Book -Fluid Mechanics

Sections

1.0INTRODUCTION
Physical Properties of Fluids
1.1THREE PHASES OF MATTER
1.2COMPRESSIBLE AND INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS
1.3DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
1.4CONTINUUM
1.5DEFINITION OF SOME COMMON TERMINOLOGY
1.6VAPOUR AND GAS
1.7CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION FOR GASES
1.8VISCOSITY
1.8.1 Newtonian and Non Newtonian Fluids
1.8.2 Viscosity and Momentum Transfer
1.8.3 Effect of Temperature on Viscosity
1.8.4 Significance of Kinematic Viscosity
1.8.5 Measurement of Viscosity of Fluids
1.9APPLICATION OF VISCOSITY CONCEPT
1.9.1 Viscous Torque and Power—Rotating Shafts
1.9.2 Viscous Torque—Disk Rotating Over a Parallel Plate
1.9.3 Viscous Torque—Cone in a Conical Support
1.10SURFACE TENSION
1.10.1 Surface Tension Effect on Solid-Liquid Interface
1.10.2 Capillary Rise or Depression
1.10.4 Pressure Inside a Droplet and a Free Jet
1.11COMPRESSIBILITY AND BULK MODULUS
1.11.1 Expressions for the Compressibility of Gases
1.12VAPOUR PRESSURE
1.12.1 Partial Pressure
SOLVED PROBLEMS
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
REVIEW QUESTIONS
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
2.0INTRODUCTION
2.1PRESSURE
Pressure Distribution in Fluids
2.2PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
2.3PASCAL’S LAW
2.4PRESSURE VARIATION IN STATIC FLUID (HYDROSTATIC LAW)
2.4.1 Pressure Variation in Fluid with Constant Density
2.4.2 Pressure Variation in Fluid with Varying Density
2.5MANOMETERS
2.5.1 Micromanometer
2.6DISTRIBUTION OF PRESSURE IN STATIC FLUIDS SUBJECTED TO ACCELERATION, aS
2.6.1 Free Surface of Accelerating Fluid
Figure 2.6.2 Free surface of accelerating fluid
2.7FORCED VORTEX
3.0INTRODUCTION
3.1CENTROID AND MOMENT OF INERTIA OF AREAS
3.2FORCE ON AN ARBITRARILY SHAPED PLATE IMMERSED IN A LIQUID
3.3CENTRE OF PRESSURE FOR AN IMMERSED INCLINED PLANE
3.3.1 Centre of Pressure for Immersed Vertical Planes
3.4COMPONENT OF FORCES ON IMMERSED INCLINED RECTANGLES
3.5FORCES ON CURVED SURFACES
3.6HYDROSTATIC FORCES IN LAYERED FLUIDS
4.0ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
4.1BUOYANCY FORCE
4.2STABILITY OF SUBMERGED AND FLOATING BODIES
4.3CONDITIONS FOR THE STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES
4.4METACENTRIC HEIGHT
5.0INTRODUCTION
#Fluid Flow—Basic Concepts— Hydrodynamics
5.1LAGRANGIAN AND EULARIAN METHODS OF STUDY OF FLUID FLOW
5.2BASIC SCIENTIFIC LAWS USED IN THE ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW
5.3FLOW OF IDEAL / INVISCID AND REAL FLUIDS
5.4STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW
5.5COMPRESSIBLE AND INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW
5.6LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW
5.8VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION COMPONENTS
5.9CONTINUITY EQUATION FOR FLOW—CARTESIAN CO-ORDINATES
5.10IRROTATIONAL FLOW AND CONDITION FOR SUCH FLOWS
5.11CONCEPTS OF CIRCULATION AND VORTICITY
5.12STREAM LINES, STREAM TUBE, PATH LINES, STREAK LINES AND TIME LINES
5.13CONCEPT OF STREAM LINE
5.14CONCEPT OF STREAM FUNCTION
5.15POTENTIAL FUNCTION
5.16STREAM FUNCTION FOR RECTILINEAR FLOW FIELD (POSITIVE X DIRECTION)
5.17TWO DIMENSIONAL FLOWS—TYPES OF FLOW
5.17.1 Source Flow
5.17.2 Sink Flow
5.17.3 Irrotational Vortex of Strength K
5.17.4 Doublet of Strength ΛΛΛΛΛ
5.18PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSING OF FLOWS (OR COMBINING OF FLOWS)
5.18.1 Source and Uniform Flow (Flow Past a Half Body)
5.18.4 Vortex (Clockwise) and Uniform Flow
5.18.5 Doublet and Uniform Flow (Flow Past a Cylinder)
5.18.6Doublet, Vortex (Clockwise) and Uniform Flow
5.18.7 Source and Vortex (Spiral Vortex Counterclockwise)
5.18.8 Sink and Vortex (Spiral Vortex Counterclockwise)
5.19CONCEPT OF FLOW NET
6.0INTRODUCTION
6.1FORMS OF ENERGY ENCOUNTERED IN FLUID FLOW
6.1.1 Kinetic Energy
6.1.2 Potential Energy
6.1.3 Pressure Energy (Also Equals Flow Energy)
6.1.4 Internal Energy
6.1.5 Electrical and Magnetic Energy
6.3EULER’S EQUATION OF MOTION FOR FLOW ALONG A STREAM LINE
6.4BERNOULLI EQUATION FOR FLUID FLOW
6.5ENERGY LINE AND HYDRAULIC GRADIENT LINE
6.6VOLUME FLOW THROUGH A VENTURIMETER
6.7EULER AND BERNOULLI EQUATION FOR FLOW WITH FRICTION
6.8CONCEPT AND MEASUREMENT OF DYNAMIC, STATIC AND TOTAL HEAD
6.8.1 Pitot Tube
7.0PARAMETERS INVOLVED IN THE STUDY OF FLOW THROUGH CLOSED CONDUITS
7.1BOUNDARY LAYER CONCEPT IN THE STUDY OF FLUID FLOW
7.2BOUNDARY LAYER DEVELOPMENT OVERA FLAT PLATE
7.3DEVELOPMENT OF BOUNDARY LAYER IN CLOSED CONDUITS (PIPES)
7.4FEATURES OF LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOWS
7.5HYDRAULICALLY “ROUGH” AND “SMOOTH” PIPES
7.6CONCEPT OF “HYDRAULIC DIAMETER”: (D
7.8DARCY–WEISBACH EQUATION FOR CALCULATING PRESSURE DROP
7.9HAGEN–POISEUILLE EQUATION FOR FRICTION DROP
7.10SIGNIFICANCE OF REYNOLDS NUMBER IN PIPE FLOW
7.11VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION AND FRICTION FACTOR FOR TURBULENT FLOW IN PIPES
7.12MINOR LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW
7.13EXPRESSION FOR THE LOSS OF HEAD AT SUDDEN EXPANSION INPIPE FLOW
7.14LOSSES IN ELBOWS, BENDS AND OTHER PIPE FITTINGS
7.15ENERGY LINE AND HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE IN CONDUIT FLOW
7.16CONCEPT OF EQUIVALENT LENGTH
7.17CONCEPT OF EQUIVALENT PIPE OR EQUIVALENT LENGTH
7.18FLUID POWER TRANSMISSION THROUGH PIPES
7.18.1 Condition for Maximum Power Transmission
7.19NETWORK OF PIPES
7.19.1 Pipes in Series—Electrical Analogy
7.19.2 Pipes in Parallel
7.19.3 Branching Pipes
7.19.4 Pipe Network
& Dimensional Analysis
8.0INTRODUCTION
8.1METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS
8.2THE PRINCIPLE OF DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENEITY
8.3BUCKINGHAM PI THEOREM
8.3.1 Determination of πππππ Groups
8.4IMPORTANT DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS
Table 8.4.1 Important Dimensionless Parameters
8.5CORRELATION OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA
8.5.1 Problems with One Pi Term
8.5.2 Problems with Two Pi Terms
8.5.3 Problems with Three Dimensionless Parameters
9.0INTRODUCTION
9.1MODEL AND PROTOTYPE
9.2CONDITIONS FOR SIMILARITY BETWEEN MODELS AND PROTOTYPE
9.2.1 Geometric Similarity
9.2.2 Dynamic Similarity
9.2.3 Kinematic Similarity
9.3TYPES OF MODEL STUDIES
9.3.1 Flow through Closed Conduits
9.3.2 Flow Around Immersed Bodies
9.3.3 Flow with Free Surface
9.3.4 Models for Turbomachinery
9.4NONDIMENSIONALISING GOVERNING DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
9.5CONCLUSION
10.0INTRODUCTION
10.1BOUNDARY LAYER THICKNESS
10.1.1 Flow Over Flat Plate
10.1.2 Continuity Equation
10.1.3 Momentum Equation
10.1.4 Solution for Velocity Profile
10.1.5 Integral Method
10.1.6 Displacement Thickness
10.1.7 Momentum Thickness
10.2TURBULENT FLOW
10.3FLOW SEPARATION IN BOUNDARY LAYERS
10.3.1 Flow Around Immersed Bodies – Drag and Lift
10.3.2 Drag Force and Coefficient of Drag
10.3.3 Pressure Drag
10.3.4 Flow Over Spheres and Cylinders
10.3.5 Lift and Coefficient of Lift
10.3.6 Rotating Sphere and Cylinder
Flow Measurements
11.1INTRODUCTION
11.2VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS
11.2.1 Pitot Tube
11.2.2 Vane Anemometer and Currentmeter
11.2.3 Hot Wire Anemometer
11.2.4 Laser Doppler Anemometer
11.3VOLUME FLOW RATE MEASUREMENT
11.3.1 Rotameter (Float Meter)
11.3.2 Turbine Type Flowmeter
11.3.3 Venturi, Nozzle and Orifice Meters
11.4FLOW MEASUREMENT USING ORIFICES, NOTCHES AND WEIRS
11.4.1 Discharge Measurement Using Orifices
11.4.2 Flow Measurements in Open Channels
12.0INTRODUCTION
12.1.1 Characteristics of Open Channels
Flow in Open Channels
12.1.2 Classification of Open Channel Flow
12.2UNIFORM FLOW: (ALSO CALLED FLOW AT NORMAL DEPTH)
12.3CHEZY’S EQUATION FOR DISCHARGE
12.4DETERMINATION OF CHEZY’S CONSTANT
12.4.1 Bazin’s Equation for Chezy’s Constant
12.4.2 Kutter’s Equation for Chezy’s Constant C
12.4.3 Manning’s Equation for C
12.5ECONOMICAL CROSS-SECTION FOR OPEN CHANNELS
12.6FLOW WITH VARYING SLOPES AND AREAS
12.6.1 Velocity of Wave Propagation in Open Surface Flow
12.6.2 Froude Number
12.6.3 Energy Equation for Steady Flow and Specific Energy
12.6.4 Non Dimensional Representation of Specific Energy Curve
12.7EFFECT OF AREA CHANGE
12.7.1 Flow Over a Bump
12.7.2 Flow Through Sluice Gate, from Stagnant Condition
12.7.3 Flow Under a Sluice Gate in a Channel
12.8FLOW WITH GRADUALLY VARYING DEPTH
12.8.1 Classification of Surface Variations
12.9THE HYDRAULIC JUMP (RAPIDLY VARIED FLOW)
12.10FLOW OVER BROAD CRESTED WEIR
12.11EFFECT OF LATERAL CONTRACTION
13.0INTRODUCTION
13.1IMPULSE MOMENTUM PRINCIPLE
!Dynamics of Fluid Flow
13.1.1 Forces Exerted on Pressure Conduits
13.1.2 FORCE EXERTED ON A STATIONARY VANE OR BLADE
13.2ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE VELOCITY RELATIONS
13.3FORCE ON A MOVING VANE OR BLADE
13.4TORQUE ON ROTATING WHEEL
EXERCISE QUESTIONS
14.0INTRODUCTION
14.1HYDRAULIC POWER PLANT
"Hydraulic Turbines
14.2CLASSIFICATION OF TURBINES
14.3SIMILITUDE AND MODEL TESTING
14.3.1 Model and Prototype
14.3.2 Unit Quantities
14.4TURBINE EFFICIENCIES
14.5EULER TURBINE EQUATION
14.5.1 Components of Power Produced
14.6PELTON TURBINE
14.6.1 Power Development
14.6.2 Torque and Power and Efficiency Variation with Speed Ratio
14.7REACTION TURBINES
14.7.1 Francis Turbines
14.8AXIAL FLOW TURBINES
14.9CAVITATION IN HYDRAULIC MACHINES
14.9GOVERNING OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES
WORKED EXAMPLES
15.0INTRODUCTION
15.1 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
#Rotodynamic Pumps
15.1.1 Impeller
15.1.2 Classification
15.2. PRESSURE DEVELOPED BY THE IMPELLER
15.2.1 Manometric Head
15.3ENERGY TRANSFER BY IMPELLER
15.3.1 Slip and Slip Factor
15.3.3 Losses in Centrifugal Pumps
15.3.4 Effect of Outlet Blade Angle
15.4PUMP CHARACTERISTICS
15.5OPERATION OF PUMPS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL
15.6SPECIFIC SPEED AND SIGNIFICANCE
15.7CAVITATION
15.8AXIAL FLOW PUMP
15.9POWER TRANSMITTING SYSTEMS
15.9.1 Fluid Coupling
15.9.2 Torque Converter
SOLVED EXAMPLES
REVIERW QUESTIONS
$Reciprocating Pumps
16.0INTRODUCTION
16.1COMPARISON
16.2DESCRIPTION AND WORKING
16.3FLOW RATE AND POWER
16.4INDICATOR DIAGRAM
16.4.1 Acceleration Head
16.4.2 Minimum Speed of Rotation of Crank
16.4.3 Friction Head
16.5AIR VESSELS
16.5.1 Flow into and out of Air vessel
16.6ROTARY POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
16.6.1 Gear Pump
16.6.2 Lobe Pump
16.6.3 Vane Pump
APPENDIX
Index

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