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The Role of Water and Phosphor on the Growth and Crop of Onion (Allium
ascalonicum L.)
Firman Hidayat
Mahasiswa Program Pascasarjana Unibraw /
Dosen Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Widya Gama Malang
ABSTRAK
Air merupakan bahan untuk fotosintesis, tetapi hanya 0,1% dari total air
yang digunakan untuk fotosintesis. Air yang digunakan untuk transpirasi tanaman
sebanyak 99 %, dan yang digunakan untuk transpirasi tanaman sebanyak 99 %, dan
yang digunakan untuk hidrasi 1 %, termasuk untuk memelihara dan menyebabkan
pertumbuhan yang lebih baik. Selama pertumbuhan tanaman membutuhkan
sejumlah air yang tepat. Disamping air tanaman Bawang merah butuh unsur makro
terutama P yang ternyata memberikan peran sangat tinggi terutama dalam reaksi
biokimia sebagai penyimpan dan pemindah energi, kerja osmotik, reaksi fotosintesis
dan glikolisis. Fosfor merupakan komponen struktur dari sejumlah kandungan fital,
transfer energi molekul ADP dan ATP (adenosin di- dan trifosfat), NAD, NADPH
dan mengandung DNA dan RNA (disoxyribo dan asam ribonokleid) sebagai sistem
informasi genetik. Kebutuhan tanaman Bawang merah terhadap P berkisar antara 50
–150 kg P2O5/ha, dan petani cenderung melakukan penambahan dosis tersebut,
sehingga tidak efisiensi. Pemberian air dan pupuk P akan berpengaruh terhadap laju
pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman Bawang merah. Tujuan penelitian : (1) Mengkaji
respon perlakuan air dan pemupukan P selama periode pertumbuhan dan
pembentukan umbi Bawang merah sehingga diketahui efisiensi penggunaan air dan
efisiensi penggunaan pupuk P, (2) Mengetahui kamampuan pertumbuhan dan hasil
tanaman Bawang merah dari perlakuan kombinasi antara ketersediaan air dan
penambahan unsur P ke dalam tanah.
Penelitian dilaksanakan di rumah kaca Fakultas Pertanian Universitas
Widya Gama Malang antara pertengahan bulan Nopember 1999 sampai dengan
akhir bulan Maret 2000. Polibag kapasitas 6 kg diisi dengan tanah Alluvial yang
telah dikeringkan pada suhu 270C. Penerapan perlakuan mengikuti Rancangan
Acak Kelompok dengan tiga ulangan, terdiri dari dua faktor, pertama ketersediaan
air 100 % (W1), 80 % (W2), dan 60 % (W3) dari kapasitas lapang (KL); kedua,
pemberian pupuk fosfat yang terdiri dari: tanpa fosfat (P0), 30 kg P2O5/ha (P1), 50
kg (P2), 70 kg P2O5/ha (P3), dan 90 kg P2O5/ha (P4) dan diperoleh 15 kombinasi
perlakuan diulang tiga kali. Setiap kombinasi perlakuan terdiri 6 sampel dan
diperoleh 270 polibag @ 6 kg tanah. Karakteristik pertumbuhan tanaman yang
diamati meliputi : Panjang tanaman (cm), Jumlah daun per tanaman, Diameter
batang, Diameter umbi (mm), Luas daun (cm2), Berat kering tanaman (g), Berat
umbi segar (g), Efisiensi penggunaan air, Indek Panen, Jumlah Umbi/pot, Laju
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Pertumbuhan Relatif (LPR), Nisbah Luas Daun (NLD), Luas Daun Spesifik (LDS),
Nisbah Berat Daun (NBD), Kurun Luas Daun (KLD), Laju Asimilasi Bersih, Kadar
Air Umbi dan Prosentase Sebaran Warna daun. Analisis warna daun diperoleh
melalui tahapan : Foto daun dengan Film Fuji ASA 200, Kamera Merk Pentax P30,
Zoom 8X, Scanner, Program komputer Microsoft Paint.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian air (80% KL)
dengan pupuk 50 kg P2O5/ha pada tanaman bawang merah dapat mencapai tinggi
tanaman tertinggi tanaman (44 cm), jumlah daun terbanyak (28,33 lembar/pot),
diameter batang terbesar (0,627 cm), luas daun terluas (665,3 cm2), bobot kering
tanaman paling besar (52,70 g/pot), bobot umbi segar paling besar (14,90 g/pot),
efisiensi penggunaan air terefisien (41 %), indek panen tertinggi (93), jumlah umbi
terbanyak (10,67 siung/pot), dan sebaran warna daun lengkap (100 %). Jika
dibandingkan dengan perlakuan 100 % KL dan tanpa pemberian pupuk fosfor
terhadap bobot umbi kering panen menunjukkan peningkatan sebesar 600 % (6 X),
namun apabila dibandingkan dengan dosis fosfor anjuran 90 % menunjukkan adanya
prningkatan sebesar 100 %.
ABSTRACT
Water is a substrate for photosynthesis, but only about 0,1 % of the total
water is used by the plant for photosynthesis. Transpiration accounts for 99 % of the
water used by plants, approximately 1 % is used to hydrate the plant, maintain
turgor, and make growth posisble. The requirement of water during the growth of
onion should be provided accurately. Beside water, the onion plant needs macro
elements, primarily P, as transferors and reservoirs of energy, osmotic works, and
photosynthetic and glicolytical reactions. Phosphorus is a structural component of a
number of vital compounds, energy transfer molecules ADP and ATP (adenosine di
and triphosphate), NAD, NADPH and genetic information system compounds DNA
and RNA (desoxyribo-and ribonucleic acid). The intake of P of onion plant is
around 50-150 kg P2O5/ha, and the farmers are likely to engage in addition to the
dosage, thus creating inefficiency. The application of water and P fertiliser will be
influence resulting the growth and yield of onion.
The purpose of the research are: (1) to examine the response of water
treatment and P fertilization during the period of the growth and the formation of
onion tuber to know the efficiency of the intake of water and the efficiency of the
intake of P fertilizer, (2) to figure out the capability of growth and the crop of onion
plant from the combination of treatment between the availability of water and the
addition of P element into the soil.
The research was conducted in the greenhouse of Agriculture Faculty of
Widya Gama Malang between the middle of November 1999 and the end of March
2000. The polybag with the capacity of 6 kg was filled up with alluvial soil which
has been dried at 27C. The application of treatment followed the Group Random
Design with three times repeat, consisting of two factors, the first is availability of
water of 100% (W1), 80% (W2), and 60% (W3) of the field capacity; the second,
the administration of phosphate fertilizer, consisted of: no phosphate (P0), 30 kg
P2O5/ha (P1), 50 P2O5/ha (P2), 70 P2O5/ha (P3), and 90 kg P2O5/ha (P4) and it
was obtained 15 treatment combinations with three times repetition. Every treatment
combination consisted of 6 samples and it was obtained 270 polybag @ 6 kg of soil.
19
The experienced characteristics of the growth of the plant included: The length of
the plant (cm), the number of leaves per plant, the diameter of the stalk, the diameter
the tuber (mm), the width of the leaves (cm2), the dry weight (g), the weight of fresh
tuber (g), the weight of processed dried tuber (g), the efficiency of water intake, crop
index, the number of tuber/pot, the relative growth rate, the ratio of leaf width, the
specific leaf width, the ratio of leaf weight, the period of leaf width, the net
assimilation rate, the water content of the tuber and the percentage of the distribution
of leaf color. The color analysis of the leaf was obtained through the stages of: the
taking of the leaf picture with Fuji Film ASA 200, Pentax P30 camera, 8X Zoom,
scanner, Microsoft Paint program.
The results of the research indicate that the administration of water (80%
KL) and 50 kg P2O5 fertilizer to onion plant result in the highest plant (44 cm), the
most leaves (28.33 blades/pot), the biggest stalk diameter (0.627 cm), the widest
leaves width (665.3 cm2), the highest dried-plant-weight (52.70 g/pot), the highest
fresh-tuber-weight (14.90 g/pot), the most efficient water administration (41%), the
highest yield index (93), the most tubers (10.67 clove/pot), and the spread of
complete leaf colors (100%). Compared to the treatment of 100% KL and no
phosphor fertilizer administration to the dried-tuber weight, the yield indicates an
increase of 600% (six fold), but if compared to the suggested 90% phosphor dosage,
the yield indicates an increase of 100%.
PENDAHULUAN
METODE PENELITIAN
tanam sampai menjelang panen (saat dihentikannya pemberian air), dan Iklim,
dilakukan untuk mengetahui perubahan suhu, curah hujan, evaporasi, kelembaban
dan intensitas cahaya.
0,0097 x + 0,4132 (R2 = 0,9438) dan (3) y = – 0,0146 x2 + 0,4722 x + 4,4449 (R2 =
0,8401). Dengan demikian berat kering daun menunjukkan kontribusi terbesar
terhadap hasil berat kering umbi. Kebutuhan air selama pertumbuhan tanaman pada
perlakuan P2W2 ini mencapai 7,728 liter/6 kg tanah (Lampiran 43) atau sebesar
25.760.000 liter (25.760 m2/ha) dengan mengacu ketebala lapisan olah 20 cm.
KESIMPULAN
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
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24
Gressel, N., J/g. McColl. 1997. Phosphorus Mineralization and Organic Matter
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25
12 40
y = -3.0214x2 + 22.979x - 6.7 35
Hasil Umbi Kering Panen (Ton/ha)
10 R2 = 0.9729
6 20
y = -0.7715x + 6.4437x - 2.0986
2
15
4 R2 = 0.9786
10
2
5
0 0
P0 (0) P1 (30) P2 (50) P3 (70) P4 (90)
Gambar 1. Grafik Hasil Berat Umbi Kering Panen (t/ha) dan Efisiensi
Penggunaan Air (%) Akibat Penggunaan Berbagai Dosis Pupuk P
12 40
y = -10x2 + 43.2x - 10.4
Hasil Umbi Kering Panen (Ton/ha)
R2 = 1 35
10 EPA
Effisiensi Penggunaan Air (%)
HUK 30
8 y = -2.616x2 + 11.502x - 2.05
R2 = 1 25
6 20
15
4
10
2
5
0 0
W1(100) W2 (80) W3 (60)
Kapasitas Lapang (%)
Gambar 2. Grafik Berat Umbi Kering Panen (t/ha) dan Efisiensi Penggunaan
Air (%) Akibat Perlakuan Air/Kapasitas Lapang
26
14 0.045
R2 = 0.9748 0.035
(gr/gr/mgg)
8 0.025
6 0.02
0.015
4 y = -0.0032x2 + 0.0266x - 0.0156
R2 = 0.9851 0.01
2
0.005
0 0
P0 (0) P1 (30) P2 (50) P3 (70) P4 (90)
Gambar 3 : Grafik Hasil Berat Umbi Segar (t/ha) dan Laju Pertumbuhan Relatif
(g/g/mgg) Akibat Penggunaan Berbagai Dosis Pupuk P
14 0.045
y = -0.0166x2 + 0.072x - 0.0379 LPR 0.04
12 R2 = 1
Hasil Umbi Segar (Ton/ha)
0.035
Laju Pertumbuhan Relatif
8 0.025
6 0.02
0.015
4
0.01
2
0.005
0 0
W1(100) W2 (80) W3 (60)
Gambar 4: Grafik Hasil Berat Umbi Segar (t/ha) dan Laju Pertumbuhan Relatif
(g/g/mgg) Akibat Perlakuan Air/Kapasitas Lapang
27
14 2,86 2,8
2,74
Hasil Umbi Kering Panen (Ton/Ha)
12 W2
W3
10 1,88
8 W1
1,9
6
BNT=0,034
4
W1: 100%KL
W2: 80%KL
2 W3: 60%KL
0
P0(0) P1(30) P2(50) P3(70) P4(90)
Dosis (..KgP2O5/ha)
Gambar 5. Hasil Umbi Kering Panen (Ton/Ha) akibat perlakuan Posphat dan Air
Pada Pengamatan Minggu ke 10 Setelah Tanam.
Tabel 1. Rata-rata Berat Umbi Segar/BUS (t/ha), Berat Umbi Kering Panen/BUKP
(t/ha), Berat Kering Umbi/BKU(g/pot), Berat Kering TotalTanaman/
BKTT(g/pot) dan Indek Panen/IP (%), Konsumsi Air Total/K.A.T (lt/pot),
Kadar Air Umbi/KAU(%),EfisiensiPenggunaan Air/EPA (%) 10 minggu
setelah tanam.