of Tables
Table 1 Anticipated responses of amphibians to management options for Capital Lake .................................................................................................................................... 11Table 2 Anticipated responses of aerial-foraging birds to management options forCapitol Lake.......................................................................................................... 13Table 3 Anticipated responses of diving birds (non-waterfowl) to management optionsfor Capitol Lake .................................................................................................... 15Table 4 Anticipated responses of gulls and terns to management options for Capitol Lake............................................................................................................................... 18Table 5 Anticipated responses of shorebirds to management options for Capitol Lake ..................................................................................................................................... 19Table 6 Anticipated responses of raptors to management options for Capitol Lake ........ 21Table 7 Anticipated responses of wading bird habitat to management options for .............Capitol Lake.......................................................................................................... 23Table 8 Anticipated responses of waterfowl to management options for Capitol Lake ...................................................................................................................................... 25Table 9 Anticipated responses to management options of anadromous fishes tomanagement options for Capitol Lake ................................................................. 29Table 10 Anticipated responses to management options of freshwater fishes tomanagement options for Capitol Lake ................................................................. 34Table 11 Anticipated responses to management options of marine fishes to managementoptions for Capitol Lake ....................................................................................... 39Table 12 Anticipated responses of aquatic or semi-aquatic mammals to managementoptions for Capitol Lake ....................................................................................... 42Table 13 Anticipated responses of bat to management options for Capitol Lake .............. 45Table 14 Anticipated responses of marine mammals to management options for CapitolLake ...................................................................................................................... 47Table 15 Anticipated responses of reptiles to management options for Capitol Lake ....... 49Table 16 Anticipated responses of freshwater benthic invertebrates to managementoptions for Capitol Lake ....................................................................................... 56Table 17 Anticipated responses of marine benthic invertebrates to management optionsfor Capitol Lake .................................................................................................... 57Table 18 Anticipated responses of freshwater planktonic invertebrates to managementoptions for Capitol Lake ....................................................................................... 60Table 19 Species with Special Designations for this Assessment ...................................... 62Table 20 Comparison of historic and current areas for estuary and freshwater lakeecosystem types in Washington State .................................................................. 68
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