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MA1253 / PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS


UNIT I /PROBABILITY AND RANDOM VARIABLE
Axioms of probability - Conditional probability - Total probability –
Baye’s theorem - Random variable - Probability mass function –
Probability density functions- Properties – Moments - Moment generating
functions and their properties
1. From 21 tickets marked with 20 to 40 numerals one is drawn at random. Find the chance that it is
a multiple of five.
2. Two balls are drawn from a bag containing 3 R, 5G. What is the chance that they are (i) of
different colors (ii) same color?
3. A bag contains 3 R, 6 W & 7 B balls. What is the probability that 2 balls drawn are W and B.?
4. A and B are events with p(A) = 3 / 8 , p(B) = 1 / 2 and p(A B ) =1/ 4. Find p (A c ∩ B c). AU
5. Prove: p (A c) = 1 – p (A).
6. Prove Addition theorem.
7. A is known to hit the target in 2 out of 5 shots where as B is known to hit the target in 3 out of 4
shots. Find the probability that the target being hit when they both try. AU
8. If p (A) = 0.31, p (B) = 0.47, where A and B are mutually exclusive, find p (A ∩ B)
9. If A & B are independent events, prove that (i) A c and B c are independent (ii) A c
and B are
c
independent (iii) A & B are independent. AU
10. A problem in statistics is given to three students whose chances of solving it are ½, 1/3 and ¼
respectively. Find the probability that it will be solved.
11. If A, B and C are independent events, then prove that (A B) and C are independent.
12. If A and B are independent events such that p(A B ) ¾, p( A ∩ B ) = ¼ and p(A c ) = 2/3, find p (A
c
/B).
13. If A and B are independent events with p (B) =0.15 and p (A/B) =0.24, find p (A).
14. A fair die is thrown. Determine the conditional probability of {f2} given an even number has
occurred.MU
15. A probability that a communication system will have fidelity is 0.81 and the probability that it will
have high fidelity and high selectivity is 0.18. What is the probability that system with fidelity will
also have high selectivity?
16. A, B & C in order toss a coin. The first one to throw a head wins. If A starts, find their respective
chance of winning.
17. 2 persons A & B toss an unbiased coin alternatively until one get head and that player is the
winner. If A starts the game. Find their respective chance of winning.
BAYES’ THEOREM
18. A toy is rejected if the design is faulty or not. The probability that the design is faulty is 0.1 and
that the toy is rejected because of faulty design is 0.95 and otherwise is 0.45. If a toy is rejected,
what is the probability that it is due to faulty design. AU

Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics


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19. A box contains 5 Red and 4 White balls. Two balls drawn successively from the box without
replacement and it is noted that the second one is White. What is the probability that the first ball
drawn is also White? AU
20. An urn contains 5 balls. Two balls are drawn and found to be white. What is the probability of all
the balls being White?
21. For a certain binary communication channel the probability that a transmitted ‘0’ is received as a
‘0’ is 0.95 and the probability that a ‘1’ transmitted is received, as ‘1’ is 0.90. If that a ‘0’ is
transmitted is 0.4. Find the probability that (i) a ‘1’ is received (ii) a ‘1’ was transmitted given that
a ‘1’ was received
22. The chance that a doctor X will diagnose a disease correctly is 60%and that a patient will die by
his treatment after correct diagnosis is 40% and that of death by wrong diagnosis is 70%. A patient
of the doctor X having the disease died. What is the chance that his disease was diagnosed
correctly MU
23. Suppose that the population of a certain city is 40% male and 60% female. If 50 % of the male and
30% of the female smoke. What is the probability a smoke is male
24. An urn contains 10R, 3B balls. Another urn contains 3R, 5B balls. Two balls are transformed from
the first urn to the second urn. One ball is now drawn from the first urn to the second urn. i) What
is the probability that is red? ii) If it is red, what is the probability that 1R, 1B were transformed.
MOMENTS & MOMENT GENERATING FUNCTIONS
25. If a random variable X takes the value 1,2,3,4 such that 2P(X=1) = 3P(X=2) = P(X=3) = 5P(X=4).
Find the distribution of x
26. A random variable X has the following distribution,
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 2
P(X) 0 k 2k 2k 3k k 2k 7 k2 +k
Find (i) the value of k (ii) P (1.5 < X < 4.5 | x > 2) (iii) the smallest value of  for
which P(X <) > ½ (iv) find cdf
27. A random variable X has the following distribution,
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
P(X) a 3a 5a 7a 9a 11a 13a 15a 17a
Find (I) the value of a (ii) P(X<3) (iii) cdf
28. A random variable X has the following distribution,
X -2 -1 0 1 2 3
P(X) 0.1 k 0.2 2k 0.3 3k
Find (I) the value of k (ii) P(X<2) & P (-2 <X <2) (iii) cdf MU
29. A continuous R.V x has a PDF given by f(x) = 3x ) < x < 1 Find ‘k’such that P (X> k ) = 0.05

Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics


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30. A R.V has the PDF


{
f ( x )= 1+ x 2
if −∞< x< ∞

0 otherwise determine ‘k’ and the


distribution function

kx 0≤x ≤2

31. A R.V has the PDF f(x) =


{ 2k 2≤x≤4
6 k−kx 4≤x≤6
0 elsewhere find ‘k’ and cdf f(x)

x 0≤x≤1

32. A R.V has the PDF f(x) =


{ 2−x 2≤x≤4
0 x ≥2 find its cdf
33. Find the distribution function of a R.V x is given by F(x) = 1 – ( 1+x) e -x; x >0 Find the density
function, P( x >2)

0 x< 0

34. The cdf of the R.V x is given by


and P( 1/3 <x <4)
{ x

1
2
0≤x <1/2
1−(3 /25 )(3−x )2 1/2≤x <3
x≥3 Find P( |X| <1)

35. Find the value of ‘k’ if the PDF of x is f(x) = kx (1-x); 0 < x< 1.
36. Find the moment of the following
X 0 2 3 4 6
F 3 7 2 3 5

37. Let k have the probability mass function P(k)


{ π k2
0
2
k =1,2,3 , .. .

otherwise find MGF

x 0≤x <1

38. find the MGF of the a R.V. X with PDF f(x) =


{
2−x 1≤x <2
0 otherwise also find μ11 , μ12
39. Let X be a R.V with value -1, 0, 1 such that P(X= -1)=2P(X=0) = P(X=1). Find the mean of 2x – 5
40. A continuous R.V X has the PDF f(x) = kx2 e-x x > 0 Find the rth moment of X about the origin.
Hence find the mean and variance of X
41. A continuous R.V X has the PDF f(x) = k e -x x > 0 Find the r th moment of X about the origin.
Hence find the S.D

(e t +2 )4
M x (t )=
42. For a R.V x with 81 , Find P (x < 2)
Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics
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UNIT II / STANDARD DISTRIBUTIONS


Binomial, Poisson, Geometric, Negative Binomial, Uniform, Exponential, Gamma, Weibull and Normal
distributions and their properties - Functions of a random var.
1. Determine the binomial distribution for which mean is 4 and variance 3
2. 6 dice thrown 729 times, how many times do you expect at least 3 dice to show 5 or 6?
3. 6 bombs are dropped from a flight to hit a target. The probability of hitting is 1/5 . Two bombs are
required to destroy the building. Find the probability that the building is destroyed.
4. In a long run, 3 vessels out of every 10 do not return. If 10 vessels are out , find the probability
that at least 8 will arrive safely
5. If X, Y are independent Poisson variable, then conditional distribution of X + Y given X is
Binomial distribution.
6. Poisson distribution is an approximation of binomial distribution.
7. If X is a Poisson variable such that P(X = 2) = 9 P(X = 4) + 90 P(X= 6) find the variance.
t

8. The MGF of a RV of X is given by


M x (t )=e 3( e −1)
Find P (x = 1)
9. It is known that 5% of the books of a certain bindings have defective bindings. Find the
probability that 2 of 100 books bound of this binding will have defective
10. A certain rare blood type can be found in only 0.05% of people. If the population of a randomly
selected group is 3000. What is the probability that at least two people in the group have this rare
blood type?
11. A radioactive source emits on the average 2.5 particles per second. Find the probability that 3 or
more particles will be emitted in the interval of 4 seconds.
12. A radioactive source emits on the average 10 particles per min. in according to the Poisson law.
Each particle emitted has a probability of 2/5 being recorded. Find the probability that 4 particles
recorded in a min period
13. From an arbitrary deck of 52 cards, we draw cards at random with replacement and successively
until an ace is drawn. What is the probability that at least10 draw are needed
14. A father asks his sons to cut their background lawn. Since he does not specify of three sons is to
do so the job, each boy tosses a coin to determine odd person, what must cut lawn. In the case that
all these get heads or tail, they continue tossing until they reach a decision. (i) find the probability
that they reach a decision in less than ‘n’ tosses (ii) what is minimum number of tosses required to
reach a decision with probability 0.95

Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics


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15. A woman and her husband want to have 95% chance for atleast one boy and atleast one girl. What
is the minimum number of children they should plan to have? assume that equal probability for
gender of child
16. life time of IC chips manufactured by a semiconductor manufacturer are approximately normally
distributed with mean 5x106 hours and variance 5x105 hours A mainframe manufacturer requires
at least 95% of a batch should have a life time greater than 4x106 will the deal be made?
17. The time required to repair a machine is exponentially distributed with parameter =1/3. What is
the probability that the repair time exceeds 3 hours.
18. The daily consumption of milk in excesses of 20000 gallon is approximately exponentially
distributed with  = 3000. The city has a daily stock of 35000 gallons. What is the probability that
of two days selected at random the stock is in sufficient for both days.
19. the mileage which a car owner get with a certain kind of radial tyre is a R.V having exponential
distribution with mean 40000 km. Find the probability that one of these tyres will last 1) at least
20000km 2) at most 30000km
20. If the time T is required to repair of a component is exponentially distributed with = ½ . What is
the 1) probability that repair time will exceed 2 hours 2) conditional probability that repair time
takes atmost 10 hours given that its duration exceeds 9 hours?
21. In a certain city, the daily consumptions of electric power in millions of kilowatt-hours can be
treated as a R.V having an Erlang distribution with parameter  = ½; k = 3. If the power plant of
this city has a daily capacity of 12 million kilowatt hours. What is the probability that this power
supply will be inadequate on any given day?
22. The life time of a component measured in hours is Weibull distribution with parameter  = 0.2, 
= 0.5 Find the mean lifetime of the component
FUNCTIONS OF RANDOM VARIABLE
− λx
f (x )= λe
x≥0 forsome λ>0
23. The p.d.f. of x be
{
0 otherwise
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24. Using method of distribution function calculate PDF of Y = √ x2
25. Let Y = e x find the p.d.f. of y if x is a uniform R.V. over (0,1)
26. Let Y = x2 Find the p.d.f. of y if x is a uniform R.V. over (-1,2)
27. The p.d.f. of a R.V x is f(x) = 2x ) < x < 1 Find the p.d.f. of 1) Y = 3x + 1 2) Y = 8 X3
−x
e x ≥0
28. Let the p.d.f. of x be f(x) =
f (x )= {
0 otherwise Using the transformation Y = XX
and Z = e –x
29. If X is a normal R.V with mean zero and variance 2 Find p.d.f of Y = ex

Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics


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4 x3

30. Let x be a R.V with p.d.f


f (x )= 15
{
1≤x ≤2
0 otherwise Find the p.d.f. of Y = ex & W = ( x-1)2
1
31. Let Mx(t) = 1−t t < 1 be the m.g.f of the R.V. Find the m.g.f. of Y = 2X + 1
−π π
( , )
32. If x is uniformly distributed in 2 2 Find the p.d.f of y = tan x

UNIT III TWO DIMENSIONAL RANDOM VARIABLES

Joint distributions - Marginal and conditional distributions – Covariance


- Correlation and regression - Transformation of random variables -
Central limit theorem
PART A
1. Define joint probability density functions of a 2-D random variables.
2. Define marginal density functions of a 2-D random variables.
3. Define conditional density functions of a 2-D random variables.
4. What is the condition for two variables to be independent.
5. Given joint pdf, f(x,y) = cx(x-y), 0 <x <2 , -x < y <x. Evaluate c.

8xy , 0 < x < 1; 0 < y < x


6. The joint pdf of random variables x, y is given by f(x,y) =
{ 0, elsewhere . Find the
marginal density function of x.
7. If the joint pdf of a two dimensional random variables x,y is given by

f(x,y) =
{k(6−x− y);0 , 0 elsewhere
< x < 2, 2 < y < 4
. Find P( x < 1, y < 3).

3 2 2

8. If f(x,y) =
{ 2
( x + y ); 0 < x <1 , 0 < y <1
0 , elsewhere , find f(x/y).
9. Find the value of k if f(x,y) = k(1-x)(1-y) for 0 < x, y < 1 is to be a joint density function.

PART B
10. The input to a binary communication system, denoted by random variable X, takes on one of two
values 0 or 1 with probabilities ¾ and ¼ respectively. Because of errors caused by noise in the
system, the output Y differs from the input occasionally. The behaviour of the communication
Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics
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system is modeled by the conditional probability P( Y =1 / X =1) = ¾ and P ( Y =0 / x =0) = 7/8. Find
(i) P (Y=1) (ii) P(Y=0) and (iii) P( X =1/ Y =1).
11. 3 balls are drawn at random without replacement from a box containing 2 White , 3 Red & 4 Black
balls. If X denots the number of white balls drawn and Y denotes the number of red balls drawn, form
the joint probability distribution of (X,Y).

X /Y 0 1 2
0 0.1 0.04 .02
1 0.08 0.2 0.06
12. The joint probability mass function of X and Y is given as 2 0.06 0.14 0.3 .
Compute the marginal probability mass functions X and Y. Also, find P( X  1, y  1) and check
whether the variables are independent.
13. Consider the discrete random variables X and Y with the joint pmf as shown below:

X /Y −1 0 1
−2 1/16 1/16 1/16
−1 1/8 1/16 1/8
1 1/8 1/16 1/8
2 1/16 1/16 1/8 . Are X and Y independent? Are they uncorrelated?
xy

14. If the joint pdf of a 2D rv (x,y) is given by f(x,y) =


{x 2+
3
; 0 < x < 1 , 0 < y <2
0, elsewhere . Find (i) P (
X > ½ ) (ii) P ( Y < X) (iii) P ( Y< ½ / X < ½ ).

8xy , 0 < x < 1; 0 < y < x


15. The joint pdf of random variables x, y is given by f(x,y) =
{ 0, elsewhere . (i) Find
the conditional density functions . (ii) Find P ( Y < 1/8 / X < ½ ) (iii) Check the independency.

16. If f(x,y) =
{ 5
( x + y 2 ); 0 ≤ x ≤1 , 0≤ y ≤1
0 , elsewhere , obtain the marginal densities of x and y. Hence or
otherwise find P ( ¼  y  ¾ ).

17. Given f(x,y) =


{ 3
( x+2 y ); 0 < x <1 , 0 < y <1
0 , elsewhere , (i) find marginal densities of X and Y (ii)
Conditional density X given by Y =y and P ( X  ½ / Y = ½ ).

Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics


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e−( x + y ) , x ≥0, y≥0


18. If f(x,y) =
{ 0, elsewhere , find (i) P (X < 1) (ii) P ( X + Y < 1).
19. The joint density function of 2 D random variables ( X, Y) is given by f(x,y) =

{ 9
xy , 1 ≤ x≤ y ≤2
0 , elsewhere . Find the marginal density functions of X and Y. Find also the conditional
density function of Y given X=x and the conditional density function of
X given Y =y.
9( 1+ x + y )

20. The joint pdf is given by f(x,y) =


{ 2( 1+ x )4 ( 1+ y ) 4
0,
; 0≤x <∞ , 0≤ y <∞

elsewhere . Find the


marginal distributions of x and y and the conditional distribution of y for X=x.
21. The joint density function is given by f(x,y) = 2, 0 < x < y < 1, find the marginal and conditional
density function. Are X and Y independent?
22. Let the joint density function of random variables X and Y be given by f(x,y) =

1 −x

{ 2
y e ; x> 0 , 0 < y < 2
0 , elsewhere . Find the marginal density functions of X and Y.
23. If the joint pdf of a two dimensional random variables x,y is given by
−2 x1−3 x2

f(x,y) =
{ 6e ; 0 < x1 , x2 > 0
0 , elsewhere . Find the probability that the first random variable will
take on a value between 1 and 2 and the second random variable will take on a value between 2 and 3.
Also find the probability that the first random variable will take on a value less than 2 and the second
random variable will take on a value greater than 2.
24. If the joint pdf of a two dimensional random variables x,y is given by

k(6−x− y); 0 < x < 2 , 2 < y < 4


f(x,y) =
{ 0, elsewhere . (i) Find the value of k. (ii) P ( X + Y < 3) (iii)
P ( X < 1/ Y < 3 ).

x+ y −x

25. Let the conditional pdf of X and Y=y be given by f(x/y) =


{ 1+ y
e ; 0 < x < ∞, 0 < y < ∞
0, elsewhere .
Find P(X < 1 / Y < 2).
CORRELATION AND REGRESSION

Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics


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PART A
26. Write the regression equations.
27. Write the expression for acute angle between two lines of regression.
28. Prove that -1   1.
29. Prove that if the variables are independent , then they are uncorrelated.
30. If the variables are uncorrelated, are they independent? Justify your answer.
PART B
31. Calculate the correlation coefficient for the following height (in inches) of father (X) and their sons(Y)
X : 65 66 67 67 68 69 70 72 Y : 67
68 65 68 72 72 69 71.
32. The joint probability mass function of X & Y is given below, find the correlation coefficient

X /Y −1 1
1 3
0
8 8
2 2
1
8 8
33. If the joint density function of ( X,Y) is given by f(x,y)=2-x-y, o< x,y <1. Find correlation coefficient
34. Let X be a RV with mean value is 3 &Variance is 2. Find the second moment of X about the origin.
Another RV Yis defind by Y=-6x+22. Find the mean value of Y and the correlation of X &Y.

35. If the joint p.d.f of (X,Y) is given by f (x , y )=3 xy( x + y ), 0≤x , y≤1 . Verify that

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E( E( Y )=E(Y )=
X) 24
x+ y

36. If the joint density of X&Y is given by


f (x , y )= 3
{
0,
, 0< x <1 , 0< y <2
elsewhere .Obtain the
regression lines.
37. Two independent random variables X and Y are defined such that

f (x ) = 4 ax ,
0 ≤x ≤1
{ f ( y ) = 4 by , 0 ≤ y ≤1
{
0 , otherwise 0 , otherwise . Prove that U = X+Y
and V = X-Y are uncorrelated.
38. (X,Y) is a 2-D random variable uniformly distributed over the triangular region R bounded by y=0,
x=3 and y = 4x/3, find the xy.

Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics


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39. Let the joint pdf of (X,Y) be given by


f (x , y ) = {6−x−0 ,y , x >0 , elsewhere
y>0 , x+ y ≤1
. Are X
and Y independent? Obtain the regression lines.

f (x , y ) = x+ y , 0<x<1, 0< y <1


{
40. Let the random variables X & Y have joint pdf 0, elsewhere . Find
the correlation coefficient.
41. A statistical investigator obtains the following regression lines 2x+3y = 5; 4y+3x = 7. Find (i) xy (ii)

x̄, ȳ (iii) y if x = 2.5

42. Find  if f (x , y ) = 24 y (1−x ), 0≤ y≤x ≤1 . Find xy.


43. If x,y&z are uncorrelated with zero means , standard deviations 5,12,9 respectively and if u = 2x -3y,
v= y + z + 2, find uv.
44. Given two random variables X and Y that have joint pdf

x e −( x+ y ) , x>0 , y>0
f (x , y ) = { 0 , elsewhere . Find the regression equation Y on X.
45. If the two dimensional random variable (X,Y) is uniformly distributed over R , where

R=¿ ¿ Find correlation coefficient .


TRANSFORMATIONS OF RANDOM VARIABLES
PART A
46. If X and Y are independent random variables having probability density functions f(x) = e-x , x > 0 and
f(y) = e-y, y > 0, find the probability density function of U = X+Y.
47. If X and Y are independent random variables having variances 2 and 3 respectively, find the variance
of 3x+4y.
48. If X and Y are independent random variables having identical uniform distributions over (-1,1), find
the density function X+Y.
PART B
49. The joint pdf of X, Y is given by f(x,y) = e-(x+y) , x > 0, y > 0. Find the pdf of u = (x+y)/ 2.
50. If X and Y are independent random variables each following N(0,2). Find pdf of z = 2x + 3y.
51. Let X and Y be positive independent random variables with identical pdf e-x , x > 0 and e-y , y > 0. Find
the joint pdf of U = X+Y and V = X / Y.

f (x , y) = x+ y , 0 ≤x , y ≤ 1
{
52. If the joint pdf of two random variables X and Y given by 0, elsewhere . Find
the pdf of (i) U = XY (ii) U = X+Y
53. If X and Y each follow exponential distribution with parameter 1 and are independent find the pdf of
U = X – Y.
Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics
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54. If X and Y are independent random variables having densities

f X ( x ) = e−x U ( x), f Y ( y ) = e− y U ( y )
. Find pdf of Z = X / Y.
55. If X and Y are independent random variables with identical uniform distributions in ( 0, a), find the
density function of Z = X – Y.
CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
PART A
56. State the two different forms of Central limit theorem .
57. If Xi , i = 1 to 20 are independent ,uniformly distributed &identical variables , how are the random

20
X̄ and ∑ Xi
variables i= 1 are distributed?
PART B
58. Prove Central limit theorem.
59. A random sample of size 100 is taken from population whose mean is 60 and variance 400. Using
CLT what probability can we assert that the mean of the sample will not differ from  = 60 by more
than 4 ?
60. If Vi, I = 1,2,…,20 are independent noise voltages received in an ‘ adder ‘ and V is the sum of the
voltages received, find the probability that total incoming voltage V exceeds 105 using CLT. Assume
that each of the random variables Vi is uniformly distributed over ( 0, 10 ).
61. A distribution with unknown mean , has the variance equal to 1.5 . Use CLT to find how large a
sample should be taken from the distribution in order that the probability will be atleast 0.95 that the
sample mean will be within 0.5 of the population mean.
62. If X1,. X2,….,Xn are Poisson variables with parameter  = 2. Use CLT, to estimate P(120 < Sn < 160 )
where Sn = X1 + X2+……+Xn and n = 75.

UNIT IV / TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS


Sampling distributions – testing of hypothesis for mean, variance,
proportions and differences using Normal, t, chi-square and F
distributions – test for independence of attributes and Goodness of fit.

PART-A
1. Explain the various uses of  2test.
2. Explain the term: Acceptance and Rejection regions.
3. Give the mean and standard error of the proportion of defectives in a random sample from a
population containing defectives and non defectives.
Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics
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4. Show that the sum of two independent chi-square variates is also a chi-square.
5. What do you mean by t-test? What is its application?
6. What are the testes used to evaluate goodness of fit test?
7. What are the assumptions made when using F distribution?
8. Define level of significance.
9. Explain Type I and Type II error
PART-B
STUDENT ‘S‘t‘TEST FOR SINGLE MEAN
1. A machine which produces mica insulating washers for use in electric devices is set to turn out
washers a thickness of 10mm. A sample of 10 washers has an average thickness 9.52 mm with
a S.D. of 0.6 mm. Calculate Student’s t.
2. Ten cartons are taken at random from an automatic filling machine. The mean net weight of the
10 cartons is 11.802 and S.D.is 0.15 OZ. Dose the sample mean differ significantly from the
intended weight of 12 OZ? Given 5% level of significance for 9 d.o.f =2.26
3. A random sample of 16 valves from a normal population showed a mean of 41.5 inches and the
sum of squares of deviations from this mean equal to 135 square inches. Show that the
assumption of a mean of 43.5 inches for the population is not acceptable
4. A random sample of size 20 from a normal population gives a sample mean of 42 and sample
S.D.6.Test the hypothesis that the population mean is 44.
STUDENT ‘S ’ t’ TEST (WHEN S.D.OF THE SAMPLEIS NOT GIVEN DIRECTLY)
5. Prices of shares of a company on the different days in a month were found to be 66, 65, 69, 70,
69, 71, 70, 63, 63, 64 and 68. Discuss whether the mean price of the shares in The month is 65.
6. Experience shows that a fixed dose of a certain drug causes an average increase of pulse
rate of 10 beats per minute with a S.D.of 4.A group of 9 patients given the same does showed
the following increase: 13, 15, 14, 10, 8, 12, 16, 9, 20.Test at 5% level of significance
whether this group is different in response to the drug
7. From a population of college students 10 students were randomly selected. Their weekly
pocket money was observed that as 20, 22, 21, 15, 25, 19, 18, 20, 21, 22.Test whether the
sample supports that on an average the students get Rs.25 as pocket money
8. Ten individuals are chosen at random from a population and their heights are found to be 63,
64, 63, 65, 66, 69, 69, 70, 70, and 71. Discuss the suggestion that mean height of universe is
65.
STUDENT’ S ’t’ TEST FOR DIFFERENCE OF MEANS
9. An I.Q.test was administered to 5 persons before and after they were trained. The results are
given below:
I.Q. before training 110 120 123 132 125
I.Q. after training 120 118 125 136 121
Test whether there is any change in I.Q. after the training programme.

Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics


13

10. Two salesmen A and B are working in a certain district. From a sample survey conducted by
the Head Office, the following results were obtained. State whether there is any significance
difference in the average sales between two salesmen.
No. of sales 20 18
Average sales (in Rs.) 170 205
Standard deviation (in Rs.) 20 25
11. A group of 5 patients treated with medicine A weigh 42, 39, 48, 60, and 41 kgs; second
group of 7 patients from the same hospital treated with medicine B weigh 38, 42, 56, 64, 68,
69and 62 kgs.Do you agree with the claim that medicine B increases the weight significantly?
12. The average no. of articles produced by two machines per day is 200 and 250 with S.D. 20 and
25 respectively on the basis of records of 25 day production. Can you regard both the
machines equally efficient at 1% L.O.S.
F-TEST
13. In one sample of 10 observations, the sum of the squares of the deviations of the sample values
from sample of 12 observations it was 314. Test whether the difference is significant at 5%
level
14. The random samples were drawn from two normal population and the following results
were obtained.
Sample I 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24 26 27
Sample II 19 22 23 25 26 28 29 30 31 32 35 36
Obtain estimates of the variances of populations and test whether the two populations have he
same variances.
15. The following data relate to a random sample of government employees in two states of the
Indian Union. State I State II
Sample Size 16 25
Mean monthly income of the 440 460
Employees Variance 40 42
Test whether the samples come from the same normal population.
16. The random samples were drawn from two normal population and the following results were
obtained.
Sample I 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24 26 27
Sample II 19 22 23 25 26 28 29 30 31 32 35 36
Obtain estimates of the variances of populations and test whether the two populations have
the same variances.

17. Two samples are drawn from the two normal populations. From the following data test whether
the two samples have the same variance at 5% level.
Sample I 60 65 71 74 76 82 85 87
Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics
14

Sample II 61 66 67 85 78 63 85 86 88 91
18. Two random samples drawn from normal populations are
I 20 16 26 27 23 22 18 24 25 19
II 27 33 42 35 32 34 38 28 41 43 39 37
Obtain the estimates of the variances of the populations. Test whether the two populations
have same variances.
CHI-SQUARE TEST OF GOODNESS OF FIT
19. A die is thrown 264 times with the following results. Show that the die is biased
No. appeared on the die 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 40 32 28 58 54 60
20. 200 digits were chosen at random from a set of tables. The frequencies of the digits were
Digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Frequency 18 19 23 21 16 25 22 20 21 15
Use the  test to assess the correctness of the hypothesis that the digits were distributed
2
in
the equal number in the tables from which these were chosen.
CHI-SQUARE TEST FOR INDEPENDENCE OF ATTRIBUTES
21. 1000 students at college level were graded according to their I.Q.and the economic
conditions of there homes. Use 2 test to find out whether there is any association between
economic conditions at home and I.Q.
I.Q.
Economic conditions High Low Total
Rich 460 140 600
Poor 240 160 400
Total 700 300 1000
22. Do the following data provide evidence of the effectiveness of inoculation?
Attacked Not attacked Total
Inoculation 20 300 320
Not Inoculation 80 600 680
Total 100 900 1000
23. From the following information, state whether the two attributes i.e., condition of house and
condition of child are independent.
Condition of House
Condition of child clean dirty
Clean 69 51
Fairly clean 81 20
Dirty 35 40
LARGE SAMPLES
TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE FOR SINGLE PROPORTION

Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics


15

24. A coin is tossed 900 times and heads appear 490 times. Dose this result support the
hypothesis that the coin is unbiased.
25. A wholesaler in apples claims that only 4% of the apples supplied by him are defective. A
random sample of 600 apples contained 36 defective apples. Test the claim of the
wholesaler.
26. In a sample of 500 people in Tamil Nadu 280 are tea drinkers and the rest are coffee drinkers.
Can we assume that both coffee and tea are equally popular in this state at 1% level of
significance?
DIFFERENCE OF PROPORTIONS
27. In a sample of 600 students of a certain college 400 are found to use dot pens. In another
college, from a sample of 900 students 450 were found to use dot pens. Test whether the two
colleges are significantly different with respect to the habit of using dot pens.
28. A machine puts out 16 imperfect articles in a sample of 500. After machine is overhauled,
articles in a batch of 100. Has the machine improved?
29. A machine produced 20 defective articles in a batch of 400.After overhauling it produced 10
defectives in a batch of 300.Has the machine improved.
TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE FOR DIFFERENCE OF MEAN
30. A sample of 100 iron bars is said to be drawn from a large no. of bars whose lengths are
normally distributed with mean 4 feet and S.D.0.6 feet. If the sample mean is 4.5 feet can the
sample be regarded as a truly random sample?
31. A sample of 400 male students is found to have a mean height of 171.38 cm. Can it be
reasonably regarded as a sample from a large population with mean height of 171.17 cm and
S.D.3.30 cm?
32. Given the following information relating to two places A and B test whether there is any
significant difference between their mean wages:
A B
Mean wages (Rs.) 47 49
S.D (Rs.) 28 40
Number of workers 10000 1500

UNIT V / DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS


Analysis of variance – one way classification – CRD – two way
classification – RBD – Latin square.
Part A
1. Distinguish between experimental and extraneous variables.
2. What do you mean by analysis of variance?
3. Name the basic principles of experimental design.
4. Write down the format of the ANOVA table for one factors of classification.
Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics
16

5. Write down the format of the ANOVA table for two factors of classification.
6. Write down the format of the ANOVA table for three factors of classification
7. Compare RBD and LSD.

8. What is the main advantage of LSD over RBD?


9. Is a 2X2 Latin square design possible? Why?
PART-B
10. It is suspected that four machines used in a canning operation fills cans to different levels on the
average. Random samples of cans produced by the each machine were taken and the fill (in
ounces) was measured. The results are tabulated:
Machine
A B C D
10.20 10.22 10.17 10.15
10.18 10.27 10.22 10.27
10.36 10.26 10.34 10.28
10.21 10.25 10.27 10.40
10.25 _ _ 10.30
11. Four machines A, B, C, D are used to produce a certain kind of cotton fabric. 4 sample with each
unit of size 100 square meters are selected from the outputs of the machines at random and the
number of flaws in each 10 square meters are counted, with the following results:
A B C D
8 6 14 20
9 8 12 22
11 10 18 25
12 4 9 23
Do you think that there is significant difference in the performance of the four machines?
12. The following table shows the yields of lima beans on 20 plots of land subject to 4 different
treatments, 5 plots per treatment. Set up an analyses of variance table to test the significance of the
differences between the yields due to different treatments.
T1 26.3 30.0 54.2 25.7 52.4
T2 18.5 21.1 29.3 17.2 12.4
36.9 21.8 24.0 18.5 10.2
T3 39.8 28.7 21.2 39.4 29.0
T4

13. To test the significance of the variation of a certain commodity in the 4 principal cities Mumbai,
kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, 7 shops were chosen at random in each city and the prices observed were
as follows:
Mumbai 100 97 91 87 87 81 79
kolkata 102 100 98 97 94 86 80
Delhi, 106 102 98 86 86 84 84
Chennai 97 95 94 92 90 86 82
14. The following table gives the number of refrigerators sold by 4 salesmen in 3 months:
Salesman
Months
I II III IV
50 40
Dr. D. Saravanan,
48 39
Professor of Mathematics
46 48 50 45
39 44 40 39
17

May
June
July

Determine whether (i) there is any difference in average sales made by the four salesmen (ii)
the sales differ with respect to different months.
15. The following data represent the number of units of production per day turned out by 4 different
workers using 5 different types of machines:
Machine type
A B C D E
1 4 5 3 7 6
Worker 2 6 8 6 5 4
7 6 7 8 8
3 3 5 4 8 2
4

On the basis of this information, can it be concluded that (i) the mean productivity is the same
for different machines (ii) the workers do not doffer with regard to productivity?
16. The number of automobiles arriving at 4 toll gates were recorded for a 2 hours time period (10
A.M to 12 noon) for each of six working days. The data are as follows:
Day Gate 1 Gate 2 Gate 3 Gate 4
200 228 212 301
Mon
208 230 215 305
Tus
225 240 228 288
Wed
223 242 224 212
Thur
228 210 235 215
Fri
220 208 245 200
Sat

Determine whether the rate of arrival (i) is the same at each toll gate (ii) differs significantly
during the six days or not.

17. The following table gives the results of experiments on 4 varieties of a crop in 5 blocks of plots.
Prepare the ANOVA table to test the significance of the difference between the yields of the 4
varieties:

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5
A 32
34 33 35 37
Variety
34
33 36 37 35
B
31
Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics
34 35 32 36
29
26 30 28 29
18

18. Analyse the variance in the following Latin square:

20 B 17 C 25 D 34 A

23 A 21 D 15 C 24 B

24 D 26 A 21 B 19 C

26 C 23 B 27 A 22 D

19. A varietals trial was counted on wheat with 4 verities A, B, C, D in a Latin square design. The
plan of the experiment and the per plot yield are given below.

25 C 23 B 20 A 20 D

19 A 19 D 21 C 18 B

19 B 14 A 17 D 20 C

17 D 20 C 21 B 15 A

20. The following is a Latine square design of five treatments:

13 A 9 B 21 C 7 D 6 E

9 D 8 E 15 A 7 B 16 C

11 B 17 C 8 D 10 E 17 A

8 E 15 A 7 B 10 C 7 D

11 C 9 D 8 E 11 A 15 B

Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics

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